IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING M.I.E.T. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

IT6601 ndash MOBILE COMPUTING

MIETCSEIII YRMOBILE COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

COURSE MATERIAL IT6601-MOBILE COMPUTING

MIET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai)

TRICHY ndash PUDUKKOTTAI ROAD TIRUCHIRAPPALLI ndash 620 007




SYLLABUS (THEORY)

Sub Code IT6601 BranchYearSem CSEIIIVI Sub Name MOBILE COMPUTING Batch 2016-2020 Staff Name ABARVEEN Academic Year 2018-2019

L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Mobile Computing ndash Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking ndash Mobile Computing Applications ndashCharacteristics of Mobile computing ndash Structure of Mobile Computing Application MAC Protocols ndashWireless MAC Issues ndash Fixed Assignment Schemes ndash Random Assignment Schemes ndash Reservation Based Schemes UNIT II MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER 9 Overview of Mobile IP ndash Features of Mobile IP ndash Key Mechanism in Mobile IP ndash route Optimization Overview of TCPIP ndash Architecture of TCPIP- Adaptation of TCP Window ndash Improvement in TCP Performance UNIT III MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM 9 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) ndash General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) ndashUniversal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) UNIT IV MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS 9 Ad-Hoc Basic Concepts ndash Characteristics ndash Applications ndash Design Issues ndash Routing ndash Essential of Traditional Routing Protocols ndashPopular Routing Protocols ndash Vehicular Ad Hoc networks ( VANET) ndashMANET Vs VANET ndash Security UNIT V MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS 9 Mobile Device Operating Systems ndash Special Constrains amp Requirements ndash Commercial Mobile Operating Systems ndash Software Development Kit iOS Android BlackBerry Windows Phone ndash M Commercendash Structure ndash Pros amp Cons ndash Mobile Payment System ndash Security Issues TOTAL 45 PERIODS






TEXT BOOK

1 Prasant Kumar Pattnaik Rajib Mall ldquoFundamentals of Mobile Computingrdquo PHI Learning PvtLtd New Delhi ndash 2012

REFERENCES 1 Jochen H Schller ldquoMobile Communicationsrdquo Second Edition Pearson Education New Delhi2007 2 Dharma Prakash Agarval Qing and An Zeng Introduction to Wireless and Mobile systems Thomson Asia Pvt Ltd 2005 3 Uwe Hansmann Lothar Merk Martin S Nicklons and Thomas Stober ldquoPrinciples of Mobile Computingrdquo Springer 2003 4 WilliamCYLeeldquoMobile Cellular Telecommunications-Analog and Digital Systemsrdquo Second EditionTata Mc Graw Hill Edition 2006 5 CKToh ldquoAdHoc Mobile Wireless Networksrdquo First Edition Pearson Education 2002 6 Android Developers httpdeveloperandroidcomindexhtml 7 Apple Developer httpsdeveloperapplecom 8 Windows Phone Dev Center httpdeveloperwindowsphonecom 9 BlackBerry Developer httpdeveloperblackberrycom

SUBJECT IN-CHARGE HODCSE




COURSE OBJECTIVE

1 Understand the basic concepts of mobile computing

2 Be familiar with the network protocol stack

3 Learn the basics of mobile telecommunication system

4 Be exposed to Ad-Hoc networks

5 Gain knowledge about different mobile platforms and application development

COURSE OUTCOMES

1 Comprehend the basics of mobile Computing

2 Express the functionality of Mobile IP and Transport Layer

3 Classify different types of mobile telecommunication systems

4 Implement Adhoc networks with routing protocols

5 Use mobile operating systems in developing mobile applications

6 Synthesize new knowledge in the area of mobile computing by using

appropriate techniques

Prepared by Approved by Verified By STAFF NAME PRINCIPAL HOD (ABARVEEN)







UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION

11 Mobile Computing Introduction

What is mobile Computing

bull What is mobile computing

Users with portable computers still have network connections while they move

bull A simple definition could be

Mobile Computing is using a computer (of one kind or another) while on the

move

12 Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking

Mobile computing means communication services on the move Wireless

communication is the basis for mobile communication

Wireless network is classified in to two types

1) Fixed Infra structure Network

2) Adhoc Network

Fixed Infra structure Network Wireless device connects to the access point to

connect to the network ndash Access point acts as a hub to connect two wireless

devices

Adhoc Network Collection of wireless mobile nodes (devices) dynamically

forming a temporary network without the use of any existing network

infrastructure






Wired Networks Mobile Networks

High bandwidth Low bandwidth

Low bandwidth

variability

High bandwidth

Variability

Can listen on wire Hidden terminal

Problem

High power

machines

Low power machines

High resource

machines

Low resource

machines

need physical

access

need proximity

13 Applications for mobile computing

There are several applications for mobile computing including wireless

remote access by travelers and commuters point of sale stock trading

medical emergency care law enforcement package delivery education insurance

industry disaster recovery and management trucking industry intelligence

and military

Most of these applications can be classified into

Wireless and mobile access to the Internet

Wireless and mobile access to private Intranets

Wireless and Adhoc mobile access between mobile computers

14 Mobile Computing -Characteristics

Ubiquity

Anywhere

Anytime



Location Awareness

Current location of the user can be found out using GPS (Global

positioning system)

Ex Personalized application to find car maintaining service Traffic

control application and Fleet management application when travelling by

car

Adaptation

Adjust the bandwidth fluctuation automatically without disturbing the user

Personalization

Services can be personalized according to the user need Some type of information

can be obtained from the specific source

15 Application Structure

The simple three tier architecture

Presentation tier

User interface request and response in a meaningful way Needs web browser and client program for transfer of information



Application tier Logical decision and calculation is performed in this layer Get the information from the user and makes the decision Moves data between presentation and data layers This layer is implemented using JAVA NET services cold fusion etc Data tier Contains database in which information is stored and retrieved 16 Wireless MAC Protocols ndash Issues

The medium access control or media access control (MAC) layer is the

Lower sub layer of the data link layer (layer 2) of the seven-layer OSI model

Wireless Channel (Wireless medium) is shared among multiple neighboring

nodes

If more than one MS transmit at a time on the shared media a collision

occurs

How to determine which MS can transmit

Access Control protocols define rules for orderly access to the shared medium

It should have the following features

Fairness in sharing Maximize the utilization of the channel Support different types of traffic Should be robust for equipment failures and changing network condition There are two types of basic classification to avoid medium access problem

1) Contention protocols 2) Conflict-free protocols

Contention protocols

Contention protocols resolve a collision after it occurs or try to avoid it These

protocols execute a collision resolution protocol after each collision



Conflict-free protocols

Conflict-free protocols (eg TDMA FDMA and CDMA) ensure that a

collision can never occur

Hidden Terminal Problem

A hidden node is one that is within the range of the intended destination but out

Of range of sender

Node B can communicate with A and C both

A and C cannot hear each other

When A transmits to B C cannot detect the transmission using the carrier

sense mechanism

C falsely thinks that the channel is idle

If C transmits collision will occur at node B

Exposed Terminal Problem

bull An exposed node is one that is within the range of the sender but

out of range of destination

bull B sends to A C wants to send to D

bull C has to wait CS signals a medium in use

bull since A is outside the radio range of C waiting is not necessary

bull C is ldquoexposedrdquo to B



17 Fixed-assignment schemes

FDMA

FDMA is the process of dividing one channel or bandwidth into multiple

individual bands each for use by a single user Each individual band or channel

is big enough to hold the signal to be propagated

For full duplex communication each user is allotted two channel

One channel for sending the data (forward link) other channel for receiving the

data (reverse channel)When the channel is not in use no one is permitted to use

that channel

Advantages of FDMA

bull Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30 kHz)

bull FDMA algorithms are easy to understand and implement

bull Channel Operations in FDMA are simple

bull No need for network timing

bull No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of modulation



Disadvantages to using FDMA

If channel is not in use it sits idle No high channel utilization

The presence of guard bands

bull Need right RF filtering to reduce adjacent channel interference

bull Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed

TDMA ndash Time Division Multiple Access

FDMA ndash Frequency Division Multiple Access

CDMA ndash Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA

TDMA allocates each user a different time slot on a given frequency TDMA Divides each cellular channel into three time slots in order to increase the amount of data that can be carried Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slot

All the nodes use the same channel but in different time given to them in Round Robin Fashion



Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate

bull No frequency guard band required

bull No need for precise narrowband fi lters

bull Easy for mobile or base stations to initiate and execute hands off

bull Extended battery life

bull It is very cheap

Disadvantages to using TDMA

Unused time slot is wasted So it will lead to less channel utilization Has a predefined time slot When moving from one cell site to other if all the time

slots in the moved cell are full the user might be disconnected

Multipath distortion

Code division Multiplexing Access CDMA

Many users can use the channel to send the data Collision can be avoided

using code Each user is allotted different codes when sending a data the users

can multiplex their data with the code and send the data in the same channelso

different users use the same channel at the same time by using the coding

technique The code can be generated by using a technique called m bit pseudo-

noise code sequenceby using m bits 2m codes can be obtained From these each

user can use one code

Advantages of CDMA

Many users of CDMA use the same frequency TDD or FDD may be used

bull Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large signal

bandwidth

bull No limit on the number of users

bull Easy addition of more users

bull Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent



Disadvantages to using CDMA

As the number of users increases the overall quality of service decreases

bull Self-jamming

bull Near-Far- problem arises

18 Random Access Scheme

bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA

ldquoFree for allrdquo whenever station has a frame to send it sends

It does not check if the channel is free or not

Station listens for maximum RTT for an ACK

If no ACK re-sends frame

If two or more users send their packets at the same time a collision occurs

and the packets are destroyed it does not work well when many nodes are

ready to send

In pure ALOHA frames are transmitted at completely arbitrary times

Pure ALOHA Performance Vulnerable period for the shaded frame



S=Ge-2G where S is the throughput (rate of successful transmissions) and G is

the offered load

bull S = Smax=12e = 0184 for G=05

Slotted Aloha

bull Divide time up into small intervals each corresponding to one packet

bull At the beginning of the time slot only data will be sent

bull It sends a signal called beacon frame All the nodes can send the data only

at the starting of the signal

bull This also does not work well if many nodes are there to send the data

bull Vulnerable period is halved

bull S = G e-G

bull S = Smax = 1e = 0368 for G = 1



Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

bull Station that wants to transmit first listens to check if another transmission

is in progress (carrier sense)

bull If medium is in use station waits else it transmits

bull Collisions can still occur

bull Transmitter waits for ACK if no ACK retransmit

Two types of Transmission

CSMACA

CSMACDCSMACA Protocol

bull If the channel is sensed as busy no station will use it until it goes free

bull If the channel is free the node can start transmitting the data

bull This is the basic idea of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

protocol

bull There are different variations of the CSMA protocols

bull 1-persistent CSMA

bull No persistent CSMA

bull p-persistent CSMA

bull 1-persistent CSMA (IEEE 8023)

ndash If medium idle transmit if medium busy wait until idle then transmit

with p=1

ndash If collision waits random period and starts again

bull Non-persistent CSMA if medium idle transmit otherwise wait a

random time before re-trying

ndash Thus station does not continuously sense channel when it is in use

bull P-persistent when channel idle detected transmits packet in the first

slot with pif the channel is not idle wait for thr the probability(1-p)and

the sense the channel

CSMACD

bull CSMA with collision detection Stations can sense the medium

while transmitting



bull A station aborts its transmission if it senses another transmission is

also happening (that is it detects collision) in the same time

CSMACD Protocol

1 If medium idle transmit otherwise 2

2 If medium busy some time and then sense the medium again then transmit

with p=1

3 If collision detected transmit brief jamming signal and abort transmission

4 After aborting wait random time try again

Summary

CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

Improvement Start transmission only if no transmission is

ongoing

CSMACA (CSMA with Collision Avoidance)

