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ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani

XVII

STUDIES IN HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

Tbilisi _ 2015 TBILISI _ 2015

UDC 39 (=353.1)+94(479.22) (082) i885 ISSN 1512-2727

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XVII nomeri, wina gamocemebis msgavsad, eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis. redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori saredaqcio kolegia: avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori recenzentebi: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori manana xidaSeli istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori Editor in chief: Doctor of History

Khatuna Ioseliani

Editorial board: Doctor of History Avtandil Songulashvili

Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History Manana Khidasheli Doctor of History krebuli gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT © avtorTa jgufi, 2015

2

redaqtorisgan

Cveni krebulis winasityvaoba, bolo wlebis

manZilze, samecniero sferoSi mimdinare movlenebisa

da ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis samecniero saqmianobis garkveul anga-

riSsac moicavs, am tradicias vagrZelebT da mokled

mimovixilavT arsebul viTarebas.

umTavres problemad isev rCeba samecniero-kvle-

viTi institutebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba da

statusi. axali kanonis mixedviT, samecniero-kvleviT

institutebs garkveuli avtonomia eZlevaT, risi rea-

lurad ganxorcielebac, isev Sesabamis universite-

tebTan molaparakebazea damokidebuli.

amasTanave, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis institutis mTavar problemas, ukve ramdeni

welia _ meliqiSvilis q. #10-Si mdebare Senobis Se-

narCunebis sakiTxi warmoadgens. miuxedavad insti-

tutis mcdelobisa, kuTvnili Senoba (romelic

saqarTvelos kompartiis ck biuros 1980 wlis 4

martis dadgenilebiT (oqmi #159), saqarTvelos mec-

nierebaTa akademiis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituts

gansaTavseblad gadaeca) davkargeT. saqarTvelosa da

kavkasiis masStabiT, erT-erTi yvelaze didi tradi-

ciis mqone instituti, Tsu biblioTekis Senobis (e.

w. maRlivi korpusis win mdebare) Ria, ximinjebs

Soris arsebul sivrceSi unda ganTavsdes.

unda iTqvas, rom es faqti, samwuxarod, arasaxel-

mwifoebrivi damokidebulebis Sedegia. ar movyvebiT

axsna-ganmartebas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania es

instituti da misi ganviTareba qveynisTvis, arc im

3

mdidar sabiblioTeko fondze da eTnologiur, Tu

istoriul saarqivo masalebze gavamaxvilebT yurad-

Rebas, rac aq aris daunjebuli; mxolod SevniSnavT,

rom aseTi damokidebuleba sakuTari samecniero kere-

bisa da saganZuris mimarT, qveynis ganviTarebas ver

waadgeba.

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis XVII nomeric,

wina gamocemebis msgavsad, sainteresoa, rogorc Tema-

turi, aseve monawile avtorebis TvalsazrisiT.

A

4

xaTuna ioseliani

eTnosocialuri procesebis zogierTi

aspeqti qvemo qarTlSi (marneulis municipalitetis magaliTze)

qvemo qarTli saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelo-

vanesi mxarea. mZime istoriuli warsulis Sedegad, is

polieTnikur kuTxed Camoyalibda. aq wamyvan eTnoss

qarTvelebTan erTad, azerbaijanlebi warmoadgenen da

umravlesobis saxiT gvevlinebian.

qvemo qarTli, administraciuli centriT q. rus-

Tavi, moicavs 7 qalaqs (rusTavi, gardabani, marneuli,

bolnisi, dmanisi, TeTriwyaro, walka), 8 dabas (didi

lilo, kojori, kazreTi, manglisi, Tamarisi, Saumiani,

bediani, TrialeTi) da 338 sofels.

mosaxleoba Seadgens 51, 2 aTass (saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis 11 %). aqedan, 45,1% azerbaijanelia,

44,7% _ qarTveli, 6,4% _ somexi. danarCeni 3% _

berZeni, rusi da sxva.

azerbaijanelebis raodenoba qvemo qarTlSi sxva-

dasxvanairadaa ganawilebuli. eqvsi municipalite-

tidan isini samSi (marneuli, bolnisi, dmanisi),

umravlesobas warmoadgenen.

marneulis municipaliteti qvemo qarTlis mniSvne-

lovani centria, rogorc geografiuli, ise ekonomi-

kuri TvalsazrisiT. marneuli 1947 wlidan xdeba

raioni, 2005 wlidan _ municipaliteti. misi mTliani

mosaxleoba 2012 wlis monacemebiT 128 000 kacs

Seadgens. aqedan 87% azerbaijanelia, 7,8% _

qarTveli, 5,2% _ somexi. farTobi 935,2 km.2 mas

samxreTiT azerbaijanisa da somxeTis respublikebi

5

esazRvreba. municipalitetis teritoriaze ori

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis avto da erTi sarkinigzo

magistrali gadis: sadaxlo-marneuli, wiTeli xidi-

marneuli da saqarTvelo-somxeTis damakavSirebeli

rkinigza [marneulis municipalitetis oficialuri

monacemebi].

dRevandeli geopolitikuri viTarebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, imTaviTve cxadi xdeba, raoden mniSvne-

lovania qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisTvis

marneulis municipalitetSi arsebuli viTareba. sa-

qarTvelosTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sasaz-

Rvro regionSi qarTvelebi, faqtobrivad umcireso-

baSi arian, sazRvarTan mdebareobis gamo, is somxeTisa

da azerbaijanis jvaredini interesebis qveS xvdeba;

orive qveyanas aq garkveuli dasayrdeni gaaCnia eTni-

kuri azerbaijanlebisa da somxebis saxiT. am mosax-

leobasTan urTierTobas, rac dro gadis, ufro metad

intensiuri xasiaTi eZleva, rac pirobiTad, kul-

turuli, ekonomikuri da religiuri kavSirebiT gamo-

ixateba.

polieTnikuri mxare, arastabilur regionSi, gansa-

kuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs saxelmwifosgan. aq

problemebi bunebrivad iCens Tavs, vinaidan araqar-

Tuli mosaxleobis orive ZiriTad warmomadgenels

sazRvris gadaRma mSobliuri qveyana emezobleba. dama-

tebiTi sarisko faqtoria is, rom es respublikebi

erTmaneTTan konfliqtur viTarebaSi imyofebian. am-

denad, samoqalaqo adaptaciis Tanmxleb bunebriv

problemebs gare risk-faqtorebi emateba.

samecniero literaturis, statistikuri monace-

mebisa da Cvens mier velze mopovebuli masalis urTi-

6

erTSejerebis Sedegad, marneulis municipalitetSi

arsebuli eTnikurjgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis Se-

saxeb garkveuli suraTi Seiqmna. am kvlevam saSualeba

mogvca gavcnobodiT dRevandel viTarebas, Segve-

darebina is gasul uaxloes periodebTan da mi-

axloebiT dagvedgina is procesebi da tendenciebi,

rasac adgili aqvs am regionSi. gamovyofT ramdenime

maTgans.

religiuri viTareba. postsabWoTa periodSi

saqarTvelosTvis erTgvari `religiuri bumi~ iyo da-

maxasiaTebeli, rac gasakviri ar aris. komunisturi

wnexisgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, adamianebis umrav-

lesoba gansakuTrebiT morwmune gaxda. xalxma ekle-

siebSi masobrivad daiwyo siaruli, aseve masobrivad

da gulmodgined icavdnen religiur wesebs, mona-

wileobdnen sxvadasxva religiur dResaswaulebsa Tu

RonisZiebebSi. garkveuli periodis Semdeg, Tbilissa

da regionebSi, eiforiam gaira da mdgomareoba sta-

biluri gaxda: eklesias, ZiriTadad, morwmune mrevli

SemorCa, droebiTi mimdevrebi ki nel-nela Camo-

cildnen.

mcireodeni sxvaobiT, analogiur procesebs hqonda

adgili saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva eTnikur jgu-

febSic, magaliTad: azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis is

Taoba, romelic komunistur reJims moeswro, iseve,

rogorc maTi Taobis qristianebis umetesoba, naklebi

morwmunoebiT gamoirCeva. maTi umetesoba ar inaxavs

ramazans, iSviaTad dadis meCeTebSi; sxva aRmsareblo-

bis adamianebTan urTierTobis gamo, xSirad arRvevs

islamis ZiriTad principebs: svamen Rvinos, miirTmeven

Roris xorcs, zogjer dadian qristianul eklesi-

7

ebSi, anTeben sanTlebs; Svilebis naTliebad xSirad

moyavT qristianebi (megobrebi an TanamSromlebi).

azerbaijanelTa did nawils gaSenebuli aqvs yurZeni

da ojaxSi wuravs Rvinos. Cveni masalis mixedviT,

aseTi mdgomareobaa marneulisa da gardabnis munici-

palitetebSi [4;3].

rac Seexeba axal Taobas, aq gansxvavebuli vi-

Tarebaa. axalgazrdobis umetesoba bevrad metad

morwmune da religiuri wesebis erTguli mimdevaria.

isini intensiurad dadian meCeTebSi, mkacrad inaxaven

ramazans, sistematurad asruleben namazs. maTi damo-

kidebuleba wina Taobis mimarT kritikulia da

sayveduroben naklebad morwmunoebis gamo. analogiuri

mdgomareobaa marneulSi aWaridan gadmosaxlebul qar-

Tvel muslimebSic. qarTveli axalgazrdebi mtkiced

misdeven islamis sjulis kanonebs, roca maTi mamebi

da babuebi didi morwmuneobiT ar gamoirCevian. isla-

misadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba 15-20 wlis

TaobaSi SeimCneva, romelnic Zlieri religiurobiT

xasiaTdebian. am faqts gakvirvebiT aRniSnaven TviTon

ufrosi Taobis warmomadgeneli azerbaijanlebi [4].

erTi SexedviT, aq gasakviri araferia, Tumca, yu-

radRebis miqceva am sakiTxisTvis aucilebelia. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare

movlenebs, fundamentalizmis safrTxeebs, axalgazrda

Taobis xelovnurad, sxvadasxva saSualebiT gavlenis

qveS moqcevis saerTaSoriso praqtikas, aSkara xdeba,

rom am procesebisadmi yuradRebis gamoCena aucile-

belia.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi

azerbaijanlebis umetesoba Siitia, nawili suniti.

8

`meCeTi, rogorc sarwmunoebis religiuri sayrdeni

baqos `rezidencias~ eqvemdebareba [3,46]. saqarTve-

loSi daaxloebiT 283 meCeTi da salocavi saxlia,

aqedan marneulis municipalitetSi _ 35, romelTa-

ganac mxolod oTxia Zveli, danarCeni axali agebuli.

urTierTobebi. komunikaciis problema aq mcxov-

reb eTnosebs Soris ar SeimCneva. sakmao drois

manZilze gverdigverd cxovrebam, cxadia, urTier-

Tobis garkveuli formebi Camoayaliba. am regionSi

gvxvdeba rogorc monoeTnikuri, ise Sereuli sof-

lebi. velze muSaobam aCvena, rom Sereul soflebSi

urTierToba ufro Tbilia, aqvT kargi mezobloba,

pativs scemen erTmaneTis Cveulebebs da Wirsa da

lxinSi erTad arian. Tumca, gamoikveTa saintereso

tendencia, romelic ZiriTadad, azerbaijanlebisTvis

da somxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, met-naklebad qar-

TvelebisTvis. es aris sifrTxile sakuTari poziciis

gamoxatvisas eTnikurjgufTaSoris urTierTobebTan

dakavSirebiT. azerbaijanlebi da somxebi gansakuT-

rebuli xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom maT SesaniSnavi

urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan da azerbaijansa da

somxeTs Soris arsebuli konfliqti maT ar exebaT.

cxadia, amis mizezi garkveuli sifrTxilea, isini

kargad acnobiereben arsebul viTarebas da mSvidobian

Tanacxovrebas arCeven, rac ar gamoricxavs imas, rom

garkveulwilad niRbaven TavianT Sexedulebebs. prob-

lemebi ZiriTadad miwebTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSveba,

magaliTad, saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarze mdebare-

obs uZvelesi qarTuli sofeli ofreTi, romelic

berZnebiT da somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. mTxrobelTa

TqmiT, aq daaxloebiT 700 komli cxovrobda. so-

9

felSi rusuli saSualo skola iyo, sadac 500-mde

moswavle dadioda. 1989 wlidan berZnebma nel-nela

daiwyes saberZneTSi gadasvla, somxebma ki, ruseTsa

da sxva qveynebSi. dRes sofeli, faqtobrivad, dac-

lilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnebma ukan

dabruneba daiwyes. dasaxlda ramdenime qarTuli oja-

xic. amJamad, skola qarTulia, Tumca 9 klasad

gadakeTebuli, moswavleTa simciris gamo. daclili

soflis saZovrebisa da saxnav-saTesis, agreTve, sax-

lebis dapatroneba sakmaod Sors mcxovrebma azer-

baijanlebma scades da arcTu uSedegod. maT mito-

vebuli saxlebi boslebad gamoiyenes, saZovrebze

TavianT saqonelsa da cxvars aZoveben, unebarTvod

krefen xilsa da kakals, rasac ramdenimejer Sexla-

Semoxlac mohyva [4].

am uZvelesi qarTuli soflis `samxreT-aRmosav-

leT mxares, Sulavrisxevis zemo welze, marjvena

sanapiroze mdebareobs adre Sua saukuneebis ofreTis

cixe, Zlieri kedlebiT, romelSic mrgvali koSkebia

datanebuli. zRudis SigniT aris nagebobaTa mTeli

kompleqsi. aqvea adre Sua saukuneebis patara eklesia,

naliseburi afsidiT. cixe nagebia saSualo zomis

kvadrebis Tarazuli wyobiT, kirxsnarze. Tavisi

gegmiT, aRnagobiT, es aris namdvili rezidencia, xan-

grZlivad sadgomi aqauri ùflisa~. is ueWvelia,

citadfelSi idga, romelic aSkarad batonobs cixis

sxva nawilebze. cixis gareT nasoflaria xevispirze~

[1,131]. ofreTis cixes pirvelad ixseniebs X saukunis

somexi istorikosi uxtanesi, romlis TqmiTac aq iyo

damwyvdeuli SuSanik dedofali. Semdeg ofreTis

cixes asaxelebs `matiane qarTlisa~ XI saukunis

10

ambebTan dakavSirebiT. ofreTis cixe gzasayarze dgas.

aq ikribeba wofis, Sulaveris, talavris, manxutis

xevebidan amosuli gzebi. maT uerTdeba foladauris

xeobaSi gamavali gzac, Semdeg `mglis karis~ uelte-

xiliT gadaxvalT taSirSi... [1,132]. strategiulad

aseTi mniSvnelovani punqti, romlis fasic Cvenma

winaprebma kargad icodnen, dResac kargad Semo-

naxuli, ulamazesi ofreTis cixiTa da eklesiiT,

amJamad, sazRvars miRmaa darCenili da somxeTis

respublikas ekuTvnis.

polieTnikur regionSi komunikaciis saSualebad

erT-erTi ena iqceva, rogorc wesi, es ZiriTadad,

saxelmwifo enaa. sabWoTa periodSi am funqcias

rusuli ena asrulebda, romelic nawilobriv dResac

inarCunebs aqtualobas. postsabWoTa periodidan

moyolebuli, saxelmwifo _ qarTuli ena nel-nela

imkvidrebs Tavis konstituciur adgilsa da rols.

axalgazrda da mcirewlovani Taoba ukeT flobs

qarTuls. SeiniSneba mozardi TaobisTvis qarTulis

swavlebis gaaqtiurebis tendencia, araqarTuli mosax-

leoba acnobierebs, rom maTi Svilebis momavlisTvis

saxelmwifo enis codna aucilebelia, rac pozitiur

faqtorad unda CaiTvalos. miuxedavad imisa, rom

komunisturi reJimis dros, sakomunikacio enas mxo-

lod rusuli warmoadgenda, mTxrobelTa TqmiT,

mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma (ZiriTadad mamakacebma),

erTmaneTis ena icodnen, azerbaijanlebma _ somxuri,

somxebma _ azerbaijanuli, orive maTganma qarTulic.

Tumca, qarTuli enis codnas ufrosi Taobis warmo-

madgenlebi dResac malaven [4]; es cxadia, urTi-

11

erTobebis garkveul problemaze miuTiTebs, rasac

ZiriTadad, sabWoTa politika aRvivebda.

sabWoTa mmarTvelobis dasrulebis Semdeg, kardina-

lurad Secvlilma politikurma sivrcem samxreT

kavkasiis qveynebSi axali urTierTobebi da damoki-

debulebebi warmoSva. Sida problemebisa da gareSe

Zalis gavlenis Sedegad, kavkasia konfliqtur regi-

onad Camoyalibda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am viTa-

rebaSi samive kavkasiuri qveynis sasazRvro zolSi

arsebuli polieTnikuri regioni, TavisTavad garkve-

uli problemebis matarebelia. rogorc azerbaijani,

ise somxeTi cdilobs aqtiuri kavSiri iqonios Tavis

eTnikur jgufebTan, rac oficialurad kulturul-

ekonomikuri kavSirebiT gamoixateba.

azerbaijani, rogorc ufro mdidari qveyana,

sxvadasxva kompaniebisa (magaliTad, `sokari~) da

organizaciebis moRvaweobis farglebSi axorcielebs

sxvadasxva kulturul programebs da qvelmoqmedebas

eweva, rac azerbaijanuli kulturis, muslimuri

religiis popularizaciasa da ganmtkicebas isaxavs

miznad. adgilobriv mTxrobelTa TqmiT, isini finan-

surad exmarebian ojaxebs, axalgazrdebi saswav-

leblad miyavT baqoSi, saidanac TiTqmis yvela ukan

brundeba. aSeneben meCeTebs. gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiu-

rebulia savaWro urTierTobebi, qvemo qarTlis sau-

keTeso xarisxis sameurneo produqcia, ZiriTadad

baqoSi gaedineba, vinaidan iq misi Rirebuleba bevrad

ufro maRalia. yovelive es, sinamdvileSi, qvemo

qarTlSi mcxovreb azerbaijanlebTan mWidro kon-

taqtis damyarebasa da maTze garkveuli gavlenis mox-

denas gulisxmobs, rasac momavalSi sxva Sedegebic

12

SeiZleba mohyves. amis paralelurad, Cven megobar

saxelmwifosTan SeTanxmebiT ver vaxerxebT Cven

organul kuTxesTan (saingilo) problemebis gareSe

kavSirsac ki, araTu analogiuri proeqtebis ganxor-

cielebas.

rac Seexeba somxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis somxuri

mosaxleobis kavSirebs, Cveni moZiebuli masalis

safuZvelze, iseTi masStabebi ar aqvs, rogorc azer-

baijanTan kontaqtebs, rasac somxuri mosaxleobis

simcire ganapirobebs. ZiriTadad arsebobs savaWro-

ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da naTesauri kavSirebi.

somxeTidan moaqvT gargari, aqedan gaaqvT sxva xili

da bostneuli. SedarebiT xSiria saqorwino urTi-

erTobebi: yarabaxidan da sxva regionebidan mohyavT

rZlebi da aTxoveben qalebs. zogadad, qorwineba

qvemo qarTlSi, ZiriTadad monoeTnikur xasiaTs

inarCunebs, Tumca, gvxvdeba Sereuli ojaxebic, rac

arc erTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebisTvis mosawoni ar

aris da mxolod erTeuli SemTxvevebiT Semoifar-

gleba.

qarTvelebTan damokidebuleba azerbaijaneli da

somexi mTxroblebis TqmiT, keTilganwyobili da sta-

biluria.

amdenad, eTnosocialuri procesebi qvemo qarTlSi,

ZiriTadad, normalurad viTardeba, rasac xels

uwyobs SedarebiT myari ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.

enobrivi da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo

integracia ufro dinamiuri xdeba. am kuTxiT, auci-

lebelia meti muSaoba: qarTuli enis swavlebis

gaaqtiureba, sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo-kulturuli

proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, rac xels Seuwyobs axal-

13

gazrda Taobis Tanamedrove kulturasTan da Rire-

bulebebTan ziarebas. yvelaze met yuradRebas reli-

giuri sakiTxi moiTxovs. aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba

da tolerantoba ar niSnavs fundamentalizmis

safrTxeebisadmi gulgril damokidebulebas, mi-

Tumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni qveynis geopo-

litikur mdebareobas da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso

samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs.

14

wyaroebi da literatura

1. d. berZeniSvili, cixeTa Seswavlis zogierTi sa-

kiTxi, `narkvevebi~, Tb., 2005.

2. g. gociriZe, aRmosavluri dResaswaulebi saqar-

TveloSi, Tb., 2012.

3. x. ioseliani, eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobis kul-

turul-istoriuli problemebi (gardabnis raionis

eTnografiuli monacemebiT), èTnologiuri kre-

buli~, Tb., 2008.

4. x. ioseliani, eTnografiuli dRiuri, marneulis

municipaliteti, 2015.

15

Khatuna Ioseliani

SOME ASPECTS OF THE ETHNO-SOCIAL PROCESSES IN KVEMO KARTLI

(EXAMPLE OF THE MARNEULI MUNICIPALITY)

Summary

The Marneuli municipality, the administrative region of Kvemo Kartli, is a poliethnical region and as it is unstable region, it requires more attention from the government. Here naturally we meet problems connected with civil integration, because both of the the main representatives of the non-Georgian population (Azerbaijanians and Armenians) have their motherlands beyond the borderline. Additional risk factor is that these republics are in war conflicts with each other. On the basis of the scientific literature, statistic data and the field materials gathered by us we have a certain picture of the interethnic relations in the Marneuli muni-cipality. This study allowed us to get acquainted with the situation of today, compare it with the recent past and ascertain approximately the processes and trends occurring in the region. We distinguish some of them.

Mostly, the situation is stable and ethno-social processes are normal. The religious issue is worth to be paid attention. Great majority of the Azerbaijan youth, mainly 15-20 years old are solidly religious, that is strange even for their fathers’ generation. For the full length civil integration of this popu-lation, the cultural and educational activities are needed.

16

lavrenti janiaSvili

XIX saukuneSi qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-

javaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli somxebis adaptaciis social-politikuri da

kulturuli faqtorebi

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur jgu-

febs Soris, sayuradReboa somxebi, romlebic TiT-

qmis yvela regionSi cxovroben, zogan ki (gansakuT-

rebiT somxeTis saxelmwifos mimdebare raionebSi)

kompaqturadac. mravali saukunis manZilze saqar-

Tvelo iyo erTaderTi qristianuli qveyana, romelic

mfarvelobas uwevda sakuTar saxelmwifoebriobas

moklebul, muslimTa uRelqveS moqceul qristian

somxebs, ifarebda maT da farTod iyenebda mtris

xSiri SemosevebiT gaukacrielebuli provinciebis da-

saxlebisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi.

qarTul feodalur sazogadoebaSi migrantTa integri-

rebisaTvis saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebuli meqa-

nizmebi moqmedebda, ris gamoc xsenebuli procesic

umtkivneulod mimdinareobda [28; 36; 50 da sxva].

viTareba Seicvala XIX saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi

ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg, rodesac caristuli

xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT Semoyvanili migrantebis

(rusi seqtantebi, somxebi, berZnebi, germanelebi da

a.S.) mravalricxovani jgufebi kompaqturad dasax-

ldnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionSi, xolo

somxebi samxreT kavkasiaSi rusuli politikis Ziri-

Tad sayrdenad iqcnen. am droidan mkveTrad Seicvala

erTis mxriv, somexi mesveurebis damokidebuleba

qarTuli saxelmwifos perspeqtivebis mimarT, xolo

17

meores mxriv, qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyoba

migranti somxebisadmi. somxebSi gaCnda XI s-Si gauq-

mebuli saxelmwifoebriobis rusebis daxmarebiT

aRdgenis molodini; aqtualoba SeiZina istoriuli

sazRvrebis sakiTxma; inteleqtualur nawilSi gaCnda

cduneba, istoriul kuTvnilebad gamocxadebuliyo

samxreT kavkasiaSi somxebiT kompaqturad dasax-

lebuli yvela adgili da axali „armenia“ ganfeni-

liyo Zv. w. aR. I saukunis droindel „didi som-

xeTis“ teritoriaze. Sesabamisad, cdilobdnen kavka-

siaSi arsebuli somxuri dasaxlebebis istoria dae-

ZvelebinaT. amgvarad, saqarTvelos samxreTsa da

samxreT-aRmosavleTSi XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi

Semosul migrantebsac avtoqTonebad acxadebdnen. am

mimarTulebiT fsevdosamecniero Tu politikuri saq-

mianoba grZeldeboda sabWoTa da postsabWoTa peri-

odSic, rac saTanadod aisaxa qarTulsa da somxur

istoriografiaSi. xdeba calkeuli problemebis dia-

metralurad gansxvavebuli interpretireba [30,8-23;

29; 15; 33,130-135; 8; 9; 23 da sxv.]. amrigad, somxuri

migraciebis, maTi saqarTveloSi gansaxlebis geogra-

fiis, eTno-kulturuli Taviseburebebis, integraci-

uli Tu dezintegraciuli procesebis kvleva metad

aqtualur da saWirboroto sakiTxs warmoadgens.

rusuli imperiis kavkasiaSi winsvla mimdinareobda

calkeuli eTnosebis, eTnikuri jgufebis, ojaxebis da

calkeuli individebis iZulebiTi, Tu nebayofilebiT

gadaadgilebis, religiur Tu politikur Sexedu-

lebebze zemoqmedebis, erovnuli ideologiebis tran-

sformaciis TanxlebiT. am viTarebam gavlena iqonia

somxebzec. ukve XVIII s-Si, somxuri sazogadoebis

18

winamZRoli eCmiaZinis sapatriarqo, aqtiur mimoweras

awarmoebda saimperatoro karTan, xolo ruseTSi

moRvawe somxuri emigracia _ lazarevi, arRuTinski,

emini da sxva _ cdilobda politikuri zeda fena

iran-TurqeTis batonobidan somxeTis gamoxsniTa da

misgan mokavSire saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideiT daein-

teresebina [51].

ruseTi, am droisaTvis ukve aqtiurad ereoda

samxreT kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebSi. cxadi iyo,

rom imperiisaTvis sasurveli politikuri situaciis

formireba, mxolod saTanado eTnikuri mozaikis

SeqmniT SeiZleboda, amitom, dRis wesrigSi dadga

kavkasiis eTno-kulturuli da geo-ekologiuri viTa-

rebis gamowvlilviT Seswavla. XVIII saukunidan

moyolebuli eTnografiuli, geologiuri, botanikuri

da geografiuli kvlevebis Sedegad moZiebuli

didZali masalis analizma da soliduri samecniero

bazis Camoyalibebam xeli Seuwyo jer carizms, Sem-

dgom ki, sabWoTa kavSirs efeqturi eTnopolitika

ganexorcielebina kavkasiaSi. saqarTveloSi gabato-

nebis droisaTvis, ruseTis xelisufleba regionSi

eTnikuri placdarmis SeqmnaSi strategiul mokav-

Sired moiazrebda ara erTmorwmune qarTvelebs, ara-

med somxebs. es ki, migraciebis gziT somxuri

mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis zrdas ganapirobebda

[34,27]. unda iTqvas, rom amgvari politikis ganxor-

cieleba rusebma jer kidev qarTuli saxelmwifos

dapyrobamde daiwyes. XVIII s-is bolos, somexma

meliqebma jemSidma da fridonma ruseTs mfarvelobaSi

miReba da saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis an ruseTis

teritoriaze Sexizvnis ufleba sTxoves [37,632].

19

ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos samefo kars

somexi meliqebisa da maTi ymebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT

SeRavaTian pirobebSi daaTmobina miwebi loreSi

[38,637].

me-19 saukunis pirveli naxevridan, rusuli

mmarTveloba ufro intensiurad Seudga sasurveli

eTnikuri situaciis Sesaqmnelad praqtikuli Ronis-

Ziebebis gatarebas. generali cicianovi propagandas

eweoda ganjisa da erevnis saxanoSi mcxovreb

somxebSi, raTa isini saqarTveloSi gadmosaxle-

buliyvnen [39,590; 40,632]. 1804 w. omis dros,

erevnis saxanodan qvemo qarTlSi 2000 komli gadmo-

sula, aqedan, sul mcire 1 000 komls survili

gamouTqvams saqarTveloSi darCeniliyo. somxebis am-

gvar ganwyobas yvelanairad aqezebda rusuli xeli-

sufleba [40,614-615]. saqarTveloSi mravalricxovani

somexi gadmoasaxles iranidan da TurqeTidan X1X s-

is 20-iani wlebis bolos. iranidan Semoyvanili

somxebi qvemo qarTlSi daasaxles, TurqeTidan ki,

ZiriTadad, samcxe-javaxeTSi. am periodSi, qvemo

qarTlsa (borCalos mazraSi) da samcxe-javaxeTSi Se-

mosuli migrantebis xarjze radikalurad Seicvala am

mxareebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba. unda iTqvas isic,

rom caristuli reJimis ZalisxmeviT, XIX s-is

pirvel naxevarSi gadmosaxlebul migrantTa mraval-

ricxovani jgufebi (somxebi, berZnebi, rusi seqtan-

tebi, germanelebi da sxva) sargeblobdnen SeRa-

vaTebiT, romelic 1819 w. 22 dekembers miRebuli

sagangebo debulebiT mieniWaT [1,94].

