IV The Central Middle Ages (900-1200) (i) British History John Hudson

M o n q w s t England E. Mason, Sr Wulfstan of Worcesrer, c.1008-1095 (Blackwell, f49.95) makes a major contribution to the study of English ecclesiastical and more general history across the Norman Conquest. It emphasizes that whilst Wulfstan came from an ecclesiastical dynasty, the principal reason for his rise was his personal virtues. He takes on a further importance because of his key role in the 'transmission of English values to the Norman world'. Also of particular interest is a fine chapter on Wulfstan's pastoral care within his diocese. Classic essays are collected in E.G. Stanley (ed.), British Academy papers on Anglo-Saxon England (OUP, €22.50). including F. Wormald. 'The survival of Anglo-Saxon illumination after the Norman Conquest', A. Mclntosh, 'Wulfstan's prose', D. Whitelock. 'The Old English Bede'. J. Bately, 'The compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 60 BC to AD 890: Vocabulary as evidence', and M. Biddle. 'The study of Winchester: Archaeology and history in a British town, 1961-1983'.

New series of detailed studies provide some interesting early issues. B.C. Raw, Anglo-Saron crucifiion iconography and rhe art of the monastic revival (CUP, f35) treats an important subject upon which little has previously been published. She finds that the iconography points to an understanding of the Crucifixion which emphasizes 'Christ's passover from death to life'; his two natures, as God and man; the reversal, in the context of Redemption, of man's Fall; and close links to the Church's sacraments. J. Whybra, A lost English county: Winchcombshire in the tenth and eleventh centuries (Boydell, f35) begins very usefully with a survey of the English shire system, and then employs a variety of sources to analyse the history of Winchcombshire, a 'lost shire' in the south-west Midlands. Its destruction in 1017, after a brief existence, is seen as reflecting 'the abyss into which the country had fallen during the Danish wars.' Note also D. Hooke, Worcestershire Anglo- Saxon charrer bounds (Boydell, f45). valuable both as a complete study and a work of reference, A local study of the highest quality and with wide-ranging implications comes with J. Blair, Early medieval Surrey: Landholding, church and settlemenr (Alan Sutton, f25). Blair begins with 'the administrative and manorial framework', paying particular attention to the questions of the antiquity of land units and the development of 'multiple estates' and 'the classic manor'. Then he looks at the exploitation of the land, noting the differing geological conditions. The rest of the book is taken up with the Church: Anglo-Saxon minster churches, the development of local churches, and in his last chapter 'the Church in rural society: endowment, ownership, and the concept of the parish.' The breadth of approach and the variety of sources used make his arguments highly persuasive. M. Biddle, Object and economy in medieval Winchester vol, ii (OUP, f200) includes pieces by a wide range of writers on a vast array of objects, from the 'Jew's harp' by G. Lawson to 'Silver and copper-alloy tacks' by M. Groves. The volume is superbly presented and illustrated, and includes a tremendous quarry of fascinating material under the following main headings: personal possessions; devotional objects; equipment and furnishings; horse and riding equipment; weapons and armour; miscellaneous metal objects; unidentified objects.

A. Vince, Saxon London: an archaeological investigation (Seaby, f 16.50)

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represents a valuable synthesis of recent work on London. It is divided into two sections, the first chronological, the second thematic. The latter covers administra- tion, the Church, defence, trade, the mint, communications, links to the countryside. and buildings and daily life. The author argues that the growth of London took off in the eighth and ninth centuries. and that before the mid-eleventh London 'was already a place of considerable importance.' D.A. Hinton, Archaeology, economy and society: England from thefifth to thefifteenth century (ibid., f 14.99, provides a very useful survey of archaeological work. All historians will find much of interest, and the volume is well illustrated in black and white. M.R. Godden, 'Money, power and morality in late Anglo-Saxon England' (Anglo-Saxon England, 19) analyses the relationship of social change, terminological development and moral discussion, for example in Aelfric's works. T.A. Heslop. 'The production of de lure manuscripts and the patronage of King Cnut and Queen Emma' (ibid.) analyses and illustrates an area of Cnut's patronage too easily neglected by most historians. One of the conclusions to be drawn from his work is to re-emphasise the links of late Anglo-Saxon England to the continent, as does V. Ortenberg. 'Archbishop Sigeric's journey to Rome in 990' (ibid.). G. Beech, 'England and Acquitaine in the century before the Norman conquest' (ibid.) finds interesting but limited contact between the two areas.