Improvement Wait a random time and try again when carrier is

quiet If still quiet then transmit

CSMACD (CSMA with Collision Detection)

Improvement Stop ongoing transmission if a collision is

detected

19 Reservation based scheme

CONCEPT

MACAW A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LANs is based on

MACA (Multiple Access Collision Avoidance) Protocol



MACA

bull When a node wants to transmit a data packet it first transmit a

RTS (Request to Send) frame

bull The receiver node on receiving the RTS packet if it is ready to

receive the data packet transmits a CTS (Clear to Send) packet

bull Once the sender receives the CTS packet without any error it

starts transmitting the data packet

bull If a packet transmitted by a node is lost the node uses the binary

exponential back-off (BEB) algorithm to back off a random

interval of time before retrying



MACAW

Variants of this method can be found in IEEE 80211 as DFWMAC

(Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC)

MACAW (MACA for Wireless) is a revision of MACA

bull The sender senses the carrier to see and transmits a RTS

(Request to Send) frame if no nearby station transmits a RTS

bull The receiver replies with a CTS (Clear to Send) frame

bull Neighbors

bull See CTS then keep quiet

bull See RTS but not CTS then keep quiet until the CTS is

back to the sender

bull The receiver sends an ACK when receiving a frame

bull Neighbors keep silent until see ACK

bull Collisions

bull There is no collision detection

bull The senders know collision when they donrsquot receive CTS

bull They each wait for the exponential back off time



UNIT II

MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER

21 Overview of Mobile IP

Mobile IP (or MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force

(IETF) standard communications protocol that is designed to allow mobile

device users to move from one network to another while maintaining a

permanent IP address

MOBILE IP Terminology






Mobile Node (MN)

A system (node) that can change the point of attachment to the

network without changing its IP address The Mobile Node is a device such

as a cell phone personal digital assistant or laptop which has roaming

capabilities

Home Network

Home Network is the network of a mobile node where it gets its

original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)

bull Stores information about all mobile nodes and its permanent address

bull It maintains a location directory to store where the node moves

bull It acts as a router for delivering the data packets

Foreign Agent (FA)

ds the packet to the MN

Care-of Address (COA)

Care-of address is a temporary IP address for a mobile node

(mobile device) that helps message delivery when the device is connected

somewhere other than its home network The packet send to the home

network is sent to COA

COA are of two types

Foreign agent COA It is the static IP address of a foreign agent on a visited

network

Co-located COA Temporary IP address is given to the node visited the

new network by DHCP

Correspondent Node (CN)

Node communicating to the mobile node

Foreign Network

The foreign network is current subnet to which the mobile node is visiting



Tunnel

It is the path taken by the encapsulated packets

22 Features of Mobile IP

Transparency

mobile end-systems keep their IP address

Continuation of communication after interruption of link

Compatibility

Compatible with all the existing protocols

Security

Provide secure communication in the internet

Efficiency and scalability

only little additional messages to the mobile system required

(connection typically via a low bandwidth radio link)

World-wide support of a large number of mobile systems in

the whole Internet

23 Key Mechanism in Mobile IP

To communicate with a remote host a mobile host goes through three

phases

Agent discovery registration and data transfer

bull Agent Discovery A Mobile Node discovers its Foreign and Home Agents during its move bull Registration

The Mobile Node registers its current location with the Foreign Agent

and Home Agent during registration



bull Tunneling

A Tunnel(like a pipe) is set up by the Home Agent to the care-of

address (current location of the Mobile Node on the foreign network) to

send the packets to the Mobile Node as it roams

PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery

A mobile node has to find a foreign agent when it moves away from its

home network To do this mobile IP describes two methods

Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

The Home Agent and Foreign Agent advertise their services on the network

by using the ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP) The Mobile Node

listens to these advertisements to determine if it is connected to its home

network or foreign network



Home agents and foreign agents broadcast advertisements at regular

intervals by using the packet format given below

Type 16 agent advertisement

Length depends on number of care-of addresses advertised

Sequence number Number of advertisement sent since the

agent was initialized

Lifetime Lifetime of advertisement

Address Number of address advertised in this packet

Addresses Address of the router

Registration Lifetime Maximum lifetime a node can ask during

registration

R Registration with this foreign agent is required (or another foreign agent

on this network) Even those mobile nodes that have already acquired a

care-of address from this foreign agent must reregister

B Busy

H home agent on this network

F foreign agent on this network

M minimal encapsulation

G This agent can receive tunneled IP datagrams that use Generic Routing

Encapsulation (GRE)

Y This agent supports the use of Van Jacobson header compression

Care-of address The care-of address or addresses supported by this agent

on this network



Type 19 indicates that this is a prefix-length advertisement

Length N where N is the value of the Numb Address field in the ICMP

router advertisement portion of this ICMP message

Agent Solicitation If the MN doesnrsquot receive any advertisement by the

agent then the MN must ask its IP by means of solicitation

2) Registration

Mobile nodes when visiting a foreign network informs their home agent of

their current care-of address renew a registration if it expires

Diagram

The mobile node when travels to the foreign network and gets the care of

address from the foreign network it has to inform this to the home network

This is done using the registration process

The process are

1) It first sends the registration request message to the foreign network This

is the registration process with the foreign network The registration request

message consists of mobile nodersquos Permanent IP Address and the home

agentrsquos IP address

2) The foreign agent will send the registration request message to the home

agent



3) The home agent will store this information in its routing table This is

called mobility binding

4) The home agent then sends an acknowledgement to the foreign agent

5) The foreign agent passes this reply to the mobile node

6) The foreign agent updates its visitor list

3) Tunneling and encapsulation

This process forward IP datagram (packet) from the home

agent to the care-of address

Tunnel makes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel

entry and a tunnel endpoint

Packets entering a tunnel travel inside the tunnel and comes out

of the tunnel without changing

When a home agent receives a packet for a mobile host it forwards

that packet to the care of address using IP-within-IP encapsulation

IP-in-IP encapsulation means the home a get inserts a new IP

header (COA address) added to the original IP packet

The new header contains HA address as source and Care of Address

as destination

Tunneling ie sending a packet through a tunnel is achieved by using

encapsulation

Encapsulation means taking a packet consisting of packet header and data

and putting it into the data part of a new packet



The new header is also called the outer header for obvious reasons

Old header is called inner header There are three methods of

encapsulation

IP-in-IP encapsulation The figure shows the format of the packet

The packet consists of outer header and inner header

Outer header fields

The version field 4 for IP version 4

IHL DS (TOS) is just copied from the inner header

The length field covers the complete encapsulated packet

TTL must be high enough so the packet can reach the tunnel

endpoint

The next field here denoted with IP-in-IP is the type of the protocol

used in the IP payload This field is set to 4 the protocol type for IPv4

because again an IPv4 packet follows after this outer header

IP checksum is calculated as usual

The next fields are the tunnel entry as source address (the IP address

of the HA) and the tunnel exit point as destination address (the

COA)



Inner header fields

It starts with the same fields as outer header The only change is TTL

which is decremented by 1 This means that the whole tunnel is considered

a single hop from the original packetrsquos point of view Finally the payload

follows the two headers

24 Route Optimization

Triangle Routing Tunneling forwards all packets go to home network (HA)

and then sent to MN via a tunnel

(CN-gtHNMN)

Two IP routes that need to be set-up one original and the

second the tunnel route

It causes unnecessary network overhead and adds Delay

Route optimization allows the correspondent node to learn the current

location of the MN and tunnel its own packets directly Problems arise with

Mobility correspondent node has to updatemaintain its cache

Authentication HA has to communicate with the

correspondent node to do authentication

Message transmitted in the optimized mobile IP are

1 Binding request

Correspondent Node (CN) sends a request to the home Agent to know

the current location of mobile IP

2 Binding Update

The Home agent sends the Address of the mobile node to CN

3 Binding Acknowledgement

The correspondent node will send an Acknowledgement after

getting the address from the HA

4 Binding Warning

When a correspondent node could not find the Mobile node it

sends a Binding Warning message to the HA



DHCP

It is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Administrator manually assigns the IP address to the system

Manual configuration is difficult and error-prone

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to configure IP

automatically

Using DHCP server

DHCP provides static and dynamic address allocation that can be manual

or automatic

In static allocation a DHCP server has a manually created static

database that binds

Physical addresses to IP addresses

Dynamic address allocation

The DHCP server maintains a pool (range) of available addresses This

address wil l be allocated to the system if it wants

1 A host which is joined newly in the network sends a DHCPDISCOVER

message to Broadcast IP address (255255255255) to all the server In

the fig given below two servers receive the broadcast message

2 Servers reply to the clientrsquos request with DHCPOFFER and offer a list of

configuration parameters Client can now choose one of the configurations

offered

3 The client in turn replies to the servers by accepting one of the

configurations and rejecting the others using DHCPREQUEST

4 If a server receives a DHCPREQUEST with a rejection it can free the

reserved configuration for other clients



5 The DHCP server will say ok by giving a command called DHCPACK

6 The new system will take the new IP address assigned by the DHCP server

7 The addresses assigned from the pool are temporary addresses

8 The DHCP server issues that IP address for a specific time when the time

expires the client must renew it The server has the option to agree or

disagree with the renewal

9 If a client leaves a subnet it should release the configuration received by

the server using DHCPRELEASE Now the server can free the context

stored for the client and offer the configuration again

Origins of TCPIP

Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol (TCPIP)

effort by the US Department of Defense

(DOD)

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

inclusion of the TCPIP protocol with Berkeley UNIX (BSD UNIX)



25 Overview of TCPIP

The TCPIP model explains how the protocol suite works to

provide communications

layers Application Transport Internetwork and Network Interface

Requests for Comments (RFCs)

describe and standardize the implementation and

configuration of the TCPIP protocol suite

26 TCPIP Architecture



Application Layer

Protocols at the TCPIP Application layer include

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

Network File System (NFS)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Terminal emulation protocol (telnet)

Remote login application (rlogin)

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Domain Name System (DNS)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Transport Layer Performs end-to-end packet delivery reliability and flow

control

Protocols

TCP provides reliable connection-oriented

communications between two hosts

Requires more network overhead

UDP provides connectionless datagram services between two hosts

Faster but less reliable

Reliability is left to the Application layer Ports

TCP and UDP use port numbers for communications between hosts

Port numbers are divided into three ranges

Well Known Ports are those from 1 through 1023

Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151

DynamicPrivate Ports are those from 49152 through 65535



TCP three-way handshake

Establishes a reliable connection between two points

TCP transmits three packets before the actual data transfer occurs

Before two computers can communicate over TCP they must

synchronize their initial sequence numbers (ISN)

A reset packet (RST) indicates that a TCP connection is to be terminated

without further interaction



27 Adaption of TCP Window

TCP sliding windows

Control the flow and efficiency of communication

Also known as windowing

A method of controlling packet flow between hosts



Allows multiple packets to be sent and affirmed with a

Single acknowledgment packet

The size of the TCP window determines the number of

acknowledgments sent for a given data transfer

Networks that perform large data transfers should use large window

sizes

TCP sliding windows (continued)

Other flow control methods include

Buffering

Congestion avoidance

Internetwork Layer

Four main protocols function at this layer

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

ARP

A routed protocol

Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses

ARP tables contain the MAC and IP addresses of other devices on the

network

When a computer transmits a frame to a destination on the local

network

It checks the ARP cache for an IP to MAC Address mapping for the

destination node

ARP request

If a source computer cannot locate an IP to MAC address mapping in

its ARP table

It must obtain the correct mapping



ARP request (continued)

