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'I."..J"'P"'" ....-.. ,"" ..--. ...._ Mud,I' d • *'........,_or thor ,..~. the ....,. """' .. '+ A u:dc:d fonIaM ............ d,,,,,, of _ IID>'in>n_ ......,..- in ....IJ.. II dIoice .. \hlItthr aopitift~ or ,hal onf.. • c.,..\d bl- ....... dwody "".-.l Funhro-, ,1M: --.. ......w rnntdl IOnpkln llw~or _ ....n~~ and' m~ ....... 10 ., ... ..,........... in••riboow pod"",....
Inr.............. a.ouInr..._ ........... r«K;u;'" _p _ bl- >OOf'td. tIw .ond iot
_ -rill WOlf.. Utility • _ crt, Kit.... panici ....,..ad in........!dmtifl'inll ",.rib.u... _ b~ to r...ilit_ ...._ or a quaICy .pt'IL.'" To dw olnll ,"'" p... _ .,ilh diffcn<iC .,.. or po'" _ "".po.itl.., ....~_diff",. tlwy wd r panio<i in ..p .... 'tP" crt~ il io _ ..... tlwy oriII difT in......"......r ..--._I..nmonal in ...-oncm.-':.l;ic:~\'I'"wiI hnl:0y fanun inn""nciots llw~ ..... .. _ r....,1«_ ""d..'''I_ II lrlo _ ....ribu<... rrbwd 10 ...."""'_ .and dw rdMion>hip ptrimc" and e-o.io_ iO tKlnbon ,.. ir:.i,........
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I)l'ft of..., ........ wtoidl will .... -rill ia -Ute a d.rioiaa.. n-"-~--. ."t,:udiIOd ......~ CMoly.n..: . prnniw of~......,.ia Ihat~ niota _ inIrma! .....ouEtI op&alO N ..au- ............. 10 ......... ill perupliooIoof CM wooid.. I_i.., inf............ ia not pntriftd • artlicDry or _~. b.-. raoJorr -I""'peel no arnp«duoa(~.Uon....I< ~kl ...~han. 19l1O). A, ;1 .....Jd .... liwnIIy ;",poMiNt 10 >Utnd \0 aDinrominS d~,•. hu_~ mcthocb of f..,..;,,11inf~ Iend;nlunly 10 chwc ..;mull chal .......... ",rr.,rut) ..,in".,\I. Fun _ ofIh<:w ..im..li u., "'" Im,.,.1 un"I""ly. bill • .., rnpondo:d '0'" tt>tllobc;"uf a bro.d al~ry (M.,.....io I< Rooch. 19111). F<>r 'tuI>Inc.,...hi\., cho:..,.,.., '''nil'' '*' 'y!",' ~"d "yln ofch.>in. 1""'1* 'end co ""pQnd '0 ,hemin. "m'be f""'ion.
The Ofdc,rinl of incuminR inf...--ion ;1 ">turned 10 .-.k f""tII •"""'" f<lr~iI1~d'_y."Whac ................opin f............·1DI~;, alfnl dnl ofinf............ abool ,''''""~ ,,'hik '01_' I"'Ifi._~~ (a-h. 1978).~ .... ....,.I 10 prooide !he "'..- ••;nformal"'" ..;,to ...., ..,. -.I, of~"M df<lf1. 1....£ • .,'. mkjjOi itsall onIr boo: ... lIr'o;od bd<>l"£~ boo ~ Comider w Qt•.,..."JaI.«> ,,..n.. b ............ llo..... ....,....MTcon!li<Uns foruo• _L in , _ -........ poooick _ inf......;.,. b.-. ~K_e .,rr..., f<>r poc...,_, c... iafOi .;.,. Tht 'wI "'" JIooodd ... ,he__fOIl.." of~ relMo:cIlO ohjK1'l function for I. ind..vid,gl "OliOS. we _me 110M """""" pbcft.;a ....al~ no a......., ......... ....., .." of allribuln.. dq>(nd'" up:wl the ....,.nin&; f.... the;ntl,.ioiual.
