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IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
A. Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge
1. Geography• Andes Mountains - High altitudes- frosts• Arid climate of the coast- Little rainfall• Hot & humid jungles of the
Amazon
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
2. Technology• Accurate calendar- Time planting and harvest of crops• Domestication of frost resistant potatoes and grains• Terraced hillsides• Freeze-drying • Domestication of the llama and alpaca - Meat- Wool- Long distance transportation
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
3. Record Keeping• No system of writing • Khipus or quipus - A system of knotted colored cords- Used for administration: to record population
counts, tribute obligations, etc
Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
4. Labor Structure• Family• The clan, or ayllu (aye-You)- Held land communally- Clan members obligated to assist each other
in common labor• Ayllu provided labor and goods to chief
Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
5. Mit’a• Each ayllu contributed a set number of workers for
specific tasks each year- Rotational labor draft• Members of ayllu work the fields, care for llama and
alpaca herds- Owned by religious establishment, courts, aristocracy• Built and maintained roads, bridges, temples and large
irrigation and drainage projects• Produced textiles and essential goods
Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
6. Gender roles• Work divided along gender lines• Men- Hunting, military service, government• Women- textile production, agriculture, and
the home
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
B. Moche1. Identity• North coastal region of Peru in about 600 C.E. • No formal empire of unified government• Identity based on culture
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
2. Agriculture• mit’a labor system • extensive irrigated agriculture - produced maize, quinoa, beans, sweet
potatoes and manioc• Alpaca and llama herds- Transportation, wool for textiles, meat.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
3. Moche Society• Stratified and theocratic. • Wealth and power were concentrated in the
hands of an elite - priests and military leaders who lived atop
large platforms- decorated themselves with magnificent
clothing,- jewelry, and tall headdresses.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
3. Continued• Commoners cultivated their fields• supplied mit’a labor to the elite.• Moche artisans were skilled in the production of
textiles, ceramics, and metallurgy. - Gold and silver were used for decorative
purposes, - copper and copper alloy for farm tools and
weapons.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
4. Decline• may be attributed to a series of natural
disasters in the sixth century • and to pressure from the warlike Wari people
in the eighth century.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
C. Tiwanaku and Wari1. Tiwanaku Civilization• Centered in modern Bolivia• High elevation (13,000 ft)• experienced increased
agricultural productivity and urbanization in the years following 200 C.E.
• cultivated potatoes and grains on raised fields reclaimed from marshland.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
2. Urbanization• urban construction included
a large terraced pyramid, walled enclosures, and a reservoir.
• Construction was done with large stones
- quarried, moved, and laid by thousands of laborers
- working with simple technology and copper alloy tools.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
3. Tiwanaku Society• highly stratified, ruled by a hereditary elite, • included specialized artisans. • Not a large city• Political and ceremonial center.
IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500
4. The Wari • was located near the city of Ayucucho, Peru.• Wari had contact with Tiwanaku but was a
separate culture; • the city being built without central planning,• with different techniques, • and on a much smaller scale than Tiwanaku. • Both Tiwanaku and Wari declined to
insignificance by 1000 C.E.