A source computer broadcasts an ARP request to all hosts on the

local segment

Host with the matching IP address responds this request

ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life

Source checks its local ARP cache prior to sending packets on the

local network

ARP cache life (continued)

Important that the mappings are correct

Network devices place a timer on ARP entries



ARP tables reduce network traffic


Similar to ARP

Used primarily by diskless workstations

Which have MAC addresses burned into their network cards but no IP

addresses

Clientrsquos IP configuration is stored on a RARP Server RARP request frame

RARP client Once a RARP client receives a RARP reply it configures its

IP networking components

By copying its IP address configuration information into its

local RAM

ARP and RARP compared

ARP is concerned with obtaining the MAC address of other clients

RARP obtains the IP address of the local host

ARP and RARP compared (continued)

The local host maintains the ARP table

A RARP server maintains the RARP table

The local host uses an ARP reply to update its ARP table and to send

frames to the destination



The RARP reply is used to configure the IP protocol on the local host

Routers and ARP

ARP requests use broadcasts

Routers filter broadcast traffic

Source must forward the frame to the router

ARP tables

Routers maintain ARP tables to assist in transmitting frames from one

network to another

A router uses ARP just as other hosts use ARP

Routers have multiple network interfaces and therefore also include the

port numbers of their NICs in the ARP table

The Ping utility

Packet Internet Groper (Ping) utility verifies connectivity between two

points

Uses ICMP echo requestreply messages



The Trace utility


Can verify Internetwork layer (OSI-Network Layer) connectivity shows

the exact path a packet takes from the source to the destination

Accomplished through the use of the time-to-live (TTL) counter

Several different malicious network attacks have also been created using

ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood

Network Interface Layer

Plays the same role as the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI

model

The MAC address network card drivers and specific interfaces for the

network card function at this level



No specific IP functions exist at this layer

Because the layerrsquos focus is on communication with the network

card and other networking hardware Assume congestion to be the primary

cause for packet losses and unusual delays

Invoke congestion control and avoidance algorithms resulting in

significant degraded end-to-end performance and very high interactive

delays

TCP in Mobile Wireless Networks Communication characterized by sporadic

high bit-error rates (10-4 to 10-6) disconnections intermittent connectivity due to

handoffs low bandwidth

Mobile Networks Topology

TCP Performance with BER



Classification of Schemes

End-to-End protocols

loss recovery handled by sender

Link-layer solutions

hide link-related losses from sender

TCP sender may not be fully shielded

Split-connection approaches

hide any non-congestion related losses from TCP sender

since the problem is local solve it locally End-to-End Protocols

Make the sender realize some losses are due to bit-error not congestion

Sender avoid invoking congestion control algorithms if non-congestion

related losses occur

Eg Reno New-Reno SACK

Link-Layer Protocols Hides the characteristics of the wireless link from the

transport layer and tries to solve the problem at the link layer

Uses technique like forward error correction (FEC)

Snoop AIRMAIL(Asymmetric Reliable Mobile Access In Link-layer)

Pros

The wireless link is made more reliable

Doesnrsquot change the semantics of TCP

Fits naturally into the layered structure of network protocols

Cons

If the wireless link is very lousy sender times-out waiting for ACK and

congestion control algorithm starts Split Connection

Split the TCP connection into two separate connections

1st connection sender to base station

2nd connection base station to receiver

The base station simply copies packets between the connections in both

directions



Pros

Sender shielded from wireless link

Better throughput can be achieved by fine tuning the wireless protocol link

Cons

Violates the semantics of TCP

Extra copying at the Base station


28 Improving TCPIP Performance over Wireless Networks

Snoop-TCP

A (snoop) layer is added to the routing code at BS which keep track of packets in

both directions

Packets meant to MH are cached at BS and if needed retransmitted in the

wireless link

BS suppress DUPACKs sent from MH to FH

BS use shorter local timer for local timeout Changes are restricted to BS

and optionally to MH as well

E2E TCP semantics is preserved





I-TCP Indirect TCP for Mobile Hosts



I-TCP ndashLAN Performance


Normal and overlapped ndash effective reaction to high BER Non-Overlapped ndash No congestion avoidance algorithm I-TCP ndashLAN Performance



I-TCP ndash WAN Performance Disadvantages End-to-end semantics is not followed MSR sends an ack to the correspondent but loses the packet to the mobile

host Copying overhead at MSR Conclusion I-TCP particularly suited for applications which are throughput intensive

Slow Start Sender starts by transmitting 1 segment On receiving Ack congestion window is set to 2 On receiving Acks congestion window is doubled Continues until Timeout occurs After thresh the sender increases its window size by [current window]on

receiving Ack(Congestion Avoidance phase)



Fast Recovery

After Fast retransmit perform congestion avoidance instead of slow start Why Duplicate ACK indicates that there are still data flowing between the two ends rarr Network resources are still available TCP does not want to reduce the flow abruptly by going into slow start

End to End Protocols Tahoe Original TCP Slow start Congestion avoidance fast retransmit Reno TCP Tahoe + Fast Recovery Significant Improvement - single packet loss Suffers when multiple packets are dropped New-Reno Reno + Stay in Fast Recovery The first non-duplicate ACK but not the expected one SACK Reno + SACK option When multiple packets are dropped Packet Loss Scenario Fast Retransmission ssthresh = 05 x current window size congestion window = 1 Reno New-Reno and SACK Fast Retransmission Fast Recovery congestion window = 05 x current window size +3 x segment size Increase window size by 1 on receiving a dup ACK



UNIT III

MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Cellular Network Organization

Use multiple low-power transmitters (Base station) (100 W or less)

Areas divided into cells

Each served by its own antenna

Served by base station consisting of

transmitter receiver and control unit

Band of frequencies allocated

Cells set up such that antennas of all neighbors are equidistant

(Hexagonal pattern)

Cellular systems implements Space Division Multiplexing Technique

(SDM) Each transmitter is called a base station and can cover a fixed area called

a cell This area can vary from few meters to few kilometres

Mobile network providers install several thousands of base stations each

with a smaller cell instead of using power full transmitters with large cells






Basic concepts

High capacity is achieved by limiting the coverage of each base station to

a small geographic region called a cell

Same frequencies timeslotscodes are reused by spatially separated base

station

A switching technique called handoff enables a call to proceed

uninterrupted when one user moves from one cell to another

Neighboring base stations are assigned different group of channels so as to

minimize the interference

By systematically spacing base station and the channels group may be

reused as many number of times as necessary

As demand increases the number of base stations may be increased thereby

providing additional capacity

Frequency Reuse

adjacent cells assigned different frequencies to

avoid interference or crosstalk

Objective is to reuse frequency in nearby cells

10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell



Advantages

1 Higher capacity

Smaller the size of the cell more the number of concurrent userrsquos ie huge cells

do not allow for more concurrent users

2 Less transmission power

Huge cells require a greater transmission power than small cells

3 Local interference only

For huge cells there are a number of interfering signals while for small cells

there is limited interference only

4 Robustness

As cellular systems are decentralized they are more robust against the failure of

single components

Disadvantages

Infrastructure needed Cellular systems need a complex

infrastructure to connect all base stations

Handover needed The mobile station has to perform a handover

when changing from one cell to another

31 GSM ARCHITECTURE

GSM is a digital cellular system designed to support a wide variety of

services depending on the user contract and the network and mobile

equipment capabilities

formerly Group Special Mobile (founded 1982)

now Global System for Mobile Communication

GSM offers several types of connections

voice connections data connections short message service

There are three service domains

Bearer Services

Telematics Services

Supplementary Services



311 GSM SERVICES AND FEATURES

Bearer Services

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)

Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)

Data Service (circuit

switched)

synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbits

asynchronous 300 - 1200 bits

Data service (packet switched)



Tele Services

Telecommunication services helps for voice communication via mobile

phones

Offered voice related services

electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in

the fixed network)

ShortMessageServiceSMS

alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal using

the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic

services and SMS (160 characters)

MMS

Supplementary services

Important services are

identification forwarding of caller number

automatic call-back

conferencing with up to 7 participants

locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)



Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM

standard within each country

components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)

MSC (mobile switching center)

LR (location register)

subsystems

RSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspects

NSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding

handover switching

OSS (operation subsystem) management of the network

313 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Winter 2001ICS 243E - Ch4 Wireless

Telecomm Sys

412

GSM elements and interfaces

NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O

GSM Network consists of three main parts

Radio subsystem RSS

Base Station Subsystem BSS

Network and Switching Subsystems NSS



Radio subsystem

The Radio Subsystem (RSS) contains three main parts

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Mobile Stations (MS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) defines a cell and is responsible for radio

link protocols with the Mobile Station

Base Station Controller (BSC) controls multiple BTSs and manages radio

channel setup and handovers The BSC is the connection between the

Mobile Station and Mobile Switching Center

A mobile station (MS) is a hand portable and vehicle mounted unit

It contains several functional groups

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters

PIN

IMEI

Cipher key

Location Area Identification

It also has Display loudspeaker microphone and programmable keys

Base Station Subsystem Consists of

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) defines a cell and is responsible for

radio link protocols with the Mobile Station

Base Station Controller (BSC) controls multiple BTSs and manages

radio channel setup and handovers The BSC is the connection between

the Mobile Station and Mobile Switching Center

Network and Switching Subsystems

It consists of

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitors Location Register (VLR)

Authentication Center (AuC)



Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the central component of the NSS

Its functions

Manages the location of mobiles

Switches calls

Manages Security features

Controls handover between BSCs

Resource management

Interworks with and manages network databases

Collects call billing data and sends to billing system

Collects traffic statistics for performance monitoring


Contains all the subscriber information for the purposes of call control and

location determination There is logically one HLR per GSM network


Local database for a subset of user data - data about all users currently visiting in

the domain of the VLR

Operation subsystem

The OSS (Operation Subsystem) used for centralized operation

management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems

The main Components of OSS are

Authentication Center (AUC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)


It is a protected database that stores the security information for each

subscriber (a copy of the secret key stored in each SIM)


It contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network


It has different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network

subsystem



Radio spectrum is very limited resource and this is shared by all users Time- and

Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMAFDMA) is used to share the

frequency FDMA divides frequency bandwidth of the (maximum) 25 MHz into

124 carrier frequencies Each Base Station (BS) is assigned one or more carrier

frequencies

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) - the users take turns (in a round robin)

each one periodically getting the entire bandwidth for a little time

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) - the frequency spectrum is

divided among the logical channels with each user using some frequency band

Mobile unit can be in two modes

Idle - listening Dedicated sendingreceiving data

There are two kinds of channels Traffic channels (TCH) and Control channels

Organization of bursts TDMA frames and multi frames for speech and data

The fundamental unit of time in TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it

lasts 1526 msec Eight bust periods are grouped in one TDMA frame (12026

msec) which forms a basic unit of logical channels One physical channel is

one burst period per TDMA frame Traffic channels It is used to transmit data

It is divided to Full rate TCH and Half rate TCH

In GSM system two types of traffic channels used

Full Rate Traffic Channels (TCHF) This channel carries information at

rate of 228 Kbps

Half Rate Traffic Channels (TCHH) This channels carries information

at rate of 114 Kbps



Control channels carries control information to enable the system to operate

correctly

1 BROADCAST CHANNELS (BCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)

2 DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS (DCCH)

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

3 COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS (CCCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)

Random Access Channel (RACH)

Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

GSM Protocol

GSM architecture is a layered model used to allow communications

between two different systems The GMS protocol stacks diagram is shown

below

MS Protocols

GSM signaling protocol is divided in to three layers

Layer 1 The physical layer It uses the channel structures over the air

interface



Layer 2 The data-link layer Across the Um interface the data-link layer

is LAP-D protocol is used Across Abs interface (LAP-Dm) is used Across

the A interface the Message Transfer Part (MTP) is used

Layer 3 GSM protocolrsquos third layer is divided into three sub layers

o Radio Resource Management (RR)

o Mobility Management (MM) and

o Connection Management (CM)

