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Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement,...

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It’s all about building blocks
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Page 1: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

It’s all aboutbuilding blocks

Page 2: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 3: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 4: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 5: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Page 6: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Let’s make a cake from scratch(totally from scratch)

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Page 7: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 8: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

E = mc2

E = 1 kg x (300,000,000 m/s)2

E = 9x1016 joules1 joule = 1 watt for 1 secondE = 9x1016 watts x sec x kilo x 1 hr

1000 3600 secE = 25,000,000,000 (25 billion) kilowatt-hrsArizona produced & used 58 billion KW-hrs in 1999About half a year to produce enough energy to create the mass used in a cake (1kg).Cost = about 3 billion dollars

Page 9: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.

What is light made of?

1. Electric field

2. Magnetic field

Page 10: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.

2 or 3 volts can produce visible light, but that’s not high enough energy. We need higher frequency light, which has higher energy photons.

Page 11: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

The picture tube (also called CRT) that’s in your television or computer monitor creates light by accelerating electrons with 30,000 volts of electricity to slam into phosphors in the front of the monitor. This light has more energy but not enough.

Page 12: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Xray machines use 100,000 to 200,000 volts of electricity to accelerate electrons to strike a metal plate. When the electrons come to a halt, they give up their energy as high energy light called xrays. This light can pass through matter, but still doesn’t have the energy to create matter.

Page 13: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 14: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 15: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 16: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

The voltage needed to create an electron is about one million volts. This is the voltage that creates a bolt of lightning. This voltage pushes electrons from the sky to the ground, but the electrons are slowed down by the air. If they weren’t, it would be possible that two electrons accelerated by a million volts striking the ground would give off light of enough energy to create a new electron.

Page 17: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Electron and anti-electron (positron) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 1 million volts collide.

ElectronElectron Positron(anti-electron)

Positron(anti-electron)

Page 18: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 19: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Proton (+) and anti-proton (-) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 938 million volts collide.

ProtonProton Anti-ProtonAnti-Proton

Page 20: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Quarks of six “flavor” or “colors” and their anti-quarks are created when high energy gamma rays with energy of about 300 million volts collide.

QuarksQuarks Anti-quarksAnti-quarks

U

D

U UD

ProtonProton

UD D

Neutron

+2/3

-1/3

Page 21: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

The neutron

Proton Electron

Page 22: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Page 23: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Page 24: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 25: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 26: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Helium-2

Carbon-6

Page 27: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Page 28: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 29: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 30: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 31: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 32: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 33: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 34: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 35: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 36: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

What makes good building blocks?

The ever popular “Tinkertoys” gives us some clues.

Blocks must allow for a way to connect to one part to another.

Tinkertoys had circular blockswith holes in them, Sticksacted as connectors.

With sticks of different lengths and a few kinds of blocks with holes in them, a wide variety of things could be assembled.

Page 37: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Building elements

Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3

Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4

Page 38: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

Page 39: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 40: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 41: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Using the building blocks of neutrons, protons, and electrons

we build the elements

Page 42: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Building elements

Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3

Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4

Page 43: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Elements are the new building blocks

Hydrogen

Carbon-6 Oxygen-8

Nitrogen-7

Page 44: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Elements are the new building blocks

Hydrogen Nitrogen-7

Oxygen-8

Carbon-6

Page 45: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Extreme Diversity

• Even though the building of elements is simply adding one proton, one electron and usually one neutron for each new element, the properties of elements can change dramatically.

Page 46: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Extreme Diversity

Nitrogen-7Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6Carbon-6

Oxygen-8Oxygen-8

Fluorine-9Fluorine-9

Neon-10Neon-10

Page 47: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 48: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 49: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Zr Ag I Xe

Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn

Fr

U Pu

1 18x

y

dp

s

z

f

Page 50: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element

Page 51: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element

Page 52: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Diversity within Same Element

Amorphous Carbon. Lampblack

Used in black inks in paints, copiers, ink-jet printers.