1828-29 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis jarebs Soris

saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas, daiwyo mesxeTis

20

adgilobrivi muslimebis (ZiriTadad, avtoqToni qar-

Tvelebis gamusulmanebuli STamomavlebis) masobrivi

ayra da TurqeTSi gadasaxleba. maT qristianuli ru-

seTis qveSevrdomoba ar surdaT, radgan SiSobdnen,

rom axali mmarTveloba Seulaxavda religiur ufle-

bebs [22,129]. movlenaTa amgvari ganviTareba savsebiT

Seesabameboda carizmis `derJavuli~ politikis inte-

resebs. rogorc iTqva, rusul samefo kars TurqeTTan

mosazRvre regionSi misadmi ufro loialurad gan-

wyobili eTno-konfesiuri jgufis damkvidreba hqonda

ganzraxuli. aseTad miiCnies maT mier droebiT

okupirebuli aRmosavleT TurqeTis somxuri mosax-

leoba. omis msvlelobisas somxebi aqtiurad exma-

rebodnen ruseTis jars saomar operaciebSi, amitom

Turqebis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi SurisZiebis eSi-

nodaT da ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze Semo-

saxlebas iTxovdnen. xelisuflebaSi fiqrobdnen es

xalxi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, imereTsa da sameg-

reloSi gadaeyvanaT. mogvianebiT, iZulebuli gaxdnen

gaeTvaliswinebinaT, rom TurqeTis mSral havas Segu-

ebul somxebs gauWirdeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos

nestian da ciebian klimatTan Segueba da miiRes ru-

seTis jaris sardlis, paskeviCis winadadeba. pas-

keviCis azriT, somexi moaxalSeneebi imereTisa da

samegrelos nacvlad, samcxe-javaxeTSi, TrialeTsa da

aRmosavleT somxeTSi unda CaesaxlebinaT, radgan

aqauri bunebriv-geografiuli da sameurneo garemo

kargad Seesabameboda somxebis samSobloSi arsebul

pirobebs [42,774; 31,28].

ruseTis imperiaSi gadmosaxlebis xelmZRvaneloba

da organizacia daevala sagangebod Seqmnil „gadmo-

21

saxlebulTa komitets“, romelmac SeimuSava 13

muxliani debuleba gadmosaxlebis mimdinareobisa da

moaxalSeneTa gansaxlebis Taobaze. gadmosaxlebis

msvlelobisas, ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo

adaptaciis perspeqtivaze. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mig-

rantTa tradiciuli dasaxlebis struqtura da ge-

ografia, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo Taviseburebebi

da a.S. ise, rom cdilobdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT

moexvedrebinaT ara marto TurqeTSi mezoblad mcxov-

rebi komlebi, aramed soflebic _ mTis mosaxleoba

daesaxlebinaT mTian regionSi, baris mosaxleoba –

barSi, xolo vaWar-xelosnebi qalaqebSi [1,17; 32,39-

59].

debulebis Tanaxmad, migrantebi unda daemkvid-

rebinaT saxazino, xolo ukidures SemTxvevaSi saek-

lesio an sabatono miwebze [42,832; 31,28]. moaxal-

Seneebs ZiriTadad afuZnebdnen omis msvlelobisas

gaukacrielebul qarTul soflebSi. es soflebi

iafad SeiZines ruseTis xazinam, somxurma eklesiam,

saxelmwifo moxeleebma, Tu kerZo pirebma. magaliTad,

xazinam muTi beg axalqalaqelisagan (falavandiSvi-

li) 3 600 maneTad SeiZina 29 sofeli axalqalaqis

mazraSi; grigorianma episkoposma karapetma ramdenime

sofeli iyida Calis fasad, am soflebisagan akre-

fili gadasaxadis (wliuri 8 000 man.) naxevari Sem-

degSi axalcixeSi gaxsnili somxuri saswavleblis

Senaxvas xmardeboda [44,22].

samcxe-javaxeTSi gadmosaxlebis survili gamoTqves

arzrumis vilaieTSi mcxovrebma somxebma. maT neba

darTes dasasaxlebeli adgilebis SesarCevad windawin

gamoegzavnaT sami deputati. aseve, Camosvlamde miecaT

22

maT TavianTi deputatis axalcixis mmarTvelobaSi

Seyvanis uflebac. am warmomadgenels garkveuli Su-

amavlis roli unda Seesrulebina somxebsa da rusul

mmarTvelobas Soris [1,14].

mesxeTSi somexi migrantebis Semoyvanis organi-

zebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen somxuri sazoga-

doebis warmomadgenlebi. gadmosaxlebis inciatori da

sulis Camdgmeli iyo axalcixis safaSos ufrosi

vasil bebuTovi (erovnebiT somexi). migracias

meTaurobdnen somexi mRvdelTmTavrebi – karapeti da

serofi. gadmosaxlebulebs eniWebodaT SeRavaTebi,

saxazino (6 wliT) da saerobo (3 wliT) gadasaxa-

debze; migrantebs saCuqrad gadaecaT 90 aTasi maneTi.

amasTanave, radgan CamosulTa nawils sWirdeboda

daxmareba sacxovrebeli da sameurneo Senobebis asa-

gebad, miwis dasamuSaveblad da a.S. komitetma mTav-

robisagan moiTxova 500 000 maneTi, romelic mo-

axalSeneebs 6 wlis Semdeg unda daebrunebinaT [3,17].

moaxalSenTa sazogadoebrivi SenobebisaTvis, jer

kidev maT Camosvlamde, 1830 wlis aprilSi daiwyes

zrunva. masalas ezidebodnen qvablianis sanjayidan

xazinisaTvis Zalze xelsayrel fasebSi [4,169].

somexi migrantebis masobrivi Semosvla 1830 wlis

maisSi daiwyo. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi winaswar nava-

raudebi 3 000 ojaxis nacvlad, 5 000 ojaxi e.i. 30-

35 aTasi adamiani Semovida [42,847]. SeRavaTian sesxs

aZlevda saxelmwifo im migrantebs, romelTac axali

saxlebis ageba esaWiroebodaT. magaliTad, awyurSi

Semosuli somxebis 307 ojaxi droebiT awyuris

cixeSi daabinaves. SemdgomSi erTma jgufma xazinis

daxmarebiT SeakeTa adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis mier

23

mitovebuli 174 saxli, danarCenebma 100 saxlis asa-

gebad xazinidan 5000 vercxlis maneTi isesxes. male

migrantTa nawilma sxva adgilebSi gadasaxlebis

survili gamoTqva, 33 komli dvirSi gadavida, 30

komli gumbrSi (somxeTi), zogierTma sakuTari

xarjebiT SeZlo saxlis ageba. ase rom, 1832 wlis

bolosaTvis awyurSi mxolod 50 saxlis ageba iyo

saWiro. rusuli mmarTvelobis gadawyvetilebiT, am

saqmisaTvis gamoyofili darCenili Tanxa qalaq axal-

cixeSi CamosaxlebulTa sacxovrebel nagebobebs mox-

marda [5,209].

xelisufleba migrantebs amaragebda saWiro

sursaT-sanovagiT, saTesle marcvliT, Tu sxva saxis

produqciiT. am saqmeSi farTod iyenebdnen kerZo

pirebsac, magaliTad, me-9 klasis komisioner zuba-

lovs (zubalaSvili, l. j.) awyurSi gadmosaxlebul-

TaTvis 92 500 vercxlis maneTis safasuri mar-

cvleuli gadaucia, rac gadmosaxlebis komitetTan

dadebuli kontraqtiT xazinas unda gadaexada [1,47-

49; 2,3].

kardinalurad gansxvavebuli pozicia eWira rusul

xelisuflebas eTnikurad qarTuli warmomavlobis

pirebis mimarT. rogorc ki rusulma jarma axalcixe

aiRo, general paskeviCTan gamocxaddnen XVI-XVII ss.

mesxeTidan Turqebis batonobas gaqceul qarTvel

sagvareuloTa STamomavlebi, warudgines mas qarTveli

mefeebis mier gacemuli sigelebi da winaparTa mamu-

lebis dabruneba sTxoves. paskeviCma es Txovna sru-

liad usafuZvlod miiCnia da didi guliswyromac

gamoTqva, rom qarTveli Tavad-aznauroba angariSs ar

uwevda rusuli armiis mier aq daRvril sisxls da

24

odesRac gacemuli sigelebiT usircxvilod moiT-

xovda Zveli mamulebis dabrunebas. ufro metic,

rusuli xelisufleba sruliad ar iyo daintere-

sebuli adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi kvlav

qristianobas anu qarTvelobas dabrunebodnen, xels

uSlida amas da cdilobda osmalTa mmarTvelobis

pirobebSi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi dawyebuli Tur-

qizaciis procesi bolomde mieyvana. XIX saukunis Sua

xanebSi mesxeTis didebulebis nawilma, romelic

survils gamoTqvamda, rom TavianTi qveSevrmdomebi-

TurT qristianobaze gadmosuliyo, xelisuflebisagan

sastiki uari miiRo [21,329].

migrantebis saxnav-saTesi miwebiT dakmayofilebis

paralelurad, mcirdeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

savargulebi. umiwobiT Sewuxebuli qarTveloba sxva

regionebSi midioda sacxovreblad [16,9; 18,78].

rusuli politikis ZiriTadi aqcentebi SeumCne-

veli ar darCeniaT carizmis samsaxurSi mdgom som-

xuri warmoSobis Cinovnikebs. maT isargebles arse-

buli tendenciiT da igi saqarTvelos somxebiT

kolonizaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoiyenes. ker-

Zod, qananovma da iv. xatisovma ruseTis xelisuf-

lebas warudgines lixTiqeTi (dasavleTi) saqarTve-

los aTvisebis grZelvadiani programa, romelic ori

etapisagan Sedgeboda. xatisovi slavuri warmoSobis

migrantebis adaptaciisaTvis saWiro ekosistemis

Seqmnis mizniT, xelisuflebas sTavazobda saqarTve-

los SavizRvispireTSi Tavdapirvelad TurqeTidan

Camoyvanili somxebi daesaxlebina, romlebic ufro

advilad Seeguebodnen adgilobriv nestian da ciebian

havas, daaSrobdnen Waobebs da Seqmnidnen rusi

25

kolonistebis CamosaxlebisaTvis Sesaferis pirobebs.

unda iTqvas, rom am programam Tavisi roli Seasrula

XIX s-is II naxevarSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul

eTno-migraciul procesebSi da garkveulwilad gana-

piroba somxuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis mkveTri

zrda. somxebis axali nakadi saqrTveloSi ukve

pirveli msoflio omis msvlelobisas, 1915 wels da

Semdeg xanebSi Semovida [28,9-12; 10,11; 14,99; 17,84-

107; 13].

ukve XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi 1801 wlidan

1832 wlamde somxebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi

orjer (4,7%-dan 9,88%-mde) gaizarda, xolo samcxe-

javaxeTSi, sadac 1828-29 ww. TurqeT-ruseTis omamde,

mosaxleobis umravlesoba qarTveli musulmanebi

iyvnen, 1832 wlis aRweriT, 60-65 aTasi macxov-

reblidan TiTqmis naxevars migranti somxebi Sead-

gendnen. gansakuTrebiT masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan dacarielebuli axalqa-

laqis da misi midamoebis aTvisebas somxebis mier.

Tavad axalqalaqSi manamde metwilad qarTvelebi

cxovrobdnen [6,219-250], amieridan ki, somxebi

aRmoCndnen umravlesobaSi. XIX sukunis bolosaTvis,

qalaqis 5 440 macxovreblidan 4 024 somexi da

mxolod 297 qarTveli cxovrobda [35,78; 10,109;

22,132].

unda iTqvas, rom somxuri mosaxleobis ZiriTad

nawils dRemde kargad axsovs, rom gadmosaxlebuli

arian. amaSi eWvi iseT adgilebSic ki ar SeaqvT, sadac

gadmosaxlebis procesze uSualo narativi ar

fiqsirdeba. „me aq nanaxi maqvs sabuTi, miwis nak-

veTebis Sesaxeb, romelic gasanTlul kedelzea

26

dawerili, TariRdeba 1870 wliT da Cans, rom aq

xalxi cxovrobda. sxvebis azriT, aq somxebi 400

welia cxovroben, zemoT ori eklesia aris _ sub

gevorqi da sub sarqisi. gerakin anu sub giorgi igive

wminda giorgia“ (sof. Saumiani).

TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebul migrantebs sacxov-

reblad adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan daclili sof-

lebi gamouyves, sadac mza sacxovrebeli da sameurneo

nagebobebi, damuSavebuli miwebi da gamarTuli meur-

neobebi daxvdaT. rogorc iTqva, maTi gauTvalis-

winebeli ricxvmravlobis gamo, saWiro gaxda axali

nagebobebis aSeneba, risTvisac mTavrobam saxsrebi

gamoZebna, xolo samSeneblo masaliT momarageba adgi-

lobriv mosaxleobas daavala. amasTanave, rusuli

mmarTveloba Seecada waexalisebina moaxalSeneebi,

raTa maT tradiciuli erdoian-gvirgviniani nagebo-

bebis nacvlad, rusuli yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

miwiszeda Senobebi aegoT [4,22-25]. rogorc Cans,

xelisuflebis amgvari miTiTeba ausrulebeli darCa

da jer kidev XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde Senoba-nagebo-

bebis tipiTa da maTi ganlagebis mixedviT, somxuri

soflebi adgilobrivi qarTuli dasaxlebebisagan

TiTqmis ar gamoirCeoda.

TurqTa batonobis periodSi garkveuli cvlileba

ganicada samxreT saqarTvelos tradiciulma meurne-

obam. mesaqonleobis mZlavri aRmavloba, miwaTmoq-

medebisa da Sinamrewvelobis kerebis arseboba am

raionSi dasturdeba jer kidev mtkvar-araqsis epo-

qaSi. mesxeTSi Turqebis xangrZlivi batonobis Se-

degad, XVI-XVIII ss. TandaTanobiT ispoboda qar-

Tuli miwiTsargeblobis wesi da inergeboda osma-

27

luri Timariotuli sistema gamoxatuli e.w. àxCur~

da `Tafus~ wesiT miwis flobaSi [21; 11]. miwaTmflo-

belobis es wesi kargad iyo cnobili osmaleTidan

gadmosuli somxebisaTvis da TiTqmis, XIX s-is bo-

lomde iqna SenarCunebuli. amis miuxedavad, migran-

tebs gauZneldaT axal eTno-ekosistemasTan adaptacia,

ris gamoc, maTma tradiciulma materialurma kultu-

ram mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada. amas adas-

turebs dasaxlebis formebisa da sacxovrebeli na-

gebobebis magaliTi.

samcxe-javaxeTis soflebis umetesoba odnav

Seferdebul adgilebze, mdinareTa xeobebSia gaSene-

buli. am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriulad

Camoyalibebuli dasaxlebis forma Seesabameba adgi-

lobriv bunebriv-geografiul garemos, reliefs da

tradiciul kulturul-sameurneo yofas. Transfor-

macias ganicdida qvemo qarTlis sameurneo yofac,

sadac somxebTan erTad TandaTanobiT (gansakuTrebiT

XVI-XVII saukuneebidan) mravldeboda Turquli mod-

gmis mosaxleoba. aq mimdinare social-ekonomikuri da

politikuri procesebi Tavisebur gavlenas axdenda

mosuli kontingentis adaptaciaze. qarTlis Turqul-

enovani mosaxleoba binadar cxovrebaze gadavida da

meurneobis saxe, dasaxlebis forma da sacxovrebeli

TandaTan Seicvala.

samcxe-javaxeTSi XIX saukuneSi gaCenili somxuri

dasaxlebebi monogenuri ubnebisagan Sedgeboda, dacu-

li iyo gansaxlebis patronimiuli principi, yoveli

ubani ramdenime erdoian-gvirgvinian sacxovrebel da

sameurneo kompleqss aerTianebda. monogenuri sofeli

Sekrul erTeuls warmoadgenda, xolo poligenur

28

soflebSi naTesauri gaerTianebebi, ubnebi, erTmaneTis

axlos ganlagebuli da viwro SukebiT gamoyofili

kvartlebis wyebas qmnida. ubnur-kvartluri dasax-

leba, ZiriTadad, horizontalurad iyo ganfenili,

Tumca zogjer terasuli saxec hqonda ise, rom erTi

saxlis bani meoris ezos warmoadgenda [25,51]. ubans

samcxis mTeli mosaxleoba da maT Soris, somxebic

`maila~-s uwodebda. `mailas~ dasaxeleba SeiZleboda

warmoSobiliyo misi mdebareobis mixedviT _ `veri

maila~ (zeda ubani), `nerkin maila~ (qveda ubani); iq

macxovrebelTa saerTo winapris saxelis mixedviT _

`Sofering maila~; gvaris mixedviT _ `darbenenq

maila~; xelobis mixedviT _ `durgalenq maila~ da

a.S.

soflis ZiriTad orientirs grigorianuli an

kaTolikuri eklesia warmoadgens. rogorc wesi,

eklesiasTanve mdebareobs mcire zomis moedani,

xalxis TavSesayari. xSirad, aqvea milsadeniT gamoy-

vanili wyali – qvis, betonis an xis auzebiT da

Camosajdomi Zel-skamebi. eklesiis moedanze imarTeba

saxalxo Tavyrilobebi, aq ikribebian saeklesio dRe-

saswaulebis dros, soflis saWirboroto saqmeebis

gasarCevad, anda ubralod salaybod.

samcxeSi, somxebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi sasaf-

lao ganapiras mdebareobs, tradiciuli iersaxe aqvs.

micvalebulTa patronimiuli principiT dasaflaveba

am bolo dromdea SemorCenili. qvemo qarTlSi (sof.

SaumianSi) ki, es principi aRar moqmedebs. qvemo qar-

TlSi patronimiuli principi, met-naklebad, dakar-

guli Cans.

29

Senoba-nagebobebis arqiteqturuli ieriT da ganla-

gebiT, somxebiT dasaxlebuli Tanamedrove soflebi

adgilobrivi qarTuli dasaxlebebisagan TiTqmis ar

gansxvavdeba. gasuli saukunis Sua xanebamde samcxe-

javaxeTSi simbiozuri, miwaTmoqmedeba-mesaqonleobiT

warmodgenili meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo

kompleqsuri sacxovrebeli da sameurneo, darbazuli

tipis nagebobebi. dasaxlebuli punqtebi erTmaneTTan

saidumlo xvrelebiT dakavSirebuli Senobebisagan

Sedgeboda, ezoebis uqonlobisa da nagebobebis maqsi-

maluri simWidrovis gamo, aseTi dasaxleba TiTqmis

SeumCneveli iyo. sofels mtris Tvalisagan isic

ifaravda, rom sasoflo sameurneo savargulebi

moSorebiT mdebareobda. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT,

mtris Semosevebisas miwur-baniani da sanaxevrod mi-

waSi Cafluli soflebi naklebad zaraldeboda. saa-

miso magaliTad adgilobrivi macxovreblebi sof.

WaWaraqis magaliTs iSvelieben. am soflis mosax-

leobas me-20 saukunis daswyisSi miwur-baniani sax-

lebi e.w. `kriSiani~ saxlebiT SeucvliaT da 1918

wels mesxeTSi ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebis

dros, yvelaze metadac isini dazaralebulan, Turqebs

maTi saxlebi mTlianad gadauwvavT.

samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi somxebis tradiciuli sacxovrebeli er-

doian-gvirgvinian darbazuli nagebobis tips gane-

kuTvneba. samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli kla-

sifikaciiT, amgvari saxlebi metwilad gzispira da-

saxlebas ukavSirdeba. samxreT da aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi gavrcelebuli erdoian-gvirgviniani darba-

zuli nagebobebis lokaluri variantebis Camoya-

30

libeba geografiuli mdebareobisa da ekonomikuri

cxovrebis gansxvavebulobam ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi

erTi saerTo Ziridan aRmocenebuli sami modifici-

rebuli saxeobaa aRwerili: qarTluri, walkuri

(TrialeTuri) da mesxuri [25,62-45; 26].

darbazuli tipis nagebobebi gavrcelebuli iyo

aseve yarsSi, basiansa da mis momijnave olqebSi

arsebul somxur dasaxlebebSic. amitom, samcxe-

javaxeTSi, Tu qvemo qarTlSi Camosaxlebisas, dacari-

elebul soflebSi somxebs sakmaod nacnobi sacxov-

rebeli garemo daxvdaT. sacxovrebeli nageboba erT

WerqveS moTavsebul adamianTa sacxovriss da same-

urneo nagebobaTa kompleqss warmoadgenda. am mxriv,

tradiciuli somxuri da qarTuli saxlebi identu-

ria. maT evoluciis identuri gza ganvles [43,84-89].

somxur-qarTuli tradiciuli nagebobebis SedarebiTi

Seswavlis sakiTxi kidev erTxel dasva gasuli

saukunis 20-ian wlebSi leon meliqseT begma [49].

tradiciul somxur nagebobebSi zogjer gvirgvini

eyrdnoboda ara marto xis boZebs, aramed kedlebsac,

ufro metic, tufis qvisagan nagebi saxlis gvirgvini

mxolod kedlebs eyrdnoboda (aseTi saxlebi seis-

murad metad saSiSia). keria//toniri xSirad marto

torantunSi iyo, sxva oTaxebSi cecxls ar anTebdnen.

gamonakliss warmoadgenda ojaxis ufrosis sacxov-

reblad gankuTvnili oTaxi, romelic SedarebiT mdid-

rulad iyo mowyobili da `buxariki~, patara oTx-

kuTxa formis buxari hqonda. ojaxis ZiriTadi na-

wili torantunSi cxovrobda [45,75-79].

istoriuli somxeTis teritoriaze nagebobebis

formis, samSeneblo masalis, saxuravis mowyobilobisa

31

da keriis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, ori tipis

tradiciul nagebobas e.w. `glxatuns~ gamoyofen

[46,100-104]. saerTo jamSi `glxatuni~ warmoadgenda

daxSul (qarTulTan SedarebiT) nagebobas; qarTu-

lisagan gansxvavebiT, yovelTvis oTxkedliani iyo

saxlis fasadis mxares moTavsebuli karapani (somx.

srax); yaradamis win agebul metwilad, winidan Ria

da ukedlo Cardaxs, rogorc wesi, erT kedelSi Ru-

meli hqonda datanebuli; maRalmTian somxeTSi am

mxareSi gavrcelebuli erdoian-gvirgviniani kompleq-

sisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela ganyofilebis kari

sraxSi gamodioda; tunis gadaxurva mTian somxeTSi

ZiriTadad sakedle svetebs eyrdnoboda da waxnagovan

gvirgvins warmoadgenda, yarabaRSi ki, oTxkuTxovani

wyoba hqonda da oTx dedaboZze iyo dayrdnobili;

somxuri kera (Tuniri), Tixis patara, qvevriseburi

moyvanilobis WurWeli, centridan odnav ganze iyo

gaweuli da miwaSi Cafluli, rac mas wvimisagan

icavda (qarTuli, Cveulebriv centrSi iyo moTav-

sebuli); somxuri hacatuni erTdroulad sakuWnao,

puris sacxobi da zogjer sasadiloc iyo, romelsac

umetesad qvisagan nagebi gumbaTovani gadaxurva hqonda

boloSi datanebuli erdoTi; saqarTveloSi farTod

gavrcelebuli erdoian-gvirgviniani oTaxis farTobi

sruliad ar iyo damokidebuli dedaboZebis, an

saerTod, boZebis raodenobaze, maSin, rodesac som-

xurSi rac meti iyo boZebis ricxvi, miT ufro

izrdeboda farTobi. somxur sacxovrebelSi xuTsafe-

xuriani gvirgvinis mSeneblobis wesi aRwerilia XIX

saukunis samecniero literaturaSi [52,42]. mogvi-

anebiT ki, araerTxel moeqca mkvlevarTa yuradRebis

32

arealSi [48,72-77; 45,75-79; 46; 47]. unda iTqvas,

rom qarTuli tradiciuli nagebobebisgan gansxva-

vebiT, somxuri Senoba-nagebobebi arqiteqturuli da

konstruqciuli erTferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda [46,109].

samcxeSi davafiqsire somxuri tradiciuli saxlis

lokaluri varianti – goRiatuni, romelic qarTuli

(mesxuri) erdoian-gvirgviniani sacxovreblis somxur

variantad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. kera (tenderi) goRia-

tunSi somxuri tradiciisamebr, calke oTaxSia gamo-

tanili. nagebobas aqvs qarTuli sacxovrebelisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli Ria aivani (karapani), romelic gan-

sxvavebulia somxuri Cardaxisa da sraxisagan. Toran-

tunis calke gamoyofam da iq ori Tonis (tenderis)

moTavsebam am ganyofilebas somxuri hacatunis ieri

misca. amas, garkveulwilad, erovnuli samzareulos

Taviseburebac ganapirobebda. somxuri lavaSis auci-

lebloba yoveldRiur meniuSi ganapirobebda lavaSis

sacxobi tenderis SenarCunebas somxur mosaxleobaSi,

maSin rodesac qarTvelebi (mesxebi) puris sacxobad

furnis saxls an safurne odas gamoiyenebdnen

[24,150].

eTnikuri iersaxe hqonda SenarCunebuli sacxov-

reblis im elementebs, romlebsac sakulto daniSnu-

leba gaaCndaT. magaliTad, qarTuli kerisagan gan-

sxvavdeboda somxuri `vojax~ (kera); radganac somxe-

bisaTvis dedaboZis kulti damaxasiaTebeli ar unda

iyos da amitom, saxuravis sayrdeni boZebi, dedaboZis

CaTvliT, sadaa da naklebad gaformebuli, xolo qar-

Tul eTnikur garemoSi dedaboZs didi mniSvneloba

hqonda, rac nagebobaSi am elementis mravalferovani

ornamentebiT SemkobiT aisaxeba.

33

xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad

iTvleba xelmisawvdomi masalis (xe-tye, qva, alizi

da a.S.) Sesabamisoba konstruqciasTan [12,59]. unda

iTqvas, rom tyiT Rarib somxeTis raonebSi xis sam-

Seneblo masalad gamoyeneba minimumamde iyo dayva-

nili, maSin, rodesac goRiatunis konstruqciaSi xis

masala igive proporciiT gamoiyeneboda, rogorc

adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis sacxovrebelSi.

tradiciuli nagebobebis intensiuri modifikaciis

process, romelic XX s-is 30-40-ian wlebSi daiwyo,

ganapirobebda eTno-demografiuli da social-ekonomi-

kuri faqtorebi. erdoian-gvirgvinianidan Tanamedrove

sacxovreblze gadasvlis pirvel safexurad, masSi

axali ganyofilebebis damatebas miiCneven, ris Semde-

gac qarTul yofaSi `Takarebiani oda~, xolo som-

xurSi _ ìuriseniaki~ gaCda. axal oTaxebSi buxris

Senebis praqtikam konstruqciuli cvlilebebis auci-

lebloba gamoiwvia. `keriis~, `vojaxis~ adgilsam-

yofelis Secvlam gavlena moaxdina oTaxis inte-

rierze [27,133]. Sesasvleli karis mopirdapired, ke-

delTan buxris agebam da misTvis sagangebo sakvamuris

mowyobam, erdos kvamlis gamtaris funqcia daukarga,

xolo ganaTeba fanjrebs daekisra. mtris Semosevebis

saSiSroebis gaqrobam miwur nagebobebs TavdacviTi

daniSnuleba daukarga [26,55]. kardinalurma sazo-

gadoebrivma cvlilebebma gasuli saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi tradiciuli socialuri erTeulis, sao-

jaxo Temis, daSla gamoiwvia. amdenad, moiSala

erdoian-gvirgviniani nagebobebis socialuri funqciac,

radgan qarTuli darbazi, somxuri glxatuni da

34

azerbaijanuli yaradami swored aRniSnul socialur

safexurs Seesabameboda.

Tavdapirvelad, miwiszeda saxlebs SenarCunebuli

hqonda miwuri gadaxurva gvirgvinisa da erdos ga-

reSe. gaCnda qviTkiris kedlebi, fanjrebi interieris

gasanaTeblad da buxari saWmlis gasakeTeblad da

gasaTbobad. TandaTanobiT gvirgvini da erdo sakva-

muriani saxuraviT Seicvala, saxuravis mzidis

funqcia kedlebma ikisres, adamianTa sacxovrebels

gamoeyo sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebi. Tumca

zogjer, sameurneo daniSnulebis saTavsoebi saxleb-

Sic ganTavsdeboda xolme. magaliTad, sof. SaumianSi,

sadac somxebi adgilobrivi qarTvlebis msgavsad,

mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas misdevdnen (nawilobriv asea

amJamadac), marnebs sacxovrebeli saxlis sardafebSi

akeTebdnen. unda iTqvas isic, rom Tanamedrove

sameurneo-ekonomikuri transformaciis pirobebSic

gvxvdeba sacxovrebeli nagebobebis nawilis rekons-

truqciis Sedegad sameurneo funqciis miniWeba.

magaliTad, sof. SaumianSi vnaxeT macivris tipis

oTaxi, romelic mowyobilia calke saTavsoSi, gak-

ruli aqvs kedlebze, iatakze da WerSi e.w. `penop-

lasti~, Selesilia da dayenebuli aqvs kondici-

oneri, raTa temperatura garkveul niSnulze Seinar-

Cunos, es SeiZleba iyos 1-dan 5 gradusamde, imis

mixedviT, rogori saxis produqts (xils, bostneuls

da sxva) inaxaven.

qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis sacxovrebeli

nagebobebis arqiteqturaSi Taviseburi gavlena moax-

dina gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi imereTidan Ca-

saxlebulma mosaxleobam, romelic miwur nagebobebs

35

ver Seegua da imTaviTve, miwiszeda saxlebis agebas

mihyo xeli.

savele-eTnografiuli masalisa da samecniero li-

teraturis analiziT irkveva, rom Camosaxlebidan

garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, somexi migrantebi

iZulebulni gaxdnen nasesxobis gziT, gadaeRoT adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobisagan teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi da

Sromis iaraRebi; isini Caebnen adgilobrivi eTno-

geografiuli garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebel samiwaT-

moqmedo da mesaqonleobis struqturaSi; aiTvises

soflis meurneobis warmoebis adgilobrivi xerxebi;

CaerTnen ukve Camoyalibebul sairigacio sistemaSi;

gaiTavises mesaqonleobis tradiciuli mTa-baruli we-

si, ukve arsebuli saialaRo bazebi; gaiTavises sam-

xreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli tradiciuli sacxovrebeli da sameurneo

nagebobebi. somxuri eTnikuri iersaxe hqonda Senar-

Cunebuli sacxovreblis im elementebs, romlebsac

sakulto daniSnuleba gaaCndaT. magaliTad, qarTuli

kerisagan gansxvavdeboda somxuri vojax (kera). saxu-

ravis sayrdeni boZebi, dedaboZis CaTvliT, qarTulTan

SedarebiT, sadaa da naklebad gaformebuli. amasTan,

tradiciul somxuri sacxovreblisagan gansxvavebiT,

farTod gamoiyeneboda xis masala.

eTno-demografiuli da social-ekonomikuri faq-

torebis zegavleniT, intensiuri modifikaciis pro-

cesi XX s-is 30-40-ian wlebSi daiwyo. erdoian-

gvirgvinianidan Tanamedrove sacxovreblze gadasvlis

pirvel safexurad, masSi axali ganyofilebebis dama-

teba iqca, ris Semdegac qarTul yofaSi `Takarebiani

oda~, xolo somxurSi ìuriseniaki~ gaCda. buxris

36

Senebis praqtikam konstruqciuli cvlilebebis auci-

lebloba gamoiwvia. `keriis~, `vojaxis~ adgilsam-

yofelis Secvlam gavlena moaxdina oTaxis inte-

rierze. Sesasvleli karis mopirdapired, kedelTan

buxris agebam da misTvis sagangebo sakvamuris mow-

yobam, erdos kvamlis gamtaris funqcia daukarga,

xolo ganaTeba fanjrebs daekisra. mtris Semosevebis

saSiSroebis gaqrobam miwur nagebobebs TavdacviTi da-

niSnuleba daukarga. kardinalurma sazogadoebrivma

cvlilebebma saojaxo Temis daSla gamoiwvia, moiSala

erdoian-gvirgviniani nagebobebis socialuri funqciac.

am procesebis Sedegad, tradiciuli sacxovrebeli

nagebobebis unifikacia da eTnikuri Taviseburebebis

nivelireba moxda.

amrigad, XIX saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi ruseTis ga-

batonebis Semdeg, somxuri migracia gaaqtiurda, rac

rusuli da somxuri interesebis TanxvedriT SeiZ-

leba aixsnas. ruseTi somxebs iyenebda regionSi eTni-

kuri dasayrdenis Sesaqmnelad, somxebs ki, ruseTis

meSveobiT didi xnis win dakarguli saxelmwifo-

ebriobis aRdgenisa da qarTuli teritoriebis xar-

jze misi ganvrcobis imedi gauCndaT. amis gamo, zogi

avtori dRemde cdilobs kavkasiaSi arsebuli somxuri

dasaxlebebis istoria daaZvelos da saqarTvelos

samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi XIX s-is pirvel

naxevarSi Camosaxlebuli somxebi avtoqTonad gamo-

acxdos, rac negatiurad aisaxeba qarTul saxelmwi-

foSi maT integraciaze. rusul xelisuflebas Semu-

Savebuli hqonda migrantTa adaptaciis sakmaod

efeqturi programa, romelic iTvaliswinebda same-

urneo, ekologiur, eTno-demografiul, kulturul

37

da a.S. aspeqtebs. migraciis marTvisa da Camosax-

lebulTa adaptaciis procesSi aqtiurad monawile-

obdnen imperiis samsaxurSi Camdgari somxuri warmo-

mavlobis moxeleebi da migrantTa religiuri, Tu

saero mesveurebi. gegmis mixedviT gatarebuli Ronis-

Ziebebi materialuri daxmarebis gawevisa da mraval-

mxrivi SeRavaTebis garda, gulisxmobda Camosaxle-

bulTa adaptaciisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli ga-

remos Seqmnas, ekologiuri da geografiuli piro-

bebis, tradiciuli meurneobis warmoebis perspeq-

tivis, dasaxlebis struqturisa da tipis, sacxov-

rebeli da sameurneo konstruqciebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT. am faqtorebma SedarebiT gaaadvila somxebis

adaptaciis procesi.