THIRD LAYER (RR MM AND CM)

The RR layer (radio resource) is the lower layer that manages both radio

and fixed link between the MS and the MSC The work of the RR layer is to

setup maintenance and release of radio channels

The MM layer is above the RR layer It handles the functions of the

mobility of the subscriber authentication and security and Location

management

The CM layer is the topmost layer of the GSM protocol stack This layer

is responsible for Call Control Supplementary Service Management and Short

Message Service Management call establishment selection of the type of service

(including alternating between services during a call) and call release

SECOND LAYER

To Signal between entities in a GSM network requires higher layers For

this purpose the LAPDm protocol is used at the Um interface for layer two

LAPDm is called link access procedure for the D-channel (LAPD LAPDm gives

reliable data transfer over connections sequencing of data frames and flow

control

PHYSICAL LAYER

The physical layer handles all radio-specific functions It multiplexes the

bursts into a TDMA frame synchronization with the BTS detection of idle

channels and measurement of the channel quality on the downlink

The physical layer at Um uses GMSK for digital modulation and performs

encryptiondecryption of data

The main tasks of the physical layer comprise channel coding and error



detectioncorrection

It uses forward error correction (FEC) schemes

The GSM physical layer tries to correct errors but it does not deliver

erroneous data to the higher layer

The physical layer does voice activity detection (VAD)

CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

Mobile Terminated Call

1 call ing a GSM subscriber

2 forwarding call to GMSC

3 signal call setup to HLR

4 5 request MSRN from VLR

6 forward responsible MSC to GMSC

7 forward call to current MSC

8 9 get current status of MS

10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers

14 15 security checks

16 17 set up connection



Security in GSM

Security services

Access controlauthentication

User SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) secret

PIN (personal identification number)

SIM network challenge response method

Confidentiality

voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after

successful authentication)

Anonymity

temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber

Identity)

newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)

encrypted transmission

3 algorithms specified in GSM

A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)

A5 for encryption (standardized)

A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)



AUTHENTICATION

Authentication key Ki the user identification IMSI and the algorithm

used for authentication A3 is stored in the sim This is known only to the MS

and BTS Authentication uses a challenge-response method The access

control AC (BTS) generates a random number RAND this is called as

challenge and the SIM within the MS reply with SRES (signed

response) This is called as SRES response

NW side

BTS send random number RAND to MS

MS side

MS prepares SRES response by giving the random number RAND and

Ki to the algorithm A8The output is the SRES which is sent to the BTS

BTS side

BTS also prepares the same SRES and the output from the MS is compared

with result created by the BTS

If they are the same the BTS accepts the subscriber otherwise the

subscriber is rejected

ENCRYPTION

To maintain the secrecy of the conversation all messages are encrypted

in GSM Encryption is done by giving the cipher key Kc with message to the

algorithm A5 Here the key is generated separately



Kc is generated using the Ki which is stored in SIM and a random

number RAND given by BTS by applying the algorithm A8 Note that the SIM

in the MS and the network both calculate the same Kc based on the random value

RAND The key Kc itself is not transmitted over the air

MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff

Handover basically means changing the point of connection while

communicating

Whenever mobile station is connected to Base station and there is a need to

change to another Base station it is known as Handover

A handover should not cause a cut-off also called call drop handover

duration is 60 ms

There are two basic reasons for a handover

The mobile station moves out of the range The received signal level

decreases Error rate may increase all these effects may lower the

quality of the radio link

The traffic in one cell is too high and shift some MS to other cells with

a lower load (if possible) Handover may be due to load balancing

Four possible handover scenarios in GSM



Intra-cell handover

Within a cell narrow-band interference could make transmission at

a certain frequency impossible

The BSC could then decide to change the carrier frequency (scenario

1)

Inter-cell intra-BSC handover

The mobile station moves from one cell to another but stays within

the control of the same BSC

The BSC then performs a handover assigns a new radio channel in

the new cell and releases the old one (scenario 2)

Inter-BSC intra-MSC handover



As a BSC only controls a limited number of cells GSM also has to

perform handovers between cells controlled by different BSCs

This handover then has to be controlled by the MSC (scenario 3)

Inter MSC handover A handover could be required between two cells

belonging to different MSCs Now both MSCs perform the handover

together (scenario 4)

Whether to take handover or not

HD depends on the average value of received signal when MS moves away

from BT sold to another closer BTS new

BSC collects all values from BTS and MS calculates average values

Values are then compared with threshold (HO_MARGIN_ hysteresis to

avoid ping-pong effect)

Even with the HO_MARGIN the ping-pong effect may occur in GSM-a

value which is too high could cause too many handovers

Typical signal flow during an inter-bsc intra-msc handover

The MS sends its periodic measurements reports to BTS old the BTSold

forwards these reports to the BSC old together with its own measurements

Based on these values and eg on current traffic conditions the BSC old

may decide to perform a handover and sends the message HO_required to

the MSC

MSC then checks if the resources available needed for the handover from

the new BSC BSC new

This BSC checks if enough resources (typically frequencies or time slots)

are available and allocates a channel at the BTS new to prepare for the arrival

of the MS

The BTS new acknowledges the successful channel activation to BSC new

BSC new acknowledges the handover request

The MSC then issues a handover command that is forwarded to the MS

The MS now breaks its old connection and accesses the new BTS



The next steps include the establishment of the link (this includes layer

two link

Establishment and handover complete messages from the MS)

the MS has then finished the handover release its old resources to the old

BSC and BTS

32 GPRS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

GPRS is the short form of General Packet Radio Service It is mainly used

to browse internet in mobile devices GPRS is GSM based packet switched

technology It needs MS (mobile subscriber) or user to support GPRS network

operator to support GPRS and services for the user to be enabled to use GPRS

features

GPRS network Architecture

Entire GPRS network can be divided for understanding into following basic

GPRS network



Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)- It is similar to MSC of GSM

network SGSN functions are outlined below

Data compression Authentication of GPRS subscribers VLR

Mobility management

Traffic statistics collections

User database

Gateway GPRS Support Node(GGSN)-

Packet delivery between mobile stations and external networks

Authentication



Packet data is transmitted from a PDN via the GGSN and SGSN directly

to the BSS and finally to the MS

The MSC which is responsible for data transport in the traditional circuit-

switched GSM is only used for signaling in the GPRS scenario

Before sending any data over the GPRS network an MS must attach to it

following the procedures of the mobility management A mobile station must

register itself with GPRS network

GPRS attach

GPRS detach

GPRS detach can be initiated by the MS or the network

The attachment procedure includes assigning a temporal identifier called a

temporary logical link identity (TLLI) and a ciphering key sequence number

(CKSN) for data encryption

A MS can be in 3 states

IDLE

READY

STANDBY

In idle mode an MS is not reachable and all context is deleted

In the standby state only movement across routing areas is updated to the

SGSN but not changes of the cell

In the ready state every movement of the MS is indicated to the SGSN



PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE

Protocol architecture of the transmission plane for GPRS

All data within the GPRS backbone ie between the GSNs is transferred

using the GPRS tunneling protocol (GTP)

GTP can use two different transport protocols either the reliable TCP

(needed for reliable transfer of X25 packets) or the non-reliable UDP

(used for IP packets)

The network protocol for the GPRS backbone is IP (using any lower

layers)

Sub network dependent convergence protocol (SNDCP) is used

between an SGSN and the MS On top of SNDCP and GTP user packet

data is tunneled from the MS to the GGSN and vice versa

To achieve a high reliability of packet transfer between SGSN and MS a

special LLC is used which comprises ARQ and FEC mechanisms for PTP

(and later PTM) services

A base station subsystem GPRS protocol (BSSGP) is used to convey

routing and QoS-related information between the BSS and SGSN



BSSGP does not perform error correction and works on top of a frame

relay (FR) network

Finally radio link dependent protocols are needed to transfer data over the

Um interface

The radio link protocol (RLC) provides a reliable link

33 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System

bull Reasons for innovations

- new service requirements

- availability of new radio bands

bull User demands

- seamless Internet-Intranet access

- wide range of available services

- compact lightweight and affordable terminals

- simple terminal operation

- open understandable pricing structures for the whole

spectrum of available services

UMTS Basic Parameter

bull Frequency Bands (FDD 2x60 MHz)

ndash 1920 to 1980 MHz (Uplink)

ndash 2110 to 2170 MHz (Downlink)

bull Frequency Bands (TDD 20 + 15 MHz)

ndash 1900 ndash 1920 MHz and 2010 ndash 2025 MHz

bull RF Carrier Spacing

ndash 44 - 5 MHz

bull RF Channel Raster

ndash 200 KHz

bull Power Control Rate

ndash 1500 Cycles per Second



UMTS W-CDMA Architecture



UNIT 4

MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF MANET

In early 1970s the Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) was called packet radio

network which was sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA) They had a project named packet radio having several wireless

terminals that could communication with each other on battlefields ldquoIt is interesting

to note that these early packet radio systems predict the Internet and indeed were part

of the motivation of the original Internet Protocol suiterdquo

The whole life cycle of Ad hoc networks could be categorized into the First second and the third generation Ad hoc networks systems Present Ad

hoc networks systems are considered the third generation

The fi rst generation goes back to 1972 At the time they were called

PRNET (Packet Radio Networks) In conjunction with ALOHA (Arial

Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) and CSMA (Carrier Sense Medium

Access) approaches for medium access control and a kind of distance-vector

routing PRNET were used on a trial basis to provide different networking

capabilities in a combat environment

The second generation of Ad hoc networks emerged in 1980s when the

Ad hoc network systems were further enhanced and implemented as a part of

the SURAN (Survivable Adaptive Radio Networks) program This

provided a packet-switched network to the mobile battlefield in an

environment without infrastructure This Program proved to be beneficial in

improving the radios performance by making them smaller cheaper and

resilient to electronic attacks

In the 1990s (Third generation) the concept of commercial Ad hoc networks arrived with notebook computers and other viable communication equipmentrsquos At the same time the idea of a collection of mobile nodes was Proposed at several researchers gatherings IEEE 80211






Had adopted the term Ad hoc networks and the research community had

started to look into the possibility of deploying Ad hoc networks in other

areas of application

41 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

An Ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes which forms a

temporary network without the aid of centralized administration or standard

support devices regularly available as conventional networks These nodes

generally have a limited transmission range and so each node seeks the

assistance of its neighboring nodes in forwarding packets and hence the nodes

in an Ad hoc network can act as both routers and hosts Thus a node may

forward packets between other nodes as well as run user applications By

nature these types of networks are suitable for situations where either no fixed

infrastructure exists or deploying network is not possible Ad hoc mobile

networks have found many applications in various fields like mili tary

emergency conferencing and sensor networks Each of these application areas

has their specific requirements for routing protocols

Since the network nodes are mobile an Ad hoc network will typically

have a dynamic topology which wi l l have profound effects on

network characteristics Network nodes will often be battery powered which

limi ts the capacity of CPU memory and bandwidth This will require network

functions that are resource effective Furthermore the wireless (radio) media

will also affect the behavior of the network due to fluctuating link bandwidths

resulting from relatively high error rates These unique desirable features pose

several new challenges in the design of wireless Ad hoc networking protocols

Network functions such as routing address allocation authentication and

authorization must be designed to cope with a dynamic and volatile network

topology In order to establish routes between nodes which are farther than a

single hop specially configured routing protocols are engaged The unique

feature of these protocols is their ability to trace routes in spite of a dynamic

topology In the simplest scenarios nodes may be able to communicate directly

with each other for example when they are within wireless transmission

range of each other However Ad hoc networks must also support



communication between nodes that are only indirectly connected by a series

of wireless hops through other nodes For example in Fig 31 to establish

communication between nodes A and C the network must enlist the aid of node

B to relay packets between them The circles indicate the nominal range of each

nodersquos radio transceiver Nodes A and C are not in direct transmission range of

each other since Arsquos circle does not cover C

Figure 31 A Mobil Ad hoc network of three nodes where nodes A and C

Must discover the route through B in order to communicate

In general an Ad hoc network is a network in which every node is

potentially a router and every node is potentially mobile The presence

of wireless communication and mobility make an Ad hoc network unlike

a traditional wired network and requires that the routing protocols used in an

Ad hoc network be based on new and different principles Routing protocols

for traditional wired networks are designed to support tremendous

numbers of nodes but they assume that the relative position of the nodes

will generally remain unchanged 42 CHARACTERSTICS OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Characteristics of MANET

