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iTHIS DOCUMENT I S THE PROPERTY OP HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT) \ c 1( SECRET COPY NO. C P . (48) 2,11.9, 2nd November, 19U8. CABINET NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY AND WESTERN UNION Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs My c o l l e a g u e s will want to be informed of and to consider the proceedings of the Consultative Council last week, in Paris. In addition to the transaction of much current business with which I need not trouble the Cabinet, two important problems were discussed: the proposed North. Atlantic Treaty and the future development of Western Union. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY 2. As the result of a British initiative the United States and Canadian Governments agreed that this project should be explored on an official level by representatives of the United "States, Canada and the Brussels Powers. After negotiations in F/ashington, a document laying down the lines of a North Atlantic Treaty was produced on 10th September and was submitted to each of the Governments concerned. This paper, under cover of a meraorajadum f r o m m y s e l f (D. 0.(48) 64), was considered and generally approved by the Defence Committee on 7th October (D. 0.(48) 17th Meeting, Minute 1). The Canadian Government signified their approval of the project on 17th October. 3* When the matter came before the Consultative Council on 25th October, the Council was invited to consider three main questions: (a) Whether the Brussels Treaty Powers are in principle prepared to conclude an Atlantic Pact; (b) If so, which countries should be invited to attend a conference; (c) Which country should issue the invitations to such a conference. 4. I explained that I favoured some form of regional pact covering the Atlantic, and that an American assurance of support for the Brussels Treaty was not enough. What was required was some form of treaty arrangement with the United States and with Canada, who had already signified that they w e r e w i l l i n g to meet the Western Powers for the purpose of concluding a treaty. The whole question of a treaty was 0 delicate matter, since i t would not necessarily be easy to reconcile the views of the Western Powers with those of the United States and Canada. I felt that the problem should be approached in the s a m e s p i r i t as the Marshall Plan had been, in other words, on a basis of self-help by the Brussels Treaty
Transcript
  • iTHIS DOCUMENT I S THE PROPERTY OP HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT)

    \ c 1(

    S E C R E T COPY NO.

    C P . ( 4 8 ) 2,11.9,

    2nd November , 19U8.

    CABINET

    NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY AND WESTERN UNION

    Memorandum b y t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e f o r F o r e i g n A f f a i r s

    My c o l l e a g u e s w i l l want t o b e i n f o r m e d o f and t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l l a s t week, i n P a r i s . In a d d i t i o n t o t h e t r a n s a c t i o n o f much c u r r e n t b u s i n e s s w i t h w h i c h I n e e d n o t t r o u b l e t h e C a b i n e t , two i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s w e r e d i s c u s s e d : t h e p r o p o s e d North. A t l a n t i c T r e a t y and t h e f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f Western U n i o n .

    NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

    2. As t h e r e s u l t o f a B r i t i s h i n i t i a t i v e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canadian Governments a g r e e d t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e e x p l o r e d on an o f f i c i a l l e v e l b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e U n i t e d " S t a t e s , Canada and t h e B r u s s e l s P o w e r s . A f t e r n e g o t i a t i o n s i n F / a s h i n g t o n , a document l a y i n g down t h e l i n e s o f a N o r t h A t l a n t i c T r e a t y was p r o d u c e d on 10th Sep tember and was s u b m i t t e d t o e a c h o f t h e Governments c o n c e r n e d . T h i s p a p e r , under c o v e r o f a meraorajadum from m y s e l f ( D . 0 . ( 4 8 ) 6 4 ) , was c o n s i d e r e d and g e n e r a l l y a p p r o v e d b y t h e D e f e n c e Committee on 7 th O c t o b e r ( D . 0 . ( 4 8 ) 17th M e e t i n g , Minute 1 ) . The Canadian Government s i g n i f i e d t h e i r a p p r o v a l o f t h e p r o j e c t on 1 7 t h O c t o b e r .

    3* When t h e m a t t e r came b e f o r e t h e C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l on 25th O c t o b e r , t h e C o u n c i l was i n v i t e d t o c o n s i d e r t h r e e main q u e s t i o n s :

    ( a ) Whether t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y P o w e r s a r e i n p r i n c i p l e p r e p a r e d t o c o n c l u d e an A t l a n t i c P a c t ;

    ( b ) I f s o , wh ich c o u n t r i e s s h o u l d b e i n v i t e d t o a t t e n d a c o n f e r e n c e ;

    ( c ) Which c o u n t r y s h o u l d i s s u e t h e i n v i t a t i o n s t o s u c h a c o n f e r e n c e .

    4 . I e x p l a i n e d t h a t I f a v o u r e d some form of r e g i o n a l p a c t c o v e r i n g t h e A t l a n t i c , and t h a t an American a s s u r a n c e o f s u p p o r t f o r t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y was n o t enough . What was r e q u i r e d was some form of t r e a t y a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and w i t h Canada, who had a l r e a d y s i g n i f i e d t h a t t h e y w e r e w i l l i n g t o meet t h e W e s t e r n P o w e r s f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c o n c l u d i n g a t r e a t y . The who le q u e s t i o n o f a t r e a t y was 0 d e l i c a t e m a t t e r , s i n c e i t would n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e e a s y t o r e c o n c i l e t h e v i e w s o f t h e Western Powers w i t h t h o s e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canada. I f e l t t h a t t h e problem s h o u l d b e a p p r o a c h e d i n t h e same s p i r i t a s t h e M a r s h a l l P l a n had b e e n , i n o t h e r w o r d s , on a b a s i s o f s e l f - h e l p b y t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y