fi,laIIy. ;, .. Il..,flll 'II ,hln~ of~'ion 'J1o"""$ III fo,m,,,, a_,I.....',h ;nl~'ion no:c:lIrrinS .... both h<ori",m.land ",,"01 di"",,,·Mons. ·I'h., h<orW>nLal Lii"",,,,,o,, _itl Ix: .,."rno<:<IEDI~.t ,he"""'" k'-el of .b>ono....,. bu, of di"i"", en,it... (e'l.. . <a,. """""'I. In,,,tin-.o main.ain rosn;.i,·., <'CtH1<IIny. ,he alqjOrieo '0 ....~ ..."'panl<: fn- ~h OIbtor ;mol .. ck.r cuc :u P""ibIc= Thio ;, atj.,j""",h""'lh ddininl n.~ by auribu'n <>r daoo mttIIl>n-o whi<h _ckarly~ ""'''lI'''T. Tht \'CIl.Ol tll""",,",- it......t '0 clef_.Ior bd of within a WOO-YllO.l~ poodw). In............. ndI01t1"'T .....Illi... f"-' _ lle, _ pr«ed.
;,;;~;:.:.~.I;mauribulft in .... -, with......,,-.benIn "' "'1', -~ _UK ,.,..it.... in ,. -W in a -.on .....
will .... _ f.....~in on-. of' .......~ It-ot;Kto <>r pIaca. ""'" a •..,....,. ~ha.-ri&ftlby ..........which aft _ rrInan< 10 ,he indiridwol. The I...n-ul and ...-ninl....pni.r:.ocitln of cheoe .,ribu,n ia ..' -........ ,he~. imageofw .q«1 ur lobtt, and .......Id lOC( .~ ..hen clor lndmduillio .....~i"'. ,1cciJ"'" .bou. a pbu in which III ru"'-.Ie. Th;. h.. "", 10 tho:;""ntipt...., of tho: ~"ribU1n _ ,de",,,,, '0 ru'a1i"n I""".,il"',in".
SQllUll A!'Ill l.:ALI.IUI ,,,~-.lR ...._
NIOCh 0Ilht- ;"Ir""l ill 'lor ",,,ibu,,.. "f~lion on'ing> ,·d.,...!",....... I'"'fnmca "'M 1"........' oI ...."ll.uch inf.......oo., d...-dopin~'" albl feM d....r..,.._ oI_b bndJ (lm.-n Ir B 19i~).
lloio -...... -trbKn C.I1........... wildbnd """"'"'.....~ OM01 "'" ,""rl~ .n~mr-> '0"""'" .,oribuoD i1aporuno '0 ,he "'""'"'IOn <:11_
...it..... """..,. """"_ (19i4). tk ..............,. Wao.-n C:.roolor Am
......... ",or 9O"",ihMo ... ""'dnioalriliryollhar P',....,.U~__,..' r..-.- (,h",,,~__ ,.... dnOrod) IftIodnl '0 bt _01_ IioILed ...~ 01 Mliobnioa.
