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Introduction to Networks v5.1
Chapter 7:
Explore the Network
Instructor Name: Touch Ra
24,April 2016
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2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
7.0 Introduction
7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
7.3 Connectivity Verification
7.4 Summary
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Dotted Decimal Address
Octets
32-Bit Address
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Decimal Positional Notation
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Applying Decimal Positional Notation
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Binary Positional Notation
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Applying Binary Positional Notation
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To convert a binary IPv4 address to its dotted decimal equivalent:
Divide the IPv4 address into four 8-bit octets. Apply the binary positional
value to the first octet binary number and calculate accordingly.
Repeat for each octet.
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The following illustrates how to use the binary positional value
table to convert decimal to binary.
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Continue to evaluate the decimal until all positional
values have been entered, which results in the
equivalent binary value.
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One portion of the 32 bit IPv4 address identifies the network, and another
portion identifies the host.
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Comparing the IP Address and the Subnet Mask
The 1s in the subnet mask identify the network portion while the
0s identify the host portion.
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Logical AND is the comparison of two bits.
ANDing between the IP address and the
subnet mask yields the network address.
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Shorthand method of identifying a subnet mask.
It is the number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
Written in slash notation, a / followed by the number of bitsset to 1.
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See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION
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UnicastBroadcast
Multicast
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Unicast communication is used for normal host-to-hostcommunication.
The unicast address applied to anend device is referred to as the hostaddress.
The source address of any packet is
always the unicast address of theoriginating host.
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A host sends a single packet to a selected set of hosts thatsubscribe to a multicast group.
The 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 range of addresses arereserved for multicast.
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Private Addresses:
10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
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Loopback addresses127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254
Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses169.254.0.0 /16 or169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
TEST-NET addresses192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0to 192.0.2.255
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Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronouncedcider).
Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers toallocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)instead of only by a class A, B, or C address.
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The migration techniques can be divided into three categories: DualTack, Tunneling, and Translation.
Dual-stack allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network.Devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously.
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Tunneling is a method of transporting an IPv6 packet over anIPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4packet.
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Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allowsIPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devicesusing a translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6
packet is translated to an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.
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Hextets 4 Hexadecimal digits = 16 binary digits
( t )
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(cont.)
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(cont.)
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Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
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Example 1
Example 2
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Example 3
Example 4
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There are three types of IPv6 addresses:
Unicast
Multicast
Anycast
Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.
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IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation.
Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address using thefollowing format:
o IPv6 address /prefix length
o Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
o Typical prefix length is /64
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Uses of an IPv6 Link-local address
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Reading a Global Unicast Address
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EUI-64 Process
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EUI-64 Process
Randomly Generated Interface ID
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IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8.
There are two types of IPv6 multicast addresses:
o
Assigned multicasto Solicited node multicast
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ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
o Host confirmation
o Destination or service unreachable
o Time exceeded
o Route redirection
Although IP is not a reliable protocol, the TCP/IP suite provides
for messages to be sent in the event of certain errors. They aresent using the services of ICMP.
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Thank you.