  • P o w e r s . The i d e a s h o u l d h e t o c r e a t e some coherent- d e f e n c e s y s t e m s o t h a t t h e f i v e Powers w o u l d n o t o n l y s t a n d on t h e i r own f e e t m i l i t a r i l y , b u t wou ld m a i n t a i n t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e and p r e s t i g e . I n a d d i t i o n , a s f a r a s we o u r s e l v e s w e r e c o n c e r n e d , i t w o u l d b e , o f c o u r s e , n e c e s s a r y f o r us t o m a i n t a i n e x i / t i n g o b l i g a t i o n s t o w a r d s t h e Commonwealth. The o b j e c t i v e s h o u l d b e t o m o b i l i s e t h e w e a l t h and p r o d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y o f t h e N o r t h American C o n t i n e n t f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f W e s t e r n Europe. The Amer icans had a l r e a d y p a s s e d t h e S e l e c t i v e S e r v i c e Act and t h e S e n a t e had a p p r o v e d t h e Vandehberg R e s o l u t i o n . I t had b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t a P r e s i d e n t i a l D e c l a r a t i o n i n s u p p o r t of- Western Europe m i g h t meet t h e n e e d s o f Western European d e f e n c e . I d i d n o t t h i n k t h a t t h i s was s o , f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t such a d e c l a r a t i o n was n o t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y b i n d i n g and was o n l y v a l i d f o r t h e P r e s i d e n t s p e r i o d of o f f i c e . In any c a s e n o t h i n g c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d u n t i l t h e American e l e c t i o n s had b e e n h e l d . In t h e meant ime t h e B r u s s e l s Powers must p r o g r e s s r e s o l u t e l y i n b u i l d i n g up t h e r e g i o n a l d e f e n c e a r r a n g e m e n t as a d e t e r r e n t a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e a g g r e s s i o n .

    5* I f i t were a g r e e d . t h a t a t r e a t y were n e c e s s a r y , t h e C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l n e e d n o t go i n t o d e t a i l s a t o n c e , b u t b e f o r e n e g o t i a t i o n s s t a r t e d e x p e r t s o f e a c h o f t h e Wes tern European c o u n t r i e s c o n c e r n e d s h o u l d c o n s i d e r t h e Annex t o t h e Wash ington document and d e c i d e how i t s h o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d , and what m o d i f i c a t i o n s , e x c i s i o n s o r a d d i t i o n s were, d e s i r a b l e . Our o b j e c t i v e s must b e c l e a r l y d e f i n e d b e f o r e c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o u l d s t a r t . In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , i t s h o u l d b e b o r n e i n mind t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e European Powers m u s t ' n e c e s s a r i l y h o l d t h e f r o n t i n c a s e o f a g g r e s s i o n , i t was n o t p o s s i b l e f o r Great B r i t a i n t o r e p e a t t h e r o l e t h a t s h e had p l a y e d i n 191L, and 19)40. In 1911+ s h e hod, t o g e t h e r w i t h her A l l i e s , h e l p e d t o h o l d t h e f r o n t , and i n 19I+O s h e hod s t o o d a l o n e . But w i t h modern a i r f o r c e s and weapons t h e r e was a s t r o n g p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n m i g h t b e i m m o b i l i s e d by a i r and p r o j e c t i l e a t t a c k . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s i t was e s s e n t i a l t h a t e v e r y b o d y s h o u l d b e b r o u g h t i n t o t h e war a t t h e same moment. The s e c u r i t y o f Vtfestern Europe r e q u i r e d a r e g i o n a l p a c t w h i c h c o m m i t t e d t h e t r a n s - A t l a n t i c a s w e l l a s t h e c o n t i n e n t a l P o w e r s . E v e r y b o d y must a c t a s one and r e s i s t t o g e t h e r . I f t h i s were known, p o t e n t i a l a g g r e s s o r s m i g h t b e g i v e n pause and t h e n e c e s s a r y b a s i s f o r d i s c u s s i o n s f o r t h e . m a i n t e n a n c e of p e a c e m i g h t b e c r e a t e d .

    6 . H i t h e r t o - t h e Powers o f 1 W e s t e r n Europe had b e e n d i s u n i t e d , n o t s o much i n s p i r i t b u t i n t h e i r e conomic and d e f e n c e a r r a n g e m e n t s . T h i s had l e d S o v i e t R u s s i a t o assume t h a t her p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s a r i e s c o u l d b e d e a l t vi/ith one a t a t i m e . The b a s i s o f e f f e c t i v e d e f e n c e of Vilestern c i v i l i s a t i o n was f o r t h e r e s o u r c e s o f a l l t h e d e f e n d e r s t o b e put i n t h e p o o l , e c o n o m i c a l l y as. w e l l a s m i l i t a r i l y .

    7, So f a r a s t h e Commonwealth was c o n c e r n e d , t h e p o s i t i o n had been d i s c u s s e d d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t c o n f e r e n c e i n London; t h e Commonwealth c o u n t r i e s , e x c e p t Canada, w e r e n o t d i r e c t l y c o m m i t t e d o r i n v o l v e d , b u t t h e y u n d e r s t o o d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t h e Western European Powers drawing c l o s e r t o g e t h e r . There had b e e n i n d e e d a g r e a t f e e l i n g of u n a n i m i t y and a g e n e r a l a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f t h e r e a l menace w h i c h t h r e a t e n e d u s i n t h e e a s t and w e s t . I t was t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y f o r Great B r i t a i n t o keep a l l t h e Commonwealth c o u n t r i e s i n f o r m e d of what a r r a n g e m e n t s t h e y wer*e making f o r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n and d e f e n c e o f Wes tern Europe . In g e n e r a l . i t c o u l d be s a i d t h a t t h e Commonwealth s u p p o r t e d t h e i d e a of a N o r t h A t l a n t i c . P a c t .

  • 8.. The F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r s o f F r a n c e , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ,

    B e l g i u m a n d L u x e m b o u r g a g r e e d t h a t a t r e a t y w i t h t h e U n i t e d

    S t a t e s a n d Canada w a s n e c e s s a r y . ' The F r e n c h a n d B e l g i a n

    F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r s h a d had c e r t a i n h e s i t a t i o n s e a r l i e r , a s

    t h e y f e a r e d i n t e r n a l r e a c t i o n s i n t h e i r own c o u n t r i e s t o s u c h

    a t r e a t y , h u t now t h e p o s i t i o n h a d c h a n g e d r a d i c a l l y , , The

    U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a hod made i t p l a i n t h a t t h e y r e a l l y

    w a n t e d a t r e a t y , a n d i t w o u l d h e a t e r r i b l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r

    a n y b o d y t o d i s c o u r a g e t h e c o n c l u s i o n of s u c h a t r e a t y now w i t h

    a l l i t s a d v a n t a g e s .