In MANET each node act as both host and router That is it is

autonomous in behavior



Multi-hop radio relaying- When a source node and destination node for a

Message is out of the radio range the MANETs are capable of multi-hop

routing

Distributed nature of operation for security routing and host

configuration A centralized firewall is absent here

The nodes can join or leave the network anytime making the network

topology dynamic in nature

Mobile nodes are characterized with less memory power and light

weight features

The reliability efficiency stability and capacity of wireless links are

often inferior when compared with wired links This shows the

fluctuating link bandwidth of wireless links

Mobile and spontaneous behavior which demands minimum human

intervention to configure the network

All nodes have identical features with similar responsibilities and

capabilities and hence it forms a completely symmetric environment

High user density and large level of user mobility

Nodal connectivity is intermittent

The mobile Ad hoc networks has the following features-

Autonomous terminal Distributed operation Multichip routing

Dynamic network topology Fluctuating link capacity Light-

weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

In MANET each mobile terminal is an autonomous node which may

function as both a host and a router In other words beside the basic processing

ability as a host the mobile nodes can also perform switching functions as a

router So usually endpoints and switches are indistinguishable in MANET



Distributed Operation

Since there is no background network for the central control of the

network operations the control and management of the network is distributed

Among the terminals The nodes involved in a MANET should collaborate

amongst themselves and each node acts as a relay as needed to implement

functions like security and routing Multi hop Routing

Basic types of Ad hoc routing algorithms can be single-hop and multi hop

based on different l ink layer at tr ibutes and rout ing protocols Single-

hop MANET is simpler than multi hop in terms of structure and implementation

with the lesser cost of functionality and applicability When delivering data

packets from a source to its destination out of the direct wireless transmission

range the packets should be forwarded via one or more intermediate nodes

Dynamic Network Topology

Since the n o d e s are mobile the network topology may change rapidly

and predictably and the connectivity among the terminals may vary with time

MANET should adapt to the traffic and propagation conditions as well as the

mobility patterns of the mobile network nodes The mobile nodes in the network

dynamically establish routing among themselves as they move about forming

their own network on the fly Moreover a user in the MANET may not only

operate within the Ad hoc network but may require access to a public fixed

network (eg Internet)

Fluctuating Link Capacity

The nature of high bit-error rates of wireless connection might be more

profound in a MANET One end-to-end path can be shared by several sessions

The channel over which the terminals communicate is subjected to noise fading

and interference and has less bandwidth than a wired network In

some scenarios the path between any pair of users can traverse multiple

wireless links and the link themselves can be heterogeneous



Light Weight Terminals

In most of the cases the MANET nodes are mobile devices with less

CPU processing capability small memory size and low power storage Such

devices need optimized algorithms and mechanisms that implement the

computing and communicating functions 43 APPLICATIONS OF AD HOC NETWORKS

Defense applications On-the-fly communication set up for soldiers on

the ground fighter planes in the air etc

Crisis-management applications Natural disasters where the entire

communication infrastructure is in disarray

Tele-medicine Paramedic assisting a victim at a remote location can

access medical records can get video conference assistance from a

surgeon for an emergency intervention

ele-Geo processing applications Combines geographical information

system GPS and high capacity MS Queries dependent of location

information of the users and environmental monitoring using sensors

Vehicular Area Network in providing emergency services and other

information in both urban and rural setup

Virtual navigation A remote database contains geographical

representation of streets buildings and characteristics of large metropolis

and blocks of this data is transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle to

visualize needed environment ahead of time

Education via the internet Educational opportunities on Internet to K-

12 students and other interested individuals Possible to have last-mile

wireless Internet access

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network [VANET] VANET is a form of Mobile Ad hoc network to provide communications among

nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment usually

described as roadside equipment The main goal of VANET is providing safety



and comfort for passengers To this end a special electronic device will be placed

inside each vehicle which will provide Ad hoc Network connectivity for the

passengers This network tends to operate without any infrastructure or legacy

client and server communication Each vehicle equipped with VANET device

will be a node in the Ad hoc network and can receive and relay others messages

through the wireless network Collision warning road sign alarms and in-place

traffic view will give the driver essential tools to decide the best path along the

way There are also multimedia and internet connectivity facilities for passengers

all provided within the wireless coverage of each car Automatic Payment for

parking lots and toll collection are other examples of possibilities inside

VANET Most of the concerns of interest to MANETS are of interest in

VANETS but the details differ Rather than moving at random vehicles tend to

move in an organized fashion The interactions with roadside equipment can

likewise be characterized fair ly accurately And finally most vehicles

are restricted in their range of motion for example by being constrained to follow

a paved high way

Fig 35 A Vehicular Ad hoc Network

In addition in the year 2006 the term MANET mostly describes an

academic area of research and the term VANET perhaps its most promising

area of application In VANET or Intelligent Vehicular Ad hoc Networking

defines an intelligent way of using Vehicular Networking In VANET integrates

on multiple Ad hoc networking technologies such as WiFi IEEE 80211 bg

WiMAX IEEE 80216 Bluetooth IRA ZigBee for easy accurate effective and



simple communication between vehicles on dynamic mobility Effective

measures such as media communication between vehicles can be enabled as well

methods to track the automotive vehicles are also preferred In VANET helps in

defining safety measures in vehicles streaming communication between

vehicles infotainment and telematics Vehicular Ad hoc Networks are expected

to implement variety of wireless technologies such as Dedicated Short Range

Communications (DSRC) which is a type of WiFi Other candidate wireless

technologies are Cellular Satellite and WiMAX Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

can be viewed as component of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Wireless Sensor Networks

Advances in processor memory and radio technology will enable small

and cheap nodes capable of sensing communication and computation

Networks of such nodes called wireless sensor networks can coordinate

to perform distributed sensing of environmental phenomena

Sensor networks have emerged as a promising tool for monitoring (and

possibly actuating) the physical world util izing self-organizing networks of

battery-powered wireless sensors that can sense process and communicate A

sensor network] is a network of many tiny disposable low power devices called

nodes which are spatially distributed in order to perform an application-oriented

global task These nodes fo rm a network by communicating with each other

through the existing wired networks The primary component of the network is

the sensor essential for monitoring real world physical conditions such as sound



temperature humidity intensity vibration pressure motion pollutants etc at

different locations

Wireless sensor networks can be considered as special case of mobile Ad

hoc networks (MANET) with reduced or no mobility Initially WSNs was

mainly motivated by military applications Later on the civilian application

domain of wireless sensor networks as shown in Fig 36 have been considered

such as environmental and species monitoring disaster management smart

home production and healthcare etc These WSNs may consist of

heterogeneous and mobile sensor nodes the network topology may be as simple

as a star topology the scale and density of a network varies depending on the

application Wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks are Ad hoc wireless networks which are formed

to provide communication infrastructure using mobile or fixed nodesusers

The mesh topology provides alternative path for data transmission from the

source to the destination It gives quick re-configuration when the fi rstly chosen

path fails Wireless mesh network shou ld be capable o f se l f -

organization and se l f - maintenance The main advantages of wireless mesh

networks are high speed low cost quick deployment high scalability and high

availability It works on 24 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands depending on

the physical layer used For example if IEEE 80211a is used the speed

can be up to 54 Mbps An application example of wireless mesh network

could be a wireless mesh networks in a residential zone which the radio

relay devices are built on top of the rooftops In this situation once one of the

nodes in this residential area is equipped with the wired link to the Internet

this node could be the gateway node Others could connect to the Internet

from this node Other possible deployments are highways business zones

and university campus



44 DESIGN ISSUES OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Ad hoc networking has been a popular field of study during the last few

years Almost every aspect of the network has been explored in one way or other

at different level of problem Yet no ultimate resolution to any of the problems

is found or at least agreed upon On the contrary more questions have arisen

The topics that need to be resolved are as follows

Scalability

Routing

Quality of service

Client server model shift Security

Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation

The approach to tackle above aspects has been suggested and possible

update solutions have been discussed [31] In present research work one of the

aspects ldquothe routingrdquo has been reconsidered for suitable protocol performing

better under dynamic condition of network Scalability

Most of the visionaries depicting applications which are anticipated to

benefit from the Ad hoc technology take scalability as granted Imagine for

example the vision of ubiquitous computing where networks can be of any

size However it is unclear how such large networks can actually grow Ad

hoc networks suffer by nature from the scalabi l i ty problems in

capaci ty To exemplif y this we may look into simple interference

studies In a non- cooperative network where Omni-directional antennas

are being used the throughput per node decreases at a rate 1radicN where N

is the number of nodes

That is in a network with 100 nodes a single device gets at most Approximately one tenth of the theoretical network data rate This problem

however cannot be fixed except by physical layer improvements such as



directional antennas If the available capacity like bandwidth radiation pattern of

antenna sets some limits for communications This demands the formulation of

new protocols to overcome circumvents Route acquisition service location and

encryption key exchanges are just few examples of tasks that will require

considerable overhead as the network size grows If the scarce resources are

wasted with profuse control traffic these networks may see never the day dawn

Therefore scalability is a boiling research topic and has to be taken into account

in the design of solutions for Ad hoc networks

Routing

Routing in wireless Ad hoc networks is nontrivial due to highly dynamic Environment An Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes

dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any preexisting

network infrastructure or centralized administration In a typical Ad hoc

network mobile nodes come together for a period of time to exchange

information While exchanging information the nodes may continue to move

and so the network must be prepared to adapt continually to establish routes

among themselves without any outside support Quality of Service

The heterogeneity o f e x i s t i n g I n t e r n e t a p p l i c a t i o n s h a s

c h a l l e n g e d network designers who have built the network to provide best-

effort service only Voice live video and file transfer are just a few

applications having very diverse requirements Qualities of Service (QoS)

aware solutions are being developed to meet the emerging requirements of

these applications QoS has to be guaranteed by the network to provide certain

performance for a given flow or a collection of flows in terms of QoS

parameters such as delay jitter bandwidth packet loss probability and

so on Despite the current research efforts in the QoS area QoS in Ad hoc

networks is still an unexplored area Issues of QoS in robustness QoS in

routing policies algorithms and protocols with multipath including

preemptive priorities remain to be addressed



Client-Server Model Shift

In the Internet a network client is typically configured to use a server as

its partner for network transactions These servers can be found automatically or

by static configuration In Ad hoc networks however the network structure

cannot be defined by collecting IP addresses into subnets There may not be

servers but the demand for basic services still exists Address allocation name

resolution authentication and the service location itself are just examples of the

very basic services which are needed but their location in the network is

unknown and possibly even changing over time Due to the infrastructure less

nature of these networks and node mobility a different addressing approach may

be required In addition it is still not clear who will be responsible for managing

various network services Therefore while there have been vast

research initiatives in this area the issue of shift from the traditional client-

