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IT for Developing Regions
Prof. Eric A. BrewerUC Berkeley
NEST RetreatJune 17, 2003
Hypothesis 1Current IT projects “trickle down” first-
world technology: Too expensive Assumes infrastructure, power Assumes IT knowledge and support Assumes literacy
We can directly attack these issuesMotes are a better starting point!
Hypothesis 2Thousands of IT projects, but
Focus on devices not infrastructure No single project can afford to build
infrastructure, but all of them would benefit.We can enable low-cost infrastructure
Enhance all of the existing projects Enable new projects that were previously
intractable
Population (in millions)
>$20,000
$2,000–20,000
<$2,000
Purchasing power parity (in U.S. dollars)
There is a market, too…
100
4,000
emerging‘mass’ markets
adjacentmarkets
2,000
source: Harvard Business Review © 2002
Big PictureEnhance and enable IT projects:
Novel technology (direct attack) Novel deployment/support Support for semi- and illiterate users
Two real-world deployments (validate)Great partners
Novel TechnologyDevice cost: 10-100 times reduction Infrastructure cost: 10-100 times
reductionDevice power: 10-100 times lowerSpeech recognition for obscure
languages and dialects
Three Layer Architecture Devices
1-70 users each, $1-10 Short range wireless
Proxies (basestations) 100-1000 users, $200 , < $1/user Mixed wired, wireless, satellite Transient storage
Data Centers >1M users, < $0.10 / user Full power, networking, persistent storage
Devices Co-Design Devices/Infrastructure
=> 20-40x lower cost Enables more functionality Storage, processing, human analysis Longer battery life
Novel low-cost flexible displays 10-50x cheaper, more robust Printed using an inkjet process
System on a chip => $1-5 per device Looking at 1mW per device (with radio!)
Low-cost Infrastructure Goal: 10-100 lower cost Key idea: intermittent networking
Most apps do not need real-time continuous communication
Asynchronous is 10-100 times cheaper? Feel: some spots are interactive, most are
more like e-mail Novel protocols, app support Exploit both 802.11[ab] and mote networks
Summary New approach for IT in developing regions Novel technology, infrastructure “direct attack” on the key challenges Real deployments Enable and enhance 1000s of projects
worldwide Long term: IT for self-sufficiency, stability
(not financial aid)
Exploiting 802.11Driver: coming of $5 chipsetsMix of local coverage and long-distance
links (50km)Multiple baseband channels?
Illegal in US, but fine for IndiaNovel MAC layer? Antennas?Summer goal: low-power low-cost relay
Current IT: $150, 30W
Real DeploymentsFirst one is in India (2005-6)
IIT Delhi, HP Labs India
Second outside of Asia (2006-7) Probably Africa, Mexico or US
Intermittent NetworkingKey overall questions:
How much cheaper?…than continuous real-time connectivity Savings from less coverage? Savings from BW efficiency? Savings from simplicity?
How much less power?Multiple physical networks
LEO, 802.11, short-range wireless (10m)
Novel Deployment & SupportMicro-franchise model for long term
Grameen PhoneRemote management for most thingsSelf-contained wireless proxies with ad
hoc networkingNo keyboard, monitor, etc. on proxies.Data Centers are widely shared
Literacy Novel speech recognition:
Easy to train Speaker independent Any language or dialect Small vocabulary (order 100 words)
A non-IT person can train the speech for her dialect
Also speech output (canned) May do recognition on the device, or on proxy
Adlai Stevenson, July 1965
We travel together, passengers on a little space ship … all committed for our safety to its security and peace;
We cannot maintain it half fortunate, half miserable, half confident, half despairing, half slave … half free in a liberation of resources undreamed of until this day. No craft, no crew can travel with such vast contradictions. On their resolution depends the survival of us all.
Five Application Areas Commerce Health Education Government Location-based services
Team includes social scientists: Stephen Weber, Isha Ray
Data is in the InfrastructureManage persistent state in the
infrastructureCan lose/rent the deviceEnables social science research (with
privacy)Enables group state
group calendars and news
Decouple Apps & Devices
Remote reprogramming over the network (authenticated)
Can upgrade/add services without changing the device!
Devices last longerDevices increase in usefulnessEnables flexibility and research
Reduced overall costFunctionality moved to the
infrastructure costs far less! Device utilization = 4% Infrastructure servers = 80% Ex: ISPs have 20-40 times less modems
than there customers, even though every connection takes one from each...
Admin & support costs also decrease
March 1, 2003
Transformation ExamplesTailor content for each user & deviceNoticeably faster than home PC + modem
1.2 The Remote Queue Model
We introduce Remote Queues (RQ), ….
1.2 The Remote Queue Model
We introduce Remote Queues (RQ), ….
65x
6.8x
10x
March 1, 2003
Refinement
Retrieve part of distilled object at higher quality
Distilled image(by 60X)
Zoom in to originalresolution
Grameen Phone Lady Micro-franchisee Usually with a micro-
loan ($200) Buy and manages the
cell phone Rents it out to her
village (10-70 users) Income goes up 2-3x
Pays back loan (98% !)
Grameen Phone Lady Micro-franchisee Usually with a micro-
loan ($200) Buy and manages the
cell phone Rents it out to her
village (10-70 users) Income goes up 2-3x
Pays back loan (98% !)Uganda
Great Partners HP Intel Grameen Bank UNDP Markle IIT Delhi
More welcome!!!
Other questions Avoid full routing?
Alternative is tree routing Route up and down a tree Forest of trees connected via normal IP
Power/BW tradeoffs Duty cycle BW depends on signal strength (and thus power)
Separate low-bandwidth channel? Think 2-way paging, emergency channel Connected all the time at very low bandwidth Used for meta data and control (not surfing)