38


1. sea (saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi), f. 2. saq. 2

869.

2. sea f. 2, saq. 2 871. 3. sea, f. 2, saq. 12 599. 4. sea, f. 2, saq. 2 594. 5. sea, f. 2, saq. 2 869. 6. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, w. II,

Turquli teqsti gamosca, Targmani da komentarebi

daurTo s. jiqiam, Tb., 1941.

7. l. janiaSvili, samcxe-javaxeTis da qvemo qarTlis

eqspediciis dRiurebi, 1995-2015 w.w.

8. al. abdalaZe, qarTlis cxovreba da saqarTvelo-

somxeTis urTierToba uZvelesi droidan XII s-is

dasawyisamde, Tb., 1982.

9. al. abdalaZe, somxebis Semosevebi saqarTveloSi,

(int. ver. www.amsi.ge/istoria/somx/somxebis-shem).

10. k. anTaZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XIX s., Tb.,

1973.

11. l. beriaSvili, miwaTmoqmedeba mesxeTSi (eTnogra-

fiuli masalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1973.

12. g. daviTaSvili, sacxovrebeli saxlis interieris

zogierTi Taviseburebani, Jur. `Zeglis megobari~,

Tb., 1976.

13. S. vadaWkoria, saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis

sakiTxi qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi (1918-

1920 w.w.), [red.: mamia dRvilava], saq. mecn. akad.,

erovn. urTierT. kvlevis centri., Tb., `mecniereba~,

1999.

39

14. S. TeTvaZe, somxebi saqarTveloSi (uZvelesi dro-

idan dRemde), Tb., 1998.

15. a. ToTaZe, somexi vaimecnierebis mier istoriis

gayalbebis uprecedento mcdeloba, `saqarTvelo

da msoflio~, 2014 wlis 14. 08 (veb-gverdi:

http://geworld.ge/View.php?ArtId=6123&lang=ge) 16. r. TofCiSvili, sad wavida javaxeTis qarTuli

mosaxleoba, Tb., 2000.

17. e. kvaWantiraZe, somexTa migracia saqarTveloSi

1918 wels, `kilo~, #N11, Tb., 2001.

18. S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, àxalcixuri qronikebi~ II,

Tb., 1997.

19. S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi (XVIII saukunis Sua

wlebidan XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde), Tb., 1978.

20. g. maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTi-

erToba XIII-XVII saukuneebSi, Tb., 1982.

21. m. svaniZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos soflis

meurneoba XVI-XVII ss-Si, Tb., 1984.

22. a. froneli, didebuli mesxeTi, Tb., 1991.

23. v. SubiTiZe, somxebis roli qarTuli saxelmwifos

dacemis saqmeSi, (inter. versia)

24. g. Citaia, glexis saxli qvablianSi, Jurnali

`mimomxilveli~ I, Tb., 1920. 25. T. Ciqovani, amerkavkasiis xalxuri sacxovreblis

istoriidan, Tb., 1967.

26. T. Ciqovani, qarTuli xalxuri sacxovrebeli

(walkuri saxli), Tb., 1960.

27. v. Ciqovani, kera aWaruli sameurneo da sacxov-

rebel nagebobebSi, krebuli sasyk, #4, Tb., 1976.

28. iv. javaxiSvili, saqrTvelos sazRvrebi, ìstori-

uli raritetebi~, Tb., 1989.

40

29. iv. javaxiSvilis arqividan. gaz. `literaturuli

saqarTvelo~ #39, Tb., 1988.

30. iv. javaxiSvili, demografiuli procesebi da

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxi

ruseT-saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobaSi (XIX-

XX ss.), Tb., 1998.

31. l. janiaSvili, eTnikuri procesebi samcxe-

javaxeTSi, Jur. `politika~, #1-2, Tb., 1997.

32. l. janiaSvili, samcxe-javaxeTis somxuri mosax-

leobis yofa da kultura (disertacia istoriis

mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis

mosapoveblad) Tb., 1999.

33. l. janiaSvili, istoriis gayalbebis nacadi gza,

Jur. `mnaTobi~, #1-2, Tb., 2003.

34. l. janiaSvili, samcxe-javaxeTis eTnodemografi-

uli transformaciis istoriul-politikuri da

eTnologiuri aspeqtebi XIX saukuneSi, ànalebi~

#1, Tb., 2003.

35. v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVII-XX

ss. Tb., 1984. 36. Агаян Ц., Вековая дружба народов Закавказья,

Ереван, 1970. 37. АКАК (Акты собранные Кавказской археографи-

ческой комиссией), т. 1, Письмо армянских меликов Джимшида Варадинского и Фридона Гулистанского к Е. И. В., Тф., 1866.

38. АКАК , т. 1, Тф., 1866. 39. АКАК, т. 2, Обвещение Армянским народам, оби-

тающим в Ганджинской области, от 30-го ноября 1803 года - Шамхор, Тф., 1868.

40. АКАК, т. 2, Камеральное описаеие вищедших из Ганджи Шамшадилскаго владения и Аирумских

41

деревен 2 марта 1804 года Предписание кн. Цицианова к ген. Несветаеву, Тф., 1868.

41. АКАК, т. 2, Отнащения кн. Цицианова к гр. Мусин-Пушкину от 13 юнья 1804 года, Тф., 1868.

42. АКАК, т. 7, Тф., 1878. 43. Джавахов И., Государственный строй древней

Грузии и древней Армении//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1925, т. 3.

44. Загурский Л. П., Поездка в Ахалцихский уезд в 1872 г., Тифлис, 1873.

45. Карапетян Э. Т., Армянская семейная община, Ереван, 1958.

46. Лисициан С., Из материалов по изучению жилищъ Армении//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1927, т. 4.

47. Лисициан С. К., Изучению Арменского крестьян-ского жилища (Карабахский кара-дам)//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1925, т. 3.

48. Марутян А. Т., Интерьиер армяанского народного жилища (вторая половина XIX - начало XX в.)//Армянская этнография и фольклор, Ереван, №17, 1989.

49. Меликсед-Беков Л. А., О необходимости сравни-телъного изучения крестянских жилишъ армян и грузин//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1925, т. 3.

50. Мурадян М., Армянская эриграфика Грузии (Картли и Кахети), Ереван, 1985.

51. Иоанисян А., Россия и Армянское освобадительная движения в 80-х годах XVIII столетия, Ереван, 1947.

52. Пантюхов И. И., О пешерных и позднейшихъ жи-лищахъ на Кавказе, Тф., 1896.

42

Lavrenti Janiashvili

SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF ADAPTATION OF ARMENIANS MIGRATED IN

KVEMO KARTLI AND SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI IN THE XIX CENTURY

Summary

In the feudal era, Armenians, deprived of its statehood

under the Islamic yoke, settled massively in the Georgian provinces and easily adapted to theirlife. The situation changed in the 19th century, after the Russian domination of Georgia. Trying to get Armenians’ support in the region, Russia evicted them massively from Iran and Turkey to the Caucasus, particularly in Georgia (including Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti). For the adaptation of migrants the Russian authorities had developed a program, considering economic, ecological, etno-demographic, cultural and other aspects.

Being in the Imperial Russian service the officials of Armenian ethnic origin and migrant religious or secular authoritiesactively participated in in the process of migration control and adaptation of the resettled population. Besides material assistance and multiple benefits, the undertaken measures intended creation of a favorable environment for adaptation, referring ecological and geographical conditions, perspective for the development of traditional agriculture, considering the structure and the type of housing, residential and agricultural constructions. These factors comparatively simplified the process of adaptation of Armenians. Mean-while, the Russian support and the emergence of the compact Armenian settlements in the border regions of Georgia adjacent to their historic homeland, changed the attitude of

43

Armenian authorities towards Georgia. There appeared the temptation to restore the statehood they had lost in the 11th century and announce all the territories compactly populated by Armenians in the South Caucasus as their historical domain. For this reason, some authors are still trying to falsify the history of the Armenian settlements in the Caucasus and announce the Armenians migrated in the first half of the 19th century in South and South-East Georgia as autochthonus, which has a negative impact on their integ-ration into the Georgian state.

44

avTandil sonRulaSvili

erovnul umciresobaTa religiuri seqtebi saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi1

yoveli religia gansazRvravs adamianis adgilsa da

daniSnulebas samyaroSi, Tu rogor da risTvis ic-

xovros. es ki, moiTxovs garkveuli zneobrivi nor-

mebis dawesebas, romelTa dacva da Sesruleba ada-

mians miiyvans sasurvel miznamde.

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi religia gamoyofilia

saxelmwifosagan. misi aRiareba ar aris savaldebulo.

es pirovnebis piradi saqmea. yovel adamians aqvs

rwmenis Tavisufleba, romlis mixedviT, mas SeuZlia

airCios is religia, romelic yvelaze misaRebad

miaCnia an saerTod uari Tqvas religiaze [14,55]. mag-

ram ra aris religiuri seqta? _ zogierTi poli-

tikosis mosazrebiT, religiuri dajgufeba seqta ar

aris. leqsikonebis didi nawilis mixedviT, `seqta

qveyanaSi moqmedi ZiriTadi konfesiis SedarebiT mci-

rericxovani religiuri dajgufebaa~. es ganmartebac

mTlad srulyofilad ver gadmogvcems terminis Si-

naarss. Tu religia xasiaTdeba RmerTTan kavSirisaken

swrafviT, seqtantur mentalitetSi yvelaferi iwyeba

da mTavrdeba lideriT. seqtaTa umravlesoba amkvid-

rebs brma morCilebas, Tayvaniscemas liderisadmi,

romlebic iyeneben pirovnebaze Zaladobis, hipnozis,

STagonebis specialurad SemuSavebul meTods, raTa

1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi.

45

SeinarCunon liderisa da Temis doqtrinisadmi maTi

morCileba [15,111-112].

seqta (laT. `Secta~ moZRvreba, skola) gagebulia

iseT religiur mimdinareobad, romelic ar scnobs

sakuTari religiis sjulis kanons da aRiarebs mxo-

lod wminda werils, isic mxolod sakuTari inter-

pretaciiT. Uufro sworad, morwmune adamianTa gaer-

Tianebebs, romlebic gamoeyvnen da daupirispirdnen

gabatonebul kaTolikur da marTlmadidebel ekle-

siebs, aqvT warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis TavianTi

istoria, organizaciuli struqtura da SemuSavebuli

religiuri dogmatika, religiuri seqtebi ewodeba

[13,79]. religiuri seqtantoba religiuri ideolo-

giisa da organizaciis erT-erTi formaa. igi damaxa-

siaTebelia yvela, msoflio da erovnuli religi-

isaTvis. iudaizmSi, qristianobaSi, budizmSi, islamSi,

sxvadasxva istoriul pirobebSi, garkveuli social-

luri da politikuri viTarebis gamo, gansxvavebuli

religiuri mimdinareoba, seqta Camoyalibda. amave

dros, morwmune seqtantebi xSirad did Seuracxyofad

iReben maTTvis seqtantis wodebiT moxseniebas. aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi da igive religiuri mimar-

Tuleba erT saxelmwifoSi seqtis saxelwodebiT aris

warmodgenili (magaliTad,Bbaptizmi yofil ssr kav-

SirSi), meore saxelmwifoSi ki, igive religiuri or-

ganizacia gabatonebul religiad aris aRiarebuli

(igive baptizmi, aSS-Si).

saqarTveloSi qristianuli seqtebis mravalsa-

xeobis arseboba obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorTa

erTobliobiT aris gansazRvruli, romelTa Soris

mniSvnelovania qarTveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

46

rjulTSemwynarebloba. CvenTan qristianuli seqtebis

gavrceleba, sxva saxelmwifoebisagan gansavavebiT, gan-

pirobebuli ar yofila socialur-ekonomikuri piro-

bebiT. es movlena, ZiriTadad, gansazRvrulia saqar-

TveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomad-

genlebis sarwmunoebrivi TaviseburebebiT, morwmuneTa

samisionero saqmianobiT [13,80-81]. qristianuli reli-

giis seqtanturi jgufebis mravalsaxeoba dRis wes-

rigSi ayenebs maTi klasifikaciis dazustebis auci-

leblobas. specialur literaturaSi arsebobs reli-

giuri seqtantobis klasifikaciis ramdenime modeli,

magram saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze misaRebia qris-

tianuli seqtebis or ZiriTad jgufad dayofa. pir-

vel jgufSi unda gaerTiandnen is `rusuli war-

moSobis~ seqtebi, romlebic gamoxatavdnen baton-

ymobis, carizmis, rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

kanoniT SeuzRudveli batonobisadmi winaaRmdegobas,

maTi gavlenisagan Tavdaxsnis Ziebas. aseTebia: duxobo-

rebi, malaknebi, staroabriacebi da sxvebi. Mmeore

jgufis qristianuli seqtebi sazRvargareTuli, pro-

testantuli warmoSobis seqtebia. isini kapita-

lizmis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze warmoiSvnen

sazRvargareTis qveynebSi da ìmportis formiT~ gav-

rceldnen, rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi.

aseTebia: baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, meSvide

dRis adventistebi, ieRovelebi da sxvebi. bolSevi-

kebi, rogorc aTeisturi ideologiis matarebelni,

yvela Rones iyenebdnen religiis winaaRmdeg. ukavSir-

debodnen nebismier Zalas, TviT religiur mimdinare-

obebsac ki, oficialurad RvTismsaxurebis Sesasru-

leblad. SemTxveviT ar iyo, rom ruseTis social-

47

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis programaSi isini

seqtantebis mokavSired gamovidnen. yrilobis mier mi-

Rebul gadawyvetilebebSi aris specialuri rezo-

lucia `seqtantebs Soris muSaobis Sesaxeb~, sadac

naTqvamia: `...seqtantebis moZraoba ruseTSi misi

mravali gamoxatulebiT warmoadgens erT-erT demok-

ratiul mimdinareobas, romelic mimarTulia arse-

buli wesebis winaaRmdeg~. meore yriloba mouwodeb-

da partiis yvela wevrs emuSavaT seqtantebis so-

cial-demokratiasTan mimxrobis mizniT~ [18,64].

bolSevikebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, ro-

desac poziciebi myarad ganimtkices, seqtantebisadmi

damokidebuleba da politikuri Sefasebebic Secvales.

Tumca, mainc gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT samRvde-

loebasTan da eklesiasTan SedarebiT. 1922 wels

gamoica `direqtivebi...seqtebTan da saerTod re-

ligiur jgufebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb~. direqti-

vebis mixedviT, yuradRebiT unda SeeswavlaT arse-

buli seqtanturi dajgufebebi da yovelgvari reli-

giuri organizaciebi. iq, sadac ar atarebdnen mtrul

xasiaTs sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi, rekomendacia mi-

ecaT saTanado organoebs Tavi SeekavebinaT maTi dev-

nisagan. neba eZleodaT dasaxuli mizani ganexorci-

elebinaT arsebuli kanonis farglebSi [18,69].

saqarTvelos gasabWoebisTanave, religiaze mkacri

kontroli sabWoTa mTavrobis politikis erT-erTi

atributi gaxda. amitom, saxelmwifosa da eklesias

Soris urTierTobas 20-30-ian wlebSi sakmaod drama-

tuli xasiaTi hqonda. bolSevikurma reJimma mosaxle-

obis religiisaken ltolvas, misdauneburad, ufro

meti stimuli misca. xelisuflebis antireligiuri

48

pozicia da sakuTrebis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli

reformebi mosaxleobis did nawils aiZulebda ekle-

siasa da seqtantur jgufebSi eZebna Sveba da TavSe-

safari. maT Soris iyo mravali iseTi adamiani, rom-

lebic adre religiurobiT ar gamoirCeodnen. Cveni

azriT, mosaxleobis aseTi nabijebi warmoadgenda,

marTalia pasiur, magram mainc brZolas axali reJimis

winaaRmdeg. meore msoflio omis dros, sabWoTa mTav-

robas ideologiur frontze situaciis gamwvaveba

xels aRar aZlevda da misi politikac moqalaqeTa

sindisis mimarT, erTi SexedviT, ufro loialuri

gaxda [16,349-350].

1944 wels evangelisti qristianebi, xolo 1945

wels ormocdaaTianelTa nawili baptistebTan gaerTi-

anda (Tbiliselma ormocdaaTianelebma uari ganacxa-

des gaerTianebaze) [17,196]. 50-ian wlebSi, miuxedavad

xruSCovis moCvenebiTi pragmatuli politikisa, xeli-

sufleba religiuri konfesiebisa da seqtebis mimarT

mkveTri cvalebadobiT gamoirCeoda. magaliTad, 1954

wels saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 43 religiuri

Senoba. aqedan, 4 eklesia, 2 meCeTi, 2 polonel

kaTolikeTa eklesia da 35 samlocvelo saxli. amave

wels, registrirebuli iqna somxur-grigorianuli ek-

lesiis 8 mRvdeli, 2 mqadagebeli, 1 mahmadiani mola,

1 mueZini, 1 kaTolikeTa mqadagebeli, 1 ebraeli ra-

bini, 25 xaxami, 1 èqb~ _ ufrosi presviteri. Aaseve,

èqb~ da molokanTa 11 presviteri [1,9-10]. 1956 wlis

monacemebiT funqcionirebda 200 eklesia da samloc-

velo saxli. aqedan, yoveldRiurad moqmedebda 8,

yovel kviras da religiur sadResaswaulo dReebSi _

30, weliwadSi 2-3-5-jer _ 8. mxolod erTi _ mcxe-

49

TaSi, samTavros wminda ninos saxelobis eklesiaSi ar

mimdinareobda religiuri msaxureba [3,9-10].

1957 wlidan xelisuflebam radikalurad gaam-

kacra religiasTan damokidebuleba da saqarTveloSi

mxolod 43 eklesias da 5 samlocvelo saxls Seu-

narCuna funqcionirebis ufleba [2,23-24]. xelisuf-

lebis aRniSnulma politikam sapirispiro Sedegi

gamoiRo da qristianuli seqtebis ufro metad

gaaqtiureba da mrevlis raodenobis zrda gamoiwvia.

es procesebi SesamCnevi gaxda qalaqebSi moqmed reli-

giur gaerTianebebSi. soflebSi, anda naklebad xal-

xmraval regionebSi seqtantebi TiTqmis ar cxov-

robdnen. aRniSnuli garemoeba, sxva mizezebTan erTad,

imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom qalaqSi adamianis bedisadmi

dainteresebas naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. karCake-

tilobam, adamianTa Soris komunikaciebis SezRudvam,

èrT sadarbazoSi calke cxovrebam~, xeli Seuwyo

imas, rom adamianTa im nawilma, romelmac ver igrZno

sasurveli mxardaWera, adamianuri siTbo, am danak-

lisis kompensirebas seqtant `da-Zmebis~ urTier-

TobaSi dauwyo Zebna. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, es

adamianebi seqtaSi maSin gaerTiandnen, rodesac cxov-

rebaSi droebiTi xasiaTis siZneleebi SeeqmnaT, ver

gadalaxes isini da daendnen seqtant `propagan-

distebis~ naTqvams. am periodSi, baptisturi eklesia

iTvleboda protestantuli tipis umsxviles ekle-

siad mkveTrad gamoxatuli dogmatikiT, kultiT,

misioneruli moRvaweobisa da centralizebuli orga-

nizaciis meTodebiT [19,3,6].

wiTelwyaros raionSi baptistebis umravlesoba

ruseTidan iyo Camosuli. mxolod 8 suli iyo adgi-

50

lobrivi. baptistebi yovel kviras ikribebonen erT-

erTi morwmunis binaSi [4,90].

1955 wels baTumSi mcxovrebma baptistebma gancxa-

debiT mimarTes qalaqis sabWos neba mieca oficia-

lurad, rom wyliT monaTvla CaetarebinaT. gancxa-

debas xels awerda baptistTa Temis 18 wevri. aqedan

12 wevri ukraineli iyo da 6 rusi. maTgan, arc erTs

ar hqonda umaRlesi ganaTleba. isini saqarTveloSi

30-50-ian wlebSi Camovidnen sacxovreblad [5,14,13,18].

saerTod, morwmuneTa sazogadoeba Tu registraciaSi

gatardeboda, xelisuflebasTan unda gaeformebina

xelSekruleba, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ormxrivi

valdebulebani. morwmuneTa sazogadoeba valdebulebas

kisrulobda gafrTxileboda maTTvis gadacemul sam-

locvelo Senobasa da sxva qonebas da gamoeyenebina

mxolod daniSnulebis Sesabamisad. morwmuneebs uf-

leba eZleodaT, rogorc Senoba, aseve iq arsebuli

kultis sagnebi, gadaecaT sargeblobis uflebiT `Ta-

namorwmuneebisaTvis~ mxolod da mxolod religiur

moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad.Aar daeSvaT re-

ligiuri wesis Sesruleba kultis msaxuris mier,

romelic ar iyo gatarebuli registraciaSi sabWoTa

kavSiris ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiuri

kultebis saqmeTa sabWos rwmunebulTan [6,19].

1959 wels TbilisSi iyo evangelist-baptistTa

erTi samlocvelo saxli didubeSi, romelic 954

wevrs aerTianebda. maTgan 254 muSaobda warmoebaSi da

dawesebulebebSi, danarCenebi iyvnen diasaxlisebi da

pensionerebi. saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTan arse-

buli religiuri kultebis sabWoSi registrirebuli

iyo mxolo erTi samlocvelo saxli TbilisSi erTi

51

religiuri TemiT. Mmagram, faqtobrivad, samlocvelo

saxlSi moqmedebda sami damoukidebeli Temi: rusuli,

somxuri da qarTuli, romlebic cal-calke ata-

rebdnen religiur ritualebs da hyavdaT Tavisi

xelmZRvanelebi.

Samlocvelo saxls marTavda Temis sabWo, ro-

melSic Sediodnen CamoTvlili erovnebebis religiur

TemTa presviterebi [11,33-34]. TemTan funqcionirebda

sarevizio komisia xuTi wevriT. amasTan erTad, Temis

saqmianobaSi monawileobas iRebda e.w. òceuli~ 40

kacis SemadgenlobiT. rusul, qarTul da somxur

presviterTa dasaxmareblad, TemebSi airCies 26 mqada-

gebeli, romlebic religiur Sekrebebze gamodiodnen

qadagebiT wminda werilidan.

baptistebis Temi awyobda saRamoebs, sadac kiTxu-

lobdnen religiur leqsebs. samlocvelo saxlSi Se-

iqmna gundi, romelic mReroda musikaluri instru-

mentis TanxlebiT.

Tbilisis samlocvelo saxlis ricxobrivi Semad-

genloba mkveTrad izrdeboda. magaliTad, Tu 1958

wels wyliT monaTvlis dros, evangelist-qristian

baptistTa TemSi miiRes 46 axali wevri, 1959 wels

ukve _ 176 [11,35].

50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tbilisis meSvide dRis

adventistTa Temi 26 kacs iTvlida. or weliwadSi

maTi mimdevrebis ricxvi 60-mde gaizarda. SabaT-kviras

isini asrulebdnen religiur ritualebs. adventistTa

èklesia~ 1908 wels gaixsna. sabWoTa reJimis peri-

odSi Temi eqvemdebareboda sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul

maT sasuliero centrs, romelic moskovSi funqcio-

nirebda. centri warmoadgenda legalur struqturas

52

[7,27]. radgan maTi eklesiad wodebuli samlocvelo

saxli aRar moqmedebda, amitom ritualebs atarebdnen

SeTanxmebiT, didubis SesaxvevSi #8, baptistTa sam-

locvelo SenobaSi [11,52].

1958 wlis 22 marts, religiuri ritualebis Ses-

rulebis dros, samlocvelo saxlSi SeiWrnen suk-is

TanamSromlebi, romlebmac Seawyvetines RvTismsaxu-

reba, waarTves literatura, rogoric iyo 1927 wels

moskovSi oficialurad dabeWdili krebuli _ sasu-

liero simRerebi `sionis fsalmunebi~ [8,27].

rac Seexeba duxoborebs religiuroba Zveli in-

tensiurobiT 50-ian wlebSi aRar xasiaTdeboda. reli-

giisadmi ltolva ufro metad iyo SemorCenili asa-

kovan adamianebSi. maTTvis `wminda~ adamianis garda-

cvalebis SemTxvevaSi, morwmune qalebi da bavSvebi

religiur ritualebs awyobdnen gardacvlilis saf-

lavTan. uvlidnen garSemo da religiur simRerebs

mRerodnen. duxoborTa yovel sofelSi iyo maTi

religiuri xelmZRvaneli, romelTanac ikribebodnen

morwmuneebi da asrulebdnen religiur ritualebs

[1,18].

50-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze iTvle-

boda daaxloebiT 3 aTasi moloknis ojaxi. TbilisSi

oficialurad moqmedebda moloknebis 4 samlocvelo

saxli, sadac sistematiurad dadioda 1 800-ze meti

morwmune. moloknebis didi nawili mosuli iyo yar-

sisa da ardaganis mxridan (TurqeTi), am mxareSi

mcxovreblebTan maT SemdgomSic hqondaT naTesauri

urTierTobebi. bavSvis dabadebis dros moloknebi ara-

viTar rituals ar awyobdnen. qorwinebis dros ki,

sazogadoebis presviteri morwmunis ojaxSi, saqor-

53

wino ceremonialis Catarebisas, kiTxulobda speci-

alur locvas, raTa axaldaqorwinebulebs ecxovraT

mSvdobianad da siyvaruliT. sikvdilamde erTad yofi-

liyvnen da ar daeviwyebinaT RmerTi. rituali grZel-

deboda 10-15 wuTi. Semdeg, imarTeboda saqorwino

trapezi. alkoholur sasmelebs moloknebi qorwilis

drosac ar iRebdnen. seqtantis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi

sazogadoebis presviteri morwmunis saxlSi gardac-

vlilis sasaflaoze dakrZalvamde kiTxulobda speci-

alur locvas. dakrZalvis Semdeg, sazogadoebis mor-

wmuneTa nawili brundeboda gardacvlilis saxlSi ga-

mosaTxovar sadilze. sadilis xarjebs molokanTa

sazogadoeba ixdida [8,19].

moloknebSi ganqorwineba did winaaRmdegobas aw-

ydeboda. mamakaci meuRlesTan gacilebis SemTxvevaSi,

Tu meore cols SeirTavda, aRar hqodna ufleba yo-

filiyo religiuri sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli sab-

Wos wevri [1,11].

1957 wlidan TbilisSi turistis rangSi xSirad

Camodiodnen moloknebi aSS-dan, romlebic xvdebodnen

Tavis naTesavebsa da nacnobebs da gadascemdnen sa-

Cuqrebs. aseTi kontaqtebi moloknebis aqtivizacias

iwvevda [11,50].

amave periodSi, TbilisSi moqmedebda seqtanturi

jgufi `prigunebi~, romelic iTvlida 100-ze met

morwmunes. isini ZiriTadad, cxovrobdnen Tbilisis

ganapira raionebSi: RrmaReleSi, navTluRSi da avWa-

laSi. mravali maTgani, moloknebis msgavsad, yarsidan

da ardaganidan iyvnen Camosuli. maTac mWidro kavSiri

hqondaT TurqeTSi, aSS-Si da kanadaSi mcxovreb

naTesavebTan.

54

seqtis wevrebi, ritualebis Casatareblad, ikribe-

bodnen yovel kviras calkeul morwmuneTa ojaxebSi.

locvis dros, religiuri simReriT yvela seqtanti

xtunavda. prigunebis seqta akrZaluli iyo da regis-

tracias ar eqvemdebareboda, ramdenadac, maTTan reli-

giuri ritualebis dros, daSvebuli iyo `miuRebeli

formebi...~ [11,52].

CvenTvis saintereso periodSi, TbilisSi da saqar-

Tvelos zogierT raionSi sxva seqtantur mimdi-

nareobaTa msgavsad, SedarebiT aqtiurad moqmedebdnen

òrmocdaaTianelebi~, romelTa rigebi iTvlida 550-

mde wevrs. gansakuTrebuli mistikuri religiuri

moZRvrebis gamo, es seqta sabWoTa kavSirSi akrZa-

luli iyo da registracias ar eqvemdebareboda. seq-

tantebi ritualebis Sesrulebis dros, dasaSvebad

Tvlidnen fizikur TviTgvemas, rac iwvevda nevrozul

daavadebebs [11,36].

XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan TbilisSi moqme-

debda mcirericxovani, magram kargad organizebuli

ieRovelebis jgufi, romlis xelmZRvaneli iyo àmi-

erkavkasiis Zmobis~ lideri mixeil xaCaturiani. is

adre gasamarTlebuli iyo ieRovas moZRvrebis propa-

gandisaTvis. 1959 wlisaTvis TbilisSi ieRovelebis

ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. isini xelisufle-

bisagan devnas ganicdidnen, amitom sxvadasxva Ronis-

ZiebiT cdilobdnen yofiliyvnen axlo urTierTobaSi.

Tbiliseli, Telaveli da tyibuleli ieRovelebi

farul Sexvedrebs awyobdnen [11,49].

50-ian wlebSi aWaris teritoriaze mniSvnelovnad

aqtiurobda `subotnikebis~ seqta. rogorc cnobilia,

maTi moZRvreba, ZiriTadad, Zvel aRTqmas eyrdnoba.

55

uaryofen samebas. qristes acxadeben ubralo winas-

warmetyvelad. icaven winaacveTis Zvel ebraul wess,

SabaTis dResaswauls (aqedan saxelwodeba). uaryofen

qristes moZRvrebas, xatTa Tayvaniscemas, kviradRis

wesebs, bavSvebs arqmevdnen ebraul saxelebs da saer-

Tod, imdenad èbraelobdnen~, rom mravali maTgani

iTxovda israelSi wasvlas [12,177].

aWaraSi `subotnikebi,~ ZiriTadad cxovrobdnen ba-

TumSi, baTumisa da qobuleTis raionebSi. ritualebis

Sesruleba TviTgvemiT, zneobrivi da fizikuri damci-

rebiT mTavrdeboda. amitom, aRniSnuli seqtis saq-

mianoba akrZaluli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 1958 wels

seqtanti subotnikebis ricxvi 300-mde gaizarda

[9,15].

rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnul periodSi, sagrZnoblad

gamococxlda seqtanturi moZraoba. aseve, iyo mcde-

loba aratradiciuli religiebis Semotanisa. kerZod,

1959 wels sabWoTa kavSiris budistebis sazogadoebam

moiwvia budistTa msoflio Zmobis vice-prezidenti,

romelic, amave dros, iyo nepalis budistTa sa-

zogadoebis _ `dxarmodaias sabxas~ prezidenti _

amirtananda bxikkxu, Tavis qaliSvilTan, vimla de-

visTan erTad. vizitis programaSi Sedioda misi

Camosvla soWSi, soxumSi da baTumSi, rac ganxor-

cielda kidec [10,1]. saqarTvelo SemTxveviT ar yo-

fila SerCeuli. aRniSnul periodSi, religiuri seq-

tebis aqtiuroba mimdinareobda saqarTvelos ekle-

siis SedarebiT pasiuri moRvaweobis fonze, rac

gamowveuli iyo komunisturi mmarTvelobis saeklesio

politikiT. mTavari kontroli marTlmadideblobi-

saken iyo mimarTuli.

56


1. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri

saxelmwifo arqivi (SemdegSi suicsa), f. 600, anaw.

16, saq. 262.

2. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi

(SemdegSi (sSssa), f. 14, anaw. 32, saq. 2812

3. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 3, saq. 262. 4. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 4, saq. 4. 5. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 32. 6. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 4, saq. 10. 7. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 23. 8. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 4. 9. suicsa, f. 600, anaw. 18, saq. 231. 10. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 36. 11. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 34, saq. 438. 12. a. gelovani, rwmena, RmerTebi, adamianebi, Tb., 1990.