    9* , As r e g a r d s t h e q u e s t i o n who s h o u l d b e i n v i t e d t o a c o n f e r e n c e f o r t h e f r a m i n g o f s u c h a t r e a t y , I f e l t t h a t i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t w o u l d a r i s e i f t h e q u e s t i o n w e r e d e b a t e d t h e r e and t h e n , i t w o u l d b e b e t t e r t o s e t t l e t h e m a i n q u e s t i o n a n d t o l e a v e t h e s e s u b s i d i a r y p r o b l e m s t o b e d e c i d e d l a t e r . F o r i n s t a n c e , i f I t a l y w e r e i n v i t e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e s e c u r i t y of G r e e c e and T u r k e y w o u l d i n e v i t a b l y a r i s e ; i f t h e S c a n d i n a v i a n s w e r e i n v i t e d , t h e r e m i g h t b e d e l a y , s i n c e t h e y h a d i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y w a n t e d more t i m e t o c o n s i d e r S c a n d i n a v i a n d e f e n c e a r r a n g e m e n t s f i r s t . F o r s t r a t e g i c r e a s o n s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t d e s i r e t o i n c l u d e I c e l a n d , P o r t u g a l a n d E i r e i n t h e p r o p o s e d A t l a n t i c P a c t . As r e g a r d s t h e l a t t e r i t s e ems p o s s i b l e t h a t i f i n v i t e d t o j o i n , t h e I r i s h m i g h t r a i s e t h e p a r t i t i o n q u e s t i o n . I s h o u l d p e r h a p s a t t h i s p o i n t a d d t h a t t h e D a n i s h , N o r w e g i a n a n d P o r t u g u e s e G o v e r n m e n t s h a v e b e e n a p p r i s e d i n c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e r e s u l t of t h e W a s h i n g t o n c o n v e r s a t i o n s so t h a t on i n v i t a t i o n t o p a r t i c i p a t e w o u l d n o t t a k e them b y s u r p r i s e . The P o r t u g u e s e r e a c t i o n was c a u t i o u s b u t n o t u n f a v o u r a b l e ; t h e D a n i s h a n d N o r w e g i a n G o v e r n m e n t s , h o w e v e r , e x p r e s s e d a d e s i r e f o r d e l a y on t h e g r o u n d s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

    1 0 . . I t was i m p o r t a n t , h o w e v e r , t o r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d i a n r e q u i r e m e n t s w o u l d d i f f e r i n some r e s p e c t s from t h o s e of t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y P o w e r s . The F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e a n x i o u s t o r e s t r i c t t h e number of p a r t i c i p a n t s s o , a s t o a v o i d d i s s i p a t i n g t h e a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s , w h e r e a s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t f a v o u r t h e i n c l u s i o n of a l l N o r t h A t l a n t i c P o w e r s a n d a t t a c h p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e . p a r t i c i p a t i o n of Norway a n d Denmark ( b e c a u s e o f t h e s t r a t e g i c i m p o r t a n c e of t h e N o r w e g i a n a i r f i e l d s a n d o f G r e e n l a n d r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

    1 1 . - I t was a g r e e d t h a t i t was i m p o r t a n t t h a t n o t i m e s h o u l d b e w a s t e d . a n d t h a t i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g s t t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y P o w e r s t h e m s e l v e s and b e t w e e n them, a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d Canada on t h e q u e s t i o n of p a r t i c i p a t i o n s h o u l d b e d e a l t w i t h l a t e r .

    1 2 . The C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l a c c o r d i n g l y a g r e e d u n a n i m o u s l y

    t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d i a n G o v e r n m e n t s s h o u l db e i n f o r m e d f o r t h w i t h t h a t t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y P o w e r s w e r e now p r e p a r e d t o e n t e r I n t o a T r e a t y w i t h t h e . U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d i a n G o v e r n m e n t s on N o r t h A t l a n t i c d e f e n c e ;

    t h a t e a c h Gove rnmen t s h o u l d w i t h i n t e n d a y s o f t h e d a t e of t h e f o r m a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o i n ( 1 ; a b o v e s e n d i n s t r u c t i o n s t o i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e on t h e P e r m a n e n t Commiss ion c o n c e r n i n g t h e a t t i t u d e t o b e a d o p t e d i n r e s p e c t o f t h e d e t a i l e d p r o p o s a l s l a i d down i n t h e . Annex t o t h e R e p o r t of t h e W a s h i n g t o n T a l k s ; " - .

    ;

    .

  • (3) t h a t , i n v i e w of t h e f o r e g o i n g a g r e e m e n t , t h e q u e s t i o n who s h o u l d i s s u e t h e i n v i t a t i o n s l a p s e d

    . f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g .

    13* The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e f i v e P o w e r s i n W a s h i n g t o n

    a n d O t t a w a h a v e b e e n i n s t r u c t e d t o make a c o n c e r t e d a p p r o a c h

    t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d i a n G o v e r n m e n t s on t h e s e l i n e s .

    H i s M a j e s t y ' s G o v e r n m e n t h a v e t h e r e f o r e t o c o n s i d e r now w h a t

    i n s t r u c t i o n s t o i m p a r t t o t h e U n i t e d Kingdom r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

    on t h e P e r m a n e n t C o m m i s s i o n .

    ;R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

    1h* The C a b i n e t a r e r ecommended t o a p p r o v e t h e a c t i o n

    t a k e n h i t h e r t o a n d t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s on t h e f o l l o w i n g l i n e s t o

    t h e U n i t e d Kingdom r e p r e s e n t a t i v e on t h e P e r m a n e n t C o m m i s s i o n .

    ( a ) The U n i t e d Kingdom r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h o u l d a p p r o v e t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f a t r e a t y on t h e g e n e r a l l i n e s of t h e Annex t o t h e R e p o r t of t h e W a s h i n g t o n T a l k s .