Page 53: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 54: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 55: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 56: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.

Page 57: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.

Page 58: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Oxygen8 protons

Magnesium12 protons

8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge

12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge

Page 59: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Compounds are two or more elements that are held together by opposite charge attraction.

Oxygen-8 pMagnesium-12 p 8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge

12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge

Page 60: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Ionic bonding cont’d

NitrogenNitrogenLithiumLithium

OxygenOxygen

Page 61: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HH

H NC O

Elements are the new building blocks

OH H

CH

C

H

Page 62: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Compounds are classified as Compounds are classified as Organic or InorganicOrganic or Inorganic

Page 63: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

3 kinds of elements build a brick

Brick becomes building block for a layer of bricks

Layer of bricks becomes building block for wall of bricks

Page 64: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 65: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 66: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 67: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Page 68: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

Si OO

The other common elements in order of abundance are the metals aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.

Page 69: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Zr Ag I Xe

Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn

Fr

U Pu

1 18

A metal gives electron(s) to a non-metal. The metal becomes positive and the non-metal becomes negative. They now attract each other.

+1

+2 -1-2-3-4+3

Page 70: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Organic compounds are compounds that usually come from organisms. They always have carbon plus a few other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Examples: Alcohol, Sugar, Fat, Protein

Page 71: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

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Methane

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Butane

Propane

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Ethane

Page 72: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Gasoline HH

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Diesel

Motor Oil

Plastic

CCHH Hydrocarbons

Page 73: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

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CC

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Methane

O

Page 74: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

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CC

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Methane

O

Page 75: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HH HHCC

HH Methane

HH

Page 76: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HHCC

HHMethanol

HHOO

HH

Page 77: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HHHHHH

HHHH HHHH HH

HH CC

HH

Methanol (methyl alcohol)

OOHH HH CC

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CC

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Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

CC

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Propanol (propyl alcohol)

HH CC

HH

CC

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HH CC

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HHCC

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Isopropyl alcohol

Page 78: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

OO

OO OO

HH

HHHH

CCHH

Formic acid (ant bite venom)

HHHH

CC

HH

CCOO

HH

Acetic acid (vinegar)

CC

HH

CC

HH

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Butyric acid

HH

CC

OO

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CC

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OO

Page 79: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HHHH HHCC

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CC

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CC

Acetic acid (vinegar)Propanol (propyl alcohol)

Water is released

Propyl acetate > pear flavor

Page 80: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

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CC

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Butyric acidEthanol (Ethyl alcohol)

Water is released

Ethyl butyrate > pineapple flavor

HH

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Page 81: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

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Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain

Page 82: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Lipids: oils & fats (butter)

O

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Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain

Glycerin

Page 83: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Lipids: oils & fatsO

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C

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Page 84: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

O

CH Hydrocarbons

Gasoline

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CH

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C

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HDies

el-12

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tic

100

0s

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Lipids: oils & fats (butter)

Page 85: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

O

C

Glycerin

H

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Ribose

HHCarbohydrate

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OC

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Glucose

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OO

Page 86: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

O

C

Glycerin

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Glucose

HOCH

H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH

H

OO

Page 87: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

O

H

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OC

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C

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GlucoseStructural formula.

Straight chain glucose

HOCH

H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH

H

Glucosespace-filling model.

Straight chainglucose Glucose

glucose bending

GlucoseTwo ring shape

versions

alpha-glucosealpha-glucose

beta-glucosebeta-glucose

Page 88: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Glucose bends itself into 4 different shapes millions of times a second

Page 89: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H2O

O

O

H2O

O

H2O

Page 90: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H2O

O O

H2O

O

H2O

Page 91: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Page 92: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H2O

O

O

CH2OH H2O

O

H2O

Page 93: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H2O

O

CH2OH H2O

O

H2O

Page 94: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

O

H2O H2O

O

Used by bacteria to form dental plaque. Used by doctors to increase blood volume and to prevent clotting.

