ISWA Beacon Conference: “THE GLOBALCHALLENGE: OPTIMISING THE C CYCLE”
Biological treatment of biowaste22-23 May 2008
Session 5 – a toolkit: strategies and practice in Session 5 – a toolkit: strategies and practice in Separate Collection
Defining strategies, implementing and optimising separate collection: the case of Catalunya
Francesc Giró i FontanalsDepartament de Gestió de Matèria Orgànica
Agència de Residus de Catalunya
1. Some basic data on Catalunya
2
Population (Inhabitants)
Surface (Km 2)
Population Density (inhabitants/Km 2)
Municipalities (number)
MAB 3.150.380 636 4.955,0 36 Catalonia 7.210.508 32.106 224,6 946 Spain 45.200.737 504.645 89,6 8.111 EU-25 459.500.000 10.530.751 43,6 ∼100.000
MAB: Metropolitan Area of Barcelona
Final destination of Municipal Wastes Separate collection of Municipal Wastes [2005]
Thousand of tonnes
Organic matter
Green wastes
Other wastes collectedin Tipping Points
1,63 kg /inhab · day
2. Some general data on Municipal Waste in Catalunya [2005]
3
Landfill Incineration Separate collection
Glass
Paper & Cardboard
Voluminous wastes
Packaging wastes
5. Biowaste: Food Waste (FORM) and Yard waste (FV).
FOOD WASTE + YARD WASTE
4
FOOD WASTE + YARD WASTE
5. Biowaste: Different definitions and the problem of impurities
“FORM”, “FORSU” “VFG”, “GFT” Bioäbfall
5
Residual WasteFORM with very low% of impurities
FORM with high% of impurities
5. Generation of Biodegradable waste in Catalunya
Generation of Municipal Waste (2005) ���� 4.200.000 T / year
18 % Paper-Cardboard
7 % Glass
12 % Light Packaging
27 % Other
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• Generation of Biodegradable Waste in Catalunya ���� POTENTIAL (100%)
– FORM+FV About 1.512.000 T / year– Paper-Cardboard About 714.000 T / year– TOTAL Biodegradable Waste About 2.226.000 T / ye ar
36 % Biowaste(FORM+FV)
18 % Paper-CardboardBiodegradable
Waste53 %
18 % Paper
7 % Glass
12 % Light Packaging
27 % Other• Separate collection of:
– Glass– Paper-cardboard– Light packaging– Biowaste (FORM + FV)
• Biological Treatment [BT] thorough Composting [C] and/or
5. Municipal Waste: Composition & Management Options
7
36 % Biowaste thorough Composting [C] and/or Anaerobic Digestion [AD]
• Collection of RESIDUAL WASTE:– Mechanical-Biological Treatments [MBT]
• Grey Composting. • Stabilisation before landfilling• Bio-drying before incineration
• How to get an optimised approach for separate collection of Biowaste ?– TARGETS– MANDATES– ECONOMIC PRESSURE– A MIX OF ALL THEM
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
8
– A MIX OF ALL THEM
• High captures of biowaste• High quality of biowaste (low % impurities)• To avoid the increase of waste generation• Contention of costs• Fulfil diversion targets of biodegradable
waste of the Landfill Directive
What does mean OPTIMISATION?
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
• Law 6/93 on waste– Separate collection of Municipal waste (Art.47)
• In order to make possible the valorisation of municipal waste, municipalities with more than 5.000 thousand inhabitants must implement the separate collection in the collection service of municipal w aste . (Art. 47.1)
• The separate collection of municipal waste must be compulsory implemented, as for the deliver of organic waste to the collection service . (Art. 47.2)
• Law 15/2003, which modifies Law 6/93 on waste
1993
2003
9
• Law 15/2003, which modifies Law 6/93 on waste– General review of law 6/93 on waste, due to legal changes in European &
Spanish laws on waste matter – Introduction of difference between domestic waste and commercial waste.