    ( b ) ' He s h o u l d , h o w e v e r , e x p r e s s t h e v i e w t h a t t h e t r e a t y s h o u l d n o t c o v e r e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l a i m s , b u t o n l y t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o d e f e n c e . I f , n e c e s s a r y he m i g h t a g r e e t o a g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e common h e r i t a g e of W e s t e r n c i v i l i s a t i o n i n t h e p r e a m b l e , b u t s h o u l d o p p o s e a r t i c l e s c a l l i n g f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s p e c i a l m a c h i n e r y f o r t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f s u c h q u e s t i o n s .

    ( c ) He s h o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t i n due c o u r s e , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y P o w e r s , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a , E i r e , I c e l a n d , P o r t u g a l , Norway , Denmark a n d i f p o s s i b l e . S w e d e n s h o u l d b e s o u n d e d ' a s t o t h e i r r e a d i n e s s t o a c c e p t an i n v i t a t i o n t o a c o n f e r e n c e f o r t h e f r a m i n g o f t h e t r e a t y .

    ( d ) He s h o u l d a r g u e a g a i n s t t h e i n c l u s i o n of I t a l y i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e , t h o u g h i t s h o u l d b e made p o s s i b l e f o r h e r e i t h e r t o a d h e r e , t o t h e t r e a t y i n some c a p a c i t y a t a l a t e r d a t e , o r , i f t h e A m e r i c a n s i n s i s t , f o r h e r t o s e n d a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o t h e c o n f e r e n c e i n some d i s t i n c t i v e c a p a c i t y , b u t o n l y on t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t some p r o v i s i o n i s made f o r t h e s e c u r i t y of G r e e c e a n d T u r k e y

    ( e ) He s h o u l d a r g u e t h a t t h e e x a c t f o o t i n g on w h i c h I t a l y a n d a n y c o u n t r y o t h e r t h a n t h o s e named a b o v e c o u l d e n t e r a t r e a t y s h o u l d , b e . d e c i d e d a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e i t s e l f . '

    ( f ) He s h o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t i f t h e a t t i t u d e of a n y of t h e c o u n t r i e s a p p r o a c h e d p r o v e s l i k e l y t o d e l a y t h e c o n c l u s i o n of t h e t r e a t y , t h a t c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e d r o p p e d f rom t h e l i s t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s .

    ( g ) He s h o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s h o u l d b e a s k e d t o t a k e p r e l i m i n a r y s t e p s t o c o n v e n e a c o n f e r e n c e a s s o o n a s t h e d o m e s t i c s i t u a t i o n i n A m e r i c a a l l o w s i t . .

    A r g u m e n t s

    15, The r e a d i n e s s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and C a n a d i a n G o v e r n m e n t s t o e n t e r i n t o b i n d i n g m i l i t a r y c o m m i t m e n t s i n

  • Europe r e p r e s e n t s o n o t a b l e r e v o l u t i o n of t h o u g h t b o t h i n

    America and Canada. Without such a t r a n s - A t l a n t i c commitment,

    W e s t e r n Europe w o u l d r i s k h a v i n g f o r t h e t h i r d t i m e t o

    c o n f r o n t an a g g r e s s o r w h i l s t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s were s l o w l y

    g i r d i n g t h e m s e l v e s f o r t h e f r a y . Moreover , w i t h o u t a t r e a t y

    i t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t i f n o t i m p o s s i b l e t o s e c u r e t h e

    d e l i v e r i e s o f arms o r t o a r r a n g e t h e a d v a n c e m i l i t a r y p l a n n i n g

    i n p e a c e - t i m e w h i c h a r e e s s e n t i a l t o W e s t e r n s e c u r i t y .

    1 6 . The U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canadian Governments seem t o f a v o u r i n c l u d i n g i n t h e t r e a t y p r o v i s i o n s f o r e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n . I t w o u l d i n my v i e w b e a m i s t a k e t o r i s k d u p l i c a t i n g t h e work of t h e O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r European Economic C o - o p e r a t i o n and t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y m a c h i n e r y , which i s b e g i n n i n g t o work; w e l l . The p o i n t , h o w e v e r , d o e s n o t seem o f c a p i t a l i m p o r t a n c e , and i f l a t e r our a t t i t u d e i s v i o l e n t l y o p p o s e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canadian Governments , i t may b e n e c e s s a r y t o go some way t o meet thenu p r o v i d e d t h a t n o t h i n g i s d o n e t o weaken t h e e x i s t i n g m a c h i n e r y o f t h e O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r European Economic C o - o p e r a t i o n and t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y .

    17 The A m e r i c a n s and C a n a d i a n s , w i t h some r e a s o n , a t t a c h g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f Norway and Denmark and, p e r h a p s t o a l e s s e r d e g r e e , o f I c e l a n d , E i r e and P o r t u g a l . I f a l l o r any of t h e s e . c o u n t r i e s prove w i l l i n g t o p a r t i c i p a t e , i t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d good g r o u n d s f o r o p p o s i n g t h e i r i n c l u s i o n . N e i t h e r t h e Amer icans n o r t h e C a n a d i a n s a r e l i k e l y t o be i m p r e s s e d b y t h e F r e n c h argument t h a t o u r l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s must b e c o n c e n t r a t e d e n t i r e l y on t h e d e f e n c e o f t h e R h i n e . There i s , o f c o u r s e , l i t t l e doubt t h a t t h e d e f e n c e o f t h e R h i n e s h o u l d hove p r i o r i t y and t h e Amer icans a r e l i k e l y t o r e c o g n i s e t h i s . But t h e y w i l l argue t h a t the d i s t r i b u t i o n of a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s w i l l b e d e c i d e d b y t h e Governments on t h e a d v i c e o f t h e i r m i l i t a r y a d v i s e r s and t h a t t h e W e s t e r n wor\Ld s h o u l d n o t b e d e p r i v e d of t h e p o l i t i c a l and s t r a t e g i c a d v a n t a g e s f l o w i n g from t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e s e o t h e r Powers s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e F r e n c h Government w i s h t o b e t h e s o l e r e c i p i e n t s o f American a i d .