N<:o-..p tlll82) f<lUnd lbooI cloannmsoio or~ pbta-...ialp<MUnl in P'"OfIk·.derioianolO~.bu' ...... ''''I)pn oIao,ribu'<:II,.... -.., ..poruno .....~ widr "'" I)" of -u..,. 1........ IQli _.....* I<) oDncbrdU:c the ........ 01~ pIa<a f""nd~.1ok~1in, Krum.... -.d '-allier (1982) idmtir.... differno<a III no';"r--.....I ~"'"'-'iolia f« _ diAina n-- _,_Ii" in ",OC FbthndItmT ..,. of w<.1ana. 1llry «Joduded ..... "'" q .......... lhoooochrrialed pftiaolly.nd toJCd tOr oloc _ ""' ...,. (riocr ru'IlI'nlJl. had>"UJintI cbano<........it:o OOIJ,hr ..,. ra:rcationiou r... d,ffnfttl n~CL
Nd....."'_ .nd hnditt (19IlOl wmp;o~II'" pltyJinlI.-w.nd........M~rial.tlriboMcP"""frr<:nttJ oIlIbho ~..-.etlUnt..,.olIen.nd snow·mobilI:n. They a1"'mplftllO ...... ao ...., doircd nJ""r;"nttJ of .-n. ando:Iftdll<kd ,h:tt ........ auoibu«s may'" """'" ""';.-", ,X,I",.Kknt ''''a u· ••p<r;."l(~ ole""ntlm•. Ollocr ruc:arch h:u a"...,,,,nI.n I'n••nribu,.. poJ_nmca 10 ....riarlo... in n>ot.i¥o ft>l" l',mie',..,ion. ~bnfr..w {19i!!). in...ud, of ..-'~I~rr..,.. r«rntionilto in "')'01""'1' ~Im1,rtnl'hrff <liffer~n'
·~...n;'na " ....~ I-l~ ,~blt:d .hac '0 17 lIro"I" of ."ribu~ .",1 r"""ddiffere.lCO:i ~._ II... IYJ"'" ,m ~n of 'hem. U.lllll ~ <ltl"!,,"'''' ro."i"e.Un. (19ill) itle",lr.~<l h.~ ~'I...nmct "11<" ."'''''K h,~~", ,n tlll..., (;0>10-nodo ...iklcrn<':SJ .,ao. ll~ lilt" uI<'<i d*'rin,i"an' ~,,~Iy." 10..,.. h_ .1_"ibt".. ",iNh, p•...!... rncrnbcnbil' in lhe ....l'..rit""~ '~I"". 11~ ""md Ii....,~...,....alll'bul«liO(rim' ...nl fullCli....... lloou~b I"" .hili.y Ilr lhe f"",,·'ion.... diocrimi"",~"'-. hiJ r."" u,...,.;..ncr "'pcs .........Iy (~, 11"' .......r.. 16 to> t8 p<rum.
Co>..-Iqr Sch~rer (lSIll61 ;"_igal,,,1 ,he ;,,'ct'J'ftti>" ",,,ILou,r...d"~rt:nn:J ..". or.1O 6aoodditr S",ionaI M""ument. 1"hcy f....,..-l,l...~,,,,I a «>ukllJe .....ycd ,. ron,i" .."m f""" lloc dol~ft>l" ..lb. flrIc,aiIC aI ...., nod to> doc <\<sin, "'''''''''11 ""l ~ aI ,.......... mel. 1.".. d;rr~ in .Iln.u'r pn:r....,.....,. ....ried Ir-.~ .mol'Cd II opp>Oite mel. old'" ..-m.."m. Iu lOll '"'" __ ........ in(OI ori:ot...... 'n prtfi'l'ftlCn. \1nkn U9ll6llini....llllribolw po~f"orn<ft oIlroi....... in 'hrtot _ in d l'............. nbinW_ iO bod. _,..." "nd tlorir~ 0I •.,....;*,1IIion (• ., l!l7i). U..,~allt>OOitJol <ondoooion. .... r""nd.,-- ."Iin.. ""' ......,.. 10 opcci;aIiut"",
arld~ di............. 10 ..uibule p«f.,,~n<U, ....." .. former beinll •"""" ....-nul ..,mic1or.
