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5/14/2018 IT 221 Audio-Visual CD - slidepdf.com
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The Palompon Institute of Technology,
a chartered state college is envisioned tobe an institution in maritime, technological
and teacher education and allied courses
in Northwestern Leyte and beyond.
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To produce morally upright, academi-
cally prepared and competent technicians,technologists and educators in North-
western Leyte, the region, and the country.
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Make PIT an educational institution where
students get trained to excel in their field of
specialization through quality instruction, deve-lopment-oriented research, need oriented
research and production programs for accele-
rated socio-economic development andimproved quality of life in Northwestern Leyte
communities, the region and the country.
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The College of Technology is committed
to the common good by developing fullytrained, highly skilled, productive, enligh-
tened and morally upright individuals.
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To produce highly skilled and competent
technologists, technicians, craftsmen, andengineers imbued with managerial and entre-
preneurial skills to respond to the needs of
industries and stakeholders for national develop-ment and an improved quality of life.
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1. To imbue students with the required know-
ledge, skills and attitudes in their respective
areas of specialization for industrial employ-
ment;
2. To equip the students with managerial and
entrepreneurial skills in preparation for self-employment, and
3. To provide the students with industrial work.
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IT 211 deals with the study of steam/geothermal
power plants. This course is designed to provide the
students a comprehensive understanding on the types,designs, and construction of steam/geothermal power
plants. This course also introduces the fundamental
principles on its various operating cycles useful tomake them learn to calculate theoretical problems using
tables, charts, and formulas.
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A. GENERAL
At the end of the semester, the students
will be able to gain knowledge, skills and understandingon the basic design, construction, and operation of
steam/geothermal power plants.
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B. SPECIFIC
After completion of the course, the students
should be able to:
1. State the theory of heat transfer and its signifi-
cance to steam production;2. Identify various types of steam turbines and
contrast its designs, construction, and operation;
3. Describe its basic operating principles usingcharts and drawings;
4. Solve theoretical problems through formulas;
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5. Discuss various methods in the exploration &
harnessing of geothermal sources; and6. Fabricate a scale-model of a steam-power plant;
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COURSE CONTENT:
Basic Orientation
Instrumentation
Theory of Heat Transfer
Boiler and Steam Turbine
Steam Power Plant
Cycle of Operation Geothermal Power Plant
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PRESSURE GAUGE
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PRESSURE GAUGE
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PRESSURE GAUGE
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MANOMETER
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PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
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BASIC PARTS IN STEAM POWER PLANT:
BOILER
STEAM TURBINE
CONDENSER
FEED WATER PUMP
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BOILERIs a container into which
water can be fed and, byapplying heat, evaporatedcontinuously into steam.
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STEAM GENERATOR/BOILER
CASING
FEEDWATER LINE
BURNER
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TYPES OF BOILERS:
1. Water-Tube (Tubulous) Boiler – is atype of boiler in which the water isinside the tubes while the hot gasessurround the tubes.
2. Fire-Tube (Tubular) Boiler – is a type
of boiler in which the hot gases passinside the tubes while the water isoutside the tubes.
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STEAM TURBINEIs an equipment comprising
of a casing and a rotating elementthat receives high-pressure &
high-temperature steam, and
converts its energy into a useful
mechanical energy.
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CONDENSER
Is an equipment that converts
vapor into liquid by the reduction
of temperature.
FEEDWATER PUMP
Delivers water into the boiler.
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EXERCISES:
Questions:
1. What is a boiler?
2. What are the two types of boilers?Explain each.
3. What is a Steam Turbine?
4. Describe in simple terms how pumpworks?
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KEY ANSWERS:
1. Is a container into which water can befed and, by applying heat, evaporatedcontinuously into steam.
2. Water-tube boiler is a type of boiler inwhich water is inside the tubes whilehot gases surrounds the tubes, whilefire-tube boiler is a type of boiler where
hot gases pass inside the tubes whilewater is outside the tubes.