    1 8 . The p o s i t i o n o f I t a l y r a i s e s g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s . The A m e r i c a n s s e t some s t o r e b y I t a l i a n p a r t i c i p a t i o n . On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e M i l i t a r y Committee o f t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y have e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t , w h i l e t h e i n c l u s i o n . o f Italywould b e u s e f u l from a p u r e l y s t r a t e g i c p o i n t of v i e w , t h e s h o r t a g e o f m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s and t h e l i m i t a t i o n s imposed b y t h e P e a c e T r e a t y w o u l d make her a. l i a b i l i t y a t p r e s e n t . But t h e y recommend t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n s h o u l d b e kept i n mind as t h e s u p p l y p o s i t i o n i m p r o v e s . S e c o n d l y , a s p o i n t e d o u t a b o v e , I t a l y cannot w e l l be i n c l u d e d u n l e s s p r o v i s i o n i s made f o r t h e s e c u r i t y o f G r e e c e and Turkey . F i n a l l y , t h e r e i s i n I t a l y t o - d a y a s t r o n g p u b l i c s e n t i m e n t i n f a v o u r o f n e u t r a l i t y . The I t a l i a n Government w o u l d t h e r e f o r e p r o b a b l y f e e l d r i v e n t o r e p r e s e n t t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s a f a v o u r t o the W e s t e r n w o r l d , a f a v o u r w h i c h w o u l d have t o be r e q u i t e d b y r e v i s i o n o f t h e P e a c e T r e a t y , by C o l o n i a l c o n c e s s i o n s and by a l a r g e s h a r e o f any m a t e r i a l a i d g i v e n b y America . On t h e s e g r o u n d s i t s eems d e s i r a b l e t h a t I t a l y s h o u l d n o t be one o f t h e POwers sounded i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e .

    19. In h a n d l i n g a l l t h e s e m a t t e r s i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o e n s u r e t h a t n o t h i n g s h o u l d d e l a y t h e c o n v o c a t i o n of t h e c o n f e r e n c e and t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e t r e a t y . The t i d e i s now f l o w i n g i n our f a v o u r and we must t a k e i t a t t h e f l o o d . O t h e r w i s e d e l a y s may l e a d t o d o u b t s and s o t o t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e

  • w h o l e p r o j e c t . On t h e s e g r o u n d s I recommend t h a t a n y c o u n t r i e s w h o s e a t t i t u d e p r o v e s l i k e l y t o c a u s e d e l a y s h o u l d h e a t o n c e d i s c o r d e d . T h e i r a c c e s s i o n c o n , i f n e c e s s a r y , b e a r r a n g e d a t a l a t e r s t a g e . .

    20. F i n a l l y , s i n c e t h e W a s h i n g t o n e x p l o r a t o r y

    c o n v e r s a t i o n s t o o k p l a c e o s t e n s i b l y a s t h e r e s u l t o f t h e

    V a n d e n b e r g R e s o l u t i o n a n d t h e d e c l a r a t i o n s of t h e P r e s i d e n t ,

    i t s e e m s a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e

    i n A m e r i c a a n d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s h o u l d make t h e

    p r e l i m i n a r y s o u n d i n g s a n d i s s u e t h e i n v i t a t i o n s . The

    c o n c e p t i o n of a N o r t h A t l a n t i c T r e a t y h a s b e e n w i d e l y c a n v a s s e d

    i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w h e r e i t h a s b e e n r e g a r d e d a s an A m e r i c a n

    i n i t i a t i v e . The c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t t h e i d e a o r i g i n a t e d i n t h i s

    c o u n t r y i s n o t known e x c e p t t o a v e r y n a r r o w c i r c l e o f o f f i c i a l s

    who have b e e n c a r e f u l n o t t o r e v e a l i t . T h e r e h a s b e e n

    v i r t u a l l y n o a r t i c u l a t e o p p o s i t i o n from t h e p u b l i c , t h e p r e s s

    o r C o n g r e s s . I f t h i s s t a t e of a f f a i r s i s t o c o n t i n u e , t h e r e i s

    much t o b e s a i d f o r a l l o w i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G-overnment t o

    c o n t i n u e t o a p p e a r t o b e t a k i n g t h e i n i t i a t i v e .

    DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN UNION

    S t a t e m e n t o f t h e C a s e

    2 1 . F o r some t i m e n o w ' H i s M a j e s t y ' s Governmen t h a v e b e e n u n d e r i n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e t o a g r e e t o some f u r t h e r , a n d i f p o s s i b l e , some d e m o n s t r a t i v e move t e n d i n g t o r e i n f o r c e W e s t e r n U n i o n . T h i s p r e s s u r e h a s come p a r t l y f rom F r a n c e , p a r t l y f rom A m e r i c a a n d p a r t l y f rom a c t i v e e l e m e n t s i n t h i s c o u n t r y on b o t h s i d e s of t h e Houses The Hague C o n f e r e n c e l a s t J u n e f o c u s e d a g r e a t d e a l o f t h e v e r y g e n e r a l f e e l i n g t h a t some s u c h move m u s t now b e m a d e , and t h o u g h i t i s t r u e t h a t s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e c o n f e r e n c e many d i v e r g e n c i e s o f v i e w b e g a n t o m a n i f e s t t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e r a n k s of t h e E u r o p e a n " F e d e r a l i s t s " , n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e i s s t i l l s t r o n g s e n t i m e n t i n f a v o u r of t h e F r e n c h p r o p o s a l f o r a " C o n s u l t a t i v e A s s e m b l y " , more p a r t i c u l a r l y p e r h a p s i n F r a n c e , w h e r e t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of some s u c h b o d y w o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y hove a f a v o u r a b l e e f f e c t on t h e p r o s p e c t s of t h e p r e s e n t G o v e r n m e n t , a n d a s s i s t i t i n i t s s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e Communis t a n d t h e G a u l l i s t raanaces. As f o r t h e A m e r i c a n s , t h e r e i s no d o u b t t h a t t h e p r e d o m i n a n t f e e l i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s id t h a t t h e d e m o c r a c i e s of W e s t e r n E u r o p e o u g h t t o e n t e r i n t o some c l o s e r a s s o c i a t i o n , a n d t h i s n o t i o n was v i g o r o u s l y e m p h a s i s e d b y G o v e r n o r Dewey h i m s e l f d u r i n g h i s r e c e n t P r e s i d e n t i a l c a m p a i g n . T h e r e a r e c l e a r s i g n s t h a t Mr. Dewey i n t e n d s t o u s e t h e E u r o p e a n R e c o v e r y P rogramme a s a l e v e r t o compe l t h e c l o s e r i n t e g r a t i o n of W e s t e r n E u r o p e . I n . c o n s e q u e n c e , we c a n n o t i g n o r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i f n o f u r t h e r a d v a n c e i s made , t h e e f f e c t on t h e c r e d i t s w h i c h o r e t o b e v o t e d n e x t F e b r u a r y may b e c o n s i d e r a b l e .

