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It’s all aboutbuilding blocks
All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
Let’s make a cake from scratch(totally from scratch)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
E = mc2
E = 1 kg x (300,000,000 m/s)2
E = 9x1016 joules1 joule = 1 watt for 1 secondE = 9x1016 watts x sec x kilo x 1 hr
1000 3600 secE = 25,000,000,000 (25 billion) kilowatt-hrsArizona produced & used 58 billion KW-hrs in 1999About half a year to produce enough energy to create the mass used in a cake (1kg).Cost = about 3 billion dollars
High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.
What is light made of?
1. Electric field
2. Magnetic field
High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.
2 or 3 volts can produce visible light, but that’s not high enough energy. We need higher frequency light, which has higher energy photons.
The picture tube (also called CRT) that’s in your television or computer monitor creates light by accelerating electrons with 30,000 volts of electricity to slam into phosphors in the front of the monitor. This light has more energy but not enough.
Xray machines use 100,000 to 200,000 volts of electricity to accelerate electrons to strike a metal plate. When the electrons come to a halt, they give up their energy as high energy light called xrays. This light can pass through matter, but still doesn’t have the energy to create matter.
The voltage needed to create an electron is about one million volts. This is the voltage that creates a bolt of lightning. This voltage pushes electrons from the sky to the ground, but the electrons are slowed down by the air. If they weren’t, it would be possible that two electrons accelerated by a million volts striking the ground would give off light of enough energy to create a new electron.
Electron and anti-electron (positron) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 1 million volts collide.
ElectronElectron Positron(anti-electron)
Positron(anti-electron)
Proton (+) and anti-proton (-) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 938 million volts collide.
ProtonProton Anti-ProtonAnti-Proton
Quarks of six “flavor” or “colors” and their anti-quarks are created when high energy gamma rays with energy of about 300 million volts collide.
QuarksQuarks Anti-quarksAnti-quarks
U
D
U UD
ProtonProton
UD D
Neutron
+2/3
-1/3
The neutron
Proton Electron
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
Helium-2
Carbon-6
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
What makes good building blocks?
The ever popular “Tinkertoys” gives us some clues.
Blocks must allow for a way to connect to one part to another.
Tinkertoys had circular blockswith holes in them, Sticksacted as connectors.
With sticks of different lengths and a few kinds of blocks with holes in them, a wide variety of things could be assembled.
Building elements
Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3
Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
Using the building blocks of neutrons, protons, and electrons
we build the elements
Building elements
Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3
Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4
Elements are the new building blocks
Hydrogen
Carbon-6 Oxygen-8
Nitrogen-7
Elements are the new building blocks
Hydrogen Nitrogen-7
Oxygen-8
Carbon-6
Extreme Diversity
• Even though the building of elements is simply adding one proton, one electron and usually one neutron for each new element, the properties of elements can change dramatically.
Extreme Diversity
Nitrogen-7Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6Carbon-6
Oxygen-8Oxygen-8
Fluorine-9Fluorine-9
Neon-10Neon-10
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Zr Ag I Xe
Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn
Fr
U Pu
1 18x
y
dp
s
z
f
Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element
Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element
Diversity within Same Element
Amorphous Carbon. Lampblack
Used in black inks in paints, copiers, ink-jet printers.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.
Oxygen8 protons
Magnesium12 protons
8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge
12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge
Compounds are two or more elements that are held together by opposite charge attraction.
Oxygen-8 pMagnesium-12 p 8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge
12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge
Ionic bonding cont’d
NitrogenNitrogenLithiumLithium
OxygenOxygen
HH
H NC O
Elements are the new building blocks
OH H
CH
C
H
Compounds are classified as Compounds are classified as Organic or InorganicOrganic or Inorganic
3 kinds of elements build a brick
Brick becomes building block for a layer of bricks
Layer of bricks becomes building block for wall of bricks
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
The other common elements in order of abundance are the metals aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Zr Ag I Xe
Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn
Fr
U Pu
1 18
A metal gives electron(s) to a non-metal. The metal becomes positive and the non-metal becomes negative. They now attract each other.
+1
+2 -1-2-3-4+3
Organic compounds are compounds that usually come from organisms. They always have carbon plus a few other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Examples: Alcohol, Sugar, Fat, Protein
HH HH
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CCHH Hydrocarbons
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Methane
CC
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HH
CC
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HH
CC CC
HH
HH
HH
Butane
Propane
HH
CC
HH
HH CC
HH
HH
HH
Ethane
Gasoline HH
HH
HH CC
HH
CCHH
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CCH HH
CC
HH HH
CCHH
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HH CC
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C
Diesel
Motor Oil
Plastic
CCHH Hydrocarbons
HH
CC
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HH HH
Methane
O
HH
CC
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HH HH
Methane
O
HH HHCC
HH Methane
HH
HHCC
HHMethanol
HHOO
HH
HHHHHH
HHHH HHHH HH
HH CC
HH
Methanol (methyl alcohol)
OOHH HH CC
HH
CC
HH
OO HH
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
CC
HH
CC
HH
OOHH
Propanol (propyl alcohol)
HH CC
HH
CC
HH
HH CC
HH
OOHH
HHCC
HH
Isopropyl alcohol
OO
OO OO
HH
HHHH
CCHH
Formic acid (ant bite venom)
HHHH
CC
HH
CCOO
HH
Acetic acid (vinegar)
CC
HH
CC
HH
HH
Butyric acid
HH
CC
OO
HH
CC
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HHHH HHCC
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OOHH
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HH OO
HHHH
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CCOO
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HHHH HHCC
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HHOO
HHHH
CC
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CC
Acetic acid (vinegar)Propanol (propyl alcohol)
Water is released
Propyl acetate > pear flavor
HH HH
CC
HH
OOHH
HH CC
HH OO
HHHH
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CCOO
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HHOO
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Butyric acidEthanol (Ethyl alcohol)
Water is released
Ethyl butyrate > pineapple flavor
HH
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OH C
H H
CH
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CH H
C
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CH
H
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H
C
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C
H
Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain
Lipids: oils & fats (butter)
O
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CH
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CH H
C
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HOH
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Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain
Glycerin
Lipids: oils & fatsO
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CH Hydrocarbons
Gasoline
H
H
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CH
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CH H
C
H H
CH
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CH
CH
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HDies
el-12
Oil-20Plas
tic
100
0s
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CH H
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CH
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CH
CH
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C
CO
O
Lipids: oils & fats (butter)
O
C
Glycerin
H
H
H
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H
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C
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H
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Ribose
HHCarbohydrate
O
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OC
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C
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Glucose
HOCH
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Glycerin
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Ribose
HHCarbohydrate
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C
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Glucose
HOCH
H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH
H
OO
O
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
O
H
H
H
OC
C
H
H
GlucoseStructural formula.
