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ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies1
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information
Technologies
Fall 2014
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies2
Textbook
The Architectureof
Computer Hardwareand
Systems SoftwareAn Information Technology Approach
5th Edition, 2000
Irv EnglanderJohn Wiley & Sons
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies3
Time 11:30 PM – 2:30 PMRoom TEL 0006
Mid-term Exam TBAFinal Exam TBA
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies4
Scoring
Assignments 10 points (2)
Mid-term exam 40 points
Final exam 50 points
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies5
Assignments PolicyDue dates To be specified• Late Assignments Late assignments will face a 15%
penalty for each day after due day. Hence, one day later means 85% is your maximum, 2 days means 70% is your maximum and so on. Saturday and Sunday count also.
• Assignments are optional. If you decide not to do them, the weight of the first one will be transferred to the midterm and the second one to the final exam.
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies6
Directions
email [email protected]
office TEL Building 3053
http://www.yorku.ca/cysneiro/courses.html
TA: TBA
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies7
1. What is a Computer?
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 1-8
Modern Computer Development• 1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).
– First electronic computer using relays• 1939: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is built
– First fully electronic digital computer; used vacuum tubes• 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of
Pennsylvania). – First general purpose digital computer
• 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed – Still the standard for present day computers
• 1947: Creation of the transistor – (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs)
• 1951-2: EDVAC and IAS
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies9
1943 - 1946 … The ENIAC
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies10
Vacuum tubes
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies11
History of computing
• ENIAC– $3,000,000 cost; 18000 vacuum tubes; 15 000 square
foot; 30 tons
• Generations– Vacuum tubes – Basic idea Presence or absence of
energy– Transistors– Integrated circuits, OS– Ultra Large Scale Integrations– Future
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 1-12
Computer System Components• Hardware
– Processes data by executing instructions– Provides input and output– Control input, output, and storage components
• Software– Applications and system software– Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and in
what order
• Data– Fundamental representation of facts and observations
• Communications– Sharing data and processing among different systems
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 1-13
Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following:
• At least one CPU
• Memory to hold programs and data
• I/O devices
• Long-term storage
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 14
A typical computer system
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies15
CRT Display
Keyboard
Mouse
“The Box”CD-ROM Drive
FloppyDiskDrive
Computing Devices – Old and New
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies1-16
Computing Devices – Old and New
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Operating System Development
• 1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs
– Included many modern OS features
• 1964: OS/360 by IBM
– Included batch processing of programs
• 1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS called CTSS
– Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and GE developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services)
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-17
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
System Software History• Early computers had no operating systems and were single
user systems– Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by plugging
wires into a panel
• 1953-54: First operating system was built by General Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 computer
• Other early systems– FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)
– IBSYS
– Share Operating System (SOS)
1-18
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
UNIX• After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken
Thompson developed a personal operating system called UNIX using assembly language
• Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-level language
• UNIX introduced– A hierarchical file system– The shell concept– Document production and formatting– Tools for networked and distributed processing
1-19
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Graphical User Interfaces
• 1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford Research Institute)– Invented windows and a mouse interface
• 1970s: Xerox PARC– Creates a practical windowing system for the
Dynabook project
• 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple)– Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh
1-20
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
IBM PC• 1982: Stand-alone, single user computer• PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system)• Later versions of DOS added
– Hierarchical directory file storage
– File redirection
– Better memory management
• Windowing systems– Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95
– Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista
– Windows 7 and 8
1-21
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Communications• 1960s and 1970s: users communicated on multiterminal
computer systems using talk and email facilities
• 1971: Ray Tomlinson creates the standard username@hostname email standard
• Modems permitted users to login to office systems, electronic bulletin board systems, Compuserve, AOL, and Prodigy
• 1969: ARPANET begun
• 1985: First TCP/IP wide area network
• 1991: Tim Berners Lee develops the concepts that become the World Wide Web
• 1993: Max Andreessen develops Mosaic, the first graphical browser
1-22
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
What is a system?
• What do the following systems have in common?1. Plumbing system
2. Solar system
3. Home network system
4. Inventory control system
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-23
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Plumbing System
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-24
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Solar System
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-25
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Home Network System
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-26
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Inventory Control System
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-27
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Definition of a System• “A system is a collection of components
linked together and organized in such a way as to be recognizable as a single unit.”
• Linked components of a system also define a boundary for the system
• The environment is anything outside of the system
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-28
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
General Representation of a System
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-29
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
System Decomposition
• Components– May be irreducible or– May be subsystems
• Decomposition– The division of a system into its components
and linkages– Hierarchical
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-30
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
System Architecture
“The fundamental properties, and the patterns of relationships, connections, constraints, and linkages among the components and between the system and its environment are known collectively as the architecture of the system”
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-31
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies32
Why Computers?
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Autonomous Cab
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Kyk1VLTSH_U
33
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Disney’s New ‘MyMagic’ Wristbands to Turn Big Data Into Big Profits
http://skift.com/2013/10/06/disneys-new-mymagic-wristbands-to-turn-big-data-into-big-profits/#3
34
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 1-35
Why Study Computer System Architecture?
• User– Understand system capabilities, strengths, and limitations
– Make better informed decisions
– Improve communications with information technology professionals
• Programmer– Create efficient application software for specific processing needs
• Systems Architect or Systems Analyst– Specify computer systems and architecture to meet application
requirements
– Make intelligent decisions about system strategy
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Web Browser Application Use
1-36
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies1-37
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner
• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Simplified IT Computer System Layout
1-38
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies39
Bits, data and operations
• Computer operation = Data processing– Read / write– Arithmetic operations– Comparisons / evaluations of expressions
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies40
Number systems• Importance
– Humans use them to count
– Computers use them to represent data
• Basics– Base: number of different digits used in the number system
– Weight / position: rightmost position is that of B0
Positional: Value depends on position:
e.g: Decimal system:
54 = 5 x 10 + 4 x 1
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
DEFINITION• The BASE of a number system is how many
digits are used in that system.