Further artistic discussion appears in S. Cather, D. Park and P. Williamson, (eds). Early medieval wall pa inhg und painted scuIpIwe in England (British Archaeological Reports. British Series, 216).

Post-Conquest England Outstanding amongst the year's publications must be R.W. Southern. Sr. Anselm: aporrrait in a landscape (CUP, fa). This began as a second edition of SI. Anselm and his Biographer, but has grown into a much broader study, in which Eadmer takes on only a subsidiary role. Theology, the religious life, and politics are all discussed with great lucidity. The division of the text into short sections aids comprehension of even the most difficult topics. The elegance of style makes the whole book compulsively readable. English episcopal acra vi: Norwich, 1070-1214. ed. C. Harper-Bill, (OUP, f55) is a fine edition, useful both to the ecclesiastical historian and to those interested in medieval East Anglia. The introduction covers the bishops themselves, their households, and the content and diplomatic of the acta. Shorter studies of ecclesiastical matters include E. Mason, 'Westminster Abbey and the monarch between the reigns of William and John (1066-1216)' ( J . Eccl. Hkr., 41). where she argues that Westminster's special relationship with the English crown only really began under Henry 111. Other interesting articles include M.T. Clanchy, 'Abelard's mockery of St. Anselm' (;bid.), and J.E. Sayers, 'Violence in the Medieval Cloister' (ibid.).

A 'Book of the Year' award amongst my students would have a clear winner in D.B. Crouch, William Marshall: court, career and chivalry in the Angevin Empire, 1 147-1219 (Longman, f 16.95, pbk f7.95). This supplements Painter's work on the Marshall, based largely on the verse Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, with thorough study of William's charters. It provides both a lively narrative and chapters which give very useful introductions to various aspects of recent scholarly thou& on the aristocracy and their followings. J.A. Green, English sherijfs to 1154 (HMSL' f17.50) is an immensely valuable work of reference. It provides for sheriffs of each county, as far as possible, dates, comments, and references in primary, and occasionally secondary, sources. There is also an introduction, covering not only the principles on which the lists were drawn up, but also the development of the office, the length of tenure, and the t y p e of men appointed. Many points of interest arise, notably for example the breakdown of royal control

CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES 27

over sheriffs during Stephen's reign and the suggestion that, increasingly, men of administrative experience were appointed as sheriffs. The changing variety of wealth and connections - local and central - of sheriffs is also stressed. R.H.C. Davis, King Stephen (Longman, f7.95). has appeared in a third edition, with a large number of new appendices; particularly notable amongst these is a supplement to the charters of the reign published in Regesta, iii. G.J. White, 'The end of Stephen's reign' (Hisrory. 75) emphasizes the uncertainty of Henry of Anjou's position in England until the death of Stephen. Two debates come to at least a temporary end: J. Gillingham. 'Chronicles and coins as evidence of the levels of tribute and taxation in late tenth- and early eleventh-century England' (E.H.R., 105). and M.K. Lawson. 'Danegeld and Heregeld once more' (ibid.); J.O. Prestwich and R.H.C. Davis, 'Last words on Geoffrey de Mandeville' (ibid.).

Extremely welcome is a paperback issue of The ecclesiastical history of Orderic Vi/alis, vol. ii, ed. and tr. M. Chibnall, (OUP, f14.95). I t is to be hoped that Oxford University Press will issue more of their outstanding Medieval Texts series in such an affordable form. An important set of texts, in parallel Latin and English versions, appears with R.C. Van Caenegem, English lawsuits from William 110 Richard I : vol i (Selden Society. 106). This contains some previously unpublished texts and gathers many others which might too easily be missed. A second volume, covering the reigns of Henry I1 and Richard I is promised soon. Historians of law and of diplomatic should also note D. Postles, 'Securing the gift in Oxfordshire charters in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries' (Archives, 84). John of Salisbury, Policraticus, ed. and tr. C.J. Nederman, (CUP, pbk f9.95) provides a useful selection from John's work on political theory, although the translation is not always to be trusted and the notes are very limited. D.A.E. Pelteret, Catalogue of English post-Conquest vernacular documents (Boydell, f25) is a valuable reference work, providing the compiler's findings of 'all legal and administrative documents . . . containing continuous material in English which appears, or purports, to have been composed after the death of King Harold up to the end of King Henry 11's reign in 1189'. I t therefore covers charters and grants. and other miscellaneous documents such as lists of gild members and records of purchase of manumission. Each entry contains, where relevant, the date of the act and an abstract; a list of the manuscripts; another of the printed texts; and references to secondary literature. Two Cartularies of Abingdon Abbey, vol. i. eds. C.F. Slade and G. Lambrick (Oxford Hisf . Soc., n.s., 32) provides a calendar of the Lyell cartulary, together with full texts of all pre-1216 documents which are not accessible in print elsewhere. T.A. Heslop provides a note on Abingdon seals. Further introductory matter, and indices, are promised in a second volume, to contain the Chatsworth cartulary.