Straight chain glucose
HOCH
H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH
H
Glucosespace-filling model.
Straight chainglucose Glucose
glucose bending
GlucoseTwo ring shape
versions
alpha-glucosealpha-glucose
beta-glucosebeta-glucose
Glucose bends itself into 4 different shapes millions of times a second
H2O
O
O
H2O
O
H2O
H2O
O O
H2O
O
H2O
H2O
O
O
CH2OH H2O
O
H2O
H2O
O
CH2OH H2O
O
H2O
O
H2O H2O
O
Used by bacteria to form dental plaque. Used by doctors to increase blood volume and to prevent clotting.
C
OHH
OO
How do we make protein?
Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6
Oxygen-8
Hydrogen-1
4 3 2 1
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen
Number of available connections (bonds)
O
O||
HOO
O||
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CCHH
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CCHH
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CCHH
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Motor Oil
HHCCHH
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How do we make protein?
Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6
Oxygen-8
Hydrogen-1
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for protein
O
C
C
NO
H
HH
Ammonia Acetic acid Vinegar
C
H
H H
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for protein
O
C
C
NO
HH
Ammonia Acetic acid (Vinegar)
C
H
H H
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
O
C
C
N
O
H C
H
Aminoacid
Glycine
C
H
H
Alanine
S
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
O
C
C
N
O
H C
H
Aminoacid
Glycine
C
SH N
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC
HOCN
OH C
H
By attaching various combinations of the 5 above atoms at this location, living things make a total of 20 amino acids that then build all the proteins they need.
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
HOCN
OH C
H
S
H
O
CN
H NC
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC
Glycine
S
H
OH
CN
O
H C
H
HH
HH
OCN
O
C
H
H
Glycine
H NC
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC
Glycine
S
H
OH
CN
O
H C
H
HH
H
H
OCN
O
C
H
H
AlanineC HH
Water released
H NC
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC S
HH
CN
O
H C
H
H
H
OCN
O
C
H
H
C HH
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
Aspartic acid
H NC OC S
OH
Phenylalanine
HCN
O
H CH
O C
O
H
C HH
HH
H
OCN
O
CH
H
HH C
CC
C
C
C CHH
H
H
AspartameNutrasweet (Equal)
Amino acids build two types of proteins
• Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism.
• Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.
Structural Proteins
Hair (keratin)
Fingernails (keratin)
Skin (collagen)
Muscles (myosin, etc.)
Cartilage (glycoprotein: proteins attached to carbohydrates)
Ligaments (collagen plus glycoproteins)
Eye cornea (collagen/keratin)
Chemical Proteins
• In red blood cells (RBC), the protein, hemoglobin, carries the oxygen.
• The white blood cells (WBC) create specialized proteins called antibodies that can neutralize toxic substances in the blood. White blood cells also create hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria.
Hydrogen Peroxide
H O O H
Enzymes: proteins that control chemical reactions.
• Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions or make reactions happen that normally could not.
• For example, when the body “burns” fat, a toxic byproduct is hydrogen peroxide. You know hydrogen peroxide is used to kill germs and for bleaching hair. Hydrogen peroxide is dangerous to living things because it decomposes into water and oxygen. But the single oxygen is very reactive and can attack critical parts of a cell such as DNA or enzymes. There is one enzyme that can decompose the hydrogen peroxide safely.
Enzymes: Special proteins• Below are two representations of the enzyme, “catalase.” The left picture shows all of the
atoms that form the chain of amino acids that make up this protein. The right image, shows more of the shape caused by the string of amino acids. It is the specific shape of proteins that give it the ability to attach to other chemicals and cause a reaction. For example, catalase can grab onto 200,000 hydrogen peroxide molecules per second and cause them to safely decompose into water and oxygen.
H O HO
H O HO
H
OH
O OH
OH
Organic Building Blocks
H NC O S
HydrocarbonsCarbohydrates & Lipids
Amino acids & proteinsMore amino acids & proteins
P
Nucleic acids, RNA, & DNA
Single atoms of iron, copper, magnesium for some proteins
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
3 billion dollar electric billand a billion volts
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
H NC O S
Carbohydrates=sugars & starch Lipids=oils, fats, butter, margarine Amino acids & proteins
Eggs, milk
It’s all aboutbuilding blocks