13. d. gegeSiZe, saubari aTeizmsa da religiaze, Tb.,

1988.

14. v. erqomaiSvili, filosofia, Tb., 2005.

15. l. mRebriSvili, Tanamedrove eTno-religiuri pro-

cesebi mcxeTis raionis soflebSi, `mari broses

dabadebidan 200 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecni-

ero sesia~, Tb., 2000.

16. n. papuaSvili, religiis istoria, Tb., 1996.

17. qse, t. 2, Tb., 1977. 18. Кириченко М. Г., Свобода совести в СССР , М., 1985. 19. Лялина Г. С., Баптизм, М., 1977.

57

Avtandil Songulashvili

MINORITY RELIGIOUS IN GEORGIAN IN THE 50-S OF THE XX CENTURY

Summary

In the 50es of the XX century, despite Khrushchev's

seeming pragmatic policies, the government was marked by sharp fluctuations in the religious confessions and sects. Since 1957, only 43 churches and 5 prayer houses retained the right of function.

During this period, Baptists were especially active. The communities of “Seventh-Day Adventists” were too small. It consisted of 60 believers totally.

The Separate communities were shaped by the “Doukhobors”, “Molokhans”, “Prigunes”, “Subotniks” and “Jehovah's” witnesses. Some of them have not been re-gistered and they werestigmatized by the government. But, besides this they continued to exist illegally.

58

irma kvaSilava

wmida SabaTi qarTvel ebraelTa yofaSi

qarTveli ebraelebi erT-erT uZveles da sain-

tereso eTnolingvistur jgufs ganekuTvnebian.

qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, Zveli

welTaRricxvis VI saukunidan, saqarTvelo mravali

ebraelis samSoblod iqca.

saqarTvelosa da wminda miwas Soris urTierTo-

bebi kidev ufro mWidro xdeba Cv. welTaRricxvis IV

saukuneSi, qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo re-

ligiad aRiarebis Semdeg. calke Temad ganixileba

mcxeTis ebraelebis _ `huriani qarTvelni~ gansakuT-

rebuli wvlili qarTlis gaqristianebis saqmeSi.

saqarTveloSi ebraelebis ekonomikuri da sulieri

aRorZinebis periodad adreuli Sua saukuneebi miiC-

neva, Tumca, aq, sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, ebrae-

lebs mudam iseTive uflebebi hqondaT, rogorc

mkvidr mosaxleobas. gvian Sua saukuneebSi ki, _ ise-

Tive feodalur eqsploatacias ganicdidnen, rogorc

adgilobrivi socialurad dabali fenis warmomad-

genlebi.

gafantulad, patar-patara jgufebad cxovrebam,

qarTveli ebraelebis religiuri ganaTlebis done

daaqveiTa, magram am araxelsayreli sacxovrebeli pi-

robebis miuxedavad, sadac ar unda daedoT axali

kera, isini winaprebis religiur tradicias yvela-

ferze maRla ayenebdnen. saxeldobr, pirvel rigSi,

sazeimod SeabrZanebdnen `sefer-Torebs~ (rjulis

gragnilebs) axal sinagogebSi, vinaidan ebraelTa yo-

vel nabijs locva unda axldes; sinagogebTan erTad,

59

qalaqebsa da axal dasaxlebebSi ixsneboda `xederebi~

_ sagangebo saRvTismsaxuro skolebi, radgan ebrauli

religiis warmateba didad iyo damokidebuli swav-

lebis meTodikasa da organizaciaze.

saqarTveloSi ebraelebisaTvis, im qveynebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, sadac antisemitizmi mZvinvarebda, arasodes

dauSliaT rjulis saTanado msaxureba. amis Sedegad,

unda miviCnioT is, rom `dRes, rodesac qarTveli

ebraelebi brundebian israelSi, aRniSnaven, rom isini

arian yvelaze morwmune adamianebi dabrunebul iude-

velTa Soris~ [7,3].

iudaizmis mimdevroba erTob rTuli saqmea, igi 613

wesis Sesrulebas avalebs morwmunes, romelTagan 365

akrZalvaa, xolo 248 Sewyaleba. saqme imaSia, rom

ebraelisaTvis arseboba iudevelad yofnas niSnavs,

rac rjulis dacvas, anu wes-CveulebaTa ganuxrel

erTgulebas gulisxmobs, romlis mTavari mizani da

daniSnuleba mesiis mosvlis ganuwyveteli molodinia.

iudaizmis mTavari dResaswaulebi, warmoSobis mi-

xedviT, orgvar xasiaTs atareben: isini aRniSnaven,

rogorc weliwadis sezonur cvlilebebs, ise isto-

riul movlenebs, ufro metad, istoriul TariRebs.

sazeimo dReebs cxadia, marxvasa da locvaSi atareben.

israelisaTvis yvelaze gamorCeuli dResaswauli

SabaTi iyo. sxva xalxebi zeimobdnen dReebs, romelic

dakavSirebuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis

wliur ciklTan da axalmTvarobasTan. mxolod isra-

els hqonda SabaTi dResaswauli, romelic weliwadis

droTa ritmul cvalebadobasTan ar iyo dakavSire-

buli.

60

SabaTs aRiarebs yvela morwmune ebraeli. igi

warmoadgens yovelkvireul sadResaswaulo dRes.

SabaTi mianiSnebs RmerTisa da ebraeli xalxis

maradiul kavSirze, xolo kavSiri pasuxismgeblobaa

da ara privilegia! winaswarmetyvelebma igi daayenes

sarwmunoebis yvela wes-Cveulebaze maRla. meTalmude

RvTismsaxurni amboben, ufalma ase mimarTa moses: Cems

saganZurTagan minda dagasaCuqro israelis saukeTeso

ganZiT, saxeldobr, SabaTiT! SabaTi, Tavisi arsiT

emsaxureba sikeTes, gardacvlilis mogonebas, mouwo-

debs da moagonebs ebraels adidebdes warsulsa da

Senatrodes momavals [3,134]. amis gamo, ebrauli tra-

dicia mas amaRlebs, rogorc `dedofali SabaTi~

[11,560]. mis Sesaxvedrad mzadebas iwyebs paraskevi

dilidan ki ara, ufro adre. sagangebod alagebs da

awesrigebs sacxovrebel binas, emzadeba saritualo

trapezisaTvis, sazeimo tansacmliTa da saTanado gan-

wyobiT. am zeimis mTavari nawili saSabaTo sanTlebis

danTeba da locvaa. SabaTis uqmad ganwesebis mizezi

mTlianad naTeli ar aris, savaraudod miekuTvneba

mosemdel epoqas.

yoveli meSvide dRe gankuTvnili iyo dasvenebi-

saTvis. es iyo SabaTi (ebraulad `SabaTi~ dasvenebas

niSnavs) da igi RmerTs ekuTvnoda. aTi sayovelTao

mcnebis meoTxe muxli gvauwyebs: `moixsene dRe igi

SabaTTa da wminda _ yav igi: equs dRe iqmode da

hqmen yoveli saqme Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide, Sa-

baTi ars uflisa RmerTisa Senisa.~ SabaTis daweseba

`meore sjulTas~ Tanaxmad, emsaxureboda erT mizans

_ monebs eZleodaT sulis moTqmis saSualeba [5,12].

samRvdelo kanonmdebloba ki, sul sxva azrs debs

61

masSi. kerZod, adamiani Tavisi SromiTa da saqmianobiT

baZavs RvTis moRvaweobas, rogorc RmerTma daisvena

Sesaqmis meSvide dRes, adamianebmac aseve unda dais-

venon (gamosv. 31,13; dab. 2,20). RmerTma misca SabaTi

israels imis niSnad, rom akurTxa Tavisi eri (iezek.

20,12) [8,931].

amgvarad, SabaTs adamianebs unda gaexsenebinaT

RvTis yovelgvari saqmianoba da upirveles yovlisa,

israelianTa egviptis tyveobidan gamoxsna. ai, ras

ambobs RmerTi esaia winaswarmetyvelis piriT: `Tu

Seabruneb Sens fexs SabaTisagan, rom daTrguno sur-

vili Cems wminda dRes, Seracxav SabaTs sanetarod da

uflis wmidad mis gansadideblad da pativs miageb

mas, ar moiqcevi Seni CveulebiT, survils ar ais-

ruleb da fuWsityvaobas ar mohyvebi, maSin inetareb

ufalSi~ [2,122].

SabaT dRes, sinagogaSi, ebraul enaze, iseve, ro-

gorc yovel dResaswaulze, ramdenjerme loculoben

Toras. `saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi SabaTs

xvdebian fsalmunebis kiTxviT da `lexa dodis~ ga-

lobiT~ [2,134].

ratom aris Torasa da Talmudis mixedviT cxov-

reba saWiro? Zveli aRTqma, rjuli (kanoni), Zveleb-

raulad Tora, iudaelebma misces Zveli aRTqmis pir-

vel xuT wigns _ dabadebidan meore rjulamde. aq

aris mravali moZRvrebis is umniSvnelovanesi kano-

nebi, anu cxovrebis adaT-wesebi, romlebic RmerTma

Tavis rCeul xalxs misca, romelTa centrSi dgas

cnobili aTi mcneba. Cvenamde moaRwia iudevelTa ko-

deqsma, magram mas Tavisi unikalurobiT ver Seedreba

62

verc erTi dRemde moRweuli Zveli kanonebis kre-

buli.

dabadebis wignSi, samyaros SeqmnasTan erTad, moT-

xrobilia abraamisa da israelianebis mamamTavrebze.

gamosvlis wignidan meore rjulis CaTvliT, egvip-

telTa tyveoba, udabnoSi xetiali da aRTqmul miwaze

israelianTa Sesasvlelad momzadeba aris aRwerili.

rjulis mTavar xuT wignSi _ ToraSi, mocemulia

mcnebebi, romelic israelianebs unda aResrulebinaT,

Tuki maT saRvTo erad yofna undodaT. umTavresi

aris is, rom Semoqmedi RmerTi qmnis ara marto Cvens

wuTisofels, aramed gansakuTrebul xalxsac _ ro-

melsac Tavisi Tavis samsaxurad mouxmobs, jer calke

adamianebs, Semdeg ki mTlianad ers, rom maTi meS-

veobiT mTel qveyanas misces locva-kurTxeva [2,87].

amgvarad, ganumeorebeli wigni, romelic gvaZlevs

ganumeorebeli RmerTis danaxvis SesaZleblobas, dRe-

sac kacobriobis kulturis centrSi dgas, vinaidan

igi istoriasa da kanonze metia! mas mimarTaven axlad

aRmocenebuli erebi, romlebsac sakuTari Tavis Sec-

nobis wyurvili amoZravebT. ecnobian ra bibliur WeS-

maritebas, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da Sexedulebis ada-

mianebi erTiandebian saerTo mowodebiT, _ `gwamdeT

RmerTi!~

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cnobili aTi mcnebidan

erT-erTis, _ yoveli SabaTis wmindad dacva sju-

lismier dakanonebulia da mkacrad isjeba misi Se-

laxva, ikrZaleba nebismier Sroma-saqmianobasTan dakav-

Sirebuli qmedeba, myudroebis darRveva, `qarTvel

ebraelebSi cecxli rom gaCndes SabaTs, qristians

dauZaxeben cecxlis Casaqrobad~ [9,132].

63

l. nodia, abaSis raionis sofel sujunasa da su-

junelebze SeniSnavda, rom SabaTi dRisaTvis ebra-

elTa ojaxebs hyavdaT `mecexlurebi~, romlebic mci-

re gasamrjelosaTvis cecxlis keriebsa da buxrebs

emsaxurebodnen da am ojaxebSi Sinaurebadac iTvle-

bodnen [4,65].

samegreloSi cnobili gamoTqma, Cemi mececxluri _

megrulad _ medaCxire mezobeli, yvelaze did keTi-

lismyofelze mianiSnebs, romelic karis mezobels,

uaxloess, sando adamians gulisxmobs.

qarTveli ebraelebi yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen

rwmenisa da tradiciebisadmi erTgulebiT, moyvasis

siyvaruli da TanagrZnoba aranakleb axasiaTebdaT. sa-

xeldobr, cxinvaleli qarTveli ebraelis mogo-

nebidan irkveva, Tu rogor daarRvia SabaTi dRis uq-

meoba, rom uariT ar gaestumrebina Wirisufali, ro-

melsac saWirisuflod Talxi farTali sWirdeboda.

marTalia, duqnis patronma qarTvelma ebraelma

mxolod gasaRebi gadasca mTxovnels, magram SabaTs

ara Tu raime saqmianoba, saqmiani saubris warmarTvac

ikrZaleba da amitomac igi mTeli dRe fsalmunebs

kiTxulobda da gamCenisgan patiebas, Sendobas iT-

xovda. sabolood, mainc mosveneba ver hpova da Tavisi

saidumlo cxinvalis ebraelTa sazogadoebis rabins _

xvoless gaando da Sendoba iTxova. man Turme Rimi-

liT upasuxa: `tyuilubralod swuxar, me mgoni ar

Semcdarxar, codva ki ara, ufro madli giqniao.~

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom rabini xvolesi, gva-

rad ara ebraelis mier gamomcxvar purs, mis mier

damzadebul mawons Tu karaqs sxva fanatikosi pire-

biviT ar erideboda [5,136].

64

marTalia, ebraelTa RmerTi moiTxovda Tavisi

samarTliani kanonebis dacvas (1 mef. 15:22), magram

rituals marTali cxovrebis gareSe araviTari mniS-

vneloba ara aqvs. sxvaTaSoris, es idea sxva xalxTa

religiebisTvisac ucxo ar yofila.

i. Cornis, romelmac XIX saukunis II naxevarSi

imogzaura ruseTis TiTqmis mTeli samxreTi nawilis

ebraelTa sayofacxovrebo viTarebis Sesaswavlad,

cxadia, mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia raRac darRve-

vebi, romlebsac ufro jamaaTis mesveurni amaxin-

jebdnen. magaliTad, axalcixeSi wesad hqondaT yovel

SabaTs, sanam sefer-Toras gamoabrZanebdnen, Rarib

glexTaTvis `nedavas~ akrefa. mTeli jamaaTi mdidar

pirebs Sescqeroda, isini ar Cqarobdnen qvelmoq-

medebas. amis gamo, iwyeboda Cxubi, dava, yvirili,

dapirispireba fizikuradac. garda Surisa da urTi-

erTsiZulvilisa, Toris wakiTxva ori-sami saaTiT

gviandeboda, vinaidan yvela imas akeTebda, rac azrad

mouvidoda [10,169].

zustad iseve, rogorc yoveli meSvide dRe dasve-

nebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, yoveli meSvide `saSaba-

To~ weli iyo `sauqmo SabaTi miwisaTvis, uflis

SabaTi~. cxadia, am droisaTvis mTel miwa-wyals dau-

muSaveblad ver datovebdnen, magram pirveli mox-

vnidan yovel meSvide wels yanas yamirad tovebdnen.

am wels Rarib-Ratakebs neba eZleodaT yvelaferi,

rac ki yanaSi modioda, dauyovnebliv moekrifaT. es

ki, imas Seaxsenebda adamianebs, rom miwa ar war-

moadgens vinmes sakuTrebas, is `wmindaa~ da mxolod

RmerTs SeiZleba ekuTvnodes.

65

amdenad, glaxakTaTvis zrunva aris rjulismieri

movaleoba. roca moimki yanas, rac dacvideba, an daga-

viwydeba, datove RaribebisTvis. am bibliuri WeS-

maritebis gamoZaxils saqarTveloSic vxvdebiT. mosav-

lis aRebis Semdeg, sofelSi glaxakebsa da qvriv-

oblebs daukiTxavad SeeZloT yanaSi an venaxSi darCe-

nili nawilis daTaviseba.

niSandoblivia isic, rom yovel meSvide wels,

yvela israeliani mona Tavisufldeboda, xolo yovel-

gvari valebi uqmdeboda (lev. 25:1-7; gam. 23;10-11; rj.

15:1-6) [2,122].

iudaizmis monapovari SabaTi dRe, mesiis mosvlis

niSnuladac miiCneva. naTqvamia, mesia maSin mova, Tu

mTeli ebraeli eri or SabaTs erTmaneTis miyolebiT

daicavso [6,90].

dResdReobiT, Serbilda da Seicvala zogierTi

sayofacxovrebo saweso rituali, maTi midevneba

adamianTa keTil neba-survilze gaxda damokidebuli

da ara uzenaesis saRmrTo gangebulebaze. umTavresia

is, rom èbraelTa istoria, es aris maradiuli

zrunva sakuTari religiisa da zne-CveulebaTa Sesa-

narCuneblad. Zvelia maTi adaT-wesebi da sarwmunoeb-

rivi Sexedulebani, romlebsac ganuxrelad icaven

mTeli bedukuRmarTi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. samagi-

erod ki, miiRes is, rom samyaros kidiT-kidemde

gafantulebma da araerTxel mtris garemocvaSi myo-

febma TavianTi erovnuli meoba SeinarCunes, rwmenis

Tanmimdevrulma erTgulebam da konservatizmma, rac

safuZvelia maTi Cveulebebis simtkicisa, ixsna ebra-

elebi ganadgurebisagan da visac amgvari saSiSroeba

66

emuqreba, valdebulia icnobdes TviTdamkvidrebis aseT

meTods [3,133].

rwmenam gadaarCina da daabruna ebraelebi samSob-

loSi. swored Seuorgulebeli rwmena gaxda qarTve-

lebTan maTi integraciisa da erovnuli TviTmyo-

fadobis safuZveli. amitom, saqarTvelos ebraelTa

dResaswaulebi da wes-Cveulebani, ZiriTadad, emTxve-

oda zogad iudaistur normebs. Zveli da axali

aRTqma Tavisi arsiT erT mTlianobas, warmoadgens,

amitom ieso qristes ar Seucvlia SabaTis kanoni.

Tavdapirvelad, qristes mowafeni icavdnen SabaTs.

qristes amaRlebis Semdegac iyridnen isini Tavs Sa-

baTs, rom emcnoT iudevelTaTvis keTili uwyeba. ieso

qristes aRdgomis Semdeg, am dReze inacvlebs is,

rasac iudevelebi Cveulebriv SabaTs ukavSireben, anu

kviris pirvel dRed iqca iesos aRdgomis dRe [8,931].

e.i. idResaswauleba Svidi dRidan ara ukanaskneli _

SabaTi, aramed yoveli Svideulis pirveli dRe _

kvira. `qristianuli eklesia ar dResaswaulobs Sa-

baTs, magram samyaros Seqmnis xsovnisaTvis da Tavda-

pirveli dResaswaulis gasagrZeleblad, sxva dReebTan

SedarebiT, Semsubuqebulia marxva~ [1,21].

Zveli da axali aRTqmis ganuyoflobis simbolod

iqca qarTveli ebraeli, romelic ise bunebrivad Se-

eTvisa qarTul sinamdviles, rom ar Camoscilebia

maTi _ ebraelebis eTnikuri identurobis mTavar gan-

msazRvrels, _ iudaistur sarwmunoebas. am saqmeSi

qarTvelebisa da ebraelebis TanamSromlobas, Tanag-

rZnobas bibliuri azrovneba asazrdoebs.

67


1. aTi mcnebis ganmarteba, saubrebi aTonel berebTan,

Tb., 2006.

2. bibliis enciklopedia, Tb., 2003.

3. e. nadiraZe, msoflios religiebi, Tb., 2005.

4. l. nodia, sujuna da sujuneli ebraelebi, Tb.,

2001.

5. i. papismedovi, nanaxi, mosmenili, gancdili, kavka-

sioni, Tel-avivi, 1986.

6. religiebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008.

7. sapartriarqos qronika, gazeTi `sapatriarqos uw-yebani~, #27, Tb., 2014.

8. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis encik-

lopediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2007.

9. q. SoSiaSvili, qarTvel ebraelTa tradiciuli

saojaxo yofa da sulieri kultura, Tb., 2002

(sadisertacio naSromi).

10. i. Corni da misi cnobebi saqarTvelosa da iq

mcxovrebi ebraelebis Sesaxeb, wig. ìcxak daviTi~,

t. 1, Tel-avivi, ieruSalaimi, 1976. 11. Всеобщая история религии мира, М., 2007.

68

Irma Kvashilava

HOLY SUBBAT IN THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF GEORGIAN JEWS

Summary

For a Jew to be of Jewish faith means to exsist. His main

goal and purpous is a permanent wait for messiah. That is why calendar and religiouse days are so important in the every-day life of Georgian Jews.

The given work is dedicated to a special fist day, holy Subbat, named “Day of God”. Subbat in Jewish language means rest. This day was dedicated and belonged to God. Not only every seventh day of a week was a day of rest, but evry seventh year, Subbat year was a fist, year of rest for soil, Subbat of God. Important nuances and nuances of less importance connected with Subbat are analised in the article.

Georgian Jews firmly and devotedly fallowed Judaic norms and dogmas that became a fundament of thier national identity.

69

giorgi mamardaSvili

Ggivi eliava da misi wvlili samegrelos

eTnografiul SeswavlaSi

givi eliava, wlebis manZilze, dRidan misi daar-

sebisa (1957 weli) 2001 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda

martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeums. givi eliavas

uSualo RvawliT aris moZiebuli muzeumSi daculi

eqsponatebis umravlesoba. muzeumze zrunva mas gasu-

li saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan dauwyia da am

saqmeSi aqtiur daxmarebas uwevdnen giorgi Citaia da

vera bardaveliZe. am ori Rvawlmosili mecnieris

uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT muSaobda givi eliava Tavis

sadisertacio naSromzec.

1964 wels martvilis muzeumSi, Ria cisqveS, akad.

giorgi Citaias konsultaciiT, gaixsna eTnografiuli

gamofena, xolo 1973 wels muzeumis bazaze gamoiyo

da dRemde arsebobs Zvelkolxuri vazis jiSebis

sacdel-sakoleqcio nakveTi, sadac gaSenebulia 30-

mde, amJamad TiTqmis dakarguli, vazis jiSi.

muzeumis eqsponatTa saerTo ricxvi 55 000-s

utoldeba da masSi Tavmoyrilia geologiuri, arqeo-

logiuri, saeklesio nivTebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-

lovania eTnografiuli eqspozicia, romelic muzeumis

saerTo saeqspozicio sivrcis TiTqmis naxevars moi-

cavs. masala, umetesad, givi eliavas piradi garjiT

aris Tavmoyrili da samuzeumo TvalsazrisiT damuSa-

vebuli. swored, am masalis eTnografiul Seswavlas

miuZRvna batonma givim sakuTari samecniero moRva-

weoba. Tumca, misi moRvaweoba ar Semoifargleba

mxolod sameurneo iaraRebisa da yofis sxva materi-

70

aluri obieqtebis SeswavliTa da klasificirebiT.

misi naSromebi ZiriTadad eTnografiuli aRwerilo-

biTi xasiaTisaa da mniSvnelovania Tavisi terminolo-

giuri siaxleebis, savele masalis sandoobiT da

sakvlevi regionis yofa-cxovrebis zedmiwevniT kargad

codniT.

givi eliava, Tavis naSromebSi, aRgviwers samegre-

los aRmosavleT nawilis yofa-cxovrebis mraval

mxares. mis mier, kargad aris Seswavlili am mxa-

risaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli kar-midamo,

misi mowyobis tradiciuli saxe da sacxovrebeli

saxlis ganviTarebis etapebi. givi eliavas dafiqsire-

buli aqvs sacxovrebeli saxlis ramdenime tipi: oda

saxli, maqdora (maqindora), pitaficara, jargvali,

facxa, aTabogi, ganiSi yude. sainteresoa misi dakvir-

veba da azri, rom oda saxlis winamorbedi maqdora

saxli iyo. maqdora, ZiriTadad, orTvaliani isliT

gadaxuruli (SemdgomSi yavriT, bolos ki kramitiT)

Senoba iyo. is stumrebisaTvis yofila gankuTvnili.

ojaxi „ganiSi yudeSi“, „pitaficaraSi“ (boyvebSi Cas-

muli patar-patara ficrebiT naSeni saxli), „jar-

gvalSi“ (daumuSavebeli morebiT nagebi saxli), an

facxaSi (mownulSi) cxovrobda. oda maqdorasTvis

oTaxebis damatebis Sedegad warmoiSva. odaSi didi

darbazi misaRebad moewyo. misaRebis ukan sasadilo

oTaxi ganTavsda, gverdebze stumris saZinebelebi.

ojaxis wevrebi, amaT ukan ganTavsebul, SedarebiT

momcro or oTaxs iyenebda saZineblad. arsebobda sa-

megrelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli aTabogis tipis sax-

lebi _ maRal svetebze (5-6 metri) Semdgari fic-

ruli an facxa saxlebi, romelsac ZiriTadad, mwere-

71

bisgan Sewuxebuli mosaxleoba aSenebda [1,7-9]. sain-

teresoa, rom aRmosavleT samegrelos es masala para-

lels poulobs afxazur eTnografiul masalasTan _

maqdoras magvari sastumro saxli tradiciulia afxa-

zeTis mosaxleobisaTvis. sainteresoa isic, rom afxa-

zuri ojaxis samyofels „afsua-vni“ an „agan-vni“ ewo-

deba [8,68]. a-gan didi albaTobiT, igivea, rac meg-

ruli gan, ganiSi. amas isic amtkicebs, rom am sax-

lebis aRweriloba, formebi da daniSnuleba er-

TmaneTs emTxveva.

odis savaraudo winamorbedis saxeli „maqdora“

samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis zedmiwevniT kargad mcod-

ne Tedo saxokiasa da sergi makalaTias ar aqvT

dafiqsirebuli. am terminis ganmarteba „megrul leq-

sikonSia“ mocemuli, romlis mixedviTac maqdora

aivnian, winakarian, parmaRian dabal saxls niSnavs.

saxlis gadmoxuruls, motkepnil winakars, parmaRs,

saxlis mTel sigrZeze dayolebul aivans maqdori

rqmevia [7,394]. amave leqsikonSi dafiqsirebulia

termini godoro yude, rac godora saxlad, pita-

ficarad aris ganmartebuli [7,189]. SesaZloa, go-

doro yude anu godora saxli xmovanebiT maqdoras

(ma-godoro) mivamsgavsoT, Tumca Cveni varaudiT, maq-

doras fuZed SeiZleba miviCnioT „qudi“ _ ma-qud-ura

_ ma-qd-ora. maqdoras saxuravi, marTlac qudiviTaa

gadmofarebuli saxls.

yuradsaRebia, is faqti, rom givi eliavas megruli

eTnografiuli terminologiis mcire leqsikonSi da-

fiqsirebuli aqvs termini „amxara“ da mis ganmar-

tebad axalSeuRlebulTa sacxovrebels iZleva [1,83].

anu, aqac aris analogia afxazur paralelur masa-

72

lasTan. amxara „megruli leqsikonis“ mixedviT,

erTgvari saxli, calke samyofeli, axalSeuRlebulTa

samTioboa [7,37]. leqsikonis avtors, amxaris ganmar-

tebisas, frCxilebSi Casmuli aqvs mcire SeniSvna,

riTic am terminisa da masTan dakavSirebuli Cveule-

bebis afxazurobas miuTiTebs [7,37]. Tumca amxarasa

da masTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, givi

eliavas garda, zemoTnaxsenebi sergi makalaTia [5,339]

da Tedo saxokia [6,103] samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis

Taviseburebebis aRweris drosac saubroben.

givi eliavas mier dafiqsirebuli kar-midamoSi

arsebuli nagebobebis terminologiidan kidev gvaqvs

damTxveva afxazur masalasTan _ aguara. aguara/agvara

samegreloSi saqonlis samyofels ewodeba da qarTu-

li qarTis analogia. agvara SemoRobil adgils

niSnavs afxazurad [7,20]. sainteresoa isic, rom afxa-

zeTis mTebSi qvis Senobebs, romelSic saqonels

amwyvdevdnen xolme, ialaRebze wasuli mwyemsebi

acanguerebi hqviaT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes acanebis

SemozRudul adgilebs. acanebi ki, afxazuri miTolo-

giiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze afsuaTa winaprebis

mosvlamde, mosaxle miTiuri xalxia. meore versiiT,

acanebi sakmaod Zlieri gvaris, canbebis warmomad-

genlebs unda utoldebodes.

aRmosavleT megruli ganiSi yude, givi eliavas

gadmocemiT, orTvliania, SuaSi RiobiT. Riobi keriis

mosawyobadaa gankuTvnili. Riobis orive mxares ZmaTa

ojaxebis cal-calke oTaxebia [1,9]. Riobi saerTo

sivrce da didi, gauyofeli ojaxis simboluri cen-

tria.

73

givi eliavas kargad aqvs Seswavlili naTesaobis

sistema da dafiqsirebuli aqvs terminologiac. misi

ori statia, „samegrelos aRmosavleT nawilis

mosaxleobis istoriul-eTnografiuli Camomavloba da

Sedgeniloba toponimikur masalaTa Suqze“ da „xal-

xuri zepirsityvierebis masalebi „Ti“-s, „Turis“ da

„dinos“ Sesaxeb“ naTesaobis sistemasa da gvarTa

warmoqmna/warmoSobis Temebs exeba. givi eliava gvarTa

istoriis Seswavlaze dayrdnobiT, askvnis, rom sameg-

relos teritoriaze mosaxleobis kulturuli mem-

kvidreobiToba ar wydeba uZvelesi droidan moyole-

buli, Tumca SeiniSneba Sida migraciebi [2]. gadmo-

cemebiT, gvarTa istoriebi iwyeba didi ojaxebidan

„Ti“-ebidan. amgvari didi ojaxis „Ti“-s patriarqi

yofila vinme Wii, romelmac dasabami misca did gvars.

am ojaxis Tanadrouli iyo gabi, romlis ojaxi,

gabi-Ti iyo. maT Soris momxdara omi, ris Sedegadac

Wii-Ti amouwyvetiaT, gadarCenilebi sxvagan, sofel

kiwiaSi gadasaxlebulan da maT samyofels eWi-Si

ewoda. es ori gvari, urTierTomamde sofel kurzuSi,

gverdi-gverd sukebze, anu serebze saxlebulan. Wis

ojaxi, Wis Ti Turme, 16 individualuri ojaxisagan

Sedgeboda, gabis TiSi 24 ojaxi iyo gaerTianebuli.

individualuri, Tis wevri ojaxebis terminad, givi

eliavas melogine aqvs dafiqsirebuli. Wiis Ti gam-

ravlebula da did gvarad qceula. givi eliavas,

toponimikaze dayrdnobiT, Wia-iebis (Wis didi Tis-gan

warmoqmnili dinos) gansaxleba noRelas gayolebiT

saWilaomde SesaZleblad miaCnia. aseve SesaZleblad

miaCnia xor-Ta, ja-Ta da gabiaTa did teritoriaze

gansaxleba. did gvars samegreloSi „Turi“ ewodeba.

74

Turi SigniT, iyofa dinoebad, anu erTi babuis

Svilebad. dinoebs SigniT saZmoebia. dino aris Turis

gamnaryi, TuriSe gimnarTi anu ganayofi, toti. adre

erTi dinos xalxi erTad cxovrobda da samoxios,

saaxloblos erT saWirisuflo alags qmnida. amJamad,

samoxioSi anu saaxlobloSi, samezobloSi sxvadasxva

Turis dinoebis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben. dino

amJamad, samoxios ar ekuTvnis, magram dinos wevrebi

erTmaneTs eZaxian WirSic da lxinSic. dino da

TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi Turic, egzogamiuria.