Page 95: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

C

OHH

OO

Page 96: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

How do we make protein?

Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6

Oxygen-8

Hydrogen-1

Page 97: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

4 3 2 1

Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen

Number of available connections (bonds)

Page 98: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

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Motor Oil

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Page 99: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

How do we make protein?

Nitrogen-7

Carbon-6

Oxygen-8

Hydrogen-1

Page 100: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HH

H NC

O

Amino acids are building blocks for protein

O

C

C

NO

H

HH

Ammonia Acetic acid Vinegar

C

H

H H

Page 101: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HH

H NC

O

Amino acids are building blocks for protein

O

C

C

NO

HH

Ammonia Acetic acid (Vinegar)

C

H

H H

Page 102: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HH

H NC

O

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

O

C

C

N

O

H C

H

Aminoacid

Glycine

C

H

H

Alanine

S

Page 103: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

HH

H NC

O

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

O

C

C

N

O

H C

H

Aminoacid

Glycine

C

Page 104: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

SH N

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

OC

HOCN

OH C

H

By attaching various combinations of the 5 above atoms at this location, living things make a total of 20 amino acids that then build all the proteins they need.

Page 105: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

HOCN

OH C

H

S

H

O

CN

Page 106: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H NC

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

OC

Glycine

S

H

OH

CN

O

H C

H

HH

HH

OCN

O

C

H

H

Glycine

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H NC

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

OC

Glycine

S

H

OH

CN

O

H C

H

HH

H

H

OCN

O

C

H

H

AlanineC HH

Water released

Page 108: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

H NC

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

OC S

HH

CN

O

H C

H

H

H

OCN

O

C

H

H

C HH

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

Aspartic acid

H NC OC S

OH

Phenylalanine

HCN

O

H CH

O C

O

H

C HH

HH

H

OCN

O

CH

H

HH C

CC

C

C

C CHH

H

H

AspartameNutrasweet (Equal)

Page 110: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.

Amino acids build two types of proteins

• Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism.

• Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.

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Structural Proteins

Hair (keratin)

Fingernails (keratin)

Skin (collagen)

Muscles (myosin, etc.)

Cartilage (glycoprotein: proteins attached to carbohydrates)

Ligaments (collagen plus glycoproteins)

Eye cornea (collagen/keratin)

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Chemical Proteins

• In red blood cells (RBC), the protein, hemoglobin, carries the oxygen.

• The white blood cells (WBC) create specialized proteins called antibodies that can neutralize toxic substances in the blood. White blood cells also create hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

H O O H

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Enzymes: proteins that control chemical reactions.

• Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions or make reactions happen that normally could not.

• For example, when the body “burns” fat, a toxic byproduct is hydrogen peroxide. You know hydrogen peroxide is used to kill germs and for bleaching hair. Hydrogen peroxide is dangerous to living things because it decomposes into water and oxygen. But the single oxygen is very reactive and can attack critical parts of a cell such as DNA or enzymes. There is one enzyme that can decompose the hydrogen peroxide safely.

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Enzymes: Special proteins• Below are two representations of the enzyme, “catalase.” The left picture shows all of the

atoms that form the chain of amino acids that make up this protein. The right image, shows more of the shape caused by the string of amino acids. It is the specific shape of proteins that give it the ability to attach to other chemicals and cause a reaction. For example, catalase can grab onto 200,000 hydrogen peroxide molecules per second and cause them to safely decompose into water and oxygen.

H O HO

H O HO

H

OH

O OH

OH

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Organic Building Blocks

H NC O S

HydrocarbonsCarbohydrates & Lipids

Amino acids & proteinsMore amino acids & proteins

P

Nucleic acids, RNA, & DNA

Single atoms of iron, copper, magnesium for some proteins

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Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

3 billion dollar electric billand a billion volts

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Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron

H NC O S

Carbohydrates=sugars & starch Lipids=oils, fats, butter, margarine Amino acids & proteins

Eggs, milk

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It’s all aboutbuilding blocks


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