server model remains to be appropriately addressed

Security

A vital issue that has to be addressed is the Security in Ad hoc networks

Applications like Military and Confidential Meetings require high degree of

security against enemies and activepassive eavesdropping attacker Ad hoc

networks are particularly prone to malicious behavior Lack of any centralized

network management or certification authority makes these dynamicall y

changing wireless st ructures very vulnerable to in f i l t rat ion

eavesdropping interference and so on Security is often considered to be

the major roadblock in the commercial application Energy Conservation

Energy conservative networks are becoming extremely popular within the

Ad hoc networking research Energy conservation is currently being addressed

in every layer of the protocol stack There are two primary research topics

which are almost identical maximization of lifetime of a single battery

and maximization of the lifetime of the whole network The former is related

to commercial applications and node cooperation issues whereas the latter is

more fundamental for instance in mili tary environments where node cooperation



is assumed The goals can be achieved either by developing better batteries or

by making the network terminals operat ion more energy ef f ic ient

The f i rs t approach is likely to give a 40 increase in battery life in the near

future (with Li-Polymer batteries) As to the device power consumption the

primary aspect are achieving energy savings through the low power hardware

development using techniques such as variable clock speed CPUs flash

memory and disk spin down However from the networking point of view

our interest naturally focuses on the devices network interface which is

often the single largest consumer of power Energy efficiency at the network

interface can be improved by developing transmissionreception technologies

on the physical layer

Much research has been carried out at the physical medium access control

(MAC) and routing layers while little has been done at the transport and

application layers Nevertheless there is still much more investigation to be

carried out

Node (MH) Cooperation

Closely related to the security issues the node cooperation stands in the

way of commercial application of the technology To receive the corresponding

services from others there is no alternative but one has to rely on other peoplersquos

data However when differences in amount and priority of the data come into

picture the situation becomes far more complex A critical fi re alarm box should

not waste its batteries for relaying gaming data nor should it be denied access

to other nodes because of such restrictive behavior Encouraging nodes to

cooperate may lead to the introduction of billing similar to the idea suggested

for Internet congestion control Well-behaving network members could be

rewarded While selfish or malicious users could be charged higher rates Implementation

of any kind of billi ng mechanism is however very challenging These issues

are still wide open



Interoperation

The self-organization of Ad hoc networks is a challenge when two

independently formed networks come physically close to each other This is

an unexplored research topic that has implications on all levels on the

system design When two autonomous Ad hoc networks move into same

area the interference with each other becomes unavoidable Ideally the

networks would recognize the situation and be merged However the issue

of joining two networks is not trivial the networks may be using different

synchronization or even different MAC or routing protocols Security also

becomes a major concern Can the networks adapt to the situation For

example a military unit moving into an area covered by a sensor network

could be such a situation moving unit would probably be using different

routing protocol with location information support while the sensor network

would have a simple static routing protocol Another important issue comes into

picture when we talk about all wireless networks One of the most important

aims of recent research on all wireless networks is to provide seamless

integration of all types of networks This issue raises questions on how the Ad

hoc network could be designed so that they are compatible with wireless LANs

3 Generation (3G) and 4G cellular networks

ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN DEPLOYING MANET The following are some of the main routing issues to be considered when

Deploying MANETs Unpredictability of environment Unreliability of Wireless Medium Resource- Constrained Nodes

Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages

Congested Nodes or Links



Unpredictability of Environment Ad hoc networks may be deployed

in unknown terrains hazardous conditions and even hostile environments

where tampering or the actual destruction of a node may be imminent

Depending on the environment node failures may occur frequently Unreliability of Wire less Medium Communication through the

wireless medium is unreliable and subject to errors Also due to varying

environmental conditions such as h igh levels of electro-magnetic

inter ference (EMI) or inclement weather the quality of the wireless link may

be unpredictable Resource-Constrained Nodes Nodes in a MANET are typical ly

battery powered as well as limited in storage and processing capabilities

Moreover they may be situated in areas where it is not possible to re- charge

and thus have limited lifetimes Because of these limitations they must have

algorithms which are energy efficient as well as operating with limited

processing and memory resources The available bandwidth of the wireless

medium may also be limited because nodes may not be able to sacrifice the

energy consumed by operating at full link speed Dynamic Topology The topology in an Ad hoc network may change

constantly due to the mobility of nodes As nodes move in and out of range of

each other some links break while new links between nodes are created

As a result of these issues MANETs are prone to numerous types of faults

included

Transmission Errors The unreliabilit y of the wireless medium and the

unpredictabilit y of the environment may lead to transmitted packets being

Garbled and thus received packet errors Node Failures Nodes may fail at any time due to different types of hazardous

conditions in the environment They may also drop out of the network either

voluntarily or when their energy supply is depleted



Link Failures Node failures as well as changing environmental conditions

(eg increased levels of EMI) may cause links between nodes to break Link

failures cause the source node to discover new routes through other links

Route Breakages When the network topology changes due to nodelink

failures andor nodelink additions to the network routes become out-of-date

and thus incorrect Depending upon the network transport protocol packets

forwarded through stale routes may either eventually be dropped or be delayed

Congested Nodes or Links Due to the topology of the network and the nature

of the routing protocol certain nodes or links may become over util ized ie

congested This will lead to either larger delays or packet loss

45 ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Collection of wireless mobile nodes (devices) dynamically forming a

temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure

or centralized administration

ndash useful when infrastructure not available impractical or expensive

ndash mili tary applications rescue home networking

ndash Data must be routed via intermediate nodes Proactive Routing Protocols

Proactive protocols set up tables required for routing regardless of any

traffic This protocol is based on a l ink -state algori thm Link-state

algorithms f lood their in format ion about neighbors periodical ly with

routing table

Ex Destination sequence distance vector (DSDV)

Advantage of proactive

QoS guaranteed

The routing tables reflect the current topology with a certain precision Disadvantage

erheads in lightly loaded networks



Example of proactive Routing Destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) Destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) routing is the extension to

distance vector routing for ad-hoc networks

Concept

Each node exchanges routing table periodically with its neighbors

Changes at one node in the network passes slowly through the network

This create loops or unreachable regions within the network

DSDV now adds two things to the distance vector algorithm Sequence numbers Each routing advertisement comes with a sequence

Number Advertisements may propagate along many paths Sequence numbers

help to receive advertisements in correct order This avoids the loops that are in

distance vector algorithm

Damping changes in topology that are of short duration should not

destabilize the Routing

Advertisements about such short changes in the topology are therefore not

transmitted further A node waits without advertisement if these changes are

unstable Waiting time depends on the time between the first and the best

announcement of a path to a certain destination Next Hop number of nodes the source will jump to reach the Destination Metric Number of Hops to Destination Sequence Number Seq No of the last Advertisement Install Time when entry was made



The routing table for N1 in Figure would be as shown in Table

Advantages Loop free

Low memory

Quick convergence REACTIVE PROTOCOLS Reactive protocols setup a path between sender and receiver only if there

is a need for communication

Ex

Dynamic source routing and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector AODV

Advantage

evices can utilize longer low-power periods

Disadvantages initial search latency caching mechanism is useful only when there is high mobility Dynamic source routing (DSR)

In DSDV all nodes maintain path to all other nodes

Due to this there is heavy traffic

To save Battery power DSR is used

DSR divides the routing into two separate problems

1) Route Discovery

2) Route Maintenance Route discovery A node discover a route to a destination one and only i f

it has to send something to this destination and there is currently no known route

Route maintenance If a node is continuously sending packets via a route it

has to maintain that route If a node detects problems with the current route

it has to find a different route

Working Principle If a node needs to discover a route it broadcasts a route request with a unique



Identifier and the destination address as parameters

Node that receives a route request does the following 1) If the node has already received the request it drops the request packet 2) If the node finds its own address as the destination the request has reached

its target

3) Otherwise the node adds its own address in the route and broadcasts this

updated route request

When the request reaches the destination it can return the request packet

containing the list to the receiver using this list in reverse order

One condition for this is that the links work bi-directionally

The destination may receive several lists containing different paths from the

Sender It has to choose the shortest path

Route discovery

From N1 to N3 at time t1 1) N1 broadcasts the request (N1 id = 42 target = N3) to N2 and N4 1-a)N2 broadcasts ((N1 N2) id = 42 target = N3) to N3N5 N3 recognizes itself as target N5 broadcasts ((N1 N2 N5) id = 42 target = N3) to N3 and N4 N4 drops N5rsquos broadcast N3 recognizes (N1 N2 N5) as an alternatebut longer route

1-b) N4 broadcasts ((N1 N4) id = 42 target = N3) to N1N2 and N5 N1

N2 and

N5 drop N4rsquos broadcast packet because they received it already

2) N2 has to go back to the path from N3-gtN2-gtN1It is called reverse

forwarding(Symmetric link assumed)

Route Maintenance

After a route is discovered it has to be maintained until the node sends

packets through this route

If that node uses an acknowledgement that acknowledgement can be

considered for good route

The node can listen to the next node forwarding the packet in the route A node can ask for an acknowledgement if the data is successfully sent

Multicast routing with AODV Routing protocol

AODV is a packet routing protocol designed for use in mobile ad hoc



networks (MANET)

Intended for networks that may contain thousands of nodes

One of a class of demand-driven protocols The route discovery mechanism is invoked only if a route to a destination

is not known

Route requests

This Protocol finds out multicast routes on demand using a

broadcast route discovery mechanism When a node wishes to join the

multi cast group or it wants to send packets to the group it needs to find

a route to the group This is done using two messages RREQ and RR

EP

When a node wants to join a multicast group it

sends a route request (RREQ) message to the group Only the members of

the multicast group respond to the join RREQ If any nonmember receives

a RREQ it rebroadcast the RREQ to its neighbors But if the RREQ is not

a join request any node of the multicast group may respond

Figure 1 depicts the propagation of RREQ

Fig RREP Propagation

The important fields for RREQ are given as follows

Source address The address of the node which sends the data

Destination address The address of the multicast group that is the target

of the discovery

Join ndashflag if this is set then the node originating RREQ wants to join the

multicast tree If it is unset then the originator is a source of multi cast

transmission



Pointers Every node sets up pointers to determine the reverse route in its routing table

when receiving a RREQ This entry is used later to pass on a response back to

the route requester This entry is not activated until or unless it gets multicast

activation message from the requester The responding node unicasts the route

response RREP (figure 2) back to the route requester after the completion of

necessary updates on it routing table Route reply

When a node receives a RREQ for a multicast route it first checks the

Join -flag in the message If the Join -flag is set then the node may answer

only if it is itself a member of the multicast tree and its sequence number for

this tree greater than the number in the RREQ If the Join -flag is not set then any node may answer Creation of the multicast tree

The first node that wants to join the multicast group selects itself as

the multicast group leader The reason of this node is to keep the count of

the sequence number that is given to the multicast group address

The group leader assigns the sequence number by sending periodic Group

Hello messages Group Hellos messages are used to distribute group

information

Message types

MAODV uses four different message types for creation of the

multi cast routing table These messages are

Route request (RREQ) Route reply (RREP) Multi cast activation (MACT)

Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables

MADV has a routing table for the multicast routes The entries in this

table have the following attributes

Multicast group IP address Multicast group leader IP address

Multicast group sequence number Next hop(s) Hop count to next

multicast group member Hop count to multicast group leader Each next hop entry has the following fields