    22, I n p o i n t o f f a c t , t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s of t h e p a s t y e a r r e p r e s e n t a n o t a b l e a d v a n c e t o w a r d s E u r o p e a n u n i t y , a n d T h a v e n o d o u b t t h a t t h e m e t h o d of s t e a d y a n d g r a d u a l p r o g r e s s wou ld b e t h e r i g h t way t o b r i n g a b o u t e v e n g r e a t e r u n i t y i n t h e f u t u r e . U n l e s s t h e r e f o r e we a r e t o a d o p t a p u r e l y n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e , w i t h u n f o r t u n a t e c o n s e q u e n c e s i n A m e r i c a , F r a n c e a n d e l s e w h e r e , i t s e e m s e s s e n t i a l t o d e v i s e some s c h e m e w h i c h w i l l s a t i s f y t h e demand f o r a move a n d a t t h e same t i m e o v o i d any commi tmen t t o t h e d a n g e r o u s e x p e d i e n t s a d v o c a t e d b y t h e F e d e r a l i s t s a n d t h e i r a l l i e s . - S u c h a s cheme s h o u l d r e p r e s e n t a n o r d e r l y d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e g e n e r a l c o n c e p t i o n u n d e r l y i n g t h e T r e a t y o f B r u s s e l s .

    23. I t was w i t h t h i s o b j e c t t h a t t o w a r d s t h e e n d of S e p t e m b e r I s u g g e s t e d t o t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r a n d t o one o r two of my c o l l e a g u e s t h a t some r e g u l a r m e e t i n g of r e s p o n s i b l e

  • M i n i s t e r s o f t h e W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s m i g h t be" c o n s i d e r e d ,

    and a f t e r some d i s c u s s i o n I p u t f o r w a r d a - p r o p o s a l on t h e

    f o l l o w i n g l i n e s :

    ( a ) . The new scheme w o u l d h e f o r a m e e t i n g w h i c h m i g h t b e t e r m e d "A C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e " w h i c h w o u l d mee t a t s t a t e d i n t e r v a l s , p e r h a p s t w i c e a y e a r , a n d b e composed o f g o v e r n m e n t a l d e l e g a t i o n s w i t h a d v i s e r s f rom e a c h of t h e c o u n t r i e s c o n c e r n e d . The e x a c t M i n i s t e r i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n w o u l d v a r y w i t h

    : c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d w i t h t h e . i t e m s on t h e a g e n d a of t h e C o u n c i l .

    ( b ) I f t h i s p r o p o s a l w e r e a c c e p t e d , s t e p s w o u l d b e t a k e n t o c r e a t e an a d e q u a t e s e c r e t a r i a t , a n d t h e i n t e n t i o n w o u l d b e t o r u n t h e " C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s " on r a t h e r s i m i l a r l i n e s t o t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y of t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , t h o u g h o f c o u r s e on a much s m a l l e r s c a l e . T h u s any r e p o r t s w h i c h w o u l d b e p l a c e d i n f r o n t of t h e C o u n c i l b y a n y of t h e o r g a n s e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e T r e a t y of B r u s s e l s m i g h t b e r e f e r r e d , i n t h e e v e n t of a n y d i v e r g e n c e of v i e w , t o c o m m i t t e e s a n d s u b - c o m m i t t e e s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d r e p o r t ; a n d an e f f o r t w o u l d t h e r e a f t e r b e mode t o a c h i e v e a g r e e m e n t on t h e b a s i s o f f u l l d i s c u s s i o n i n t h e C o u n c i l i t s e l f .

    ( c ) The p r o p o s e d new s y s t e m m i g h t b e s u b s e q u e n t l y e x t e n d e d so a s t o p e r m i t t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a n y German o r W e s t e r n German G o v e r n m e n t . . T h e r e w o u l d i n f a c t b e n o t h i n g t o p r e v e n t a German D e l e g a t i o n f rom s i t t i n g i n a t t h e C o u n c i l , t h o u g h i t m i g h t w e l l n o t b e p o s s i b l e f o r t h a t D e l e g a t i o n t o t a k e a n y p a r t i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f c e r t a i n s u b j e c t s , such a s t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o d e f e n c e o r f o r e i g n p o l i c y . The some m i g h t b e s a i d i n r e g a r d t o p o s s i b l e I t a l i a n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , a n d i n d e e d i t m i g h t b e t h a t t h e d i f f i c u l t y of a d m i t t i n g I t a l y t o t h e ' T r e a t y o f B r u s s e l s m i g h t b e o v e r c o m e b y a s s o c i a t i n g h e r w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d " C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s " r a t h e r t h a n b y h e r a c c e s s i o n t o t h e T r e a t y o f B r u s s e l s i t s e l f .

    21+. Such a s y s t e m w o u l d go a l o n g way t o w a r d s s p i k i n g t h e g u n s of t h o s e who w i s h t o f r a m e a C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d who c r i t i c i s e H i s M a j e s t y ' s Gove rnmen t f o r n o t g o i n g f a s t e n o u g h i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of " W e s t e r n U n i o n " , w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e p r e s e r v i n g i n e f f e c t t h e f u l l s o v e r e i g n t y of t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g S t a t e s a n d i n r e a l i t y a d o p t i n g t h e b a s i s of t h e s o - c a l l e d " e m p i r i c a l " a p p r o a c h . r a t h e r t h a n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e b a s i s of some f o r m a l " C o n s t i t u t i o n " .