Tumca, arsebobs TiTo-orola gamonaklisi _ dinoebis

Zalian gamravlebis Sedegad, naTesaobis kvali ikar-

geba da egzogamiis dacva aRar xerxdeba [4].

givi eliavas yuradReba gamaxvilebuli aqvs nasax-

larebze da mis Sesatyvis toponimikaze _ martvilis

raionis teritoriaze bevrgan gvxvdeba adgilebi: gur-

naxori (guli anu bude sacxovrisi, nasaxlari),

nagoxoru (namosaxli), narona (rina _ yofna, arse-

boba, narona-narina), uCanaxori (Savnasaxlari, anu

amowyvetili?), naoxvamu (yofili salocavi), naxori

(nasaxlari), Sua qalaqi. martvilis raionSi axlac

SexvdebiT da zustad miginiSneben alaniebis, alSiba-

iebis, axvlediebis, hunuebis, jiqiebis, damianeTa,

gahaeTa, ToziaTa, kaeTa nasaxlarebs. batoni givi

Tvlis, rom nasaxlaris aRmniSvneli terminebis sim-

ravles kargad Seesatyviseba is faqti, rom aRmo-

savleT samegrelos teriotoriaze 218 aseTi naxoru

arsebobs da yvela maTgans imgvari saxeli ewodeba,

romlebic adre am adgilebSi cxovrobdnen [2].

givi eliavas mosazrebiT, toponimikis gaTvalis-

winebiT, martvilis raionis uZvelesi mosaxleobas,

75

ZiriTadad, is gvarebi warmoadgendnen, romlebsac da-

sabams aZlevs Wii, ja, xora, cana, gui, quTa, quqi,

axa, xafa, zana, dane saxelebis mqone didi Tis,

ojaxis winamZRolebi [2]. Cven SegviZlia davuSvaT,

rom am Ti-ebidan gvaqvs dRes arsebuli gvarebi:

Wilaia, jaiani, jaSi, gabiani, gabliani, xorava, axba

(?), canava, gu(l)ia, quTa-Te/ilaZe, quTelia, xafava,

zanava, zanba-zvanba (?), dane(l)ia.

givi eliava erTgan aRniSnavs, rom megrulisTvis

tipiuri „e“ winsarTi svanuri da afxazuri enebis

gavleniT, „le“ winsarTiT Seicvala. Cven es azri

arasworad migvaCnia, ragdanac megruls dasavleT

saqarTvelos centralur da CrdiloeT nawilSi do-

minanturi pozicia hqonda da piriqiT, mis mezobel

kuTxeebSi (kerZod afxazeTSi) aSkarad igrZnoba meg-

rulis gavlena. garda amisa, martvilelebis saubarSi

SeimCneva „l“-s amovardna, Caylapva. givi eliavas mier

CamoTvlil 218 gvars Soris bevria iseTi, romlebSic

xmovnebs Soris „l“ amovardnilia. gab l ia, gogia-

gogi l a, keke l ia, kvaSi l a, su l aberia, su l

ia, si l aga, fi l ia, fircxa l ia, Ca l iga, Wi l

a, Wi l aia, ka l iandia, baCi l a, kvaSi l a,

mircxu l ia, quTe l ia, Ci l aCa, xurcia-xurci l

a, masxu l ia, farcxa l ia, fete l ia, sose l ia,

e l ia, faruiua - faru l a, xunwe l ia, Woioka –

Wo l oka, gabe l ia (calke gamoyofili „l“

martvilelTa saubarSi amovardnilia. anu martvileli

ambobs quTeias quTe l ias nacvlad). CamoTvlili

218 gvaridan 23 saerTod ar mosaxleobs am terito-

riebze. danarCeni ki, kanti-kuntad saxloben TavianTi

76

gvaris naxorudan met-naklebad moSorebul adgilebze

[2].

givi eliava exeba yofis sxva mxareebsac da sak-

maod saintereso masalebi aqvs dafiqsirebuli. igi

kargad aRwers saZmo marans, paralels poulobs sxva

kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa saZmo marnebTan da uCavebis

saZmo marnis aRwerasTan erTad, Cawerili aqvs „nerCi

patenis“ locvis teqsti, romelsac uCavebis uxuce-

sebi 1950 wlamde asrulebdnen sagvareulo dResas-

waulze, aprilis meore kvira dRes. saZmo maranSi iyo

mcire zomis qvevrebi „iaxutebi“, erTidan xuTi Cafis

moculobisa. iaxutebis Rvino mcire, saojaxo „odu-

die“ dResaswaulebisTvis, xolo did, 10-dan 30 ko-

kian WurebSi saerTo sagvareulo dResaswaulisTvis

gankuTvnili Rvino esxaT [1,33-36].

mniSvnelovani masala aris dafiqsirebuli givi

eliavas im naSromebSi, romlebSic avtori exeba kos-

monimebs, mTvaris cikls, horizontis mxareebsa da

kviris dReebs [1,36-3]. aRsaniSnavia, rom givi eliavas

dafiqsirebuli aqvs manamde dakargulad/miviwyebulad

miCneuli kviris erT-erTi dRis megruli Sesatyvisi.

ivane javaxiSvilma, Tavis droze, safuZvliani kvleva

miuZRvna am sakiTxs, Tumca mis SromebSi ar aris

dafiqsirebuli kviris meSvide dRis _ SabaTis tradi-

ciuli, arqauli forma. SabaTi dRis Sesatyvisad mas

sabatoni aqvs dafiqsirebuli, rac ucxo enis gavle-

niTaa damkvidrebuli. givi eliava, savele masalze

dayrdnobiT gvamcnobs, rom sabatonis, SabaTis arqa-

uli forma SuriSxa (SuridRa _ sulis dRe) unda

yofiliyo. sabatonis aRsaniSnavad, SesaZloa SuriSxas

sinonimebic (Surpatii, Surpatoni, Suri Sina _

77

SuriSi, Sxafa) gamoiyeneboda. givi eliavas mier moce-

muli SviddRiuri sistemis sqematur gamosaxulebaze

datanili ganmartebebi arc imas gamoricxavs, rom

sabatoni, SesaZloa, Surpatonis saxecvlili forma

iyos [3].

givi eliava exeba TviTmmarTvelobis sistemasac da

naTel warmodgenas iZleva mis struqturaze _

saerTo saxalxo yriloba zaris darisxebiT an sayvi-

riT mowodebis Semdeg iwyeboda. soflis moedanze

raime didmniSvnelovani saqmis gadasawyvetad misul

xalxs, saxalxo krebas „jaralua“ an „kaTua“ erqva.

„kaTua/jaralua“ irCevda Tavikacs _ „dudikoCs“,

romelic xalxs TavSeyris mizezs gaacnobda. saWirbo-

roto sakiTxebze Zalian gamocdili xalxi, „mencari“

xalxi msjelobda. am msjelobis Semdeg, kreba gadaw-

yvetilebas miiRebda (gadawyvetilebis aRsaniSnavad,

givi eliavas termini „nakazi“ aqvs dafiqsirebuli,

rac rusuli „ukazanies“ anareklia) da am gadawyveti-

lebis aRsasruleblad axal struqturas qmnida _

„aRmasrulebel organos“ dudikoCi xelmZRvanelobda.

Tu saqme didi masStabebisa iyo, maSin „kaTua/ja-

ralua“ irCevda „sxunus“ (narCevi xalxi), romlebic

Tavisi rigebidan irCevdnen `dudikoCs~. „sxunili

kaTa“ _ narCevi xalxi, meorenairad „dudikoCis alma-

rineebad“, Tavikacis amomdgomebad, gverdSi mdgomebad

iwodebodnen. am rCeulebs sxvadasxva funqcia hqon-

daT. „maxvamuri“ saritualo saqmeebs ganagebda;

„mencari,“ igive „menamuse“ brZenkaci, saxalxo wes-

kanonis kargi mcodne da misi damcveli iyo;

„oSiSduds“ (asisTavi) SeiaraRebuli razmebis marTva

evaleboda; „majine“ ki, mziri, mzveravi iyo; „kaTua-

78

jaraluas“ gadawyvetileba saerTo saTemo valdebu-

leba iyo. aris gadmocemebi, rom saerTo krebis

dadgenilebis moRalates an raime piradi gamorCenis

mizniT, misi Seusruleblobis gamo, xalxi mkacrad

epyroboda da qolavda kidec. amis dasturad, samegre-

loSi mravlad vxvdebiT toponimebs „naqola“, „qoli-

ri“, „qolobani“ [1,41-44].

givi eliavas statiebisa da moxsenebebis ZiriTadi

nawili da dedaazri Tavmoyrilia 1989 wels mar-

tvilSi gamocemul albomSi _ „eTnografiuli sameg-

relo“, romelSic garda zemoT naxsenebi Temebisa,

saubaria samegrelos eTnografiuli yofis sxvadasxva

aspeqtebze (sameurneo iaraRebze tradiciul tran-

sportze, xelosnobis iaraRebze). alboms Tan erTvis

erTgvari leqsikoni _ „megruli socialur-eTnikur

terminTa katalogi anbanuri saZiebliT“. amgvarad,

givi eliavas naSromebi samegrelos eTnografiis mra-

val sakiTxs exeba da mis mier Segrovebuli masala

da warmoebuli kvlevebi saqarTvelos eTnografiis

mkvlevrisaTvis mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi wyaroa.

79


1. g. eliava, eTnografiuli albomi samegrelo, mar-

tvili, 1989.

2. g. eliava, samegrelos aRmosavleT nawilis mosax-

leobis istoriul-eTnografiuli warmomavloba da

Sedgeniloba toponimikur masalaTa Suqze, gmm V

samecniero sesiis masalebi, martvili, 1965.

3. g. eliava, qarTuli warmarTuli SviddRiuri sis-

temis erTi wevris Sesaxeb, gmm XXIV samecniero

sesiis masalebi, martvili, 1981.

4. g. eliava, xalxuri zepirsityvierebis masalebi

„Ti“-s, „Turis“ da „dinos“ Sesaxeb, gmm XXVII sa-

mecniero sesiis masalebi, martvili, 1983.

5. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,

Tb., 2006.

6. T. saxokia, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1956.

7. a. qobalia, megruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2010. 8. Аджинджал И. А., Из Этнографии Абхазии, Сухуми,

1969.

80

Giorgi Mamardashvili

GIVI ELIAVA AND HIS CONTRIBUTION IN STUDY OF THE SAMEGRELO ETHNOGRAPHY

Summary

Givi Eliava was a founder and for a long time director of

the Martvili Museum of Local Lore. Besides, being involved in the museum work, he actively carried on ethnographic, field works. He gathered quite a lot of information.

Givi Eliava studied very well peculiarities of everyday life of Samegrelo. These are: tools for agriculture and household manor, residential and auxiliary buildings, sys-tems of self-government and kinship, issues related to the seven-day calendar, the lunar cycle and the sides of the horizon. Many interesting terms are fixed in his writings and descriptions. It is remarkable that Givi Eliava recorded a special type of Megrelian residential house, predecessor of Oda house, “Maqdora”.

He also, found out an archaic form of Saturday (Sabatoni) – Shurishkha (Shuridgha - day of soul). His articles are collected in an album “Ethnographic Samegrelo”, published in Martvili, in 1989. The album is provided with a kind of dictionary – “Catalog of Megrelian Social and Ethnical Terms with Alphabetical Index”.

81

qeTevan quTaTelaZe

zoonimuri warmoSobis toponimebi

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT

toponimebi mraval saintereso informacias Seica-

ven, gansakuTrebiT, zoonimebi _ cxovelTa saxelebTan

dakavSirebuli saxelwodebebi. zoonimebi Seicaven in-

formacias qveynis teritoriaze myofi da gavrcele-

buli cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb, agreTve maT gav-

lenas da gamoyenebas sameurneo da religiuri kuT-

xiT. Sesabamisad, zoonimuri warmoSobis toponimebi

iseT adgilebSi warmoiSveba, sadac aris mesaqonle-

obis ganviTarebis kerebi, sanadiro adgilebi, cal-

keul cxovelTa da frinvelTa gavrcelebisa da sac-

xovrisi adgilebi.

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebul zoonimebSi

dafiqsirebulia rogorc gareuli, aseve, Sinauri Zu-

Zumwovari cxovelebi, agreTve, mtacebeli da Cveu-

lebrivi frinvelebi, Tevzebi. garda amisa, `qarTlis

cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebul zoonimebSi, aseve dafiqsire-

bulia cxovelTa garegnuli niSnebi, informacia maTi

gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb. xSir SemTxvevaSi, zogi-

erTi zoonimi iseT regionSia aRmocenebuli, romelic

Sesabamisi cxovelisTvis bunebrivi garemoa.

Zvel `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ dafiqsirebul zooni-

mebSi xSiria iseTi cxovelebisa da frinvelebis saxe-

lebi, romlebic SemorCenilia qarTul miTologiur

samyaroSi. xSirad isini RvTaebis zoomorful saxes,

an Tanmxleb, wminda da samsxverplo cxovels war-

moadgendnen. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri frinveli sana-

82

dirod gamoiyeneboda, zogierTi cxoveli ki, nadi-

robis obieqti iyo.

Zveli da axali `qarTlis cxovrebis~ redaqciebis

garda, saintereso masalas iZleva vaxuSti bagrati-

onis ukvdavi naSromic, romelic garda imisa, rom

adasturebs manamde arsebul teqstebSi SemorCenil

zoonimebs, aseve, sxvebsac warmoaCens, romlebic ar

aris SemorCenili zemoaRniSnul redaqciebSi.

arsebuli masalidan Cveni yuradReba miipyro Sem-

degma zoonimebma: gavazi, `satredo~ (samtredo),

yoranTa/yornisi/yornisis xevi, sayorne (imereTSi).

orbis cixe/orbeTi/orbeTis Ziri, Zerana/Zerna, saqo-

rias xevi (raWaSi), sabue, sasireTis Wala, CxikuTa,

WivWavi, kalmaxis cixe, kambeCani/kambeCovani/kambeCis

vakeni/kambeCovanis mindori, cxeniswyali, sacxenisi

(mTa da xevi), `cxenis terfi~ (Sdr. viristerfa),

sRoris mTa, najixurevi/ najixurevis mTa, ZaRlis

xevi, sakurdRlia, mgelcixe, focxverianis xevi da

sxva.

bevr toponims mtacebel frinvelTa saxelebi

daedo safuZvlad, rac ganisazRvreboda, rogorc

nadirobis funqciiT, aseve, am kategoriis frinvelTa

gavrcelebis arealiT. magaliTad, aseTi toponimebia:

òrbis cixe“/òrbeTi~. òrbis cixe“ qvemo qarTlis

mniSvnelovani centris, samSvildis kidev erTi saxel-

wodebaa _ `...qarTlos aRaSena cixe orbisa, romelsa

aw hqჳan samSჳlde~ [11,8]. saxelwodeba (òrbebis

sabudari“) SeiZleba gaviazroT, agreTve, rogorc

miuwvdomeli, maRali cixis mniSvnelobiT. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targmani da gviandeli

qarTuli wyaroebi òrbis“ magivrad òrbeTs“ aRniS-

83

naven, romlis fuZed aseve òrbi“ warmoCindeba, èT“

ki, geografiul saxelTa mawarmoebeli sufiqsia

[19,13]. vaxuSti batoniSvilic aRniSnavs: `...cixe

orbeTi, aw wodebuli samSჳlde. aRaSena qarTlos~

[3,322]. òrbeTs“ moixsenieben, aseve, XII s-is somexi

istorikosebi. òrbeTi~ ewodeba agreTve, algeTis

xeobis erT-erT cixes, romelic birTvis-farcxisis

cixeebTan erTad, algeTis xeobis Sua wels akontro-

lebda. `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, Tbilisis

amirasTan brZolis dros, bagrat IV-m waarTva mas

`cixeni orbeTi da farcxisi~ [11,297]. vaxuSti

batoniSvilis cnobiT, algeTis Senakadis `zbriTis

ჴevzed, maRals kldezed ars eklesia orbeTi. xolo

sad erTvis algeTs Ãჴevi ese, mun ars cixe farcxisi~ [3,327]. bunebrivia, eklesiasTan erTad, cixec igu-

lisxmeba, rasac zemoaRniSnuli faqti cxadyofs. gvian

periodSi, rogorc Cans, igi ar funqcionirebda.

istorikosi farcxiss uwodebs `fari birTvisis

cixisa~ [3,327].

,,orbis~ saxelwodebiT, Zvel teqstebSi moixseni-

ebdnen `SavardnisnairTa~ mtacebel frinvelTa jgufs.

orbi1 zogjer, arwivTanac aris gaigivebuli. mag.:

,,viTarca orbman raÁ daifara budeni Tჳsni~//,,viTarca arwivman daifara budeni Tჳsni~ [1,333]. qarTveluri

enebidan svanurad arwivs `verb~ hqvia, rac saxel-

wodeba òrbis“ dialeqturi forma unda iyos.

1 orbi (Gyps) didi zomis mZoris mWameli frinvelia (16,559). `zomiT

odnav Camouvardeba svavs... binadrobs dablobSic da mTaSic, sadac

budobisTvis gamosadeqi kldeebia. Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel

wignSi~ (2,36). magram ufro xSirad, Zvel teqstebSi igi arwivTan aris gaigivebuli.

84

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT: ,,orbi – romeli

frinveli asakiTa did arian; advil aRmavali haerTa

simaRlesa, yovelTa mZorTa mWamelTa ewodebis, xolo

fsalmunisa Targmani ara orbisa ganaxlebasa ityvis,

aramed arwivisasa, romeli ars bolo TeTri da

wylis pirs mebudrobs Tevzis(a) WamisaTvis. xolo

nemesios yovelTa WangianTa da ჴorcTa mWamelTa

frinvelTa ityvis orbad~ [1,604-605]. Zvel teqstebSi

orbis gaigiveba unda momxdariyo TeTrkuda arwivTan

(`TeTrkuda fsovi~), romelsac sulxan-saba orbe-

liani fsovs uwodebs _ èse ars, romelsa aw msof-

lioni arwivs uwoden; romelsa bolos wervali Savi

aqvs da ukana kerZo _ TeTri, romeli kusa aRitacebs

da haeriT gamo kldesa dascems da, ra ganipeba, Wams~

[9,203]. ioane batoniSvili mas `fsvavi~-s formiT

moixseniebs da ganmartavs: `didi arwivi, fsvavi,

yajir, saxeli ese ewodebis udidessa arwivsa ...

budobs mTianTa adgilsa S(in)a da advilad ga-

iwvrTnebis frinvelTa da mჴecT sanadirod~ [4,33].

TeTrkuda fsovi `CvenSi gavrcelebul arwivebs Soris

yvelaze didia. zrdasruli gamoirCeva didi da

Zlieri yviTeli niskartiT, mokle soliseburi TeTri

Seferilobis kudiTa da ganieri frTebiT... TiTqmis

yovelTvis wylis maxloblad gvxvdeba, vinaidan

ZiriTad sakvebs Tevzi warmoadgens, Tumca uars arc

msxvili ZuZumwovrebis leSze ambobs... uzarmazar

budes wylis maxloblad maRal xeebze ikeTebs~ [2,50].

sulxan-saba orbelianic, orbis saxelwodebis qveS,

arwivis garda, uTiTebs, agreTve, bazs, romelSic

Sevardeni, gavazi, qori, mimino da msgavsi frinvelebi

igulisxmebian, `romelTa nemesios orbad saxel-debs“

85

[8,67; 91]. bazidan momdinareobs `bazieri“, romelsac

saxelovani mecnieri `meqores“ da `meSevardnes“ uwo-

debs [8,91]. igi moixseniebs agreTve, Wangian msgavs

mtacebel frinvelebs: Zera, Zerqori1, romelsac

`TeTr Zeras~ uwodebs, ZerZeruki, romlis ucxo

Sesatyvisad `yajirs“ asaxelebs [9,203; 353,264],

bahri (Sevardenis msgavsi), bora2 (Zeras msgavsi),

borboxi (didi bora), burauli, anu `mwyazari qori,

Sav-wiTel sacilobeli“ [8,121]. mkvlevris azriT,

`mwyazari“ (`sikeTezed meti“) lamazis erT-erTi gan-

martebaa [8,404; 548]. marTlac, wiTeli qori gansa-

kuTrebiT fasobda nadirobis dros3. sulxan-saba

orbeliani aseve asaxelebs focxvs (`focxჳ~), ro-

melsac misi ganmartebiT, `Waros uxmoben glexni~

[9,198]. Waros ki, Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `qorsa

hgavs, xeze jdebis, Tevzs amoitacebs wyliT da

sWams~ [9,398]. samonadireo mtacebeli frinvelebis

Seferilobas TeTri, Savi da wiTeli feriT, garda

realobisa, miTologiuri gagebiT, ferTa simboluri

datvirTvac hqonda. es frinvelebi kldis mSral da

Ria mwvervalebze, xevebsa da mTis borcvebze budoben.

nadirobis erT-erTi saxeoba iyo damWeri, mtace-

beli frinvelebiT nadiroba, romlebic òrbis“

saxelis qveS iyvnen gaerTianebuli. vaxuStis cnobiT,

xramis xeoba marTlac gamoirCeoda frinvelTa, gansa-

1 Sdr. Zerqori/Zelqori. saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebulia Waobis,

mindvris, velisa da mdelos Zelqorebi (2,42; 44). 2 fSaur, xevsurul, moxevur da qarTlur dialqtebze `bora

erTgvari Zeraa” (14,80). 3 sulxan-saba orbeliani asaxelebs, agreTve, bolokarkazs _ mcire

zomis mtacebeli frinveli, arwivis msgavsi niskartiTa da WangiT, romelic mefeebs gasarTobad hyavdaT (8,99; 109; 110).

86

kuTrebiT ki, kakabTa1 simravliT [3,322; 323; 329],

romlebzec, albaT, zemoaRniSnuli gareuli frinve-

lebiT nadirobdnen. aseve, sainteresoa samSvildesTan

mdinare WivWavis saxelwodeba, romelsac sulxan-saba

orbeliani ganmartavs, rogorc beRuras. misi for-

mebia _ `WivWavi/WivWivi/WavWavi~ [9,402] da erTgan

ganmartavs, rom `beRura WavWavs hgavs~ [8,102].

vaxuSti batoniSvili `WivWivis~ formiT moixseniebs:

`WivWivis-wyali sdis benderis mTasa da modis

samჴriT~ [3,323]. qcia-xramisa da WivWavis wylis

SeerTebis adgilas, koncxze mdebareobs swored

òrbis cixed~ wodebuli samSvilde. SesaZloa, igi

samSvildeSi myofi sanadirod gawvrTnili gareuli

frinvelebis mTavari sazrdo da maTi dageSvis obi-

eqti iyo. samSvildis uZvelesi saxelwodeba, òrbis

cixe~, albaT, miuTiTebs, rom samSvildis midamoebSi

da konkretulad, samSvildeSi, garda mtacebeli,

samonadireo frinvelebis bunebrivad budobisa,

aSenebdnen am tipis frinvelebs, wvrTnidnen da

patronobdnen. `dasturlamalSi“ specialuri punqtia

`Sevardnis budeebisa“, romelic iTvaliswinebs am

frinvelis movla-patronobisa da gamravlebis sa-

kiTxs. dokumentSi CamoTvlilia is adgilebi, sof-

lebi da pirovnebebi, romelTac Sevardnis budeebi

ebaraT. aRniSnul wyaroSi dasaxelebulia niCbisis,

kavTisxevis, kldekaris, wiTeli kldis, begcixis,

rkonis, abuxalos, gilikis, Trexvis, neZvis, axal-

dabis, satkiuris, zemo gufTis, Rvercevis, koSkas,

sveris SevardenTa budeebi. budeTa movla-patronoba

1 Sdr. toponimi `kakabeTi~. `qarTuli kakab Ziris zusti fonemuri Sesatyvisia megruli `kokob~ (10,261).

87

da SevardenTa gamravleba zogan soflebs hqondaT

Sewerili, zogan ki, calkeul pirovnebebs, magaliTad:

kavTisxevis bude qvaTaxevis monastris winamZRvars

unda Seenaxa [18,279]. im adgilebSi, sadac Sevardeni

budobda ar SeiZleboda tyeSi Sesvla da xis moWra.

budesTvis Soridan unda eTvalTvalaT, ar SeiZleboda

mefis bazieris gareSe budeSi Caxedva, Sevardnis

kvercxis an qulis1 danaxva da xelis Sevleba, amis

ufleba mxolod baziers hqonda. Tu vinme am wess

daarRvevda, mas Svidmagad azRvevinebdnen. Tu Se-

vardnis budes saTanadod ver mouvlidnen da Sevar-

deni ar daibudebda, sofels, an pirovnebas or-or

mTavar Sevardens Seasyidvinebdnen [18,279-280].

bevri mtacebeli konkretuli frinvelis saxel-

wodeba daedo safuZvlad zoonimebs, romlebic `qar-

Tlis cxovrebam~ Semogvinaxa. erT-erTi aseTia _

`gavazi~. `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, arabi sardali

xalili, meored Semosevis dros, gardabnelebma gavazs

daamarcxes [11,254]. imave istorikosis cnobiT, gavazi

hereTis samefoSi Sedioda, romelic hereTis mefe

adarnase patrikma afxazTa mefe konstantines dauTmo

[11,264]. Tumca, vaxuSti gardabnelTa mTavars samuel

donaurs asaxelebs, romelic gavazs Seeba xalil

iezidis Zes [3,558]. istorikosis cnobiT, gvian Sua

saukuneebSi gavazi kaxeTis sxva cixe-simagreebis

msgavsad, rbeva-TareSis obieqti iyo [3,618; 625]

vaxuSti batoniSvili alaznis erT-erT Senakadad asa-

xelebs aseve `gavazis wyals~ [3,545]. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ gagrZelebis II teqstSic moixsenieba gava-

1 sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `bazTa marTveTa ewodebis qula~ (8,440).

88

zi, romelic qsnis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. sulxan-saba

orbeliani gavazs `bazis~ saxelis qveS gaerTianebul

mtacebel frinvelebTan moixseniebs [8,128], Tumca igi

`gavazis~ kidev erT mniSvnelobas aRniSnavs _ ìrmis

rqis Ziri~ [8,129]. kvlevis sxva sferoa, Tu romeli

mniSvneloba daedo safuZvlad toponim `gavazs~. Cveni

azriT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gavazis garda, bazis

saxelis qveS sxva mtacebeli frinvelebis saxel-

wodebis (qori, Zera, orbi) safuZvelze warmoSobil

toponimebs, maSin SesaZloa, gavazis toponims

safuZvlad swored mtacebeli frinvel gavazis gav-

rcelebis, an moSenebis areali dasdeboda safuZvlad.

TeTri wyaros raionSi (romelic samSvildis

saerisTavos istoriul teritoriaze mdebareobs),

sainteresoa toponimebi _ `yornibudis klde“, rome-

lic sofel vaneTTan (orbeTis s/sabWo) kldis saxel-

wodebaa (Camweri, q. goderZiSvili, informatori, s.

kobaiZe), aseve, sofel didi kldeisis (kldeisis

s/sabWo) midamoebSi `Zeri budes klde“ (Camweri, q.

goderZiSvili, informatori, i. gogiCaSvili, i. miqe-

laZe), sadac Zeras bude gaekeTebina. msgavsi mniS-

vnelobis toponimebi SemorCenilia `qarTlis cxov-

rebaSi~ _ `yoranTa/yornisi/yornis xevi/sayorne~,

`Zerana/Zerna~. dmanisis xeobis aRwerisas vaxuSti

asaxelebs `yoranTas ars eklesia, sasueni atocis

wmidis giorgis juarisa~ [3,316]1. msgavsi mniSvne-

lobis toponimi `yornisi~ fiqsirdeba Sida qarTlSi

1 am jvarTan dakavSirebiT,HvaxuSti ufro akonkretebs da aRniSnavs,

rom q. CxarSi àrs aqa eklesia ugumbaTo, romelsa Sina asuenia

juari did-friad. mdebarebs mas Sina beWi mTavarmowamisa wmidis

giorgisa, maradis saswaulTmoqmedi. es juari pirvel iyo yoranTas, Semdgomad samcxes, merme atocs da aw aqa~ (3,756).

89

dvanis wylis xeobaSi. yornisis xevi gamosdis Zaris

mTas. `yorniss ars quabni kldisani da koSkovani~

[3,375]. vaxuSti batoniSvili aseve, asaxelebs yoran-

Tan1 dakavSirebul toponims `sayornes~-s imereTis

aRweris dros [3,762].

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi samSvildesTan er-

Tad asaxelebs Zernas: qarTvelebma òdes samSჳlde da

Zerna aiRes qoronikoni iyo samas ocdaaTi~ (1110)

[11,332]. vaxuSti batoniSvili `samSჳldesa da Zera-

nas~ moixseniebs [3,157]. Zerna Zeranas SekumSuli

formaa da igi ukavSirdeba mtacebel frinvel Zeras,

romelic, SesaZloa, aseve, moiazreboda òrbis~

saxelwodebis qveS Wangian, moRunul niskartian, mta-

cebel xorcis mWamel frinvelTa Soris. konkre-

tulad, sad iyo Zernas cixe ucnobia, Tumca SeiZleba

gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom igi òrbis cixed~ cnobili

samSvildis Semogarenis erT-erTi cixe yofiliyo.

swored maT erTad aRebaze saubroben istorikosebic.

qarTvelur enaTa etimoligiur leqsikonSi aRniSnu-

lia, rom `qarTul Zer fuZes Seesatyviseba lazuri

mjaj. megruli eqvivalenti daculi aqvs guruls~

[10,624]. marTlac, gurul dialeqtze `jaja~ aris

`Zera, qori, mtacebeli frinveli~ [14,777]. SesaZ-

leblad migvaCnia, rom mas Seefardeba `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Zvel somxur TargmanSi moxseniebuli

toponimi `bznuni~, romelic `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~

ar ixsenieba. Targmanis mixedviT, herakle keisarma

1 aRwerilobiT yorani `sagrZnoblad didia yvavze... Zlieri xma aqvs,

romelic did mnaZilze ismis. ZiriTad sakvebs mZori warmoadgens.

metad frTxili frinvelia. budobs kldovan flateebze, upiratesad mTaSi, Tumca gvxvdeba dablobSic~ (2,130).

90

`gza somxeTze daidva, movida bznunis da iqedan

gadavida tfiliss~ [13,189], `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki

aRniSnavs: `da movida pirvelad qarTls... movida

erakle mefe da moadga tfilissa~ [11,224]. `bznuns

SesaZloa Seesabameba somexi istorikosis vardanis

mier moxseniebuli `bazunik _ igive bazkerti taSiris

qveyanaSi~ [24,114]. bazkerti igive bazis cixea, bazi

ki, Zvel somxurad Sevardens niSnavs [25,197]. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT sulxan-saba orbelianis zemoaRniS-

nul ganmartebas, rom `bazis~ saxelwodebis qveS

gaerTianebuli mtacebeli frinvelebi òrbis~ saxel-

wodebiTac moixsenieba [8,91], sadac Zerac unda vigu-

lisxmoT, aRniSnuli mosazreba safuZvels ar unda

iyos moklebuli.

rogorc Cans, samSvilde da misi Semogareni mxa-

reebi mtacebeli frinvelebis bunebrivi budobisTvis

xelsayrel adgilebs warmoadgenda. ioane batoniSvili

CamoTvlis mtacebeli, nadirobisTvis dageSili frin-

velebis 13 saxeobas: mimino, qori, Savardeni, bari,

(bora? _ q. q.), arwivi, sonRuli, TonRruli, alali,

marjani, SavTvali, sirkaWkaWi da jinxva (xaJo)

[19,28]1.