Next hop IP address

Next hop interface Link

direction Activated flag

In addition a node may also keep a multicast group leader table which is

used to optimize the routing This has the following fields

Multicast group IP address

Group leader IP address Multicast activation

A single node may get multiple replies to the RREQ message It must

choose the best out of these to be used for the multicast tree creation For

This reason the node joining the group send the in red to the node having

greatest seq no and less distance This is done using MCAST message

The receiver of the MACT message updates its multicast routing table by

setting the source of the message as a next hop neighbor

The MACT message has four flags These are join prune grpld r and update

The join is used if the node wishes to join the tree p ru n e is for leaving the

tree The two other messages are used if the tree breaks and must be

repaired

Leaving the tree

The membership of the multicast group is dynamic Each node can join

or leave the group at any time The leaving of the tree is done by sending the

MACT message with the prune-flag set



48 VEHICULAR AREA NETWORK (VANET)

Basic objective is to find some relevant local information such as close by

gas stations restaurants grocery stores and hospitals

Primary motivation is to obtain knowledge of local amenities

Hello beacon signals are sent to determine other vehicle in the vicinity

Table is maintained and periodically updated in each vehicle

Vehicle in an urban area move out relatively low speed of up to 56 kmhr

while

Speed varies from 56 kmhr to 90 kmhr in a rural region

Freeway-based VANET could be for emergency services such as

accident traffic-jam traffic detour public safety health conditions etc

Early VANET used 80211-based ISM band

75 MHz has been allocated in 5850 - 5925 GHz band

Coverage distance is expected to be less than 30 m and data rates of 500

kbps

FCC has allocated 7 new channels of in 902 - 928 MHz range to cover a

distance of up to 1 km using OFDM

It is relatively harder to avoid collision or to minimize interference

Slotted ALOHA does not provide good performance

Non-persistent or p-persistent CSMA is adopted



49 SECURITY CHALLENGES IN MANET

Missing authorization facilities hinders the usual practice of distinguishing

nodes as trusted or non-trusted

Malicious nodes can advertise non-existent links provide incorrect link

state information create new routing messages and flood other nodes

with routing traffic

Attacks include active interfering leakage of secret information

eavesdropping data tampering impersonation message replay message

distortion and denial-of-service (DoS)

Encryption and authentication can only prevent external nodes from

disrupting the network traffic

Internal attacks are more severe since malicious insider nodes are protected with the networkrsquos security mechanism Disrupting Routing Mechanism by A Malicious Node

Changing the contents of a discovered route

Modifying a route reply message causing the packet to be dropped as

an invalid packet

Invalidating the route cache in other nodes by advertising incorrect paths

Refusing to participate in the route discovery process

Modifying the contents of a data packet or the route via which that data

packet is supposed to travel

Behaving normally during the route discovery process but drop data

packets causing a loss in throughput

Generate false route error messages whenever a packet is sent from a

source to a destination Attacks by A Malicious Node

Can launch DoS attack

A large number of route requests due to DoS attack or a large number

of broken links due to high mobility

Can spoof its IP and send route requests with a fake ID to the same

destination

Routing protocols like AODV DSDV DSR have many vulnerabilities



Authority of issuing authentication is a problem as a malicious node can

leave the network unannounced

Security Approaches

Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

Automated detection

Subsequent generation of an alarm

IDS is a defense mechanism that continuously monitors the

network for unusual activity and detects adverse activities

Capable of distinguishing between attacks originating from inside the

network and external ones

Intrusion detection decisions are based on collected audit data



UNIT V

MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS

51 Mobile Device Operating Systems

Mobile Operating System Structure

JAVA ME Platform

Special Constrains amp Requirements

Commercial Mobile Operating Systems

Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android

Blackberry Operating system

an operating system

that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones

smartphones PDAs tablet computers and other handheld devices

programs called application programs can run on mobile devices

include processor memory files and various types of attached devices such as

camera speaker keyboard and screen

and networks

Control data and voice communication with BS using different types of

protocols

A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which other programs called

application programs can run on mobile Devices such as PDA cellular phones

smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform

J2ME platform is a set of technologies specifications and libraries developed

for small devices like mobile phones pagers and personal organizers

va ME was designed by Sun Microsystems It is licensed under GNU

General Public License Configuration it defines a minimum platform

including the java language virtual machine features and minimum class

libraries for a grouping of devices Eg CLDC

Profile it supports higher-level services common to a more specific class of

devices A profile builds on a configuration but adds more specific APIs to make

a complete environment for building applications Eg MIDP



Java ME platforms are composed of the following elements

52 Special Constrains amp Requirements

Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard

Limited processing power

Limited battery power

Limited and fluctuating bandwidth of the wireless medium

Requirements

Support for specific communication protocol

Support for a variety of input mechanism

Compliance with open standard

Extensive library support

Support for integrated development environment

53 Commercial Mobile Operating Systems

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS

Windows Mobile is a compact operating system designed for mobile devices and

based on Microsoft Win32

to manipulate their data

Edition) - designed specifically for

Handheld devices based on Win32 API

PDA (personal digital assistant) palmtop computer Pocket were original

intended platform for the Windows Mobile OS

For devices without mobile phone capabilities and those that included mobile

phone capabilities



Palm OS

Palm OS is an embedded operating system designed for ease of use with a touch

screen-based graphical user interface

on a wide variety of mobile devices such as

smartphones barcode readers and GPS devices

-based processors It is designed as a 32-b

The key features of Palm OS

-tasking OS

but it does not expose

tasks or threads to user applications In fact it is built with a set of threads

that cannot be changed at runtime

higher) does support multiple threads but doesnrsquot

support creating additional processes by user applications Expansion support

This capability not only augments the memory and IO but also it facilitates

data interchanges with other Palm devices and with other non-Palm devices

such as digital cameras and digital audio players

synchronization with PC computers

Support of serial port USB Infrared Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections

management)

applications to store calendar address and task and note entries accessible by

third-party applications



Symbian OS Features

Multimedia

recording playback and streaming

and Image conversion

-oriented and component- based

-server architecture

-efficient inter process communication This

feature also eases porting of code written for other platforms to Symbian OS

A Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

layer provides a consistent interface to hardware and supports device-

independency

s hard real-time guarantees to kernel and user mode threads

54 Software Development Kit

541 iPhone OS

Applersquos Proprietary Mobile

iOS is Applersquos proprietary mobile operating system initially developed for

iPhone and now extended to iPAD iPod Touch and Apple TV

ldquoiPhone OSrdquo in June 2010

renamed ldquoiOSrdquo

enabled for cross licensing it can only be used on Applersquos devices

The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of usage of multi touch gestures

is a UNIX based OS

iOS uses four abstraction layers namely the Core OS layer the Core

Services layer the Media layer and the Cocoa Touch layer



rsquos App store contains close to 550000 applications as of March

2012

is estimated that the APPs are downloaded 25B times til l now

version of iOS is released in 2007 with the mane lsquoOS Xrsquoand then in 2008

the first beta version of lsquoiPhone OSrsquo is released

mber Apple released first iPod Touch that also used this OS

iPad is released that has a bigger screen than the iPod and iPhone

Cisco owns the trademark for lsquoIOSrsquo

Apple licenses the usage of lsquoiOSrsquo from Cisco



542 Android

Google owns a trademark for Android ndash Googlersquos permission is necessary to

use Androidrsquos trademark

made an agreement with Android device

manufacturers (including Samsung and HTC) to collect fees from them

source code is available under Apache License version 20 The

Linux kernel changes are available under the GNU General Public License

version 2

Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile devices such as Tablets and

Smartphones

in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset Alliance with 86 hardware

software and telecom companies Now this OS is being used by multiple device

manufacturers (Samsung Motorola HTC LG Sony etc) in their handsets

community has large number of developers preparing APPs

in Java environment and the APP store lsquoGoogle Playrsquo now has close to 450000

APPs among which few are free and others are paid

that as of December 2011 almost 10B APPs were downloaded

It is estimated that as of February 2012 there are over 300M Android devices and

approximately 850000 Android devices are activated every day

earliest recognizable Android version is 23 Gingerbread which supports

SIP and NFC

32) are released with focus on

Tablets This is mainly focused on large screen devices

Handset layoutsndashcompatible with different handset designs such as larger

VGA 2D graphics library 3D graphics library based

ndasha lightweight relational database is used for data storage

- DO UMTS Bluetooth Wi-Fi

LTE NFC amp ndashSMS MMS threaded text messaging and

Android Cloud To Device Messaging (C2DM)



Google faced many patent lawsuits against Android such as by Oracle in 2006

that included patents US5966702 and US6910205

543 Blackberry OS

The first operating system launched by Research in Motion

(RIM the company behind BlackBerry)

-

Interface)

Blackberry OS Features

Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control



Key Terms in Blackberry OS

Process Management

ndash Microkernel

Advantages of Blackberry OS

It provides good security for data

promotion Dedicated content channels and feature banners that

provide prime real estate to help distribute your app to the right users

discovery Universal search top lists social sharing reviews and

ratings help users find the right app

(in combination with Score loop) A specialized portal for

gaming allowing multiplayer social connections

Disadvantages of Blackberry OS

New operating system was introduced too late into the ever-growing market

Yet to have as many apps available for purchase or download compared to

other phone in the market

Consumers have switched over to other devices made by Apple or Android

is opened you have to swipe

up to return to the main display

Android Software Development Kit a software development kit that

enables developers to create applications for the Android platform

e Android SDK includes sample projects with source code development

tools an emulator and required libraries to build Android applications

Dalvik a custom virtual machine designed for embedded use which runs on top

of a Linux kernel

Android SDK Environment

The Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin for Eclipse adds powerful

extensions to the Eclipse integrated development environment It allows you to

create and debug Android applications easier and faster



Advantages

inside the Eclipse

IDE For example ADT lets you access the many capabilities of the DDMS

tool take screenshots Manage port‐forwarding set breakpoints and view

thread and process information directly from Eclipse



discovery Universal search top lists social sharing reviews and ratings

help users find the right app

The Games app (in combination with Score loop) A specialized portal for




yet to have as many apps available for purchase or download compared to



Once an application is opened you have to swipe up

to return to the main display

Android Software Development Kit

A software development kit that enables developers to create applications

for the Android platform

Android SDK includes sample projects with source code development



of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse


tool take screenshots

Manage port‐forwarding set breakpoints and view thread and process

information directly from Eclipse

55 M- Commerce

M-commerce (mobile commerce)is the buying and selling of goods and

services through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and

personal digital assistants (PDAs)Known as next- generation e-commerce m-

commerce enables users to access the Internet without needing to find a place

to plug in

-commerce which is based on the Wireless

Application Protocol (WAP) has made far greater strides in Europe where

mobile devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers are much more

common than in the United states

M-commerce can be seen as means of selling and purchasing of goods and

services using mobile communication devices such as cellular phones PDA s

etc which are able to connect to the Internet through wireless channels and

interact with e- commerce systems

-commerce can be referred to as an act of carrying- out transactions using a

wireless device

is understood as a data connection that results in the transfer of value in

exchange for information services or goods It can also be seen as a natural

extension of e-commerce that allows users to interact with other users or

businesses in a wireless mode anytimeanywhere

perceived to be any electronic transaction or information interaction

conducted using a mobile device and mobile network thereby guaranteeing

customers virtual and physical mobility which leads to the transfer of real or

perceived value in exchange for personalized location-based information

services or goods



-commerce can also be seen and referred to as wireless commerce

It is any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted via a mobile

telecommunications network M-commerce can also be seen and referred to as

wireless commerce

any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted via a mobile

telecommunications network

access an IT-System whilst moving from one place to the other

using a mobile device and carry out transactions and transfer information

wherever and whenever needed to

Mobile commerce from the future development of the mobile telecommunication

sector is heading more and more towards value-added services Analysts

forecast that soon half of mobile operatorrsquos revenue will be earned through mobile

commerce

Consequently operators as well as third party providers will focus on value-

added-services To enable mobile services providers with expertise on different

sectors will have to cooperate

scenarios will be needed that meet the customerlsquos

expectations and business models that satisfy all partners involved

Generations

-1992 wireless technology

current wireless technology mainly accommodates text

3rd generation technology (2001-2005) Supports rich media

(Video clips)

faster multimedia display (2006-2010)