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3. Is an equipment comprising of a casingand a rotating element that receiveshigh-pressure & high-temperaturesteam, and converts its energy into a
useful mechanical energy.4. Delivers water into the boiler.
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Saturated or superheated steam entersthe turbine at state 1, where it expands
isentropically to the exit pressure at state 2.The steam is then condensed at constantpressure and temperature to a saturatedliquid, state 3. The heat removed from the
steam in the condenser is typicallytransferred to the cooling water. Thesaturated liquid then flows through thepump which increases the pressure to theboiler pressure (state 4), where the water isfirst heated to the saturation temperature,boiled and typically superheated to state 1.Then the whole cycle is repeated.
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When steam leaves the turbine, it istypically wet. The presence of water causes
erosion of the turbine blades. To preventthis, steam is extracted from high pressureturbine (state 2), and then it is reheated inthe boiler (state 2') and sent back to the low
pressure turbine.
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AIR (GAS) COMPRESSORBURNER (COMBUSTION CHAMBER)
EXPANSION TURBINE
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BURNERS
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TURBINE ROTOR
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TURBINE ROTOR
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Ambient air is drawn into the compressor,
where it is pressurized—a theoretically isentropic
process. The compressed air then runs through a
combustion chamber, where fuel is burned,heating that air—a constant-pressure process,
since the chamber is open to flow in and out. The
heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy,
expanding through a turbine (or series ofturbines)—another theoretically isentropic process.
Some of the work extracted by the turbine is used
to drive the compressor.
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The efficiency of a Brayton engine can be
improved in the following manners:
REHEAT, wherein the working fluid—in most cases
air—expands through a series of turbines, then is
passed through a second combustion chamber
before expanding to ambient pressure through a
final set of turbines. This has the advantage of
increasing the power output possible for a given
compression ratio without exceeding any
metallurgical constraints. (Although use of anafterburner can also be referred to as reheat, it is a
different process that increases power while
markedly decreasing efficiency.)
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INTERCOOLING, wherein the working fluid
passes through a first stage of compressors, thena cooler, then a second stage of compressors
before entering the combustion chamber. While
this requires an increase in the fuel consumption
of the combustion chamber, this allows for areduction in the specific heat of the fluid entering
the second stage of compressors, with an
attendant decrease in the amount of work needed
for the compression stage overall.
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REGENERATION, wherein the still-warm post-
turbine fluid is passed through a heat exchanger
to pre-heat the fluid just entering the combustion
chamber. This allows for lower fuel consumption
and less power lost as waste heat.
A Brayton engine also forms half of the combined
cycle system, which combines with a rankine
engine to further increase overall efficiency.
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BOILER/
HEAT EXCHANGER
GAS TURBINE
CONDENSER
STEAM TURBINE
PUMP
ELECTRIC
GENERATORS
WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
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STEAM GENERATOR/BOILER
CASING
FEEDWATER LINE
BURNER
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Design Principles
In a steam power plant water is the workingmedium. In this case high pressure has to beemployed which leads to bulky components. Highcost of special alloys that endure high
temperature limit practical steam temperature to655°C. For compact gas turbines this limitationdoes not apply and gas cycle firing temperature inexcess of 1,200°C is practicable. In the combinedcycle plant the thermodynamic working cycle is
operated between the high firing temperature andthe ambient temperature at which lowtemperature waste heat can be disposed.
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In a gas turbine set, composed primarily of acompressor, burner and the gas turbine proper,the input temperature to the gas turbine is
relatively high (some 900°C to 1,350°C) but theoutput temperature of the flue gas is alsorelatively high (some 450°C to 650°C). Flue gastemperature is sufficient for production of steamin the second, steam cycle (Rankine cycle), with
live steam temperature in the range of 420°C to580°C. The lowest temperature of the steamcycle depends on the ambient temperature andthe method of waste heat disposal, either bydirect cooling by lake, river or sea water, or usingcooling towers. Therefore, by combining bothprocesses, high input temperatures and lowoutput temperatures can be achieved and thepower plant efficiency can be increased.