1 qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, romelsac zogjer miTosuri elferi

dahkravs, mravali siuJetia SemorCenili, rodesac monadire exmareba

zRaprul da sanadiro frinvelebs _ arwivs, faskunjs, TeTr qors,

Sevardens (TeTri, wiTeli da Savi). daixsnis maT gvelis an gveleSapis Tavdasxmisagan. frinvelebi TavianT bumbuls iZrobdnen da

daxmarebis mizniT gadascemdnen monadires. am ukanasknels, gansac-

delis Jams mxolod unda moewva bumbulis bolo. grZneuli

frinvelebi maSinve monadiresTan Cndebodnen da exmarebodnen mas

gaWirvebis dros. yovelive es miuTiTebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda

monadirisTvis, samonadireo frinvelebs, maT frTas isrisTvis, romlis gareSe nadirobis procesi wamoudgeneli iyo. qarTuli

91

ra kavSiri unda yofiliyo òrbis cixesa~ da

,,samSvilde~-s, Soris, romelic, bunebrivia, dakavSi-

rebulia mSvild-isarTan. igi `sa-e~ afiqsiT gafor-

mebuli saxelia. saxelwodeba `samSvilde,~ amave

dros, `saisre qalaqs~ da `mSvild-isris qalaqs~

niSnavs da igi mSvild-isris damzadebisa da Senaxvis

kera unda yofiliyo samxreT kavkasiaSi. aqve davZenT,

rom mSvild-isari, SesaZlebelia, romelime RvTaebis

atributic yofiliyo da mas magiuri mniSvnelobac

hqonoda im sazogadoebisTvis, romlis gaerTianebis

centrsac samSvilde warmoadgenda. sainteresoa, hqon-

da Tu ara kavSiri saxelwodeba òrbis cixes“ isar-

Tan, romelic qalaqis saxelwodebis _ samSvildis

ganmsazRvrelia. `gareul frinvelebze, garda nadiro-

bis procesSi gamoyenebisa, yovelTvis iyo didi moT-

xovna, radgan maTi frTa, romelic gansazRvravda

gatyorcnili isris mimarTulebis siswores, isris

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi detali iyo. igi isris

xis boloze magrdeboda~ [19,29]. ZiriTadad, gamoi-

yeneboda arwivis frTebi1 xalxur poeziaSi isari

miTosis mixedviT, orbi, an am rigis frinveli RvTaebrivi, monadire

lekvis, yurSas dedaa, yurSas povnas yvela monadire eSureba, radgan

igi warmatebuli nadirobis momtania. nadirobisTvis gawvrTnili

mtacebeli frinvelis dakavSireba ZaRlTan ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi.

ZaRli, romelic nadirobis qalRmerTis wminda cxovels warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT Sveloda monadires nadirobis dros.

òrbisfrTian“ yurSasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze sainteresoa qarTuli

xalxuri zRapari `yurSa da ivane qvacixiseli~. zRapris teqsti

Sedgenilia e. virsalaZis mier, raWis 1960 wlis eqspediciis

masalebis mixedviT (22,288). 1 isrisTvis gamoiyenebdnen, agreTve, sxva mtacebeli frinvelis

frTasac. magaliTad: mucoel TorRvas fSavelebisTvis TiTo

cxvarTan erTad Tovliani gzis asamSraleblad TiTo tomara nacari da isrisaTvis boras frTa mouTxovia _ `Tqvenc unda mamceT

92

òrbis frTianis~1 saxelwodebiT moixsenieba [19,30].

`zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelwodeba òrbis

cixe~ logikurad dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo

`samSvildesTan~, romelic mSvild-isris warmoebis

erT-erT keras warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. SesaZloa,

samSvildeSi amzadebdnen konkretulad nadirobisTvis

gankuTvnil isrebs (maT Soris, msxvili nadirisTvis),

romlebsac orbis saxelis qveS gaerTianebuli gare-

uli, mtacebeli frinvelis frTiTac amkobdnen~

[19,30].

samSvildis mimdebare teritoria, garda imisa, rom

òrbis cixis~ saxelwodebidan gamomdinare mtace-

beli, sanadirod dageSili frinvelebis gavrcelebis

da moSenebis areali iyo, amave dros, im koleqtivis

centrs warmoadgenda, romlis arsebobis safuZvels

religiuri da sameurneo-ekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT

nadiroba Seadgenda. Tavad saxelwodeba samSvilde

dakavSirebuli iyo mSvildTan da isarTan, romelic

nadirobis procesSi mTavari iaraRia. saTanado kvle-

vaSi Cven davasabuTeT, rom samSvildis saerisTavos

centris erT-erTi saxelwodeba `sanadiro qalaqi~

isris qalaqs, an saisre qalaqs niSnavs [19,36-48].

isris erT-erT mTavar atributad ki, swored zemoaR-

niSnul mtacebel frinvelTa frTa miiCneva. xramis

xeobaSi sanadiro adgilebi mravlad yofila.

vaxuStis cnobiT, gansakuTrebiT frinvelTa simravle,

fSavlebo, TiTo SiSaqi cxvario, TiTo tomara nacari, TiTo borais mxario~ (19,30). 1 isari xalxur poeziaSi moixsenieba, agreTve, rogorc `kilo-

wiTeli~, `kabdowiTeli~, `Tbewvrili~, `yiawiTeli~,, `Tbe-Savi~

(19,30).

93

kerZod kakabTa SeimCneoda [3,322; 323; 329]. sanadiro

arealebi gansakuTrebiT samSvildis garSemo da mis

midamoebSi unda yofiliyo. am mxriv, sainteresoa to-

ponimi `garisi“. samSvildidan 4-5 km-ze arsebuli

istoriuli punqts `garisi~ ewodeboda, romelzec

Semdeg dRevandeli raionuli centri, TeTri wyaro

gaSenda. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `garisi/

garisa~ velurs, gareuls niSnavs [8,149]. misgan unda

iyos nawarmoebi sityvebi: `garieli~ (frinveli), `ga-

risaTa~ (gareulisaTa), `gareTxa~, romlis saxelwo-

debis qveS sulxan-saba orbeliani aerTianebs qurciks,

Svels, niamors, arCvs, jixvs [8,149; 148]. TiTqmis

igive cxovelebs CamoTvlis nadirobis dros SoTa

rusTavelic: `movida jogi nadirTa angariSmiuwvdo-

meli: iremi, Txa da kanjari1, qurciki maRlad mxto-

meli“ [21,30]. amrigad, aq yvela is gareuli cxoveli

da frinveli igulisxmeba, romelic mTavar sanadiro

obieqts warmoadgens nadirobis dros. sakuTriv

toponimi `garisi,~ samSvildis gareT erT-erT mniS-

vnelovan sanadiro arealze miuTiTebs [5]. ar gamov-

ricxavT, rom nadirobis win mowyobil jelgs garisis

teritoriazec awyobdnen. aseve, igulisxmeba, rom

toponimi `garisi“ TavisTavad dakavSirebuli iyo sam-

SvildeSi mimdinare mSvild-isris damzadebis

procesTan. kerZod, SesaZloa, axali isrebi garisis

teritoriazec gamoicdeboda.

amrigad, samSvildis uZvelesi saxelwodeba òrbis

cixe~ ukavSirdeba arwivisa da msgavsi Wangiani mtace-

beli, monadire frinvelebis saxes (maT Soris,

1 sulxan-saba orbeliani kanjars velur virs uwodebs (8,351). igi rTul da saxifaTo sanadiro cxovelad miiCneoda.

94

miTologiursac). maT frTas didi mniSvneloba hqonda

xarisxiani isris damzadebisTvis, romelmac òrbis

cixis~ Semdgomi saxelwodebebi, _ `samSvilde~ da

`sanadiro qalaqi~ (`saisre qalaqi~) gansazRvra.

garda zemoaRniSnuli frinvelebisa, `qarTlis

cxovrebaSi~ zoonimebi gvxvdeba sxva frinvelTa sa-

xelwodebiTac.

vaxuSti btoniSvili raWis aRweris dros, rionis

erT-erT Senakadad asaxelebs `saqorias xevs~. àm

ჴevis SesarTavTan, rionis kidezed, ars cixe magari friad~ [3,768]. qarTuli `qor~-is Sesatyvisad

miCneulia megruli `qor/qir/qჷr/ qor-i/qir-i/qჷr-i~ da lazuri `qur/mqir/qur-i/mqir-i/mqi-i~ [10,497].

saxelovani mecnieri alaznis erT-erT Senakadad

asaxelebs agreTve `sabue-gremis~ wyals [3,546], ro-

melTagan CvenTvis sainteresoa `sabue~. sulxan-saba

orbelianis ganmartebiT, bu aris `Tavdidi Ramis

frinveli~, misi Sesatyvisebia: `buvi, bukioti,

buknawo, buჲ~ [11,117-118]. aqedan, bukiots `patara

bud~ ganmartavs, aseve, buknawos _ `patara buჲ, igive buჲ, wowola, Woti [8,119]. misi dialeqturi

Sesatyvisia buknaWoti1. marTlac, qarTlur da TuSur

TuSur dialeqtebze `buknaWo, bukioti patara bu~-s

niSnavs [14,91]. aseve, gurul dialeqtze `buknaJa~

niSnavs bus [14,91]. saxelovani mecnieri did bus

`zarnaso/ zar-baSos~2 uwodebs [11,277], aseve,

1 sxva buebisgan gansxvavebiT Wotis naxva `xSirad SeiZleba dRis

ganmavlobaSic~ (2, 86) 2 arasworad aris ganmartebuli es sityva Zveli qarTuli enis

leqsikonSi, sadac `zarnasovi~ axsnilia, rogorc `sovi~, svavi _

vultur: àra SWamoT zarnasovi da Zerqori~ (1,162). aseve, sa-xelwodeba `vultur~-iT arasworad aris moxseniebuli saxelwodeba

95

moixseniebs ioane batoniSvilic: `zarnaSo, buჲ. mtacebeli frinvelia f(ria)d udidesi buvTa

naTesavisagan, romelica iqmnebis sididiTa Sinaurisa

batisoden~ [4,205].

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `CxikuTis samჴriT ars eklesia sameba, wmidis giorgisa, maRals gorasa

zeda naSeni, aramed sakurveli~, radgan mas hqonda

uzarmazari lodebiT aSenebuli galavani, rac

adamianis Zalebs aRemateboda. Zuelad iwoda gmirT-

nakueTi, da iyo cixe, xolo aw eklesia~ [3,326].

Cxikvs Zvel qarTulad Seesabameba `Cxiku~, megrulad

_ `Cxikv~-i da lazurad `Cxvik~-i [10,573].

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `satredos1, maSa-

verze, Seni ars Ãჴidi quitkirisa z*-Tuali, wyaldi-

dobisaTჳs. aqa ars Wala~ [3,316]. qarTul `treds~

Seesabameba megruli `toronji~ da lazuri `toroji/

tooji~. megrul-lazurisTvis amosaval formad miCne-

ulia `trod~. ò ganviTarda tr- kompleqsis gasa-

TiSad... i xmovnis win megrulsa da lazurSi~ d j-Si

gadadis. qarTul-zanuri erTobisTvis amosavali unda

yofiliyo `trad~ arqetipi [10,441]. `satredo~ igive

samtredea, ar gamovricxavT, rom es adgili

`yanC~-i (1,465), romelic laklakisebrTa frinvelTa rigs gane-

kuTvneba. ioane batoniSvili `vultur~ saxelwodebiT ganixilavs `vultur gryphus~ da `vultur perenopterus~. `vultur gryphus~-Si gulisxmobs Zeris

msgavs frinvels zRapruli faskinjiviT da aRniSnavs: àramed saR-

mrTo werilsa Sina frinveli ese igulisxmebisa, anu yoveli guaris ZeraTa~. mas 40 dRe SimSilic SeuZlia da `memarxulesac~ uwodeben

(4,55). `vultur perenopterus~-Si ki, ganmartavs `ZerTa mefes~. `Zeris

guari frinvelia, romelic sididiTa gardaematebis TჳT arwivsa...

izrdebis mZorebiTa da nadirobs mindvris virTaguTa~ (4,183). 1 `satredo~/samtredo (Sdr. samtredia)

96

samonadireo mtacebeli frinvelebis mtredze dageSvis

erT-erTi adgilic yofiliyo.

qsnis xeobis aRwerisas, vaxuSti batoniSvili

moixseniebs yanCaeTs `yanCieTi~-s formiT [3,359],

romelic `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebis meore

teqstis mixedviT, Salva qvenifnevelis samflobeloSi

Sedioda [12,444]. sulxan-saba orbeliani `yanC~-s

oyars uwodebs [9,262]1. ioane batoniSvili oyars

(Ardea) laklaks, yaryatsa da irodis2 uwodebs.

`saxelisa amis quჱSe igulisxmebian frinvelni,

romelTaca aqusT niskarti grZeli, swore mwvetiani...

feჴebi aqus grZelni... kiserica aqusT grZeli

f(ria)d~ [4,208-209]. sulxan-saba orbeliani aRniS-

navs, rom èrodios~ yaryatis berZnuli saxelwo-

debaa3. misive ganmartebiT, `Savi ars, tyeTa Sina

damalviT mkvidri, wvimaTa Sina velTa gamovals

mianobiTa da ra gardaiwvima, munve Sevals~ [9,263].

saxelovani mecnieri Sav laklaks ìSxvars~ uwodebs

[8,341]4.

1 vfiqrobT, igi araswor ganmartebas iZleva, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom

`miminos umciresia, haerSi myofi, ganusveneblad mfrinav(i) qve-daujdomel. haerisa da buzTa WamiTa gamoizrdebis, leSis mWameli

frinvelia~ (9,262). 2 ioane batoniSvili ìrodia~-s sxva variantad asaxelebs àsidas~-s

(4,26). 3 igi mas `yaryantis~ formiTac moixseniebs (9,263). Sdr. yaryadi/

yaryati (4,465). 4 yanCisebrni frinvelTa ojaxia laklakisnairTa, igive yaryatisnairTa

rigisa. yanCisebrTa garda, masSi Sedis navniskartasebrni, veSapTava

yanCisebrni, TavCaquCa yanCisebrni, laklakisebrni da ibisisebrni

frinvelebi. amJamad, wiTel wignSia Setanili Savi yaryati anu

iSxvari. es frinvelebi tenian adgilebSi cxovroben. laklakebi da

yaryatebi binadroben velze, tyeebsa da mdinaris xeobebSi, budes ikeTeben maRal xeebze. dResdReobiT, yaryatisnairTa magivrad, lak-

97

saintereso toponimia `sasireTi~. sulxan-saba

orbelianis ganmartebiT, `siri~ Cits niSnavs [9,93]

(Sdr. siraqlema, siraxoxa, sirkaWkaWi, sar-a-sir-

i/RobemZvrala). mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom

qarTul `sir~-s Seesatyviseba megruli `sinj/sind/

sinj-i/sind-i~, rac ixvs niSnavs. megruli `wyar-i-

sind-i~ `gareul ixvs~ aRniSnavs. am formidan momdi-

nareobs svanuri enis balsqvemour kiloSi ixvis sa-

xelwodeba `wyarSid~. sakuTriv svanurSi `sir/mჷ-sir~ roWos niSnavs [10,403-404]. rogorc Cans, es sityva

saerTo qarTveluri warmoSobis aris da igi zogadad,

frinvelis aRmniSvnelia. sulxan-saba orbeliani `sa-

sire~-s uwodebs frinvelTa dasaWer bades: àrs

Sesapyrobeli frinvelTa: aSriali, ojiji, sasire,

Citbade, tredbade~ [9,89]. sulxan-saba orbelianis

TqmiT, òjiji~ aris `bade megrulad. mrgvali badea,

qorT (qoris) Tav(s) dasacemeli~ [8,612], aseve,

ganmartavs àSrial~-sac, rogorc `saqore bade~, an

`qoris bade~ [8,82] gurul dialeqtze SemorCenilia

sityva `sirenCqa~, rac Citis maxes niSnavs [14,494].

toponimi `sasireTis Wala~ samonadireo terminic un-

da iyos, sadac sxvadasxva frinvelTa dasaWerad

mowyobili maxeebi igulisxmeba. òjij~-Tan dakavSi-

rebiT, saintereso unda iyos Zveli qarTuli sityva

`jijR/jijR-i~, rac `SaSvisebur frinvels~ niSnavs.

mas Seesatyviseba megruli `JRirjR/jRirjR/

jRorjR~, rac SaSvs niSnavs [10,729]. sasireTis

WalaSi moxda erT-erTi Setakeba liparit baRvaSsa da

bagrat IV Soris _ `da Seibnes Tavsa sasireTis

lakisebrni ixmareba (17,622; 630). (Sdr. sof. laklaki zemo aWaraSi; gvari laklakiZeebi).

98

Walisasa~ [11,301]. vaxuSti ki, aRniSnavs, rom `Seibnen

sasireTis Walasa Sina~ [3,147]. sasireTs vaxuSti

Sida qarTlSi moixseniebs. Tumca, ar gamovricxavT,

rom aseTi adgilebi saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSic

yofiliyo. imereTis aRweris dros, romelsac

frinvelTa simravliT gamoarCevs, igi aRniSnavs:

àramed sirni, Citni da tredni eseoden, romel

ipyrobs kaci erTi wamosakravis badiT f~ erTgzis, da

sxჳTa maxeebiTa _ sirTa da CitTa, da sZes begrad glexTa t~, u~ da ufrosnica~ [3,745]. rogorc

vxedavT, glexs begaris saxiT unda mietana daWerili

frinveli, amitom maT Sesapyrobad maxeebi bevr ad-

gilas iqneboda mowyobili, zoonimis saxiT ki,

saxelwodeba `sasireTi~ mxolod Sida qarTlSi Se-

mogvrCa.

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ SemorCenilia agreTve zoo-

nimebi, romelTac safuZveli daedo cxovelTa saxel-

wodebebi, maTi garegnuli saxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebi. yovelive es miuTiTebs mecxoveleobis gav-

rcelebis arealze qarTvelTa sacxovrisSi. vaxuStis

cnobiT, civis mTas gamosdis Weremis wyali, romel-

zec mdebareobs amave saxelwodebis qalaqi, sadac

gorgasalma erT-erTi saepiskoposo daaarsa _ ìyo

qalaqi, sadaca aRaSena gorgasal eklesia didSeni,

gumbaTiani da qalaqi magari da dasua episkopozi,

mwyemsi SigniT-kaxeTisa da, zis dResca~ [3,546]. Were-

mis wyalze mdebareobs velis cixe. civis mTis ZirSi

(bediyris xeoba) mdebareobs agreTve, vejinis cixe _

àm wylis (bediyris wyali – q. q.) SesarTavis

alaznis dasavliT, civis mTis Zirs ars vejini. mas

zeiT, mTis kalTas, kldesa zeda, ars cixe Seni

99

magari da did-gebuli, Sig gamomdinare wyaroTi da

eklesiiT~ [3,545]. marTalia, saxelwodeba `Weramis~

formiTac gvxdeba, magram ZiriTadad Weremia, aseve,

moixseniebs vaxuSti, amitom Werami Weremis

fonetikuri forma unda yofiliyo. TuSur da mTiu-

lur dialeqtze `Werema~ niSnavs: vefxviviT Wreli

saqoneli _ veJana, tigura, Wromaxi, Wreli Zroxa

[14,719]. Sinaarsobrivad, am sityvas unda miesadage-

bodes moxevur dialeqtze sityva `Wroli~/ Tov-

lWreli – gazafxulze damdnari da darCenili Tov-

liT aWrelebul zedapirs niSnavs [14,730]. Zvel

qarTul teqstebSi `Wreli~ niSnavs sxvadsaxva fers,

mravalfers. misi Sestyvisebia `Wrelebuli~1, `Wre-

loba~ [1,558]. rogorc vxedavT, Weremis erT-erTi

Sesatyvisia veJan/veJen/veJin/vejini. marTlac, mTiu-

lur dialeqtze `veJena~ niSnavs: `daveJnili, Wreli

saqoneli~ [14,224]. leCxumur dialeqtze ki, veJena

yavisferisa da wiTeli feris Senarevs niSnavs

[14,225]. marTlac, sulxan-saba orbeliani veJanas

uwodebs wiTel-Savs. Tumca, ruxis ganmartebisas, ve-

Janas lomisfers uwodebs.

vaxxuSti batoniSvili asaxelebs `Wotoris xevs~

[3,538]. Wotori adgilis saxelwodebaa martyofis

zemoT, [3,412]. qiziyur da kaxur dialeqtebze `Wota~

koxtad rqebaweul saqonels hqvia, romelsac swori

da wvrili rqebi aqvs. SesaZloa, aRniSnul toponims

es saxelwodeba daedo safuZvlad [14, 729].

`kambeCani/kambeCovani/kambeCanis vakeni/kambeCovanis

mindori~ _ sulxan-saba orbeliani kameCs moixseniebs

1 Sdr. sulxan-saba orbelianTan `Wrelebuli/naWrelebi~ - `Wrelad qmnili~ da `Wreli~ _ `sxvadsxva feri~ (9,407; 8,586).

100

kambeSis, gameSis, gameCis formiT, romlis fonetikuri

saxea kameCi. saxelovani mecnieris ganmartebiT, àma-

sac mamalsa Ãჴari da dedalsa furi da Svilsa maTsa

RoRo ewodebis da gamozamTrulsa _ zaqi da weli-

wadze metsa _ SiSagi~ [8,350]. kambeSis fonetikuri

formaa aseve, kambeCi [1,191]. `kambeCs~ moixseniebs

ioane batoniSvilic [4,38]. kameCs kambeCi ewodeba fSa-

vur da gurul dialeqtze, qiziyurad ki, `kameCoba~

kameCis naxirs niSnavs [14,269]. ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandeTTani~-s cnobiT, ajanyebuli giorgi rusi

`movida queyanasa kambeCanisasa da SigniT mindori

moarbia~ [12,61]. am cnobas vaxuStic imeorebs da

`kambeCovanis mindors~ axsenebs [3,181]1. JamTaaRmwer-

lis cnobiT, `kambeCis vakeni mooჴrebul iyo ga-

mosvlasa mas TaTarTasa, odes gamovida yaeni didi

berqa~ [12,274]. qiziyis aRweris dros, vaxuSti bato-

niSvili aRniSnavs, rom àmas ewoda pirvel kambe-

Covani, kambeCTa simravlisaTჳs~ [3,543]. saintereso toponimia `bolnisi~, romelic SesaZ-

loa, `bol~ Ziridan momdinareobdes da siuxvesTan da

dovlaTianobasTan aris dagavSirebuli [14,79]. igi

simravlis, krebiTobis gamomxatvel saxelwodebaTa

aRmniSvneli sityvebis Ziri unda iyos. aRniSnul

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso masalas iZleva

qarTuli enis mTis kilo-kavebi.M`bol~-isgan unda

momdinareobdes sityvebi _ `boliq~-i, rac fSaur ki-

loze jogs, an faras niSnavs (`...hdis jogi irmisa da

boliqebi Svilebisa~). misi msgavsi unda iyos agreTve,

sityva `bolqv~-i (`bolqvi Svilebis da arCvebis

1 vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, giorgi rusi xornabujis erisTavma saRir maxatlis Zem Tavganwiruli brZoliT ukuaqcia (3,181).

101

irmebs kvaldakval hyveboda~), romelic aseve fSaur

da TuSur kilo-TqmebiT grovas, jgufs aRniSnavs

[14,80]. zemoaRniSnuls, erTgvarad esadageba qiziyur

dialeqtze sityva `buina~, rac qiziyur dialeqtze

wvril cxovelTa faras, an frinvelTa gunds niSnavs,

gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki bevrs, ulevs [14,91].

sainteresoa is faqti, rom raWul kiloze `boliar~

(Sdr. boriali) oTxfexTa yials niSnavs. sulxan-saba

orbeliani, Tavis leqsikonSi moixseniebs `boligs”,

romelic aris `metvirTuli viri~ da iqve dasZens,

rom `nigalis xevSi mozidars virebs eZaxiano~ [8,108-

109]. rogorc Cans, am ZiriT nawarmoebi sityvebi

wvrilfexa Cliqosan cxovelTa Svilebis jogis, an

faris aRmniSvnelia, moxevur kiloze `bora~-Á meri-

nosis grZelbewviani cxvris jiSis aRmniSvnelia

[14,81], xolo `boRiCa~ _ erTi wlis mozvers niSnavs.

Sainteresoa is faqti, rom TuSur da fSaur dia-

leqtze `boiki~ mozvers da patara jixvs niSnavs

[14,79]. sulxan-saba orbeliani `boiks~ ori wlis

xars uwodebs [8,108]1. imerul dialeqtze ki, `boiki~

upatieb xbos da gamxdar saqonels niSnavs2.

qarTlSi toponimi `bolic“ aris, romelic axal-

goris raionis soflebis zemo da qvemo bolis aR-

mniSvneli Zveli saxelwodebaa [20,47]. vaxuSti bato-

niSvili asaxelebs `bololis mTas”, keCuTis mTasTan

erTad, romlebic yofilan utyeoni... balaxovanni,

Sambnarianni, yuavilivanni da wyaroianni” [3,314].

qarTlur dialeqtze `bolola~ umcros, bolos

(nabolaras) niSnavs. SesaZloa, `boliq/bolqvi~ Cli-

1 Sdr. gurul dialeqtze `boiki~ _ mozrdili, wamozrdili (14,79). 2 Sdr. boseli _ `saxli sazroxe~ (8,111).

102

qosnebis patara naSieris jogis, an faris aR-

mniSvneli, saxelwodebad, moviazroT. vaxuSti bato-

niSvili ramdenjerme asaxelebs `bolnisebs~, rodesac

lekebi arbevdnen mas. sigel-gujrebSic xSirad moix-

senieba zemo, Sua da qvemo bolnisebi. qvemo qarTlis

`somxiTis~ aRwerisas, sadac Sedioda, aseve, bolnisi,

vaxuSti batoniSvili pirutyvTa simravles aRniSnavs.

kerZod, somxiTSi yofila `mrowleni, arveni, kolti

RorTa, jogni mravalni,... nadirni uricxuni~ [3,312].

nairbalaxovani saZovrebisa da saTibebis arseboba aq

Turquli tomebis intensiuri Camosaxlebisa da maTi

damkvidrebis erT-erTi mizezi xdeboda, romelTa

parpaSs daviT aRmaSenebelma dausva wertili. `yove-

live zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba viva-

raudoT, rom saxelwodeba `bolnisi~ `bolidan~

momdinareobs, mis mravlobiT formas warmoadgens

(`boli~/`bolni~), rac iqneb am mxareSi cxvris, an

sxva, gareuli Cliqosnebis sadgomebze, an maTi

Svilebis jogebisa da farebis gadasvlis gzebze miu-

TiTebdes~ [20,47-48].

moqcevai qarTlisai asaxelebs crolis mTas,

romelic azos samflobelos sazRvrebSi Sedioda:

`hereTi da egris wyali da somxiTi da mTai cro-

lisai~ [7,81]. qarTlis cxovrebaSi leonti mroveli

am toponims ar asaxelebs1. azos samflobelos

aRniSnuli sazRvrebi ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, emTxveva

leonti mrovelis mier moxseniebul qarTlosis saz-

Rvrebs. aRmosavleTiT hereTi da berdujis mdinare, 1 azos samflobelos sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT, leonti mroveli

aRniSnavs: `da daipyrna yovelni sazRvarni qarTlisani hereTiTgan da

berdujis mdinariTgan vidre zRuadmde sperisa da daipyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (11,19).

103

dasavleTiT zRua pontosi, samxreTiT wyalgamyofi

mTa, romlidan gamosuli mdinareebi CrdiloeTidan

uerTdeba mtkvars, aseve, klarjeTisa da taos Soris

mTa zRvamde. CrdiloeTiT ki, `sazRvari Rado~, mTa

mcire. vaxuSti batoniSvili TrialeTis aRwerisas

asaxelebs `cxurisis xevs~, romelic gamosdis Toris

mTas da uerTdeba qcias [3,320]. garda amisa, Tri-

aleTis qedze aris mTa, romelsac `sabatkne~ hqvia,

qcias zemo dinebis marcxena ferdobze, romlis

simaRle 2 280 metria. fSaur dialeqtze `creva~

niSnavs `dro cxvris mowvelisa~ [14,678]. moxevur,

mTiulur dialeqtebze `cxori~ aris cxvari, cxvris

fara, cxora guda-mayrulad – cxvari kninobiTi for-

miT. `cxurisis xevSi~ da `crolis mTaSi~ unda

igulisxmebodes cxvris gadmosasvlelebi, an cxvris

sadgomebi. TrialeTi iyo kidevac istoriuli `cxvris

gzis~ erT-erTi rgoli.

saintereso toponimia agreTve, `sajogis Wala~,

romelsac vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavs: `nagebis1

Crdilod, mtkuris kidezed, ars Wala yaraRajisa,

egreTve nadiriani da ჴoჴob-frinveliTa savse. idga

jogi mefeTa da uwodebdnen sajogis Walas~ [3,332].

sulxan-saba orbeliani sajoges ganmartavs, rogorc

`jogTa adgili~ [9,80]. saxelovani mecnieri jogis

sxvadasxva saxeobebsac CamoTvlis, rogoricaa: cxenTa

rema, ZroxaTa mrowle, an naxiri, cxvarTa da TxaTa

arve, RorTa kolti, nadirTa fara, mxecTa xro,

frinvelTa gundi [9,460]. rogorc Cans, zemoaRniS-

nuli veli, gareuli nadiriTa da frinveliT ga-

morCeuli, sanadiro da mefeTa TavSesaqcevi adgilic

1 rusTavis erT-erTi saxelwodeba.

104

iyo, rom araferi vTqvaT mefeTa pirad sakuTar

pirutyvTa jogebze, romlebic am adgiliT sazrdo-

obdnen.

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ re-

daqciebma Semogvinaxa iseTi zoonimebi, rogoricaa:

focxverianis xevi _ vaxuSti bagrationis TqmiT,

fitareTis monastris qvemoT qcias uerdeba focxve-

rianis xevi [3,322]. zemoaWarul dialeqtze focxvers

`forcoxi~ ewodeba [14,547].

kalmaxis cixe _ sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmar-

tebiT, `kalmaxa~ aris `kalmaxi mcire, xolo kalmaxi

_ didi kalmaxi~ [8,349]1. juanSeris cnobiT, arCil

mefis dros, `pitiaxSni vinme ara SeuSves klarjeTs,

sxuad warvides naxevarni maTganni, da Seipyres klde

erTi taos, romelsa erqua kalmaxi da aRaSenes ci-

xed~ [11,244]. am faqts vaxuStic imeorebs [3,126].

vaxuSti batoniSvili ganmartavs: `Woroxs moerTvis

TorTomis mTidam gamomdinare wyali romeli modis

aRmosavleTad. am Ãჴevzed ars cixe kalmaxisa, romeli

aRaSenes pitiaxSTa, did-Seni, magari da Seuvali. iyo

saerisTao taosi~ [3,683].

ZaRlis xevi _ qarTuli `ZaRl~-is megrul-lazuri

Sesatyvisia `joRor~ (saerTo zanuri `joRr~) da

svanuri `JaR/JeR~ (`jaRl~) [10,621]. vaxuSti bato-

niSvili palakacios `ZaRlis xevs~ uwodebs, romelic

Turqebs daurbeviaT da isini gamrekel Torels da-

umarcxebia [3,173]. `matiane qarTlisaჲs~ wyaros Cama-tebul teqstSi, romelic mcxeTis saydrisadmi

melqisedekis dawerilidan momdinareobs, moixsenieba

`ZaRlis xevi~: `ZaRlis –Ãჴevs iyida oroTa samiTa 1 gurul dialeqtze `kalmaxuri Zveli xalxuri cekvaa~ (14,268).