• Draft of Law, which modifies Law 6/1993 on waste . – Separate collection of biowaste will be compulsory for all Catalan
municipalities– local authorities must compulsory assign in their municipal budget the
needed items to make it possible.– Residual waste (waste which are not separate collected) must be treated
before its disposal.
2003
2008
• Law 16/2003, on funding of the waste treatment infr astructures and of the tax on landfilling
– Tax 10 € / Tonne (landfilled) [∼ 30 Millones €uros]
– Guide for local authorities about Law 16/2003 on funding of the waste treatment infrastructures and of the tax on landfilling (annually reviewed), which includes the Tax refund criteria:
• Biowaste Treatment [33,5 € / T]• Biowaste Collection [12,0 € / T] x f1 x f2• Qualitative factor (f1)
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
2003
10
• Population factor (f2)
2008 • Draft on Law, on funding of the waste treatment inf rastructures and of the taxes on waste disposal
– Two new taxes will be created: Tax on incineration of municipal waste (5 € / T) and Tax on debris disposal (3 € / T).
– At the other hand, it will be considered the option of increasing the taxes on municipal waste disposal, in case of municipalities without biowaste separate collection:
• Tax on waste landfilling. 10 € / T -> 20 € / T• Tax on waste incineration. 5 € / T -> 15 € / T
TARGETS PGRMC 1995-2000
PROGREMIC 2001-2006
PROGREMIC 2007-2012
Separate Collection/ Valorisation of Biowaste (% in weight)
10 % (1996-1997)50 % (1998-2000)
40 % (2003)55 % (2006)
55 %With < 15 % impurities
Infrastructure construction (investment)
46 composting plants
(138 M€)
+ 15 composting or AD plants
(210 M€)
+ 9 composting or AD plants + 30 MBT
(707 M€)
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
11
(investment) (138 M€) (210 M€) (707 M€)
Biowaste collection system
Road Container Road container, Door to Door, etc.
Road container, Door to Door, etc.
Other specific targets
- Diversion of OM from landfill & fulfil Law 6/93-Improve the operation of composting plants-Establish a quality framework for compost
-Revision of Law 6/93 and of Law 16/2003-Reduction of Biowaste generation-Home composting promotion-Separate collection in all municipalities
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
• PROGREMIC 2007-2012• Sub-programme for the management of biodegradable fractions
– Promotion of Backyard composting (at home / in community)– Promotion of measures for the reduction of food squandering– Promotion of prevention on organic waste generation thorough
the use of food surplus in order to fight against hunger (Food banks ).
– Extension of separate collection of biowaste in all municipalities.
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– Extension of separate collection of biowaste in all municipalities.
– Consolidation of biowaste separate collection .– Promotion of biodegradable bag .– Promotion of aerated buckets (jointly with biodegradable bag);
it can produce an overall reduction of 5-10 % of we ight.– Promotion of more efficient separate collection systems , which
allow to get bigger captures of biowaste and best quality.– Implementation of biowaste separate collection for large
biowaste producers .