    2 5 . T h e r e was some d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s m a t t e r w i t h t h e -Commonwealth- P r i m e M i n i s t e r s , a n d i t w i l l b e r e c a l l e d t h a t i n t h e m i n u t e s of t h e m e e t i n g h e l d a t 11 a . m . on 19th O c t o b e r ( P . M . M . ( 4 8 ) 9th M e e t i n g ) I am r e c o r d e d a s s a y i n g t h a t " t h e t i m e w o u l d s h o r t l y come when i t w o u l d b e a d v i s a b l e t o h o l d g e n e r a l m e e t i n g s a t t e n d e d b o t h b y t h e F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r s of t h e s i g n a t o r y ( B r u s s e l s ) P o w e r s a n d of t h e members o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s . E x p e r i e n c e h a d p r o v e d t h e d i f f i c u l t y of i s o l a t i n g s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s and t h i s a p p e a r e d t o o f f e r a b e t t e r m e a n s of o b t a i n i n g ' e f f e c t i v e c o l l e c t i v e d e c i s i o n s " .

    2 6 . As I u n d e r s t o o d i t , n o n e of o u r Commonweal th c o l l e a g u e s h a d any p a r t i c u l a r o b j e c t i o n t o s u c h a' d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d t h a t b e i n g s o , t h o u g h I c o u l d n o t p u t i t f o r w a r d o f f i c i a l l y , I d i d . moke 0 g e n e r a l a l l u s i o n t o my scheme a t t h e m e e t i n g of t h e

  • C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l on 25th O c t o b e r . T h i s w a s d o n e , of

    c o u r s e , p a r t l y w i t h t h e d e s i r e t o d e f l e c t a t t e n t i o n f rom t h e

    r i v a l F r a n c o - B e l g i a n p r o p o s a l f o r a C o n s u l t a t i v e A s s e m b l y

    w h i c h was on o u r a g e n d a , a n d p a r t l y b e c a u s e I am c o n v i n c e d t h a t

    o n l y b y some s u c h a p p r o a c h a s I h a v e s u g g e s t e d a r e we i n

    p r a c t i c e e v e r l i k e l y t o s o l v e " t h e v e x e d p r o b l e m of t h e

    a s s o c i a t i o n of I t a l y w i t h o t h e r E u r o p e a n d e m o c r a c i e s , ,and a b o v e

    a l l t h e even more d i f f i c u l t and u r g e n t p r o b l e m of t h e e v e n t u a l

    a s s o c i a t i o n o f Germany w i t h W e s t e r n ' E u r o p e .

    21* I n t h e s u b s e q u e n t d i s c u s s i o n I d e t e c t e d a s e n s e of r e l i e f on t h e p a r t o f M. Schuman t h a t my s u g g e s t i o n h a d b e e n m a d e , a n d i n d e e d I was i n f o r m e d b y M. C h a u v e i a f t e r w a r d s t h a t M. Schumon f o r h i s p a r t w o u l d b e o n l y t o o w i l l i n g t o t a k e my s c h e m e i n p r e f e r e n c e t o h i s own o f f i c i a l one i f he c o u l d p e r s u a d e h i s w i l d e r " F e d e r a l i s t ' 1 c o l l e a g u e s t h a t o n l y b y s u c h a c c e p t a n c e was a n y p r o g r e s s e v e r l i k e l y t o b e made i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of a c l o s e r u n i t y wh ich w o u l d i n c l u d e G r e a t B r i t a i n . I n a n y c a s e , s e e i n g , t h a t we were now i n p o s s e s s i o n of more t h a n o n e s u g g e s t i o n , t h e B u t c h p r o p o s e d , a n d i t was s u b s e q u e n t l y a g r e e d , t h a t t h e s e n s i b l e t h i n g t o do w o u l d b e t o s e t up a C o m m i t t e e ' t o e x a m i n e b o t h t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s , and i n d e e d a n y o t h e r s u g g e s t i o n t h a t hod b e e n o r m i g h t b e mode, a n d r e p o r t b a c k t o t h e i r G o v e r n m e n t s a t an e a r l y d a t e .

    2 8 . The C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l a c c o r d i n g l y r e a c h e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s u n a n i m o u s l y :

    ( a ) t h a t a b o d y s h o u l d b e s e t up t o s t u d y t h e p r o b l e m o f c l o s e r u n i o n i n E u r o p e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e .

    . d i s c u s s i o n s of t h e C o u n c i l ;

    ( b ) t h a t t h e b o d y s h o u l d make r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , t o

    G o v e r n m e n t s ;

    ( c ) t h a t t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s on t h e C o m m i t t e e s h o u l d b e a p p o i n t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t s ;

    ( d ) t h a t t h e m e m b e r s h i p of t h e C o m m i t t e e s h o u l d b e 5 F r e n c h , 5 B r i t i s h , 3 B e l g i a n , 3 D u t c h a n d 2 Luxembourg members ;

    ( e ) t h a t i t s h o u l d mee t i n P a r i s ;

    ( f ) t h a t t h e C o m m i t t e e s h o u l d - s t u d y t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l s c o p e of any s t e p s t h a t i t m i g h t recommend a n d , i f i t c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e , m i g h t p u t f o r w a r d v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e s ;

    ( g ) t h a t t h e m e e t i n g s s h o u l d be h e l d i n p r i v a t e ;

    ( h ) t h a t t h e r e p o r t o f t h e Commit tee s h o u l d n o t b e p u b l i s h e d u n t i l p r e s e n t e d t o G o v e r n m e n t s , who w o u l d t a k e j o i n t d e c i s i o n s i n m a t t e r s of p u b l i c i t y ;

    ( i ) t h a t t h e C o m m i t t e e s h o u l d r e p o r t by. t h e n e x t m e e t i n g " ' o f t h e C o n s u l t a t i v e C o u n c i l .

    *

    R e c o m m e n d a t i o n

    29. I a s k my c o l l e a g u e s

    ( a ) t o a p p r o v e i n p r i n c i p l e my p r o p o s a l f o r a " E u r o p e a n . C o u n c i l " a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e , a n d

  • ( b ) t o a p p r o v e t h e a g r e e m e n t r e a c h e d i n P a r i s t h a t t h e .., f i v e B r u s s e l s P o w e r s s h o u l d a p p o i n t a C o m m i t t e e

    of E n q u i r y t o e x a m i n e a l l p r o p o s a l s f o r g r e a t e r E u r o p e a n u n i t y and r e p o r t t o G o v e r n m e n t s .