A major _l(~.11 ilh .uribuu: ...-..rdI1oai bO'Crltlw ..01 flHd liAIanollloc lad oI Y " ........ AI oloc Iiou ha"" bO'Crl Oft. ............. ...... '0 tapond iO _ po tlwm. TlIbIc Iiooo. .hiioo,...enIly .....d r dth pr_or ftO... ion...• ....,. ... .......,
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uiboo'" po~k,ukti lOr JiIaiar G''''''' qunUoa arion ... '"J-; wbido..nabla ..~ _ uod"uJ 10 .....ocr-nd n We: IhaI6Inon whkh ...., -1it.dJ' IinLed iO ;" indirid :Uin:......,...... 01 inf......ion wit be c:ondid 1. o.hc a... 01 '«>........_r_po' ll,~...-....tto"""''' I.. orinfOi . 1and the aI , ion 01d.. ,,,"itidul to lbc aam.y. an 1ft.., iull:~ """ lIiowoyand ...... · W • L
F 1 ..._ -.I$,. hr,Whcn lbc _nt of l'U"ioooo a i..a • "".- """ ........ an
iIIClMty or m.''''''''''''' incrr:aoon. it oloc p;o'''',n 01 beharior _..........n&ly ,.,;"r..-.:nl n... -... upo,ie _ "'" In ... iIIClMty. d.."""" likdy 'M p<..-r will ""joy ,h~ """oily.~ I"" li""~hoooI 01ru,u.~ ponicip;olion (8"...... 1'J79l,. Any <hoit~ to poniu...... _lin.W '0.1"......... p;o>I "";nrorc~ ....". h.......,.. Th.... ,Ioc .....itiw~ OIlPn","ion of....., hboory _kllotll' l',,,..aelcct 'ypcs of"",i.i,in <lair«! and pr~fU'ftd
~I..lr"l1l1ltn.... Reor..",h h.. loo...n " • ..". p"",i",,, np<ritna.o be:linkw 10 diff~rmo:a ........ rcere..itJn ponicipa,j"8 ill ,h~ ..mo: ..ru.i,yin the ..n,c ~n,'iroo'I1Itn',
o;rr..r~,..... I" i,'., in'''llIity rebll"'! to 1'U"k>u. ul"'ritnct ."bo:e.. lhown in ,i.~r uinp by Ruuc"buck (l9i~) in o;...,.. .. r N.' lMonumnw..ln OnoL:o,ion Ind W(ll_~rCa"y<>t1IinUgh ""S<:hl~,a"d
I"it:I..... (l978)••nd on ,he 8"ffalo N.lion;ol Rl...". by 0;0"", (19ll1).","ioooo ""p<,it."" <JI" be ....r...... in dilf~",n, ....ya. M«1ff and~ (1984) oloowed 'hao difl~ in~ <k.."ded .... ..-httIocr""per""''' .... ..,....",,1 ... 'M panicoobr riocr bdn, IIoMftl or apcri-en«' in ri...". runni... in IIC""r:ol. In ortlct to <u..,criu: II ~ <:l.hio~",i1y. Sch.."...... u....""d \\1Iil1.... (19114) "",;,oW I ~..........~..".-nIM'I"".... __ hiAtwi" IO'CJ'"'OC'" po porUci ........ .....-ty riocr.... m.,.. In~ ."d in oloc 1DtaI 01 diffCfftl<..m:n. rn.- in ..... cllff CIl.,,;uritl "'-'cd difTnfttI ......i...,prol'" feM~ in lbc y.
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'1"" ""..iral .. ruell"" of ~f."....d .urit>u.", _ n"'.... rallh.."'gh,he """,1 'l'«ir..ioy nl Ihe m 'mpotUnl amiblllc. The n:la,i<loWl'y ......lcolro r..r e;>c1t ;mlel""lIle,,, ";"'blc in a h;.,......,hio;;aJ .....Iy of ,lIIlo<:e.•:'l"'""'1Ct! W"~••how" 't> be ~n;rlQntly ,d~,cd 10 Ihe """" f'C"'1rICilyO';ol,k 1), Ihowever....., ..f "'~ '" a ''''''''"''' nf -.o..ion -""wcd ,h~, nnpl;l;,,,,,1 ""Iy .1i~1"1, n""e .It:on One: I""C"111 or 1M "-~';'Iint, in lite de-l"'ndrol r,o.ri;oblc. n.. W" btl ohown 1ft ,"" mp;on 'I"",irlci,y 1ICO<ea.for .he hil!h ""pon,,,..,, g p.•he "",an opeciftcily ,io'M WlOI 2.t9 (I ..",n., .peef": ... InK). f",- Ihe medi.... ""poricntt S"""p io WlOI 2.H•• "d 2.51 r... It>w "" e.
e"mn,i1n""' 1a >imibr .cbtiooI.hJp'" levd 01' 'l_irlcity (l'abIe21. "'''''M "'Lo to,.. ... "nif""oo:::IlM. apin onlX oIiptlr -.: ....n <lnI:
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