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
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170.000 persons were feeded with 7.500 Tonnes of food
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
• Subsidies to local authorities for promote Biowaste Separate Collection (9 M€/year) [40 M€ since 2004]– Technical project– Promotion & campaign– Containers, Buckets, Compostable bags– Collection vehicles– Home composting
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– Home composting– Transfer points
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
• Treatment fees -linked to quality of biowaste-
Composting Plant < 5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-50 > 50Plant 1Plant 2Plant 3
Treatment Fee in relation to % of impurities
58,50 €/T 94,90 €/T50,00 €/T
50,00 €/T 75,00 €/T50,25 €/T
75,00 €/T
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Plant 3Plant 4 62,06 €/T 70,45 €/T 81,37 €/TPlant 5 36,72 €/T 42,98 €/T 53,39 €/TPlant 6 67,72 €/T 71,07 €/T 74,43 €/T 77,79 €/T 81,16 €/T 84,52 €/TPlant 7 31,18 €/TPlant 8 19,96 €/T 52,91 €/TPlant 9 57,70 €/T 60,90 €/T 64,20 €/T 70,90 €/TPlant 10 58,05 €/T 60,06 €/T 62,07 €/T 64,08 €/TPlant 11Plant 12Plant 13 25,33 €/T 28,00 €/T 28,00 €/T 30,68 €/TPlant 14Plant 15 45,00 €/T 49,50 €/T 54,00 €/T 58,50 €/T 70,50 €/T 82,50 €/T 94,50 €/T 99,00 €/TPlant 16 36,93 €/T 42,18 €/T 47,41 €/T 52,67 €/T 57,91 €/T 66,30 €/T 100,91 €/T 136,57 €/T
78,00 €/T
95,87 €/T
NOT ACCEPTED50,00 €/T
26,18 €/T
56,03 €/T NOT ACCEPTED
25,16 €/T 26,16 €/T 32,70 €/T
52,97 €/T
67,68 €/T
75,00 €/T
36,18 €/T
30,95 €/T NOT ACCEPTED
55,40 €/T
58,13 €/T
36,38 €/T33,17 €/T 50,83 €/T33,17 €/T 36,38 €/T
NOT ACCEPTED
AVERAGE % IMPURITIES 10,3 % (2007)
• TRANSPARENCY & PUBLIC INFORMATION– Implementation of Biowaste Separate Collection
• http://www.arc-cat.net/webarc/jsp/formimpl/ca/cercarmunicipis.jsf
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
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• TRANSPARENCY & PUBLIC INFORMATION– Characterisation of Biowaste
• https://sdr.arc-cat.net/sdr/GetLogin.do
6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of
Biowaste separate collection
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Characterisation Bulletin Reports on evolution of biowaste quality
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
• Implementation of biowaste separate collection
291
385
454
300
350
400
450
500
19
212 13 12
30 27 3212
55
96 94
69
214
2739
69
96
128140
195
0
50
100
150
200
250
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Número de municipios con implantación de Recogida Selectiva de FORM Total acumulado de municipios con implantación de Recogida Selectiva de FORM
80
100
120 Effect of Tax on Landfilling + Tax refund + Subsidies
Biowaste separate collection
Compulsory(Law 6/93)come into
End of the extension period for Biowaste separate collection
• Evolution of the number of municipalities with biow aste separate collection. 1996-2007
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
20
1 513 12
2818 21
1121
28
1571
70 0
2
911
1
34
68
79
62
0
20
40
60
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
> 5000 inhab. < 5000 inhab.
come into force
collection (Law 6/93)
Total: 458 / 946 (48,4%)
Collection by means:– Road Container (RC) : 379– Door to Door (DtD / PAP) : 61
• Municipalities with biowaste separate collection im plemented (data on 18 May 2008)
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
21
– Door to Door (DtD / PAP) : 61– RC + Doorstep Collection (PAP) : 7– only Large Producers: 11
– Population with service : About 3.900.000 inhab.