Collections of conference papers include D. Williams (ed.). England in the Twelfrh Century (Boydell, f45). Particularly notable amongst these are A. Ailes, 'Heraldry in twelfth-century England: the evidence'; J. Green, 'Aristocratic loyalties on the northern frontier of England, c.1100-1174'; J. McLoughlin, 'Amicitia in practice: John of Salisbury (c. 1120-1 180) and his circle'. M. Chibnall (ed.), Anglo-Norman Studies, xii; Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1989 (Boydell, f35) contains many interesting and notable articles. C. Holdsworth, 'R. Allen Brown' provides an appreciation of the late founder of the Conference. C. Potts, 'Normandy, or Brittany? A conflict of interests at Mont Saint Michel (966-1035)' takes a wide-ranging approach to the history of the monastery and its acquisition of lands. M. Strickland, 'Securing the North: Invasion and the strategy of defence in twelfth-century Anglo-Scottish warfare' stresses that 'the threat of invasion [from Scotland] was never too distant, the problems of defence remained ever present', but that Norman military supremacy was 'a stark reality'.

Domesday studies continue apace, with A.R. Bridbury. 'Domesday Book: a reinterpretation' (E.H.R., 105), and D. Roffe, 'Domesday Book and northern

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society: a reassessment’. (ibid.). D.M. Palliser. Domesday York (Borthwick Papers, 78) provides a fascinating local study.

T.B. James, The Palaces of Medieval England, 1050-1550 (Seaby, f25) is a well produced volume drawing upon written and archaeological sources. It should be of interest to all those concerned with the ideology and practice of kingship. Significant settlement studies include C. Dyer, ‘Dispersed settlements in mediaeval England: a case study of Pendock, Worcestershire’ (Med. Arch., 34). M . Beresford and J. Hurst, Wharram Percy: Deserted medieval village (English Heritage, f 19.95. pbk f 10.95) looks back over an archaeological investigation which began in 1948.

Scothod, Ireland, and Wales A.O. Anderson, Early sources of Scottish history, A .D . 500 to 1286 (Paul Watkins, f52) is a very valuable reprint of an extensive collection of texts. J. Donnelly, ‘The earliest Scottish Charters?’ (Scottish H. R., 67), calls into question the authenticity of early documents. Note also G. Fellows- Jensen, ‘Scandinavians in Southern Scotland’ (Nomina, 13).

W. Davies. Patterns of power in eurly Wales (OUP, f 16.95) analyses the concepts and practices of power primarily from the ninth to the eleventh centuries. In dealing with concepts. an emphasis on early medieval perceptions leads to telling analysis of the terminology of the time. Discussion follows of the practice of power, the impact of the Vikings, and contact with the English. T.M. Charles-Edwards, The Welsh laws (Wales U.P., f3.50) provides an introductory account of medieval Welsh law books. D. Walker, Medieval Wales (CUP, f25, pbk f8.95) is a useful textbook.

Two historiographical articles are M.J. Enright. ‘Medieval Ireland and the continent’ (Irish Hist. Studs., 27) and A. Cosgrave, ‘The writing of Irish medieval history’ (ibid.). Note also M. McNamara, Studies on t a t s of early Irish Latin gospels (A . D. 600-1200) (Instrumento Parrktica , 20).

Two other works provide overviews of the British Isles. R.R. Davies, Domination and conquest: the experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100- 1300 (CUP, f14.95) is a highly stimulating slim volume. It analyses both the processes and the ideology of conquest and uniformity. Not simply military but economic, social and cultural affairs are discussed. The volume is also important reading for the historian of England, notably with regard to the attitudes and activities of the English kings and aristocracy. R . Frame, The political development of the British Isles. 1100-1400 (OUP, f22.50) covers similar matters but in a rather different form. Its themes are: firstly, the dominant power of the Anglo-Norman aristocracy, church and monarchy, and later the English state; secondly, the continuing diversity within the British isles. As a highly intelligent introductory book for students, it brings a refreshingly different perspective on the period.