105

agara[ჲ]Ta. ese ornive sofelni maTiTa agara[ჲ]Ta TჳsTa ZmaTa ganZiTa iyida~ [11,290]1.

mgel cixe _ vaxuSti aspinZis xevSi, aspinZis ze-

moT, CrdiloeT mxares asaxelebs: `mgel-cixe, magari,

didSeni~ [3,666]. qarTlis cxovrebis gagrZelebis

teqstis da vaxuStis cnobiT, jayelebsa da mesxeTis

mTavrebs Soris warmoebuli Setakebebis dros, mgel

cixe iyo aTabagTa Zalebis TavSeyris centri. mgel

cixesTan mosulma mustafa lala faSam cixe ver aiRo

[3,721].

sakurdRlia – vaxuSti batoniSvili imereTis aR-

weris dros asaxelebs am zoonims [3,745; 751], rome-

lic kurdRelTa simravlesTan unda iyos dakav-

Sirebuli.

saRoris/velev-saRoris/saRore-najixvrevis mTa _

qarTvelur enaTa etimoligiur leqsikonis mixedviT,

qarTul `Ror~-s Seesatyviseba megrul-lazuri `Rej~

[10,515]. vaxuSti batoniSvili asasxelebs `saRoris

mTas~ raWaSi [3,769]. misive cnobiT, am mTas gamosdis

md. Zevri da tyibulis xevi [3,755]. vaxuStis cnobiT,

aseve, saRoris, najixvrevisa da sawalikis mTas ga-

mosdis md. krixula [3,763]. vaxuSti aseve, asaxelebs

`velev-saRoris~ mTis formiT, romelic aRmosavle-

Tidan sazRvravs okribas [3,774]. saRoris mTa Ror-

Tan, an gareul taxTan dakavSirebuli toponimia. to-

ponimi `najixvrevic~ jixvTa gavrcelebis arealze mi-

uTiTebs. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es cxovelebi

sanadiro daniSnulebis yofiliyvnen.

1 `melqisedekis dawerilis~ mixedviT _ `da Z(a)Rlisa Ãჴevs viyide s(o)feli orTai samiTa agaraჲTa. ese ornive s(o)felni maTiTa

agaraჲTa ZmaTa CemTa g(a)nZiTa viyiden~ (15,26).

106

cxeniswyali/sacxenisi _ juanSeris cnobiT, murvan

yrus laSqrobis dros, mdinares, romelmac `wariRo

cxeni ocdaTxutmeti aTasi~ ewoda cxeniswyali

[11,238]. mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom qarTul

`cxen~-s savsebiT Seesabameba megrul-lazuri `cxen~-i.

megrul-lazurisTvis ki, amosavlad miiCneven cxan-

cxan-umlautis gziT [10,886]. vaxuSti batoniSvili

qarTlSi asaxelebs `sacxenisis mTas~, romelsac

gamosdis tana, Rius-xevi, xvedureTis xeoba [3,342;

343; 344]. vaxuSti batoniSvili `sacxenisis xevs~

asaxelebs martyofis aRwerisas [3,538].

sakamaToa iseTi toponimebi, romlebic SeiZleba

mcenareuli warmoSobis iyos, radgan dialeqtebSi

xSiria cxovelTa saxelTan dakavSirebuli mcenareTa

saxelwodebebi. magaliTad: aseT toponimebad SeiZleba

miviCniod `cxenis terfi~. vaxuSti batoniSvilis

cnobiT, `tfilisis CrdiloT ars mindori didubisa,

romelsa pirvel ewoda cxenis-terfi~ [3,338]. botani-

kur leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rom xevsurul dia-

leqtze `cxenisterfa~ hqvia mcenare viristerfas

(Tussilago farfara/Мать и мачеха), romlis qarTluri

paraleluri Sesatyvisia `jorisqusla~, fSavurad

`terfabuera~, okribul dialeqtze _ `jorisfexa~,

leCxumur dialeqtze `jortofa/jortofila~, raWu-

lad `joristerfa~, megrulad _ `jortofaჲ~ [6,28]. rogorc Cans, didubis mindors cxenis terfi imitom

ewoda, rom masze aRniSnuli mcenare iyo gavrce-

lebuli.

107


1. il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.

2. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos frinvelebi, Tb., 2004.

3. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTve-

losa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mi-

er, t. IV, Tb., 1973.

4. ioane bagrationi, sabunebismetyvelo ganmartebiTi

leqsikoni, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamok-

vleva da saZieblebi daurTes Tina enuqiZem da nana

kiknaZem, Tb., 1986.

5. zneni samamaconi, qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba,

Tb., 2004.

6. a. mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, Tb. 1991.

7. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisa~, Zveli qarTuli litera-

turis Zeglebi, il. abulaZis gamocemiT, wigni I

(V-X ss.), Tb., 1963.

8. sulxan-saba obeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, Tb.,

1991.

9. sulxan-saba obeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, Tb.,

1993.

10. h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimo-

logiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.

11. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri-

Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mier,

t. I, Tb., 1955.

12. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri-

Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mier,

t. II, Tb., 1959.

108

13. qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targamani, qar-

Tuli teqsti da somxuri Targmani gamokvleviTa

da leqsikoniT gamosca ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1953.

14. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Semdgeneli al.

Rlonti, Tb., 1984.

15. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, Tb., 1984.

16. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 7. Tb., 1984.

17. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 10. Tb., 1986.

18. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1965.

19. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTlis politikur centrTa

istoriul etimologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 2010.

20. q. quTaTelaZe, “Sromebi”, saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa erovnuli akademiis stamba, Tb., 2012.

21. SoTa rusTaveli, `vefxistyaosani, n. naTaZis gamo-

cema, Tb., 1974.

22. xalxuri sibrZne, III, Tb., 1964.

23. xalxuri sibrZne, IV, Tb., 1965. 24. Всеобщая история Вардана великого, перевёл Н.

Эмин с примечаниями и приложениями, М., 1861. 25. al. xudabaSiani, somxur-rusuli leqsikoni, I, er.,

1986 (somxur enaze).

109

Ketevan Kutateladze

TOPONYMS OF ZOONYMICAL ORIGIN ACCORDING TO “KARTLIS TSKHOVREBA”

Summary

The toponyms contain a lot of interesting information.

Especially are interesting zoonyms - the appellations con-nected with the names of animals. Zoonyms contain the information about animal world living and spread on the territory of the country and their influence and usage in economic and domestic life. In “Kartlis Tskhovreba” are fixed as wild so domestic animals, also birds of prayer and ordinal birds, fish. Besides, in zoonyms mentioned in “Kar-tlis Tskhovreba” is fixed the information about the habits and habitats of animals. In many cases some zoonyms are sprung up in such regions, which is the natural environment for certain animals. In zoonyms mentioned in “Kartlis Tskhov-reba” very often are the names of animals and birds, which are preserved in the Georgian mythological world. Very often they represent the zoomorphical type of deity, or repre-sent sacred or sacrificed animal. Therefore some animals and birds were the objects of hunting. Very often zoonyms were the basis of the names of a mountain, pass, ravine, strong hold. Besides the editorship of old and new “Kartlis Tskhov-reba” the material is taken from Vakhushti`s undying work, which not only confirms the zoonyms preserved in the texts existed before, but shows others, which are not preserved in the editorships mentioned above. From the existing materials are distinguished many zoonyms. Some toponyms are con-nected with stall of domestic animals (“Boli/Bolnisi”), or with the hunting areal of wild animals (“Garisi”).

110

daviT WiTanava

samegrelos toponimiidan (,,sinwa,~ ùmpia,~ `ZaRva~)

winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenilia samegrelos

ramodenime toponimis interpretacia, romelic, vfiq-

robT, damatebiT mniSvnelovan masalas mogvcems am

kuTxis uZvelesi eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisas.

T. gvancelaZis mosazrebiT, afxazur-abazuri, ubi-

xuri da Cerqezuli (adiReur-yabardouli) enebi mom-

dinareobs winareiberiul-kavkasiuri enis daSlis Se-

degad. is warmoqmnilia winareafxazur-adiRuri eni-

sagan, romelsac unda earseba Zv. w. II_I aTaswleu-

lebis mijnidan ax. w. dasawyisamde da am dros unda

daSliliyo amJamad arsebul sam enad [1,6]. avtori

aRniSnavs, rom winareafxazur-adiRur enaze Tu Tana-

medrove afxazur-abazur, an Cerqezul enebze mo-

laparakeTa binadroba dasavleT saqarTveloSi ver

mtkicdeba da es midgoma ver uZlebs kritikas [1,7].

avtorisave azriT, Zv. w. II_I aTaswleulebis mijnidan

ax. w. dasawyisamde afxaz-abazTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa

saerTo winaprebi, romlebic jer kidev dauSlel

enobriv-eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen, am epoqaSi binad-

robdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos miwaze, aramed

Crdilo kavkasiaSi, mdinare Tergis marcxena napiridan

mokidebuli mdinare yubanis SesarTavamde, qedis uki-

dures dasavleT nawilamde [1,10]. meore mxriv,

avtori, iziarebs arn. Ciqobavas Teorias iberiul-

kavkasiuri enebis monaTesaobis Sesaxeb, da rom es

gulisxmobs sami aTasi wlis winandel viTarebas, ro-

mel xalxTa Zveli adgil-samyofeli kavkasiis sam-

111

xreTiT mdebare miwa-wyali iyo [1,11]; [5,253]. Tumca,

misive TqmiT, winareafxazur-adiRur dialeqtze (da

ara enaze) molaparakeni ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

Sua xanebSi dasaxldnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis

teritoriaze Tergidan yubanis SesarTavamde, wina-

renaxur-daRestnur enaze mosaubreni _ Tergidan

darubandamde, winarealbanur dialeqtze molaparakeni

unda darCeniliyvnen amJamindeli azerbaijanis miwaze

(istoriuli hereTis gamoklebiT), xolo axlandeli

somxeTis teritoriaze unda ecxovraT araindoev-

ropul dialeqtze molaparake tomebs, romlebic

emezoblebodnen urartuelebs. winareqarTvelur dia-

leqtze mosaubre mosaxleoba cxovrobda istoriuli

saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze da samxreT-dasav-

leTiT emijneboda protoxeTur (xaTur)-xuritul

tomebs [1,11-12].

T. gvancelaZis mier SemoTavazebuli sqema Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi kavkasiis xalxTa gan-

saxlebaze, ZiriTadad misaRebia, Tumca, gaugebaria

avtoris garkveuli winaaRmdegobrivi midgomebi, ker-

Zod, is aRiarebs iberiul-kavkasiur erTobas, Tumca

uaryofs maTi enobriv niadagze axsnadi toponimebis

dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobis kvalsac ki, da

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, misive azriT, amgvari

midgomebi kritikasac ver uZlebs. Mmeore mxriv, ga-

ugebaria isic, Tu ratom iwyebs avtori iberiul-

kavkasiuri erTobis xalxebze saubars Zv. w. II aTas-

wleulis meore naxevridan. Tu am dros es erToba

arsebobs, maSin, miTumetes Cven, ar unda gagvikvirdes

am enobrivi erTobidan momdinare toponimikis kvali

rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

112

mTel rig geografiul saxelwodebebze dakvirvebis

Sedegad, iv. javaxiSvili askvnida, rom SavizRvispi-

reTSi adiReur tomebs unda ecxovraT [8,245]. amave

azrs aviTarebdnen s. janaSia [9,117-123] da enaTmec-

nieri g. rogava [11,129-130]. Cven migvaCnia, rom aseT

vrcel teritoriaze, im uZveles dros, adiReelebis

erTiani eTnikuri masa ki ar unda vigulisxmoT,

aramed iberiul-kavkasiur enebis erTobis kvali. es

aris Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulis epoqa, rodesac Zal-

zed vrcel teritoriaze e. w. mtkvar-araqsis kultu-

raa gavrcelebuli. swored, am tomebis nawils, am

kulturis gaqrobis Semdgom, garkveul dros unda

emoZravaT dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

teritoriazec, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT, sadac xde-

ba, rogorc enobrivi gansxvavebebis, ise TviTmyofadi

eTnikur-kulturuli erTobebis Camoyalibeba. swored

am mimarTulebiT, Cveni yuradReba miiqcia samegrelos

samma hidronimma, romlebic erT mikroregionSia Tav-

moyrili daaxloebiT aTiode kilometris radiusSi,

zugdidis raionis sam mosazRvre sofelSi (odiSi,

yuliSkari da Waqvinjis Temis sofeli baRmarani).

sofeli sinwa, romelmac saxelwodeba miiRo iq

Camomavali imave saxelwodebis mdinaris saxelidan,

mdebareobs odiSis TemSi. vfiqrobT, sinwa Sedgeba

ori damoukidebeli sityvisagan -sin da -wa. wa unda

iyos megruli wyar (wyali) sityvis Semoklebuli

forma (Sdr. warCe ,,wyar Ce~ ,,TeTri wyali~ _

afxazeTSi), romelic samegreloSi did mdinareTa

umravlesobas sruli formiT daerTvis (Sdr. wen-

wyari ,,Wanis-wyali~, xob-wyari ,,xobis-wyali~, cxen-

wyari ,,cxenis-wyali~ da sxva). al. qobalias leqsi-

113

konSi, sinwa ganmartebulia rogorc xeviswyali;

wylis ZarRvi. xolo sinsxi niSnavs erTgvar wvril

wvimas, criats [2,593]. imave mniSvnelobisaa simori.

s_(oж-) m. Cuxuas mier saerTo ZiriT aris aRdgenili

da niSnavs ,,dasveleba~-s [7,476]. megrulSi xevis

mniSvnelobiT damoukidebel sityvad is ar SemorCa da

sin-s, vfiqrobT, paralelebi eZebneba adiRurSi.

kerZod, iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, sin-opeSi (sinope)

sin (син) unda gavaigivoT adiRur psin (псын) da

psi-sTan (псы), romelic niSnavs ,,wyaros’’, ,,wyals’’,

mdinares. sayuradReboa, rom pliniusis sityvebiT,

skviTebi mdinare tanaiss uwodebdnen sin-s (син) [8,245]. Cveni azriT, hidronimi sinwa niSnavs ,,wyaros

wyals~, an SesaZloa, ubralod ,,mdinares//wyals~,

romlis pirveli nawili identuria adiRuri sin-is,

xolo megruli wylis aRmniSvneli -wa, anu wyali

daemata SedarebiT gvian.

mdinareUumpia (zogi mas Reles eZaxis) mdebareobs

da saTaves iRebs Waqvinjis Temis sofel baRmaranSi.

umpia-Si, vfiqrobT, gamoiyofa -u prefiqsi, rome-

lic qarTulSi aRniSnavs uqonlobas, e.i. saxelebs,

romlebic aRniSnaven uqonlobas Zireuli fuZiT

aRniSnuli sagnisas [4,127]. igive mniSvnelobis aris

is megrulSi [3,536]. meore komponenti am sityvisa,

gaxlavT -m aso, romelic megrulisTvis zogjer

ufunqcio CanarTis saxiT gvxvdeba (mpuna//puna), xolo

rac Seexeba pi-a-s, is adiRes toponimikaSi mravlad

gvxvdeba sadac -pe//api//ap (пэ//апы//ап) sufiqsi awar-moebs im mdinareTa saxelwodebebs, romlebic zRvas

erTvis. Aam daboloebis sruli saxeobaa ara -pe (пэ), aramed -ape (-апэ); es ukanasknelic yabardouli

114

sityvaa ,,SesarTavis~, ,,mdinaris SesarTavis~, ,,mdi-

naris napiris~ gamosaxatad.Aimave -apes saxesxvaobad

aris miCneuli termini -ope (-опэ), magaliTad sin-

ope-Si da misive eqvivalenturia yabardoulSi damo-

ukidebeli sityvis saxiT SemorCenili -upe (упе), romelic aRniSnavs ,,pirs~ resp. ,,napiri~, ,,bage~,

,,ube~, anu igive ,,SesarTavi~, ,,mdinaris SesarTavi~,

,,mdinaris napiri~ [8,244].

a. qobalias megrul leqsikonSi umpia ganmarte-

bulia, rogorc ,,uWipo’’, ,,usaTavo’’, wvimis wyle-

bisagan, naRvarevebisagan Semdgari Rele; farTokala-

potiani Rele, romelzec caladire ar gaideba [2,612].

maSadame, migvaCnia, rom umpia niSnavs ,,unapiro~,

,,uSesarTavo~ Reles, romelic misi geografiuli mde-

bareobidan da Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, savsebiT

dasaSvebia, ramdenadac, mas ara aqvs napiri da mudmivi

SesarTavi, is gvalvis dros Sreba da zogierT adgi-

las Tu gubdeba, arcTu ise Rrma morevebad.

Rele ZaRva (mas adgilobrivebi zogjer mdinariTac

moixsenieben, ramdenadac, Tevzi icis da iSviaTad

Sreba) Amdebareobs zugdidis raionis sofel yuliS-

karSi. Afxazurad a-Zé(mravlobiTi aZqua) niSnavs

wyals,Aa-ZR ki, Cqarmaval mdinares. a-Zxa niSnavs

wylis midamos, aZxéwra ki, wyaldidobas [10,375].

vfiqrobT, Za-Rva-Si -Za-s kavSiri aqvs afxazur wylis

aRmniSvnel sityvasTan, xolo Rva unda iyos megruli

Ralé (Rele, nakaduli), Wanuri Ral (Rele, mdinare)

da qarTuli Rele-s (xevi mcire _ saba) identuri

[6,183]. Ral//Ral//Rele-s TavisTavad kavSiri aqvs

RvrasTan, siTxesTan, anu wyalTan [6,347], Tumca

masTan erTad, mas sxva mniSvnelobac unda SeeZina.

115

kerZod, is SemorCenilia qarTul zRvarSi da svanur

haRvra-Si [11,80].æamasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom svanu-

rad zRvis aRmniSvnelad gvaqvs ZuRжa, Tumca arn.

Ciqobavas azriT, iqac is nasesxebi sityvaa [6,185].

yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, am hidro-

nimiuli geografiuli saxelwodebebis erT mikrore-

gionSi, daaxloebiT, aTiode kilometris radiusSi

Tavmoyra, romlebic ixsneba iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi

SemorCenili uZvelesi leqsemebiT, ar aris SemTxve-

viTi da es hidronomia miuTiTebs am enaze mosaubre

tomTa odindel erTobaze da naTesaobaze, romelic

Zv. w. IV_III aTaswleulebSi unda moviazroT.

116


1. T. gvancelaZe, afxazuri ena, Tb., 2011.

2. a. qobalia, megruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2010.

3. i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994.

4. a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi,

Tb., 1953.

5. arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis

Sesavali, Tb., 1979.

6. arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi

leqsikoni, Tb., 1938.

7. m. Cuxua, iberiul-iCqeriul enaTa SedarebiTi gra-

matika, I, Tb., 2012.

8. iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri

problemebi, Tb., 1950.

9. s. janaSia, Cerqezuli (adiReuri) elementi saqar-

Tvelos toponimikaSi, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1953.

10. b. janaSia, afxazur-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1954. 11. Г. Рогава, К вопросу о структуре именных основ и

категориях грамматических классов в Адыгских (Черкесских) языках, Тб., 1956.

117

David Chitanava

FROM THE TOPONYMS OF SAMEGRELO (“SINTSA”, “UMPIA”, “DZAGHVA”)

Summary

The paper studies three Hydronyms of Samegrelo, which

give important material, in regard to ancient history of the tribes of Iberian-Caucasian unity times residing in the territory in the ancient times and strengthens the opinion about the existence of this unity (IV-III AD millennia, during Kura-Araxes culture).

All the three of the reviewed Hydronyms (“sintsa”, “umpia”, “dzaghva”) are concentrated in one micro region, in about ten kilometers radius, in three neighboring villages in the Zugdidi district (Odishi, Kulishkari and Tchakvinji community village Baghmarani).

Name of the river Sintsa means “Spring Water”, or perhaps simply “river//water”, which’s first part is identical to the Adyghian “sin-”, while part “-tsa” in Mengrelian meaning water has been added later on.

River Umpia means creek “without banks”, “without the confluence”. Excreted in the word is the Kabardian word “-upe” (упе), which means “mouth”, resp. “bank”, “lips”, “bay” or aka “confluence”, river confluence”, “riverbank”. In the name of stream Dzaghva appears the Abkhazian word a-dz meaning water, while ghva must beidentical to Mengrelian Ghele (stream, brook).

118

xaTuna ioseliani

svaneTis `mTiuleTis~ saeklesio saganZuri, eklesiebi da cixe-simagreebi XV saukunis

erTi dokumentis mixedviT

XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze Sedgenili (TariRTan

dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa) `wigni aleqsandre

mefisa svanTa mier jafariZeTa sasisxlos gadaxdaze,~

mniSvnelovani da informaciulad datvirTuli doku-

mentia.

am sabuTis mixedviT, fiqsirdeba, rom svaneTs Ca-

moeWra Tavisi teritoriis sakmaod didi da stra-

tegiulad mniSvnelovani teritoria, rionisa da cxe-

niswylis saTaveebSi mdebare mTiuleTi, Tavisi mosax-

leobiT, eklesia-monastrebiT, maTSi arsebuli sagan-

ZuriT, cixe-simagreebiT da raWas gadaeca. misi saz-

Rvrebi, aRniSnul sabuTSi asea Camoyalibebuli: àwi

moguixsenebia glolas zedaT, cenas iqiT, oseTs aqaT,

srulad mTiuleTis Temi, maTiT samarTlianiTa mTiTa,

bariTa, saydrebiTa, wyliTa, wisquiliTa, saTevzoiTa,

sanadiroiTa, veliTa, saTibiTa, misiTa mimdgomiTa ....

WidroTas zedaTi da glolas zedaTi, suaneTs iqiT,

oseTs aqaTi, srulad mTiuleTi, oTxasi kuamli

aznaur-Svilianad, glexianad...~ [2,115].

Cveni interesis sagans, amjerad, ar warmoadgens

sakiTxis politikuri mxare da mxolod kulturuli

TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan informacias ganvixilavT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sabuTis mixedviT, am terito-

riaze cxovrobda 400 komli, rac maSindeli viTa-

rebis Sesabamisad, 4 000 suls udrida (beraZe). es

mxare sakmaod mdidari yofila eklesiebiTa da cixe-

119

simagreebiT, aseve, eklesiebSi daunjebuli Zvirfasi

xatebiTa da jvrebiT, saeklesio wignebiT da sxva

simdidriT.

dokumentSi Tavidan zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili ek-

lesia-monastrebis raodenoba, aseve, CamoTvlilia maT-

Si daculi Zvirfasi xatebi da jvrebi, saxarebebi da

sxva saeklesio wignebi. Semdgom, mxolod eklesiebia

miTiTebuli `Tavisi juar-xatebiTa da rac saydars

ekadrebis, imisTana wignebiT sruliad gaTa-ebuli~ an

`sruliad Semkobili~. sabuTis bolos, CamonaTvalic

ar aris mocemuli da aRniSnulia mxolod `Sesavali

soflebi~ (sadac, cxadia, aucileblad iqneboda ekle-

siebic da cixe-simagreebic).

zusti CamonaTvalis mixedviT, garda imisa, rac

zogadad aris miTiTebuli, am teritoriaze mdgara 11

cixe-simagre, 7 eklesia. mxolod detaluri CamonaT-

valis mixedviT, eklesiebSi daunjebuli saganZuri ase

gamoiyureba: 103 Zvirfasi, mooqrouli xati da

jvari, 12 oqrosa da vercxlis kandeli; 2 oTxTavi;

didi gulani; daviTni; sawinaswarmetyveloni; mar-

xuani; samociqulo; metafrasi; oTxTavis da daviTis

Targmanebi; (am samonastro wignebis raodenobis gan-

sazRvra SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ZiriTadad, miTiTe-

bulia `rac samonastro wigni aris, misiT sruliad

gaTavebuli~); `moTvalmargalitebuli omfori~.

maS ase, gavyveT konkretulad, sabuTis monacemebs,

rac, amave dros, ganmartebuli iqneba T. beraZis

kvlevis SedegebiT:

1. òseTis pirad mTiuleTs xiduras oci glexi,

erTi kargi cixe, ori monasteri: erTi didi

gumbaTiani mTavarangelozT monasteri oriT

120

didiT oqros xatiTa, ocdaTvrametiTa sxua

didiT xatiTa, TormetiT oqroisa da vercxlis

kandliTa, misiT samonastro wignebiTa – didiT

gulaniTa, oTxTaviTa, samociquloTa, sawinas-

warmetyueloiTa, marxuaniTa, metafrasiTa, davi-

TiTa, daviTis TargmaniTa, oTxTavis TargmaniTa,

enqerosniT winamZRuriTa, meore wmidis giorgis

sajanis didi sioni monasteri, ocdaTormetiT

juar-xatiTa da rac samonastro wigni aris,

miT sruliad gaTavebuli...~ [2,114].

T. beraZis ganmartebiT, sofeli xidura dRes aRar

aris, igi mdebareobda xiduras zemo welSi. aq vrcel

mindvrebs `xidris mindvrebs~ uwodeben. `didi gum-

baTiani monastridan, dRes mxolod saZirkvelia

darCenili. daaxloebiT 70 wlis winaT, eklesia daar-

Rvies da misi qvebi fermis asaSeneblad gamoiyenes. am

nangrevebidan daaxloebiT 1 km-is daSorebiT, sagan-

gebod dacul xSir xeebs Soris nangrevebi SeimCneva,

SesaZlebelia, rom aq mdgariyo `sajanis didi sionis

monasteri~ [1,56].

amrigad, `didi gumbaTiani mTavarangelozT monas-

teri~, sakmaod mdidari yofila. aq daunjebuli Cans

2 didi oqros xati; 38 sxva didi xati; 12 oqrosa

da vercxlis kandeli; eklesia mdidaria samonastro

wignebiT: 1. didi gulani (saeklesio wignebis kre-

buli, originaluri qarTuli krebulia da arc erT

sxva eklesias ar aqvs); 2. oTxTavi; 3. samociqulo

(saeklesio wigni, romelSic Sesulia saqme moci-

qulTa, pavles 14 epistole da 7 kaTolike epis-

tole. ikiTxeba yovel wirvaze); 4. sawinaswarmet-

yvelo (RvTismsaxurebis wigni, RvTismsaxurebis dros

121

sakiTxavi winaswarmetyvelebebi); 5. marxuani (saRvTis-

msaxurebo wigni, romelic Seicavs didmarxvisTvis

dawesebul sagaloblebs); 6. metafrasi (Sesworebuli

da Sevsebuli saeklesio literaturuli nawarmoebi,

upiratesad, hagiografiuli Janrisa); 7. daviTni (da-

viT mefis fsalmunTa krebuli); 8. daviTis Targmani

(fsalmunebis ganmarteba); 9. oTxTavis Targmani (oT-

xTavis ganmartebebi).

aranakleb mdidaria `wm. giorgis sajanis didi

sioni monasteri~, romelSic 32 jvar-xatia dabrZa-

nebuli da `sruliad samonastro wignebiTaa~ Semko-

bili.

2. `xiduras erTi aznaur-Svili sosagiZe misiTa

cixiTa, Tormeti kuamli kaciTa~ [2,114].

T. beraZis azriT, aznaur sosagiZis cixe sof. Zes-

xoSi SemorCenili cixe-darbazi unda iyos [1,56-57].

3. `sxua – mTiuleTs cixe da sofeli brili,

ocdaoTxi kuamli kaci, erTi eklesia TxuT-

metiT patiosniT xatiTa da misiT wignebiTa

srulobiT Semkobili~ [2,114].

brili, rogorc mogvexseneba, uZvelesi brinjaos

kulturis erT-erTi cnobili da uZvelesi keraa,

brilis ganZi ki, gamorCeviT mniSvnelovani. am punqtis

daTmobac mouwia svaneTs; rac mTavaria, svaneTma Sem-

dgom, am kulturaze mepatroneobac dakarga, romlis

Semqmnelic TviTon iyo.

`dRes brili nasoflaria, sigelSi naxseneb cixis

nangrevebs g. gobejiSvili ramdenjerme axsenebs Tavis

gaTxrebis angariSebSi. eklesiidan mxolod erTi ke-

delia SemorCenili~ [1,57].

122

4. `TevareSos – Tequsmeti kuamli kaci da cixe

sxua, da ariSiZe lomi misiT cixiTa, ormoci

kuamliT kaciTa~ [2,115].

`brilis mezoblad mozrdili sofeli TevrSo iyo

ganlagebuli; ori cixidan erTis nangrevebi dResac

aris SemorCenili, gasul saukuneSi aq Zveli ekle-

siis nangrevebic iyo~ [1,57].

5. `zed-qalaqsa kargi sabatio gumbaTiani saydari

juarcmisa saepiskofozo misiT moTualmarga-

lituliT omforiTa Semkobili, rac efisko-

pozsa da imisTanas saydars ekadrebis, imisTanas

wignebiT srulad gaTavebuli asis kuamliT

kaciTa~ [2,115].

`TevreSos Semdeg, rionis gayolebiT XV saukunis

mTiuleTis ori sofeli zedqalaqi da Rebi iyo

ganlagebuli.... zedqalaqis `kargi sabatio gumbaTiani

saydari~ dRes ar arsebobs. misi aRweriloba diubua

de monperem Semogvinaxa...~ [1,58].

6. `da Rebs _ ori aznauriSvili gigaSvilebi mi-

siT cixiTa da samocdaTormeti kuamliT kaci-

Ta... sxua _ Rebis Sesavali soflebi~ [2,115].

`Rebi dRes raWis erT-erTi udidesi sofelia,

romelic rionis orive napirzea ganlagebuli... misi

saxelwodeba svanuri warmoSobis unda iyos; sigelSi

moxseniebuli gigaSvilebis cixe, koSki unda iyos,

romelic dRes gormanSi, anu patara RebSi dgas, igi

oTxkuTxaa, samsarTuliani, mis gverdiT Zveli ekle-

siac mdgara, romelic RvmTismSoblis anu `deda-

RvTisas~ saxelobaze yofila agebuli~ [1,58-59].

7. `Sodas – wmidis giorgis eklesia da sofeli,

ocdaxuTi kuamli kaci da cixe~ [2,115].

123

`dRes Soda nasoflaria, igi mdebareobs Rebis

samxreT-dasavleTiT 4-5 km-is daSorebiT, Soda-

kedelas mTis ZirSi... nasoflarze dgas Sirimis qvis-

gan agebuli IX-X saukunis eklesia... rogorc irkveva,

is, Tavis droze, qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovan

Zegls warmoadgenda....~ [1,60].

8. `CueSos _ cixe da Suidi glexi~ [2,115].

`CveSuras xeobaSi mTiuleTis patara sofeli

`CueSo~ iyo, is dRes gonas erT nawils warmoadgens

CveSuras marcxena napirze. sakuTriv, gonaSi mTavar-

angelozis eklesia dgas. igi 1880-ian wlebSi gada-

akeTes da garegnulad XIX saukuneSi aSenebuli ekle-

siis STabeWdilebas tovebs. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc

am Senobis dawvrilebiTma arqiteqturulma analizma

aCvena, eklesia IX an X saukuneSi unda iyos agebu-

li~ [1,59].

9. `Wioras – cixe da sofeli, Tequsmeti kuamli

glexi~ [2,115].

miuxedavad imisa, rom Wioras Sesaxeb bevri xal-

xuri gadmocema aris Semonaxuli, konkretuli viTa-

rebis dadgena ver xerxdeba; aseve, ver moiZia Wioras

cixis nangrevebi T. beraZem. misive TqmiT, JamTa siaves

`Wiorasa da Rebis feodaluri Zeglebi ver gadaurCa~

[vrclad ix. 1,60].

10. `bubas – kargi eklesia, cixe da sofeli;

eklesia kargis juar-xatiTa, ocdaxuTi glexi”

[2,115].

T. beraZe gamorCeviT aRniSnavs am soflis Sesaxeb,

rom sof. buba rionis xeobaSi ki ara, aramed glolas

anu WanWaxis xeobaSi mdebareobda [1,61]. Tumca, ga-

sakviri aq araferia, sabuTidan garkveviT Cans, rom

124

`glolas zedaT~, sofel bubas CaTvliT, WanWaxis

(glolas wyali) zeviT, svaneTis Semadgeneli da

kuTvnili teritoria iyo.

