ITIS 1210ITIS 1210Introduction to Web-Based Introduction to Web-Based

Information SystemsInformation Systems

Chapter 1. What is the Internet?Chapter 1. What is the Internet?

Victory SirenVictory Siren

12 feet long12 feet long 6 feet tall6 feet tall 330 hp Hemi V-8330 hp Hemi V-8 Weighs several thousand poundsWeighs several thousand pounds Rotates 1 ½ times per minute on own axisRotates 1 ½ times per minute on own axis Air leaves horns at 400 mphAir leaves horns at 400 mph Range 30-50 miles in frontRange 30-50 miles in front

4 miles in back4 miles in back

Interstate Highway System

Dwight Eisenhower 1919 road trip across country German Autobahn Japanese threats to invade West Coast

Features Facilitated private and commercial transportation Provided key ground transport routes for military

supplies and troop deployments in case of an emergency or foreign invasion

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 Popularly known as the National Interstate and

Defense Highways Act of 1956

Origins of the InternetOrigins of the Internet

1960 – Computer communication difficult1960 – Computer communication difficult Different operating systems & proceduresDifferent operating systems & procedures Transferring data was clumsy and inefficientTransferring data was clumsy and inefficient

Hub conceptHub concept

CPU

Origins of the InternetOrigins of the Internet

Paul Baran’s distributed conceptPaul Baran’s distributed concept No central hubNo central hub Network would automatically adjust around Network would automatically adjust around

disabled computersdisabled computers Advanced Research Projects AgencyAdvanced Research Projects Agency ARPANETARPANET 11stst 4 sites: 4 sites:

UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, U. Utah, StanfordUCLA, UC Santa Barbara, U. Utah, Stanford

Origins of the InternetOrigins of the Internet

1980’s – 1,000 computers connected1980’s – 1,000 computers connected A “network of networks” is an InternetworkA “network of networks” is an Internetwork ““Internet” for shortInternet” for short

2007 Nat’l Academy of 2007 Nat’l Academy of Sciences PublicationSciences Publication

Hierarchical structureHierarchical structure Based on connections (e.g., service providers)Based on connections (e.g., service providers) Bigger = more connections, Central = more big connectionsBigger = more connections, Central = more big connections

3 Regions3 Regions Highly connected coreHighly connected core Outer periphery – isolated networksOuter periphery – isolated networks Middle mass – peer connected nodesMiddle mass – peer connected nodes

Center Center ~ 80 core nodes, most traffic flows through~ 80 core nodes, most traffic flows through Remove and ~70% still able to function via peersRemove and ~70% still able to function via peers

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web

Timothy Berners-LeeTimothy Berners-Lee 19891989 Trying to share documents between research Trying to share documents between research

groups at CERNgroups at CERN HypertextHypertext Markup language – formattingMarkup language – formatting Transfer protocol – send/receive marked-up Transfer protocol – send/receive marked-up

documentdocument

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web

HTML – Hypertext Markup LanguageHTML – Hypertext Markup Language HTTP – Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol BrowserBrowser W W W – World Wide WebW W W – World Wide Web

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web

First browsers were text-basedFirst browsers were text-based 1993 @ U. Illinois, MOSAIC created1993 @ U. Illinois, MOSAIC created

GUI Browser – Graphical User InterfaceGUI Browser – Graphical User Interface

Mosaic Mosaic Netscape Netscape Firefox Firefox

• 1981• Intel 8088• 4.77 MHz• 16 - 64 KB RAM• 160KB floppy drives

• 1 or 2• $4,000

IBM PC Model 5150

PC ComparisonPC Comparison

19811981 2007200711 % Change% Change

SpeedSpeed 4.77 MHz4.77 MHz 2.4GHz2.4GHz +50,314%+50,314%

RAMRAM 16KB16KB 1GB1GB +6,250,000%+6,250,000%

StorageStorage 160KB160KB 160GB160GB +100,000,000+100,000,000%%

CostCost $4,000$4,000 $498$498 - 803%- 803%

1 Walmart Acer Aspire T180 Desktop PC w/ 17" Widescreen LCD Monitor AMD Athlon 64 processor

Who Owns the Internet?Who Owns the Internet?

No central managementNo central management Collection of thousands (millions?) of Collection of thousands (millions?) of

individual networksindividual networks Each owned and operated individuallyEach owned and operated individually Networks cooperate to exchange dataNetworks cooperate to exchange data

Some guidance and standards are Some guidance and standards are provided howeverprovided however

Who Owns the Internet?Who Owns the Internet?

Internet SocietyInternet Society Supports the work of theSupports the work of the

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Handles architecture issues behind-the-scenesHandles architecture issues behind-the-scenes

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Oversees protocol evolutionOversees protocol evolution www.ietf.org

Who Owns the Internet?Who Owns the Internet?

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Industrial consortium run by Laboratory for Industrial consortium run by Laboratory for

Computer Science at MITComputer Science at MIT Develops standards for WWW developmentDevelops standards for WWW development www.w3.org

Who Owns the Internet?Who Owns the Internet?

RegistrarsRegistrars Private companies oversee ownership of Private companies oversee ownership of

specific domains by individuals or specific domains by individuals or corporationscorporations

Ensure domains are unique and work Ensure domains are unique and work togethertogether

Compete on cost and services rendered to Compete on cost and services rendered to domain ownersdomain owners

Who Owns the Internet?Who Owns the Internet?

Anyone can create and own a networkAnyone can create and own a network IndividualsIndividuals Corporations/institutionsCorporations/institutions GovernmentsGovernments

Internet Service Providers (ISP)Internet Service Providers (ISP) Provide Internet access for a feeProvide Internet access for a fee

Who Owns the Internet?Who Owns the Internet?

Local networks can combine into regional Local networks can combine into regional networksnetworks More efficientMore efficient Less expensiveLess expensive

Access can be via simple telephone or Access can be via simple telephone or complex fiber optic linescomplex fiber optic lines

Backbones are high-speed, high-capacity Backbones are high-speed, high-capacity transmission lines that connect regional transmission lines that connect regional networksnetworks

Glitches can happen in SpaceGlitches can happen in Space spacecraft moves behind a planetspacecraft moves behind a planet solar storms and long communication delayssolar storms and long communication delays

Delay in sending or receiving data from Mars takes Delay in sending or receiving data from Mars takes between 3.5 to 20 minutes at the speed of light between 3.5 to 20 minutes at the speed of light

NASA & Vint Cerf working on InterPlaNet protocol NASA & Vint Cerf working on InterPlaNet protocol since 1998since 1998

Successful test of first deep space communications Successful test of first deep space communications network announced Nov. 18, 2008network announced Nov. 18, 2008