Italian and German Unification 1204199949792261 2

8/12/2019 Italian and German Unification 1204199949792261 2

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The Unification of Italy and Germany

Garibaldi Bismarck


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What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is a feeling of belonging andloyalty that causes people to think ofthemselves as a nation.

During the 19thand 20thcenturies,

nationalism was apowerful force that could:

Create one nation from many separate

countries (ex. Italy and Germany) Break one nation up into many countries

(ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)


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Nationalism

Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWIand WWII)

It has encouraged colonies to seekindependence from their colonizers. (ex.India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa)

Nationalism can take many different formsbut certain factors need to be present for it

to grow.


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The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870


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Barriers to Italian Nationalism

Italy was divided into several states.

Italy did not threaten the balance of power inEurope.

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made up ofnine different states:

Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)

Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Austria

the Pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy

the other states were ruled by foreign princesunder Austrian control


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Barriers to Italian Nationalism

Geography - mountains split Italy West andEast; the Po river, North and South

Illiteracy as most of the population couldnot read and write, nationalistic propaganda

was difficult to spread

The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessenhis rights in the papal states

Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreedon a leader and type of government

Lack of European support - Europeannations felt a strong Italy would interfere

with their plans


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Factors That Led to Italian Unification

Geography

Italy is isolated

The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans.

Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its

own ways, customs. History

Italians are very proud of their heritage, includingthe Italian Renaissance.

Napoleons conquest of Italian states led to adesire not to be conquered again Italian unity.

Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour


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Giuseppe Mazzini,Prophet of Italian Unification

He was a member of the

Carbonari. The Carbonari were a

secret group which usedviolence to obtain what

it wanted. He formed Young Italy,

made up of youngpeople whose job it wasto arouse enthusiasmfor a united nation.

Tried revolution but itfailed.


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Mazzini- Essay on Nationalism

(1852)

Directions: Read the essay andanswer the following questions

1. What are the two questions at the heart

of the revolutions? How are the twoquestions exemplified in the FrenchRevolution?

2. What does consanguinity mean?3. How can you sum up the second argument

for unity?


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Count Cavour,Architect of Italian Unification

Count Camillo di Cavour was thearchitect (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinias revolt against Austria.

This revolt encouraged other Italianstates to revolt.


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How Italy was United

The Addition of the Papal States:Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops

Garibaldis advance.

Unification nears completion.

1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except

Venetia and Rome.

1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united

nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the establishment of

Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.


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Victor Emmanuel II


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Problems Faced by a United Italy

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional monarch.

Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class propertyholders. Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the

Pope). Bribery and corruption were frequent in poor, uneducated

lower classes.

Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the centralgovernment. Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for

colonies. Italy lacked industrial development, agriculture, and natural

resources.

Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods.


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A German Nation is Forged


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Background to German Unification

Prior to the French Revolution, there were more than 300

German states. Prussia and Austria were the largest.

The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of German statesto 39.

The smaller number of German states encouraged feelings ofnationalism and patriotism among these German states.


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Barriers to German Unification

France preferred 39 weak states to one nation.

Austria knew Prussia was most powerful state.

Rulers of smaller states feared loss of power in aunited Germany.

Protestant/Catholic hostility (from Thirty Years

War).

Economic differences between western industrialstates and agricultural eastern states.


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Factors Encouraging German Unification

Napoleon encouraged German unification with the

Confederation of the Rhineunder the NapoleonicCode.

Intellectuals supported a German Nation:

Heinrich von Treitschke envisioned a GermanFatherland

Goethe and Schiller saw a common nationality forall Germans

Congress of Vienna created a German Confederationwhich was made up of 39 states.

Zollvereincreated to increase trade, reduceproblems of many state governments; taxes, coinageand postal system.


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How Bismarck United Germany

Otto von Bismarck


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How Bismarck United Germany

Prussia led German unification. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia

Conservative chosen as Prime Minister stood for absolutism, Divine Right Monarchy and the

Protestant Lutheran church did not trust people or democracy

Master of Realpolitick Politics of reality

Tough power politics No idealism

William I, King of Prussia appointed Bismarck chiefminister in the Prussian Parliament ,1848


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Bismarcks Policy of Blood and Iron

Not by speeches andresolutions of majorities arethe great questions of thetime decided upon but by

blood and iron.


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German Unification

Could not persuade parliament

Declared he would rule without theconsent of parliament and without alegal budget

Aligned with Austria to attack Denmarkfor Schleswig and Holstein

Quick victory increases Prussiannationalism


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German Unification

Prussia controls Schleswig and AustriaHolstein

Hoping this will lead to turmoil he can use

Border conflicts with Austria betweenSchleswig and Holstein

Austria declares war on Prussia in 1866

Seven Weeks war

Prussia Annexes more territory Eastern and Western Prussia united for first

time


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France: Bismarcks Strategy

Spanish throne is offered to a relative of the King ofPrussia after leaders of the Spanish revolutionremoved their leader.

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon Bonapartes nephew),Emperor of France convinces German prince to

refuse crown then sends an envoy to convinceWilliam I of Prussia not to accept the crown.

From the City of Ems, William I sends a telegram toBismarck about the request, this is called the EmsDispatch.

Bismarck, seizing his opportunity, rewords thetelegram and publishes it in the newspapers.


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Bismarcks Plan Pays Off

Prussians become upset about unfair demands to their

king; French are insulted by Prussia. France declares war though unprepared

Prussia thus acquires:

French provinces of Alsace & Lorraine

money to cover the cost of war

The Franco-Prussian War completes the unification ofGermany.

South German states unite with north to fight France

1871: German Empire is formed, William I of Prussia asEmperor.


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Kaiser Wilhelm I


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Problems Faced by a United Germany

Germany was far from democratic:

The Government of the German Empire was afederal union of states with the King of Prussia asruler and a two house legislature with:

A powerful 61 member appointed upper house

A 400 member lower house chosen by universalmale suffrage (all men could vote)

Strong king who made government appointments,strong upper house had power

strong army, soldiers prominent in society


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Bismarcks Policies

Made socialism illegal

Improved working conditions

Persecuted national and religious minorities,especially Catholics

In foreign affairs, tried to isolate France by making

friendships with Austria and Russia

Use of Realpolitik

Realpolitik was Bismarcks foreign policy decisionsare not based on ideological or moral considerations;

decisions should be based on self-interest.


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Comparing Revolutions, Revolts,

and Unifications

What is one factor that has been present

in all of the conflicts we have studied so

far? Why do you think this factor

repeatedly shows up?

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Italian and German Unification 1204199949792261 2

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