(ii) European History

Caroline Brett

Cel~ral Jacques Le Goff (ed.), The medieval world (Collins & Brown) has appeared in an English translation from the Italian, while two review articles provide a helpful introduction to Le Goffs work: Colin Morris, ‘Jacques Le Goff and the medieval imagination’ (History, 7 9 , essentially a review of his two books Medieval Civilization and The Medieval Imagination; and Otto Oexle, ‘Das Andere, die Unterschiede, das Ganze. Jacques Le Goffs Bild des europaischen

CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES 29

Mittelalters’ (Francia, 17). Settimane di Studio . . . 38, from Spoleto, on IlSecolo di Ferro: Mito e Realta del secolo X . supplies a rich harvest both of synthesis and of specialized research on tenthcentury problems: Girolamo Arnaldi on Rome and the papacy, Oliver Guillot on French political organization, Hagen Keller on imperial administration, lordship and society in Germany, and others. Bernard S. Bachrach and David Nicholas (eds). Studies in medieval culture XXVIII - Law, culture and the social fabric in medieval Europe. Essays in honour of Bruce Lyon (Kalamazoo; Western Michigan U.P.) - henceforward Bachrach. Studies - contains many interesting essays which will be referred to individually below.

Economic History A new journal, Rural History, published by CUP, appeared for the first time in 1990. Bachrach, Studies includes Adriaan Verhulst’s dismissal of the tenth- to eleventhcentury ‘agricultural revolution’. Barbara A. Watkinson, ‘A case study on the revival of stone-quarrying in the late eleventh century: St Florent, Saumur and Notre Dame, Noyers’ (1. Med. Hist., 16) shows how the exploitation of quarries by churches ‘was intimately associated with the proliferation of towns’.

Women’s and Family History Shulamith Shahar, Childhood in the middle ages (Routledge, f35), very properly takes issue with Aries, showing that childhood was a distinct stage of life, and that children were valued in the middle ages, but concentrates on the views of medieval intellectuals rather than on concrete evidence. Among the interesting papers on the role of women in Studies in Church History, 27, Rosamond McKitterick’s examination of ‘Women in the Ottonian Church: an iconographic perspective’ connects the increase in the illustration of women in religious texts to their real influence and independence in Ottonian religious life.

Papal and Church History: Papacy I.S. Robinson, The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and innovation (CUP, f25.00, pbk f13.95) concentrates ably on the machinery by which popes exercised their authority and how they conducted their relations with secular powers. Manfred Weitlauff and K. Hausberger (eds). Papsttum und Kirchenreform: historische Beitriige (St Ottilien: EOS Verlag) includes four essays on the eleventh-century reform papacy. Robert Somerville’s collected essays on Papacy, Councils and Canon Law in the Eleventh and Tweljth Centuries appeared in a Variorum collection (Hambledon P., f45). Monasticism Constance B. Bouchard, ‘Merovingian, Carolingian and Cluniac monasticism: reform and renewal in Burgundy’ ( J . Eccl. Hist., 41) shows that Cluniac houses were not truly an ‘order’ until the twelfth century. P. Henriet, ‘Saint Odilon devant la mort’ (Le Moyen Age, 96) analyses the death-scene in the mid-eleventhcentury ‘Life’ of the Abbot of CIuny to find a balance in emphasis between the correct ritual preparation for death and a trust in a spiritual relationship with God.

Intellectual and Cultural History A cluster of specialised studies on St Bernard of Clairvaux were published to mark his 900th anniversary: Conrad Rudolph, The ‘Things of Greater Importance’: Bernard of Clairvaux’s ‘Apologia’ and the medieval attitude toward art (Pennsylvania U.P., $39.95); Thomas Renna, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Temple of Solomon’ in Bachrach, Studies; and G.W. Olsen, ‘Twelfth-century humanism reconsidered: the case of St Bernard’ (Studi Medievali, 31). This last volume also includes M. T. Donati, ‘Metafisica, fisica e astrologia nel XI1 secolo’, and a number of other studies of individual texts and authors from the period 900-1200. In Bachrach, Studies, R.C. Van Caenegem discusses, ‘Galbert of Bruges on serfdom, prosecution of crime, and constitutionalism (1 127-28)’. A rich theme which branches into intellectual and social life is broached in Genevi2ve Contamine (ed.), Traduction et traducteurs au moyen hge (Paris: C.N.R.S.).