Base 2: 0, 1
Base 5: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Base 8: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Base 10: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Base 16: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F KC
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies42
• Most common ones– Binary system: based on 1s and 0s (base 2).
Bit = Binary Digit– Decimal system: based on 10 digits including 0
(base 10)– Hexadecimal system: based on 16 digits
including 0 (base 16)
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies43
Counting in different basesBase 10 Base 2 Base 16
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 10 2
3 11 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
16 10000 10
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies44
Base conversions….• Possible conversions:
– From decimal to binary or the opposite– From decimal to hexadecimal or the opposite– From binary to hexadecimal or the opposite– From octal to hexadecimal or the opposite
• Quick example: 2510 = 110012 = 318 =1916
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies45
Before conversions Review the positional decimal system The number 125 means:
1 group of 100 (100 = 102)
2 groups of 10 (10 = 101)
5 groups of 1 (1 = 100)
KC
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies46
In our usual positional number system, the meaning of a digit depends on where it is located in the number
3 groups of 1000
7 groups of 100
3 groups of 10
2 groups of 1
Example: 3 7 3 2
/KC
Place values
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies47
12510 => 5 x 100 = 52 x 101 = 201 x 102 = 100
125
Base
Weight
Base and Weight
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies48
…any base to decimal• The steps
– From right to left, the powers of the base are B0, B1, B2, .., Bn – Multiply each digit by the corresponding power of the base– Add up the result
• Decimal values of numbers in base B:– 16510 = 5*1 + 6*10 +, 1*100 with 100 = 102, 10 = 101 and 1 = 100 5 + 60 + 100 =165– 1012 = 1*20 + 0*21 + 1*22 1 + 0 + 4 = 5– 1A16 = 10*160 + 1*161 10 + 16 = 26
• Got it? What is the decimal value of ABC16 ?
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies49
• ABC = C*160 + B*161 + A*162
= 12*160 + 11*161 + 10*162
= 12*1 + 11*16 + 10*256
= 12 + 176 + 2560
= 2748
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies50
Other conversions
• Decimal to binary– Divide by 2 repeatedly and keep track of the
remainder– 1st remainder is digit corresponding to 20 (LSB, least-
significant bit)– 2nd remainder is digit corresponding to 21 – 3rd remainder is digit corresponding to 22, etc.
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 51
Example
12510 = ?22 125 62 12 31 02 15 12 7 12 3 12 1 12 0 1
12510 = 11111012
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies52
• Decimal to hexadecimal– Divide by 16 repeatedly and keep track of the
remainder– Then same as above, 1st remainder = LSB and
last one = MSB
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 53
Example123410 = ?16
123410 = 4D216
16 1234 77 216 4 13 = D16 0 4
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies54
• Binary to hexadecimal– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert each group to an hexadecimal digit
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 55
Example10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies56
• Hexadecimal to binary– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 57
Example10AF16 = ?2
1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 58
Exercise – Convert ...
Don’t use a calculator!
Decimal Binary Octal
Hexa-decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Why Binary?
• Early computer design was decimal– Mark I and ENIAC
• John von Neumann proposed binary data processing (1945)– Simplified computer design
– Used for both instructions and data
• Natural relationship betweenon/off switches and calculations using Boolean logic
On Off
True False
Yes No
1 0
3-59
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies60
Binary system in computing
• Common powers of 2– 210 = K = 1024– 220 = M =1024 K– 230 = G = 1024 M
• Measuring the capacity memory in computing – Size of data: bit versus byte– How many bytes can you store on a 1.44 Megabyte floppy?
• Information in computers is stored as 0’s and 1’s – How come? Keys on keyboard are not just 0s and 1s! Monitors and
printers do not show just 0s and 1s – Answer: Next slide
26 210 = 216 = 65,536
or…
26 210 = 64 210 = 64k
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Addition
• Base 10 – 8 + 1 = 9– 8 + 2 = ?
• Ooops. Base 10 goes from 0 to 9 !!– So 8 + 1 =9
– 9 + 1 = Exceed the base. Goes back to 0 an carry 1
» 10
61
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Addition• Base 10
– 8 + 3 ?– 8 + 1 = 9
• 9 +1 = ?– Ooops. Base 10 goes from 0 to 9 !!
» So 8 + 1 =9» 9 + 1 = Exceed the base. Goes back to 0 an carry 1» 10» Only added 2 units up to now still have to add one more unit» 10 +» 1» ----» 11
62
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Addition• Base 10
– 11 + 9 ? – Goes Digit by Digit from right to Left– 9 +1 = ?
• Ooops. Base 10 goes from 0 to 9 !!– 9 + 1 = Exceed the base. Goes back to 0 an carry 1
• Next Digit is 1 + the carry = 2 hence– 20
• The same applies to all Bases
63
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies64
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
• Two 1-bit valuesA B A + B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10“two”
Hint: Learn This Table !!Text : pp 37-40
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies65
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
• Two n-bit values– Add individual bits– Propagate carries– E.g.,
10101 21+ 11001 + 25 101110 46
11
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal Addition• 432 + 233 -------- 655 1 1
• 536 + 425--------
1163
66
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal Addition• 43A + 7B3 -------- BED 1 1
• 5B6 + D2F--------
12E5
67
ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies68
Translation & reverse translation
• Translation to binary during input
• Reverse translation during display– Problem: A same pattern of bits can represent a character, a
color, a sound, etc.– Solution: Data formats (i.e. detailed description of the data and
their representation) help interpret the reverse translation