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The output heat of the gas turbine flue
gas is utilized to generate steam by passingit through a heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG) and therefore is used as input heat
to the steam turbine power.
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Efficiency of CGT Plants:
The thermal efficiency of a combined cyclepower plant is normally in terms of the net
power output of the plant as a percentage
of the lower heating value (LHV) or netcalorific value (NCV) of the fuel. In the caseof generating only electricity, power plant
efficiencies of up to 59% can be achieved.
In the case of combined heat and power generation, the efficiency can increase toabout 85%.
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Fuels for CGT Plants:Typical combined cycle plants are powered
by natural gas, although other sources of
fuel can be used such as fuel oil or synthetic
gas. Supplementary fuel may be natural
gas, fuel oil or coal.
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PICTORIAL VIEW OF TONGONAN
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
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LEYTE GEOTHERMAL OPTIMIZATION PLANT (ORMAT)
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BINARY PLANT
GENERATOR
TURBINE
TO INJECTION WELLS
PRODUCTION WELLS
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FLASH PLANT
GENERATOR
TO INJECTION WELLS
TURBINE
PRODUCTION WELLS
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
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Geothermal power is the use ofgeothermal heat for electricity generation. Itis often referred to as a form of renewable
energy, but because the heat at any locationcan eventually be depleted it technicallymay not be strictly renewable. Geothermalcomes from the Greek words geo, meaningearth, and therme, meaning heat.Geothermal literally means "earth heat".
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Geothermal power is generated by miningthe earth's heat. In areas with hightemperature ground water at shallowdepths, wells are drilled into natural
fractures in basement rock or intopermeable sedimentary rocks. Hot water orsteam flows up through the wells either bypumping or through boiling (flashing) flow.Experiments are in progress to determine if
a fourth method, deep wells into "hot dryrocks", can be economically used to heatwater pumped down from the surface.
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A hot dry rock project in the United
Kingdom was abandoned after it waspronounced economically unviable in 1989.HDR programs are currently beingdeveloped in Australia, France, Switzerland
and Germany. Magma (molten rock)resources offer extremely high-temperaturegeothermal opportunities, but existing
technology does not allow recovery of heatfrom these resources.
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The 49 MW (net) ORMAT Project comprisesof three ORMAT topping plant sections andof one bottoming cycle plant section and
was completed in November 1997
The Leyte Geothermal Optimization Project
was designed to increase the output ofexisting plants in the Island of Leyte by13.5%, without increasing the steamconsumption or drilling new wells
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The topping plants consist of ORMATback-pressure steam turbines that producepower while reducing the steam high
pressure to the conditions required by theexisting plants. The bottoming plantconsists of a steam condensing cycle unitthat uses low-pressure steam for powergeneration.
The project was built in the frameworkof a Build Own-Operate- Transfer (BOOT)agreement and is owned and operated by
Ormat Leyte Co. Ltd. After 10 years,ownership will be transferred to the Energy
Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC).
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REFERENCES:
Morse, Frederick T. Power Plant Engineering in MKSUnits. Copyright Litton Publishing Company.1978
Dimagiba, Ely P. Mechanical Engineering and Review
Review Manual. Cebu City 1990.
Avallone, Baumeister. Mark’s Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers. 8th Edition. Mc Graw Hill.
1978
Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Encarta ReferenceLibrary. 2003
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Carmichael, C. Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’Handbook. 12th Edition. Wiley Toppan. 1950
Elonka, Stephen M. & Higgins, Alex. Standard Boiler
Room Questions & Answers. 3rd Edition. 1982
Graham, Frank D. Power Plant Engineers Guide.
National Bookstore. 1974
Potter, Philip J. Power Plant Theory and Design.Ronald Press Company. 1959
Woodruff, Everett B., Lammers, Herbert B., & Lammers
Lammers, Thomas F. Steam Plant Operation.5th Edition. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. 1984
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