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Johannes Fried. 'Die Rezeption Bologneser Wissenschaft in Deutschland wahrend des 12. Jahrhunderts' (Viator. 21), assembles the evidence for the reception of study of Roman and canon law in Germany and investigates the reasons for its slowness to take root. Political Ideas Janos M. Bak (ed.), Coronations: Medieval and modern coronation rituak (Amsterdam: UU U.P.) contains studies of French, English, Polish and Sicilian royal inaugurations of the central middle ages. 'Chivalry' C. Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey (eds), The ideals and practice of medieval knighthood 111: Papers from the fourth Strawberry Hill Conference 1988 (Boydell, €29.50) contains essays on knighthood in Cathar Provence, in the court of Barbarossa, in the writings of ChrCtien de Troyes. and elsewhere. The social assumptions of another courtly romancier are examined by J. Flori, 'Aristocratie et valeurs chevaleresques dans la seconde moitik du XII' si&cle. L'example des lais de Marie de France' (Le Moyen Age, 96). Art Eve Borsook, Messages in mosaic: The royal programmes of Norman Sicily, 1130-1187 (OUP. f45) offers a political interpretation of the great buildings of Monreale and the Capella Palatina. Eric Fernir and P. Crossley edit Medieval architecture and its intellectual context: Studies in honour of Peter Kidron (Hambledon P.. f37.50). John Tchalenko, in 'Earliest wild-man sculptures in France' (I. Med. Hist., 16) uses eleventh- and twelfth- century sculptures (well illustrated) to argue that the idea of the 'Wild Man' formed a bridge between ecclesiastical and popular culture. Medievalists will be interested in The New Oxford History of Music, vol. 11. The early middle ages to 1300, edited by Richard Crocker and David Hiley (OUP).

Palaeography The excellent textbook by Bernhard Bischoff, Medieval Latin palaeography, appeared in an English translation by D. Ganz and D. 6 Croinin (CUP, pbk f 12.95). Michelle P. Brown, A guide to western historical scripts from antiquity to 1600 (British Library, f17.95) is a beautifully produced and very coherent survey.

Historiography Karl F. Morrison. History as a visual art in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (Princeton U.P.. $35) is a brilliant but theoretically erratic study. Peter Burke, The French historical revolution: The Annales School, 1929-1989 (Polity P., €29.50) is a must for everyone, including any medieval historian. who wants to improve their understanding of the strange-seeming historical language spoken by the French.

France and the L o w Countries: General D. Iogna-Prat and R. Delort (eds), La France de lhn mil (Paris: Seuil) contains a wide selection of thematic and regional studies. T.N. Bison, 'Nobility and family in medieval France: a review essay' (French Hist. Studs., 16) clears a path into German and French historiography on the subject for the English-speaking historian. Culture Georges Duby, The legend of Bouvines: War, religion and culture in the middle ages (Polity P., f29.50) takes a typically brilliant look at the chivalric complex through a microcosmic event. Church History Thomas Head, Hagiography and the cult of Saints: The diocese of Orlkam, 800-1200 (CUP, U5.00) is a detailed study of the evolving use of the saint's life in local ecclesiastical rivalries. Carolyn Poling Schriber, The dilemma of Arnulf of Lisieu: New ideas versus old ideals (Indiana U.P., $27.50) tries to improve the reputation of a vacillating twelfth-century prelate with more enthusiasm than skill. Edward Peters analyses difficulties in arriving at a functional church hierarchy in 'The death of the subdean: ecclesiastical order and disorder in eleventhcentury Francia' in Bachrach, Studies. Normandy: Ecclesiastical Two stimulating papers in Anglo-Norman Studies, 1990, examine the revival of monastic life in the region during the tenth and eleventh centuries: Cassandra Potts, 'Normandy or Brittany? A conflict of interests at Mont Saint-Michel'. and

CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES 31

Elizabeth M.C. van Houts, 'Historiography and hagiography at Saint-Wandrille: the "lnventio et Miracula sancti Vulfranni"'. Brittany: Ecclesiastical Julia M.H. Smith, 'Oral and written: saints, miracles and relics in Brittany, c.650-1250' (Speculum, 65) adds complexity to our understanding of the cult of the saints by distinguishing the characteristics of clerical and popular cults. Anjou B.S. Bachrach writes on 'Fulk Nerra's exploitation of the facultam rnonachorum. ca. 1OOO' in Bachrach, Studies. Southern France T.N. Bisson. 'Unheroed pasts: history and commemoration in southern Frankland before the Albigensian Crusades' (Speculum, 65) interestingly explains the shortage of ninth- to twelfth-century historical writing from this region in terms of the lack of heroic political themes and rulers, which kept contemporaries to a 'modestly utilitarian engagement with the past'. Ann Tukey Harrison, 'Marcabru's social world' (J. Med. Hist., 16) suggests that, at least. this Provencal 'courtly' poet needs to be transplanted into a village setting. Low Countries Karen S. Nicholas investigates 'The role of feudal relationships in the consolidation of power in the principalities of the Low Countries, 100-1300' in Bachrach. Studies.