    A r g u m e n t s

    30. The c a s e a g a i n s t a d o p t i n g a p u r e l y n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e

    h a s a l r e a d y , b e e n s t a t e d i n t h i s - p a p e r , b u t t h e r e a r e some

    g e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a f f e c t i n g t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e F r e n c h '

    Government t o w h i c h I s h o u l d l i k e t o c a l l t h e a t t e n t i o n o f

    my c o l l e a g u e s ,

    31* T h e r e i s , I f e a r , no d o u b t t h a t t h e p r e s e n t F r e n c h

    Governmen t a n d i n d e e d t h e w h o l e F r e n c h n a t i o n a r e i n a

    ' p a r l o u s s t a t e . On t h e s i d e of t h e p u b l i c t h e r e i s 0 g e n e r a l a p a t h y , a l e e k of c o n f i d e n c e a n d an a b s e n c e of any s e n s e of c i v i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , w h i l e t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r t h e i r p a r t show l i t t l e c a p a c i t y t o g i v e l e a d e r s h i p , t o t a c k l e t h e p r o b l e m s of t h e d a y a n d t o i n s p i r e p u b l i c c o n f i d e n c e . I n c o n s e q u e n c e t h i n g s o r e d r i f t i n g d a n g e r o u s l y . - Y e t i t i s p r o b a b l y t r u e t h a t F r a n c e i s e c o n o m i c a l l y i n a b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t h a n t h i s c o u n t r y a n d t h a t i f a F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t w e r e t o show t h e some r e s o l u t i o n a s we h a v e d o n e , t h e y w o u l d f i n d t h a t t h e i r r o a d t o r e c o v e r y was e a s i e r a n d l e s s p a i n f u l t h a n o u r s . What i s r e q u i r e d i s t h e n e c e s s a r y m o r a l e f f o r t ; a n d i t i s e v e n now n o t t o o l a t e . The r e p u g n a n c e o f t h e n a t i o n t o t h e e x t r e m e s of Communism a n d G a u l l i s m have g i v e n t h e p r e s e n t Gove rnmen t a p r o s p e c t of l i f e w h i c h t h e y h a v e s c a r c e l y d e s e r v e d .

    32 . I h a v e b e e n c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r i n g wha t can b e d o n e t o f o r t i f y a n d s t i m u l a t e t h e F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t , f o r we m u s t r e c o g n i s t h a t F r a n c e i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e W e s t e r n s y s t e m and t h a t h e r c o l l a p s e w o u l d i n v o l v e t h e c o l l a p s e of t h e w h o l e . W h i l e we c a n n o t hope t o r e g e n e r a t e F r a n c e f rom t h i s s i d e of t h e C h a n n e l , t h e r e a r e two t h i n g s we can d o . F i r s t , we can h e l p t o p r o m o t e t h e r e v i v a l o f t h e F r e n c h Army. -At p r e s e n t , m e m o r i e s of t h e German o c c u p a t i o n a r e s o l i v e l y t h a t t h e d e f e n c e l e s s n e s s o f F r a n c e h a s a d e m o r a l i s i n g e f f e c t on t h e w h o l e b o d y p o l i t i c , w h i c h can b e l i k e n e d t o c r e e p i n g p a r a l y s i s . I t may b e t h a t a c o n s c i o u s n e s s of r e v i v i n g s t r e n g t h a n d g r o w i n g c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f F r a n c e t o d e f e n d h e r s e l f w i t h h e r A l l i e s may h e l p t o r e s t o r e t h e n a t i o n a l s e l f - r e s p e c t , t h e l o s s o f w h i c h i s a t t h e r o o t of F r a n c e ' s p r e s e n t t r o u b l e s . S e c o n d l y , we s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o do a l l we c a n t o g i v e t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e a s e n s e of p o l i t i c a l s o l i d a r i t y w i t h t h e o t h e r W e s t e r n N o t i o n s . T h i s h a s b e e n o u r p o l i c y s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e y e a r a n d we hove a l r e a d y s e e n i t s b e n e f i c i e n t r e s u l t s , - W i t h o u t t h e T r e a t y o f B r u s s e l s , f o r e x a m p l e , i t w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e t o i n d u c e t h e F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t t o t a k e the r i s k o f a s s o c i a t i n g t h e m s e l v e s w i t h u s i n W e s t e r n Germany o r s t i l l l e s s of b a c k i n g us i n t h e B e r l i n d i s p u t e . The s t a t e o f F r a n c e i s b a d , b u t w i t h o u t t h e s e n s e o f s o l i d a r i t y c r e a t e d by t h e B r u s s e l s T r e a t y i t w o u l d b e w o r s e . T h i s i s r e c o g n i s e d i n F r a n c e a n d t h e f a c t a c c o u n t s f o r t h e w i d e s p r e a d d e s i r e t o f o r g e c l o s e r b o n d s w i t h t h e c o u n t r i e s , of t h e W e s t , e v e n t o t h e e x t e n t of f u l l F e d e r a t i o n . Wi th t h e F r e n c h i n t h i s f r a m e of mind i t w o u l d b e d a n g e r o u s t o t h r o w F r a n c e b a c k on h e r s e l f by r e j e c t i n g o u t of h a n d h e r p r o p o s a l s f o r c l o s e r u n i o n . Hence t h e p r o p o s a l s I h a v e p u t f o r w a r d . They a r e d e s i g n e d t o a v o i d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d o t h e r p i t f a l l s p r e p a r e d b y t h e F e d e r a l i s t s , b u t r e p r e s e n t t h e minimum w h i c h con b e s a f e l y o f f e r e d i f we w i s h t o f o s t e r p o l i t i c a l s o l i d a r i t y i n t h e W e s t .

    E . B .

    F o r e i g n O f f i c e , S . W . 1 . 2nd N o v e m b e r , 19M-8.


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