IV.2 Emission from materials

Olaf Wilke, Oliver Jann, Jens Rockstroh,

Reinhard Noske, Doris Brödner, Uwe Schneider, Wolfgang Horn

Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)BAM IV.2, Working Group “Emission from materials“

 Berlin

Contact: olaf.wilke@bam.de

Testing The Emission From Printers

By Means Of Test Chambers

IV.2 Emission from materials

German Environmental Label “Blue Angel”

• Protection of users and the environment

• Environmental friendly products

• Low emission products

• Indoor air quality

IV.2 Emission from materials

German Environmental Label “Blue Angel”

IV.2 Emission from materials

Chemical Emission Testing (compounds)

• Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Benzene

Styrene

TVOC (sum of VOCs)

• Ozone

• Dust

IV.2 Emission from materials

Chemical Emission Testing (sampling)

• Volatile organic compounds (VOC):

- Adsorption onto Tenax

- Thermal desorption

- GC-MS analysis

• Ozone:

- Online, chemiluminescence detector

• Dust:

- Collection on glass-fiber filter

- Gravimetric determination

IV.2 Emission from materials

Chromatogram of an Chamber Air Sample

10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.000

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

Time-->

Abundance

TIC: TDS3052.D

IV.2 Emission from materials

Emission Test Chamber

Requirements:

• Control of Climate (relative humidity and temperature)

• Control of air exchange rate (AER)

• Control of background emissions

• Minimization of adsorption effects (chamber walls made of glass or stainless steel)

IV.2 Emission from materials

Emission Test Chamber Measurement (1)

IV.2 Emission from materials

Emission Test Chamber Measurement (2)

IV.2 Emission from materials

Emission Test Chamber Measurement (3)

Test conditions

Conditioning

Standby

Printing

Test subject inthe ETC

Follow-up phase*

Change of AER (air exchange rate)

Chamber blank

Measurement categories

VOC, Dust, O3

Time

1 hr

1 hr

10 - 60 min

5 - 10 min

1 hr

15 min

1 hr

VOC, (O3)

VOC, Dust, O3

humidity and tem

perature online

AER = 4 h-1

AER = 1 h-1

Test phases

*: follows on from the printing phase without opening the chamber.

IV.2 Emission from materials

Emission Test Chamber Measurement (4)

Calculation of emission rate (mg/h) from measured chamber air concentration:

SERU = n * V * c * tP/tO [mg unit/h]

n: air exchange rate [1/h] V: chamber volume c: concentration [µg/m³] tP: printing time tO: overall sampling time (depends on AER)

IV.2 Emission from materials

Emission Test Chamber Measurement (5)

Emission of VOC (and dust) from toner depends on:

• Toner amount per paper sheet

• Toner coverage per paper sheet

• Fusing temperature

IV.2 Emission from materials

Monochrome Test Sheet for Printer Calibration(Grey Scale Linearization, DIN 33870)

IV.2 Emission from materials

Monochrome Test Sheet for Printing, DIN 33870

IV.2 Emission from materials

Paper Temperature after Printing

30.1°C

>50.0°C

40

50

IV.2 Emission from materials

Color Test Sheet for Printing

IV.2 Emission from materials

Requirements for the “Blue Angel”

  Printing phase Standby phase

Emission [mg/h] [mg/h]

TVOC 10 1 (3)

Benzene 0,05 -

Styrene 1,0 -

Ozone 2,0 -

Dust 4,0 -

IV.2 Emission from materials

TVOC Results for Tabletop Devices

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

TV

OC

(S

ER

) [m

g h-1

]

Monochrome

ColourLimit value: 10 mg h-1

Ink jet devices

electrofotografic devices

IV.2 Emission from materials

Summary

A method for the testing of chemical emissions from printers, copiers and multifunctional devices was developed by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM).

Emission test chambers under defined conditions are used to get comparable and reproducible results.

“Blue Angel” requirements for TVOC, benzene, styrene, ozone and dust were set by the Federal Environmental Agency to label low-emission printers.