Germany, Central Europe and Scandinavia Much valuable material on the reign of Frederick I has appeared. Documentary sources were edited by Heinrich Appelt et 01, Die Urkunden Friedrichs I : 1181-1190 (Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung), vol. 10. part 4 of the MGH series Die Urkunden der deutschen Konige iind Kaiser. Ferdinand Opll, Friedrich Burburossa (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesell- schaft) fulfils well the need for a full modern biography of the ruler, although slight on imperial theory. Wolfgang Georgi, Friedrich Barbarossa und die auswurtigen Machte: Studien zur Aussenpolitik 1159-1180 (Frankfurt: Peter Lang). in concen- trating on foreign relations. provides an illuminating new perspective. A more regional political biography is Joan A. Holladay's 'Herrnann of Thuringia as a patron of the arts: a case study' (J. Med. Hist., 16). Hartmut Hoffman's 'Grafschaften in Bischofshand' (Deutsches Arch., 46) is an exhaustive survey of the phenomenon of bishops holding cornital lands and offices in Ottonian and Salian Germany. Central Europe Charles Higounet, Les Allernands en Europe centrale ef orientale au Moyen Age (Paris: Aubier, F195). is a balanced and intelligent account which concentrates on German rural settlement of the East.

Baltic Countries A volume from the Pontificio Comitato di Scienze Storiche, La Cristianizazione della Lituania, consists of studies of the conversion of Lithuania in the central middle ages; Manfred Hellman (ed.), Sfudien uber die Anfunge der Mission in Livland (Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, DM49) concentrates on the period around 1200.

Italy and Sicily Giovanni Tabacco, The struggle for power in medieval Italy: Structures of political rule (CUP, f10.95) appears in a paperback translation - a well-judged account, especially valuable for the period before 1300. The0 Kolzer re-examines the Empire-Sicily axis in 'Sizilien und das Reich irn ausgehenden 12. Jahrhundert' (His f . Jahrbuch, 110).

Iberian Peninsula Hispunia, 50, contains a series of review articles on medieval Spanish historiography. Derek Lomax and D. Mackenzie (eds), God and man in medieval Spain (Aris & Phillips, f15.00) is a valuable collection of essays in honour of J.R.L. Highfield.

Byzantium Twelve of the ground-breaking studies of Michael Hendy on The economy, fiscal administration and coinage of Byzantium appear in a Variorum volume (Hambledon P., f36). In the same tradition, Alan Harvey argues that there

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was an Economic expansion of the Byzanrine Empire, 900-1200 (CUP, f27.50), not incompatible with feudal development.

The Crusades and the Latin Enst Steven Tibble. Monarchy and lordrhips in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291 (OUP, f25.00) concludes from analysis of documents that the monarchy retained more power in relation to the lords of the kingdom than used to be supposed. and provides a valuable account of the growth of the military orders. Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie. Die fraliener im Heiligen Land vom ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Champagne (Amsterdam: Adolf Hakkert) is a closely researched account of the Genoese. Pisan and Venetian role in the Crusades. J. Flori, 'Guerre sainte et retributions spirituelles dans la 2e moitie du XIe sitcle' (Revue d'hisr. ecclksiustique, 85) gives a new analysis of the promises made at the Council of Clermont. Hans Eberhard Mayer, 'Ein unedierter Originalbrief aus dem heiligen Land von 1164/65 und die Herren von Montfort-sur- Risle' (Deutsches Arch.. 46) edits an unpublished letter from Archbishop Frederick of Tyre to Archbishop Hugh of Rouen and examines the light it sheds on a noble French family. Elizabeth Siberry likewise concentrates on the impact of the Crusades on one family in 'The crusading counts of Neven' (Notringham Med. Srudr., 34). Hans Eberhard Mayer. 'The wheel of fortune: seignorial vicissitudes under Kings Fulk and Baldwin 111 of Jerusalem' (Speculum, 65) re-interprets genealogy to argue that the emergence of a stable and rooted nobility in Outremer took a generation longer than has been thought.