M-Commerce Terminology

Terminology and Standards

-based Global Positioning System

mdashhandheld wireless computer



Application Protocol

mdashInternet-enabled cell phones with attached applications

56 M-Commerce Structure

57 Pros of M-Commerce

M-commerce is creating entirely new service opportunities such as payment

banking and ticketing transactions - using a wireless device

-commerce allows one-to-one communication between the business and

the client and also business-to-business communication

-commerce is leading to expectations of revolutionary changes in

business and markets

-commerce widens the Internet business because of the wide coverage by

mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce

Mobile devices donrsquot have enough processing power and the developer has to be

careful about loading an application that requires too much processing Also

mobile devices donrsquot have enough storage space The developer has to be also

concerned about the size of his application in the due process of development

quite vulnerable to theft loss and corruptibility Security

solutions for mobile appliances must therefore provide for security under these

challenging scenarios



58 Mobile Payment System

Mobile Payment can be offered as a stand-alone service

also be an important enabling service for other m-

commerce services (eg mobile ticketing shopping gamblinghellip)

-

friendly

service providers have to gain revenue from an m-commerce service The

consumer must be informed of

how much to pay options to pay the payment must

be made payments must be traceable

Customer requirements

consistent payment interface when making the

Purchase with multiple payment schemes like

Merchant benefits

-to-use payment interface development

Bank and financial institution benefits





59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap

WTLS protects WAP as SSL protects HTTP

protocol to another information is

decrypted and re-encrypted recall the WAP Architecture

-encryption in the same process on the WAP

gateway Wireless gateways as single point of failure

Platform Risks Without a secure OS achieving security on mobile devices is

almost impossible

Memory protection of processes protected kernel rings

File access control Authentication of principles to resources

untrusted code

Does not differentiate trusted local code from untrusted code downloaded from

the Internet So there is no access control

-safe



can be scheduled to be pushed to the client device without the userrsquos

knowledge

Theft or damage of personal information abusing userrsquos

authentication information maliciously offloading money saved on smart cards

Bluetooth Security

Bluetooth provides security between any two Bluetooth devices for user

protection and secrecy

authentication

encryption key length

allowed to have access service Y)

The device has been previously authenticated a link key is

stored and the device is marked as ldquotrustedrdquo in the Device Database

Untrusted Device The device has been previously authenticated link key is

stored but the device is not marked as ldquotrustedrdquo in the Device Database

Device No security information is available for this device This is

also an untrusted device Automatic output power adaptation to reduce the

Range exactly to requirement makes the system extremely difficult to eavesdrop

New Security Risks in M-Commerce Abuse of cooperative nature of ad-hoc

networks An adversary that compromises one node can disseminate false

routing information

A single malicious domain can compromise devices by

downloading malicious code

Users roam among non-trustworthy domains Launching attacks from

mobile devices with mobility it is difficult to identify attackers



security at the lower layers only a stolen device can still be

trusted Problems with Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) protocol

Server only certificate (Most Common)

-establishing connection without re-authentication

new Privacy Risks Monitoring

userrsquos private information

added services based on location awareness (Location-Based Services)




SYLLABUS (THEORY)


L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Mobile Computing ndash Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking ndash Mobile Computing Applications ndashCharacteristics of Mobile computing ndash Structure of Mobile Computing Application MAC Protocols ndashWireless MAC Issues ndash Fixed Assignment Schemes ndash Random Assignment Schemes ndash Reservation Based Schemes UNIT II MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER 9 Overview of Mobile IP ndash Features of Mobile IP ndash Key Mechanism in Mobile IP ndash route Optimization Overview of TCPIP ndash Architecture of TCPIP- Adaptation of TCP Window ndash Improvement in TCP Performance UNIT III MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM 9 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) ndash General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) ndashUniversal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) UNIT IV MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS 9 Ad-Hoc Basic Concepts ndash Characteristics ndash Applications ndash Design Issues ndash Routing ndash Essential of Traditional Routing Protocols ndashPopular Routing Protocols ndash Vehicular Ad Hoc networks ( VANET) ndashMANET Vs VANET ndash Security UNIT V MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS 9 Mobile Device Operating Systems ndash Special Constrains amp Requirements ndash Commercial Mobile Operating Systems ndash Software Development Kit iOS Android BlackBerry Windows Phone ndash M Commercendash Structure ndash Pros amp Cons ndash Mobile Payment System ndash Security Issues TOTAL 45 PERIODS






TEXT BOOK







COURSE OBJECTIVE






COURSE OUTCOMES















UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION







move






2) Adhoc Network



devices



infrastructure








Low bandwidth

variability

High bandwidth

Variability


Problem

High power

machines

Low power machines

High resource

machines

Low resource

machines

need physical

access

need proximity






and military






Ubiquity

Anywhere

Anytime



Location Awareness


positioning system)



car

Adaptation


Personalization





Presentation tier








nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information
















TEXT BOOK







COURSE OBJECTIVE






COURSE OUTCOMES















UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION







move






2) Adhoc Network



devices



infrastructure








Low bandwidth

variability

High bandwidth

Variability


Problem

High power

machines

Low power machines

High resource

machines

Low resource

machines

need physical

access

need proximity






and military






Ubiquity

Anywhere

Anytime



Location Awareness


positioning system)



car

Adaptation


Personalization





Presentation tier








nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information

















COURSE OBJECTIVE






COURSE OUTCOMES















UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION







move






2) Adhoc Network



devices



infrastructure








Low bandwidth

variability

High bandwidth

Variability


Problem

High power

machines

Low power machines

High resource

machines

Low resource

machines

need physical

access

need proximity






and military






Ubiquity

Anywhere

Anytime



Location Awareness


positioning system)



car

Adaptation


Personalization





Presentation tier








nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information
















UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION







move






2) Adhoc Network



devices



infrastructure








Low bandwidth

variability

High bandwidth

Variability


Problem

High power

machines

Low power machines

High resource

machines

Low resource

machines

need physical

access

need proximity






and military






Ubiquity

Anywhere

Anytime



Location Awareness


positioning system)



car

Adaptation


Personalization





Presentation tier








nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information


















Low bandwidth

variability

High bandwidth

Variability


Problem

High power

machines

Low power machines

High resource

machines

Low resource

machines

need physical

access

need proximity






and military






Ubiquity

Anywhere

Anytime



Location Awareness


positioning system)



car

Adaptation


Personalization





Presentation tier








nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information
















Location Awareness


positioning system)



car

Adaptation


Personalization





Presentation tier








nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information




















nodes


occurs
















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information





















Of range of sender




sense mechanism













FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information

















FDMA







that channel

Advantages of FDMA
















TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information
























TDMA





Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information
















Advantages of TDMA

Flexible bit rate


















Advantages of CDMA



bandwidth








bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information


















bull Self-jamming



bull ALOHA

bull CSMA

Simple ALOHA







ready to send






the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information

















the offered load


Slotted Aloha







bull S = G e-G











CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information























CSMACA





protocol







with p=1








CSMACD


while transmitting





CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information


















CSMACD Protocol



with p=1



Summary



ongoing






detected


CONCEPT





MACA












MACAW







bull Neighbors



back to the sender



bull Collisions






UNIT II













Mobile Node (MN)




capabilities

Home Network


original IP Address

Home Agent (HA)




Foreign Agent (FA)









network


new network by DHCP



Foreign Network




Tunnel



Transparency



Compatibility


Security






the whole Internet



phases







bull Tunneling




PACKET DELIVERY

1) Agent discovery



Agent advertisement

Agent solicitation

Agent advertisement

















registration




B Busy





Encapsulation (GRE)



on this network








2) Registration



Diagram




The process are






agent




















as destination


encapsulation







encapsulation



Outer header fields





endpoint







COA)



Inner header fields








(CN-gtHNMN)










1 Binding request



2 Binding Update





4 Binding Warning





DHCP





automatically

Using DHCP server


or automatic


database that binds










offered
















Origins of TCPIP



(DOD)















Application Layer












control

Protocols
























TCP sliding windows











sizes



Buffering


Internetwork Layer






ARP

A routed protocol



network


network


destination node

ARP request


its ARP table






local segment


ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7

ARP cache life


local network








Similar to ARP



addresses





local RAM












Routers and ARP




ARP tables


network to another




The Ping utility


points




The Trace utility






ICMP messages

Example ICMP flood



model











delays

























Pros




Cons







directions



Pros



Cons





Snoop-TCP


both directions


wireless link























Fast Recovery





UNIT III










(Hexagonal pattern)











Basic concepts




station









Frequency Reuse







Advantages

1 Higher capacity








4 Robustness


single components

Disadvantages





31 GSM ARCHITECTURE









Bearer Services

Telematics Services





Bearer Services





switched)






Tele Services


phones



the fixed network)





MMS




automatic call-back









components

MS (mobile station)

BS (base station)



subsystems



handover switching




Telecomm Sys

412


NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O


Radio subsystem RSS





Radio subsystem














PIN

IMEI

Cipher key










It consists of








Its functions


Switches calls



Resource management










Operation subsystem














subsystem







frequencies
















rate of 228 Kbps


at rate of 114 Kbps




correctly














GSM Protocol



below

MS Protocols



interface
















management





SECOND LAYER





control

PHYSICAL LAYER









detectioncorrection














10 11 paging of MS

12 13 MS answers





Security in GSM

Security services





Confidentiality



Anonymity


Identity)









AUTHENTICATION







NW side


MS side



BTS side





ENCRYPTION










MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover or Handoff


communicating




duration is 60 ms










Intra-cell handover




1)




























the MSC


the new BSC BSC new



of the MS








two link



BSC and BTS






features



GPRS network






Mobility management


User database



Authentication










GPRS attach

GPRS detach






IDLE

READY

STANDBY















layers)












relay (FR) network


Um interface






bull User demands














ndash 44 - 5 MHz


ndash 200 KHz








UNIT 4























































































routing






weight features













weight terminals

Autonomous Terminal

















































































a paved high way



































different locations


































Scalability

Routing

Quality of service


Energy conservation

Node cooperation

Interoperation


























Routing




































Security
































carried out













are still wide open



Interoperation





















Dynamic Topology

Transmission Error

Node Failures

Link Failures

Route Breakages






















included




























routing table



QoS guaranteed







Concept


















Low memory



Ex


Advantage







1) Route Discovery











its target








Route discovery



N2 and




Route Maintenance










networks (MANET)



is not known

Route requests





EP











of the discovery



transmission


















information

Message types




Group hello (GRPH)



Control tables






Next hop IP address
















repaired

Leaving the tree













while







kbps






















an invalid packet













destination






Security Approaches


Automated detection









UNIT V




JAVA ME Platform



Windows Mobile

Palm OS

Symbian OS

iOS

Android


an operating system






and networks


protocols



smart phone and etc






Features

Java ME Platform














Limited memory

Limited screen size

Miniature keyboard




Requirements







Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile OS









phone capabilities



Palm OS







-tasking OS











management)





Symbian OS Features

Multimedia









independency



541 iPhone OS








is a UNIX based OS






2012










542 Android







version 2


Smartphones











SIP and NFC













543 Blackberry OS



-

Interface)


Gestures

Multi-tasking

Blackberry Hub

Blackberry Balance

Keyboard

Voice Control




Process Management

ndash Microkernel





















of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse























of a Linux kernel







Advantages

inside the Eclipse





55 M- Commerce





to plug in










wireless device









services or goods






wireless commerce









commerce






Generations




(Video clips)



















mobile networks

Cons of M-Commerce














-

friendly








Merchant benefits







59 Security Issues

WAP Risks

WAP Gap







almost impossible



untrusted code



-safe




knowledge



Bluetooth Security



authentication












routing information














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