– Participation level : 30-35 %
• Municipalities with biowaste separate collection im plemented (data on 18 May 2008)
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
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< 5.000 inhab.: 277 / 749 (37,0 %)
> 5.000 inhab.: 181 / 197 (91,9 %)
Partial: 67 / 458 (14,6 %)
Total: 391 / 458 (85,4%)
Effects of different schemes of separate collection on the overall separate collection rates in Catalunya
Glass , Paper-Cardboard , Packagingcollected by means of ROAD CONTAINERS
20 %
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
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Glass , Paper-Cardboard , Packaging
& BIOWASTE (at least BIOWASTEand mixed MSW collectedDOOR TO DOOR )
Glass , Paper-Cardboard , Packaging
& BIOWASTE collected by means of ROAD CONTAINERS
35 %
70 %
Biowaste Separate Collection Quantitative Ratio in relation to population size and collection system [183 municipa lities; year 2004]
300
400
500
600
g B
iow
ast /
inh
ab d
ay
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
kg B
iow
ast /
inh
ab w
eek
100
120
140
160
180
200
kg B
iow
ast /
inh
ab y
ear
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
24
0
100
200
300
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000
Inhabitants
g B
iow
ast /
inh
ab d
ay
Door to Door Road Container
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
kg B
iow
ast /
inh
ab w
eek
0
20
40
60
80
100
kg B
iow
ast /
inh
ab y
ear
Biowaste Separate Collection Qualitative Ratio in r elation to population size and collection system [183 municipa lities; year 2004]
85,00
90,00
95,00
100,00
% P
urity
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
25
70,00
75,00
80,00
85,00
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000
Inhabitants
% P
urity
Door to Door Road Container
Overall separate collection (in %) before and after the implementation of Door to Door (PORTA A PORTA) collection
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
26
BEFOREAFTER
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
Efficiency linked to collection system
High quality
High captureReduce collection
frequency of Residual Waste; avoids cost
increase
DtD
27
DtD
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
DtD: Door to Door Collection RC: Road Container
Fulfilment of biodegradable waste reduction targets in Landfill Directive
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
1.600.000
1.800.000
2.000.000
Tonn
es B
iow
aste
2009 (50%)
2016 (65%)
7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality
28
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Tonn
es B
iow
aste
BIOWASTE Collection PAPER+CARDBOARD CollectionBiodegradable Waste Generation
2006 (25%)
2009 (50%)
• Biological Treatment of Biowaste
– Composting Facilities : 18– Anaerobic Digestion Facilities: 2– Rural small composting plants: 2
– Overall Capacity Treatment of Biowaste:• Composting 240.000 T
8. Biological treatment of Biowaste: Infrastructures & Treatment capacity
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• Composting 240.000 T• Anaerobic Digestion 135.000 T
– Treatment Capacity range: 3.000-35.000 T/year
– Biowaste treated in 2007: 300.000 T– Green waste treated in 2005: 50.000 T– Compost traded in 2005: 35.000 T
• A study carried out in 86 composting facilities ana lyzed features of compost from different sources (biowaste, mixed MSW, sewage sludge, manure, vegetable waste) and determined the fulfilment with the new Spanish legislation [Decree 824/2005 o n fertilizers].
• Compost of separate collection Biowaste presents si gnificant lower content of heavy metals than mixed MSW compos t.
Mixed MSW Compost Biowa ste Compost
9. Compost Quality: The influence of INPUT materials on compost quality
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Mixed MSW Compost Biowa ste Compost
Average value
Class A RD 824/2005 Class C RD 824/2005
Class B RD 824/2005
9. Compost Quality: The influence of INPUT materials on compost quality
Biowaste compost
Mixed MSW compost
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Classe A
Classe B
Classe C
Zn 200 500 1.000 Mn ----- ----- ----- Cu 70 300 400 Ni 25 90 100 Cr 70 250 300 Pb 45 150 200 Cd 0,7 2 3
Use following Agricultural Good Practices Code
Limitation of use: up to 5 T dm / Ha year
• According to the experience of Catalunya it can be assumed that:– The adoption of specific legislation on biowaste separate collection and Tax
on landfilling has been essential for developing Biowaste recycli ng– Separate collection of Biowaste can be seen as a co mfortable & friendly task
when compostable bags and small ventilated buckets are used– Separate collection of Biowaste should be implemented thorough an
integrated way to optimize sorting schemes and avoid the increase of collection costs
– The continuous evaluation of biowaste separate collection performance is an important tool to improve the system
Conclusions
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– The continuous evaluation of biowaste separate collection performance is an important tool to improve the system
– Both the tax refund criteria and the treatment fees -linked to quality of biowaste- , have contributed to improve biowaste quality
– The implementation of biowaste separate collection in Catalunya will allow the fulfilment of the biodegradable reducing target s of Landfill Directive
– Separate collection of Biowaste allows for a significant increase the overall separate collection rates of paper, glass, packaging, etc. Door to Door collection has shown to be the most efficient system
– Compost from separate collection of Biowaste presen ts significantly lower content of heavy metals than mixed MSW compost or Residual waste