`sofeli buba dRes aRar aris, magram am saxel-

wodebis nasoflari glolas midamoebSia, kurort So-

vis Tavze, bubas mTis kalTebze. aq dResac gairCeva

sacxovrebeli saxlebis da koSkebis naSTi... aqve ga-

movlinda IX-X saukuneebSi aSenebuli eklesia, metad

mdidari arqeologiuri eqsponatebiT~ [1,61].

svaneTis saerisTavos teritoriebis Seviwroebas,

rogorc Cans, manamdec hqonda adgili (vinaidan am

statiaSi Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod es dokumenti

warmoadgens, yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT msgavs faq-

tebze). rogorc T. beraZe, werilobiTi wyaroebisa da

toponimikuri masalis safuZvelze miuTiTebs: `Sem-

degdroindeli raWis saerisTavos teritoria or

qarTul provinciaSi, TakuerSi da svaneTSi iyo gana-

wilebuli. `mTiuleTi~ svaneTs ekuTvnoda, X

saukunis dasasrulamde svaneTSi glola da uwerac

Sedioda. uweras samxreTiT, rionis marjvena mxridan

`muSuani~ SeerTvis. es saxeli saxeSecvlili `muSu-

anWalai~ _ svaneTis mdinarea, romelic raWis saeris-

Tavos Seqmnamde, sasazRvro xazs warmoadgenda Ta-

kuersa da svaneTs Soris~ [1,74].

mniSvnelovania, ra bedi ewia svaneTisTvis Camor-

Tmeul `mTiuleTs~, romlis mosaxleobis raodenoba,

aRniSnuli sabuTis mixedviT: `jumlad (anu mTlianad)

– oTxasi kuamli kacia~ miTiTebuli [2,115].

T. beraZe `mTiuleTis~ mosaxleobas am monacemebis

mixedviT, 400 komli gamravlebuli 10 sulze iT-

vlida [1,62], anu 4 000 suls varaudobda. aqve gan-

125

martavs, rom mosaxleobis aseTi simWidrove gasakviri

ar aris. Semdgom, es mxare, faqtobrivad, daicala da

gaveranda. T. beraZe amis ZiriTad mizezad Semdgom

periodSi, Crdilo kavkasielebis Semosevebs miiCnevs.

Cveni varaudiT, aRniSnuli teritoriebis mosaxle-

obisgan dacla mxolod Crdilo kavkasielTa Semose-

vebiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli. umTavresi safuZveli,

swored im kabaluri xelSekrulebis Sedegebi unda

yofiliyo, romlis safuZvelzec, svaneTis es kuTxe

raWas gadaeca. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi

nawili iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi sacxov-

rebeli da sxva kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebuliyo. amas isev

mSvenivrad gadmoscems mTxrobeli: `mosaxleoba iZu-

lebuli gamxdara daetovebina Tavisi sacxovrebeli da

svaneTis sxva kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebula... im adgi-

lebSi axlac blomadaa naeklesiarebi da namosax-

larebi~ [3,191]. amasTanave, CamorTmeul teritorias

ver an ar icavs svaneTi da Crdilo kavkasielebsac

xeli exsnebaT ufro intensiurad daarbion es regi-

oni.

aqve unda vikiTxoT, rogor moxda, rom svanuri

kuTxe, svanurenovani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli, Sem-

dgom sruliad kargavs svanurs da calsaxad qar-

Tulenovani xdeba. marTalia, raWul metyvelebaSi

sakmaod aris warmodgenili svanizmebi, SenarCunebulia

svanuri toponimebi, magram svanuri dakargulia. Cveni

azriT, es mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis Secvlam ga-

moiwvia. umetesma nawilma datova sacxovrebeli, bev-

ri sofeli daicala da gaveranda. sxva soflebSi ki,

Cans, moxda mosaxleobis migracia, ris Sedegadac

126

darCenili adgilobrivi mosaxleobac qarTulenovani

gaxda.

amdenad, svaneTis es nawili, XV saukuneSi, mWid-

rod dasaxlebul da sakmaod SeZlebul kuTxed gvev-

lineba. raWisTvis gadacemis Semdeg, es mxare, TiTqmis

dacarielda, daingra da gaveranda eklesiebi, cixeebi.

xolo, ra bedi ewia eklesiebSi dacul saganZurs,

gaurkvevelia. gamoricxuli ar aris, mosaxleobas,

romelmac datova Tavisi sofeli, Tan waeRo salo-

cavi xatebi. amisi gamokvleva SesaZlebelia; Tumca,

savaraudoa, rom umetesi nawili am saganZurisa, ga-

fantuli an dakargulia.

sabolood, svaneTis teritoriuli danakargi ase

gamoiyureba: mas CamoeWra aRmosavleTi nawili da

umniSvnelod samxreTi punqtebi, romelic Semdgom

daibruna _ rionis da cxeniswylis saTaveebis teri-

toriebi; jvris (svanurad staruin) gadasasvleli,

masze mdebare, Semdgom, dangreuli wm. giorgis ekle-

siiTurT da sofeli xeria.

127


1. T. beraZe, raWa, Tb., 2004.

2. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, I, teqstebi gamo-

sacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero-

sacnobaro aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb,.

1986.

3. svanuri prozauli teqstebi, IV, laSxuri kilo,

teqstebi Sekribes arsena onianma, maqsime qaldanma

da aleqsandre onianma, Tb., 1979.

128

Khatuna Ioseliani

CHURCH TREASURES, CHURCHES AND CASTLES OF SVANETI “HIGHLAND” ACCORDING TO ONE

DOCUMENT OF THE XV CENTURY

Summary

A book of King Alexander about paying vital debt (for bloodshed) to the clan of Japaridzes by Svans” compiled at the verge of the 15th -16th centuries (opinions differ about dating) is rather interesting document that can throw light on many issues.

According to this document it is fixed that Svaneti was deprived of its rather big and strategically significant part, mountain region located at the sources of the rivers Rioni and Tskhenistskali and it was transferred to Racha. This time we are not interested in the political aspect of the issue and we will consider only significant information with the cultural point of view.

According to the document, 400 families lived on the above stated territory, which, according to the situation of that period implied approximately 4 000 persons (T. Beradze). This part apparently was rather rich with churches and castles, with precious crosses and icons, church books and other wealth kept in churches.

In the beginning the document accurately describes number of churches and crosses and icons and books kept in those churches, then only churches are listed, “with their crosses and icons and the books deserved by churches or “perfectly decorated”. At the end of the document there is no more such list and only “entering villages” are given (where, of course, there were churches and castles too).

129

According to precise list, alongside with those which are generally referred to, there were 11 castles and 7 churches on this territory. Treasures kept at the churches looked as follows: (while according to detailed list it doesn’t contain generally stated ones): 103 precious gilded crosses and icons, 12 gold and silver icon lamps, 2 the Books of the Old and New testament; “omphor” decorated with pears and gems”. It is impossible to list other church books, there are translations too (V. Silogava).

Thus, this part of Svaneti is presented as densely po-pulated and rather rich region. After it was ceded to Racha, this part was almost completely vacated; churches, castles and houses were abandoned and ruined and it is impossible now to determine where the church treasures went, whether they were lost or shifted to other churches.

130

papuna gabisonia

I_II saukuneebSi aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomTa berZnul-laTinuri zogierTi saxelwodebis

garkvevisaTvis

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze, dasavleT

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria romis imperiis

gavlenis qveS moeqca. am periodis dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi egrisis saxe-

wodebiT icnoben. amave saxeliT aris cnobili somxur

mwerlobaSic. antikuri xanis berZeni, Tu romaeli

avtorebi I saukunisaTvis, tradiciul termin ,,kol-

xidas~ gverdiT, axal saxelwodebas _ ,,lazikes~ iye-

neben. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerloba

,,kolxidas~ da ,,lazikas~ ar icnobs. es ukanaskneli

termini ,,lazias~ saxeliT, mxolod erTxel aris

gamoyenebuli Tamaris istorikos, basili ezosmoZ-

RvarTan, isic, samxreT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

erTi monakveTis aRsaniSnavad [1,142]. qarTul istori-

ografiaSi ,,lazike~ lazeTis formiT mimoqcevaSi d.

baqraZem Semoitana.

istoriuli saqarTvelos zRvispireTis terito-

riaze Zveli berZeni, romaeli, Tu Semdeg bizantieli

avtorebi mraval toms asaxeleben, romelTa eTno-

genezis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad mravali gamokvlevisa da

ufro meti mosazrebisa, istoriografiaSi, dRemde

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis yvelaze avtori-

tetuli avtoris, pontoeli berZeni geografis,

strabonis (Zv.w. 64/63 _ ax.w. 24/23 w.w.) cnobiT,

131

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Semdegi tomebi cxov-

robdnen: aqeelebi, zigebi, henioxebi, kerketebi, makro-

pogonebi, fTeirofagebi, kolxebi, svanebi, makronebi,

sanebi, mosinikebi da sxvebi [2,125,203-204]. aq sain-

teresoa fTeirofagebis tomis vinaobis garkveva.

strabons es esmis, rogorc ,,tilismWamelebi~. tili,

aseve, girCs aRniSnavs. es etimologia isevea ,,gir-

CismWameli~, rogorc ,,tilismWameli~. am gamoTqmaSi,

T. yauxCiSvili raime adgilobriv saxels varaudobda

[2,125]. fteirofagebs axsenebs I saukunis cnobili

romaeli avtori plinius ufrosi: ,,...mdinare fazisi...

mdinare qarienti, saltiebis tomi, romelTac Zvelad

fTeirofagebi ewodebodaT da sxva sannebi~ [3,178-179].

Cveni azriT, antikuri xanis avtorebTan moxseni-

ebuli fTeirofagebi, krebiTi saxeli unda iyos.

strabons erTi Zalian saintereso miniSneba aqvs

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomTa

kvebis racionze, rodesac is aRniSnavs, rom es xalxi

ZiriTadad, nadiris xorciTa da xiliT ikvebebao.

xilSi ki, moiazrebs Txils, kakals da rac metad

sainteresoa, wabls. rogorc cnobilia, CvenSi simindi

gvian Sua saukuneebSi Semovida. dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi klimatis gamo, xorbali naklebad mosavliania

da praqtikulad, saTanado moTxovnilebebs ar akmayo-

filebs. endemuri marcvleuli kultura _ Romic

naklebproduqtiulia. amitom, simindma is advilad

Caanacvla da sakvebi racionidan gandevna. TiTqmis,

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnamde, gansakuTrebiT mousav-

lianobis periodSi, marcvleulis Canacvleba wabliT

xdeboda, romlis koromebi dasavleT da istoriul

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi dRemde mravlad

132

gvxdeba. vfiqrobT, rom strabons da sxva avtorebs

,,fTeirofagebis~ anu ,,girCiWamiebis~ qveS is tomebi

hyavdaT mxedvelobaSi, romlebic Tavis racionSi

wabls iyenebdnen. wablis nayofi xeze Taviseburad

girCs Camogavs. ase, rom ,,fTeirofagebis~ qveS kon-

kretul toms ver vigulisxmebT, iseve rogorc ,,mak-

ropogonebis~ anu ,,grZelwverianebis~ SemTxvevaSi. Tu

plinius ufross vendobiT, ,,fTeirofagebi~ Wanebi

(sanebi) unda iyvnen ,,saltiebTan~ erTad.

magram vin arian ,,saltiebi~, romelTac pliniusi

md. xobis auzSi aTavsebs, radgan qarienti, igive qa-

riataa, dRevandeli sofeli xobis municipalitetSi,

am mdinaris gaswvriv. qarienti Zvel berZnulad

mSveniers niSnavs. istoriografiaSi saltiebis qveS,

Cveulebriv, lazebs gulisxmoben, radgan am xanaSi

kolxeTis dablobze ukve lazTa politikuri gaerTi-

anebaa Camoyalibebuli. magram pliniusi, romelic

lazebs aseve ixseniebs Tavis naSromSi, ufro sam-

xreT-dasavleTiT, sainteresoa, sxva saxeliT ratom

gvamcnobs maT gansaxlebas mdinare xobis napiras.

safiqrebelia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs antikuri xanis

mwerlobis erT saintereso tendenciasTan. sayovel-

Taod cnobilia, rom Zveli berZnebi ucxo xalxebs da

qveynebs Zalian xSirad berZnul saxelebs uwodebdnen

(magaliTad: iberia, espaneTi, italia, egvipte da a.S.).

am mxriv, niSandoblivia flavius arianesTan (II s.)

moxseniebuli drilebis eTnonimis sakiTxi, romlebic

arianem sruliad samarTlianad, sanebad anu Wanebad

miiCnia [4,42-43]. Zvel berZnuli ,, Δριλαs~ iTargmneba, rogorc grZeli Wiayela. istoriul samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi ki, gvaqvs murRulis mxare, amave

133

saxelwodebis mdinaris gaswvriv (dRevandeli Tur-

qeTis respublika). sityva ,,murRuli~ megrul-

Wanurad swored aseT Wias niSnavs. niSandoblivia,

rom Sua saukuneebSi aqedan iyo WiasZeTa feodaluri

sagvareulo [5,31-32]. murRulis xeobidan aris gamo-

suli gvari murRulia. am orive gvaris etimologia

identuria, magram pirveli gvari, radgan qarTul fe-

odalur samyaros ekuTvnoda, Sesabamisad aris ga-

formebuli.

gamodis, rom antikuri xanis avtorebs istoriuli

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, iseve, rogorc sxvagan,

adgilobrivi saxelwodebebi uTargmniaT, an Tavise-

burad SeurqmeviaT. vfiqrobT, rom ,,lazi~ da

`lazike~ amave tipis eTnonims unda warmoadgendes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom lazs TurqeTSi mcxovrebi

Wanebi TavianT TviTsaxelwodebad moiazreben, es

sityva megrulSi (aseve WanurSi) TavisTavad arafers

niSnavs. magaliTisTvis, megrulSi megrelis aRmniS-

vneli sityvis ,,margalis~ Ziria ,,rg~, romelic

raRacas mainc, am SemTxvevaSi, sityva ,,hgavs~ aR-

niSnavs. magram Zvel berZnulSi ,, Λασια~ _ xSir

buCqnars, ,, Λασιοσ~ _ Tma aburZgnuls, Tma gaCeCils

niSnavs (Λαζοι _ lazi). amasTan dakavSirebiT, sain-

teresoa pliniusis cnoba md. qarientTan (md. xobi)

saltiebis (Saltiae) tomis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb.

,,Saltus//salti~ _ laTinurad Znelad gasasvlel tyian

adgils niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi, safiqrebelia, rom

pliniusma laTinurad Targmna berZnuli ,, Λαζια~. aseTive Serqmeuli saxeli gvaqvs laz-saltiebTan

dakavSirebiT, tacitusTan dacul cnobaSi, sadac

saubaria I saukunis 70-ian wlebSi trapizonSi ajan-

134

yebul aniketze, romelmac Tavi mdinare xobis auzs

Seafara, sadac mas mfarveloba `Sedochezorum~-Ta

mefem gauwia [7,129]. laTinuri ,,Sedo~ qarTulad

jdomas, an gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _ damkvidrebuls

niSnavs.

pliniusis saltiebis toms unda gulisxmobdes

pasqaluri qronikis cnoba (VII s.): ,,xolo miwa-wyali

egreTwodebuli sallebisa, romlebsac sanitebsac

(Σαλλοι, Σανιται) eZaxian, pontomde aRwevs, sadac

aris banaki afsarosi, sebastopoli, ises navsadguri

da mdinare fazisi~ [6,10]. ra Tqma unda, aq sanitebSi

sanebi anu Wanebi igulisxmeba. mravalricxovani Wanu-

ri gaerTianebebidan, romlebic pontos qedsa da Savi

zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros viwro xeobebiT

daseril, fizikur-geografiulad rTul reliefsa da

sameurneo TvalsazrisiT, naklebad mosavlian adgilas

mosaxleobdnen, samosaxlo arealis gafarToebas es-

wrafvodnen (demografiuli zrdis da sxva faqto-

rebis gaTvaliswinebiT, e.w. ,,mTis Camowola~, p. g.). am

gaerTianebebidan erT-erTs antikuri xanis avtorebma,

sxva Wanebisagan gansasxvavebulad, lazebi Searqves,

xolo qveyanas lazika. saxelis Serqmevisas, kolxeTis

dablobis peizaJis aRweriloba gamoiyenes _ xSir-

buCqnariani, xSirtyiani. amasTan dakavSirebiT werda

Teofilaqte simokata (VII s.), rom mavrike keisris

dros, romanoz strategosi ,,kolxidaSi, rom mivida,

romelsac mdabiurma enam lazike gadaarqva.~ [8,23].

amrigad, Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli

kolxida mdabiurad, anu xalxur metyvelebaSi (Sem-

dgom ukve, mwerlobaSi) ,,laziked~ gadaiqca. swored

mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli normebis gamo, xSirad

135

gvxdeba Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze ter-

mini ,,kolxida~ da ,,kolxi~, romelic im droisTvis,

faqtobrivad dromoWmuli iyo.

analogiuri suraTi unda gvqondes Crdilo-aRmo-

savleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle sanigebis tomTan

dakavSirebiT, romelsac flavius ariane axsenebs 131

wlisTvis [4,43]. Tu davukvirdebiT, berZnulad

dawerili ,, Σαννοι~ da ,, Σαννιγαι~ _ sanigi faq-

tobrivad, erTi da igivea. Tu ,, Σαννοι~ Wans [9,11] aRniSnavs, ,, Σαννιγαι~-s SemTxvevaSi ,, γα~ Zvel ber-

Znulad, zogadad, miwasac aRniSnavs, Sesabamisad,

qarTulad es Wanebis miwas niSnavs. Wanebis gansaxleba

dRevandeli afxazeTis zRvispira Crdilo-dasavleT

nawilSi sruliad ar aris moulodneli. isini adri-

danve Canan aq dasaxlebulni, radgan am eTnoss Zveli

berZnuli mwerloba henioxebis saxeliT icnobs. Pli-

niusi ki, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi pir-

dapir asaxelebs ,,san-henoixebs~ anu Wan-henioxebs.

sainteresoa aseve, rom pliniusTan da arianesTan

moxseniebuli afsilTa tomis saxelwodebac berZnu-

lidan iTargmneba: ,, Αφιλια~//` Αφιλαι~ umegobros,

araxalxTmoyvares, sxvebis mimarT mtrulad ganwyo-

bils niSnavs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom afxazuri

da rusuli istoriografia afsilebs afsuebis wi-

naprad miiCnevs da maT mTavar arguments afsil//

afsuas saxelwodebaTa msgavseba warmoadgens. magram

bizantieli istorikosis, prokopi kesarielis cnobi-

dan, viciT afsilTa mTavar cixe-simagres ,,Τζιβιλην~ erqva [10,162]. samarTlianad, es simagre webeldis

cixesTan aris gaigivebuli, mdinare kodoris marjvena

mxares. magram toponimi webelda XIX s-is 30-ian

136

wlebSi daamkvidres ruseTis imperiis moxeleebma da

is afxazuri ,,cabalis~ da svanuri dalis (kodoris

xeobis zemo weli) kompozits warmoadgens. bizantiel

avtorTa cnobebis Targmnisas ,,georgikaSi~ `Τζιβιλην~ _ webelis formiT Targmna s. yauxCiSvilma, maSin

rodesac `Τζ~ afrikats bizantielebi Wanebis saxel-

wodebis aRniSvnisas, grafema ,,W”-s gadmosacemad iye-

nebdnen. aman safuZveli misca zog mkvlevars, we-

beldis etimologia xan wifelisTvis, xan wablisTvis

daekavSirebinaT. Tu `Τζιβιλην~ _ webelis magivrad,

,,Wibilad~ wavikiTxavT, am tomis eTnikur vinaoba da

sametyvelo ena cnobili gaxdeba, radgan sityva

,,Wibili~ mxolod megrulSi gvxdeba da is dawebils,

gafisuls, aseve dawnuls, zogadad, mtkiced gake-

Tebuls niSnavs. dRemde SemorCenili am cixis nangre-

vebi md. kodoris marjvena mxares, Tlili qvebiT

mtkiced aris agebuli da saxels amarTlebs. niSan-

doblivia, agaTia sqolastikosis cnoba: ,,misimia-

nelebi... kolxTa mefis qveSevrdomni arian msgavsad

afsilebisa, xolo gansxvavebul enaze laparakoben da

sxva kanonebsac misdeven. isini am afsilTa tomze

ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTi-

saken~ [11,86]. aqedan, mxolod im azris gamotana

SeiZleba, rom ,,afsilebi~ da ,,kolxebi~ (lazebi) erT

enaze laparakoben, xolo misimianelebi sxva enaze,

rac sinamdviles Seesabameba, radgan misimianelebi ko-

doris zemo welze mosaxle svanebi iyvnen. Afsilebi,

albaT, ufro megruli modgmis iyvnen, vidre Wanuri,

radgan lazTa samefoSi maT garkveuli avtonomiu-

robis niSnebi gaaCndaT. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom

lazebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTis dablobze

137

damkvidreba sruliad umtkivneulod ar momxdara da

adgilobrivma megruli Temebis nawilma garkveuli

TavisTavadoba SeinarCuna. afsilebi ,,qarTlis cxov-

rebaSi~ Semaval juanSeris TxzulebaSic aris moxse-

niebuli gaqarTulebuli afSilis formiT. magram am

Txzulebas XI saukunes akuTvneben da termini afsili

avtors bizantieli mwerlis, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis

naSromidan unda hqondes aRebuli. sxvanairad warmo-

udgenelia, cocxal yofaSi, Cvenamde ar moeRwia da-

savleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis saxels.

138


1. basili ezosmoZRvari, qarTlis cxovreba, t. II,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1959.

2. T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, cnobebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1957.

3. pliniusi, Древних писателей Гречиских и Латинских о Скифии и Кавказа, соб. и издалъ с рус. пер. В. В. Латышев, II, вып. I, СПб., 1904.

4. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,

Targ., gamok., kom. da ruka n. keWaRmaZisa, Tb., 1961.

5. korideTis sabuTebi (X-XIII ss.), gamosacemad moam-zada v. silogavam, Tb., 1989.

6. georgika, berZ. teqsti qarTuli Targ. gamosces da

ganm. daurTes a. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, t.

I, Tb., 1961.

7. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, laT.

teqsti qarTuli Targ., Sesavali nark. da koment.

gamosca al. gamyreliZem, Tb., 1973.

8. Teofilaqte simokata, georgika, s. yauxCiSvilis

gamocema, t. IV, I, Tb., 1941.

9. s. janaSia, Tubal-Tabal, tibareni, iberi, Sromebi,

III, Tb., 1959.

10. prokopi kesarieli, georgika, berZnuli teqsti

qarTuli Targman. gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo

s. yauxCiSvilma, II, Tb., 1965.

11. agaTia sqolastikosi, georgika, berZnuli teqsti

qarTuli Targman. gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo

s. yauxCiSvilma, t. III, Tb., 1936.

139

Papuna Gabisonia

THE GREEK-LATIN NAME CLARIFYING OF THE TRIBES LIVING IN THE EASTERN BLACK SEA

(I-II CENTURIES)

Summary

Roman and Byzantine ages authors knew the West Georgia as Lazika. The authors mentioned lots of tribes to the East of the Black Sea. Some of the names are of general importance. For example “Φθευροφαγοι” refers to those tribes, that used chestnut as food. Arrian (II c.) Mentions “Δριλαs” – that means the worm and fits – Murguli, that is Georgian province in the South-East of the Black Sea. La-zika comes from the ancient Greek “Λασια”, which often means the forest. His Latin translation is “saltia” (Pliny). Greco-Roman “Σαννιγαι” means the “Chans land”, while ,,Apsilae” - means unfriendly. Apsils was Mengrelian tribe.

140

daviT merkvilaZe

Walatyel merkvilaZeTa saojaxo-

sagvareulo arqivi

ramdenime wlis win, zestafonis municipalitetis

sof. WalatyeSi vixile imereTis dedofal mariamisa

da efTvimi gaenaTeli mitropolitis mier miwerili

werilebis pirebi am soflis jvarcmis eklesiis de-

kanoz, aznaur basil merkvilaZisadmi.1 Semeqmna STa-

beWdileba, rom saqme mqonda Walatyis jvarcmis ekle-

siis sabuTebTan, romelnic sabWoTa-komunisturi xe-

lisuflebis mier soflis eklesiis daxurvis Sem-

dgom, SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo zemodasaxelebuli

dekanozis, basili merkvilaZis STamomavalTa ojaxSi

[2,178].

Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac meore wels q. zestafonSi

mivakvlie arqivis danarCen nawilsac, sabuTebis mTli-

anobaSi damuSavebis Semdgom, davrwmundi, rom yvela

es sabuTi warmoadgenda dekanoz basil merkvilaZis

STamomavalTa saojaxo-sagvareulo arqivs. am daskvnis

safuZvels iZleoda is garemoeba, rom TiTqmis yvela

sabuTi, pirdapir Tu iribad, uSualod ukavSirdeba

basili merkvilaZis SviliSvilis, timoTe merkvilaZis

ojaxsa da STamomavlobas.

saojaxo-sagvareulo arqivi, mTlianobaSi, Sedgeba

17 sabuTisagan. aqedan, 8 rusul enazea Sedgenili,

cxra _ qarTulad. rusul enazea saxelmwifo uwye-

bebis mier gacemuli dokumentebi, xolo kerZo pirTa

Soris sxvadasxva saxis xelSekrulebebi _ qarTulad.

1 es ukanaskneli ori werili adreve gamovaqveyne (ix. 2,178-185).

141

aseve, qarTul enazea Sedgenili soflis eklesiis

mier gacemuli gardacvalebis mowmoba. sabuTebi

Sedgenilia me-19 saukunis meore naxevarsa da me-20

saukunis dasawyisSi. yvelaze Zveli daTariRebuli

werili 1883 wlis 25 ianvriT TariRdeba. yvelaze

gviandeli _ 1916 wliT. imereTis dedoflis mari-

amisa da gaenaTeli mitropolitis efTvimis werilebi

dauTariRebelia, Tumca cxadia, rom am werilTa

dednebi aRniSnul sabuTebs Soris yvelaze Zvelia.

dasaxelebuli arqivi iZleva warmodgenas basili

merkvilaZis STamomavalTa socialur statusze, qo-

nebriv mdgomareobaze; me-19 saukunisa da me-20 sau-

kunis dasawyisSi sof. WalatyeSi mcxovreb gvarebze

da a.S. am arqivis masalebis safuZvleze, warmovadgenT

dekanoz basil merkvilaZisa da mis STamomavalTa

Sesaxeb arsebul monacemebs.

merkvilaZeTa socialuri statusi. basil merkvi-

laZe mariam dedoflis mier, misTvis gagzavnil

werilSi iwodeba aznaurad. „aznaurs vasils“ _ ase

mimarTavs mas dedofali. basilis SviliSvili timoTe

ki, aznaurobis maZieblad moixsenieba, iseve, rogorc

timoTes vaJi _ iakobi. vladimer iakobis Zis Sesaxeb

ki, am ukanasknelis moTxovniT gacemul dabadebisa da

naTlobis mowmobaSi (gacemulia 1903 wlis 25

ivliss) aRniSnulia, rom mowmoba mieca `Tavis azna-

urad mwodeb (именующему себя Дворянином) vladi-

mer iakobis Ze merkvilaZes~. etyoba, vladimer merkvi-

laZe dabejiTebiT iTxovda Tavis dabadebisa da

naTlobis mowmobaSi aznaurobis miTiTebas. me-18 s-Si

am ojaxis winaparTa mier, aznauris wodebis floba

142

aSkaraa.1 Tumca, rogorc Cans, rusuli mmarTvelobis

damyarebis Semdeg, maT TavianTi statusis dasabuTeba

bolomde ver SeZles.2 amis gamo, oficialur doku-

mentebSi, sadac maTi socialuri statusis moxsenieba

iyo saWiro, ixseniebian rogorc aznaurobis maZi-

ebelni. didi albaTobiT, swored TavianTi aznaurobis

dasamtkiceblad unda moeZiebinaT efTvimi gaenaTelisa

da mariam imereTis dedoflis mier TavianTi babuis,

dekanoz basil (vasil) merkvilaZisaTvis miwerili we-

rilebi maTi oficialurad damowmebuli pirebis

saTanado uwyebebSi warsadgenad.

cxadia, merkvilaZeebi Tavs yvelgan aznaurebad

moixseniebdnen da asec iyvnen kidevac cnobilni sazo-

gadoebaSi. magram vinaidan oficialurad maTi azna-

urad aRiareba rusuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi gar-

Tulda, oficialur dokumentebSi ZiriTadad, „aznau-

robis maZiebelis“ statusi ufiqsirdebaT da ara „me-

sakuTre glexisa“, rogorc mag., erT-erT sabuTSi ix-

senieba galaqtion merkvilaZis SeZlebuli simamri,

sof. sazanos mkvidri ivane saceraZe.

sagvareulo arqivSi merkvilaZeTa Soris moxseni-

ebuli uxucesi piri _ basil, igive vasil merkvilaZe

Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis dekanozi iyo. sasu-

liero piri iyo basilis vaJi andriac. mitropoliti

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom imereTis mefe solomon I erT-erT sasisxlo

saqmeze Tavisi ganCinebis aRsrulebas, avalebs aznaur ivane merkvi-laZes (ix. ganCineba solomon I-isa daviT wereTlisa da beJika

cqitiSvilis sasisxlo saqmeze (3,285). 2 imereTSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, Tavad-aznaurTa

wodebaSi SemavalTa dazustebis saqme rTulad warimarTa. am mizniT,

Seqmnilma droebiTma komisiam 1849 wlis ivnisSi daasrula Sesabamisi

siis Sedgena, romelic sabolood, momdevno wlis bolos iqna damtkicebuli (1,4).

143

dekanoz basils piradi weriliT amcnobs, rom misi

Svili, andria mRvdlad akurTxa da Txovs, raTa mas

aswavlos RvTismsaxureba (`wirva da tipikoni~). Tu

sad msaxurobda mRvdeli andria merkvilaZe, dasaxe-

lebul sabuTebSi zusti miTiTeba ar moipoveba. sama-

gierod, quTaisis saxelmwifo arqivis monacemebis

mixedviT Sedgenil specialur literaturaSi andriac

Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis mRvdlad aris miTiTe-

buli 1812 wlidan. aqve, 1812-1851 wlebSi, amave

eklesiis mRvdlad dasaxelebulia giorgi vasilis Ze

merkvilaZe [1,149]. merkvilaZeTa saojaxo arqivis 1870

wlis sabuTis 1885 wels gacemuli damowmebuli as-

lis mixedviT, mRvdel giorgi merkvilaZes Walatyis

jvarcmis eklesiaSi 1842 wlis 30 ianvars mounaT-

lavs timoTe andrias Ze merkvilaZis vaJi iakobi. Se-

saZloa, mRvdeli giorgi merkvilaZec zemoaRniSnuli

basil, igive vasil merkvilaZis Ze iyos, andrias um-

crosi Zma. andrias Ze timoTec eklesiis msaxuri

yofila, Tumca samRvdelo xarisxi mas ar miuRia,

radgan iwodeba mxolod `priCetnikad~ (umcrosi

RvTismsaxuri, medaviTne) da mRvdlis Svilad. misi

Svilebi ki _ mRvdlis SviliSvilebad. me-19 s-is 80-

90-ian wlebSi Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis umcros

RvTismsaxurad (priCetniki) Cans aseve, tariel mer-

kvilaZe (msaxurobda mRvdel giorgi dalaqiSvilTan).

zemodasaxelebuli sabuTebis monacemebidan Cans,

rom 1893 wlis dokumentSi timoTe merkvilaZis Svi-

lebi moxseniebulni arian, rogorc „STamomavlobiT

sasulieroni“.

merkvilaZeTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba. sagvareulo

arqivis mixedviT, merkvilaZeni sof. Walatyis SeZle-

144

buli mkvidrni Canan. maT sakuTrebaSi aqvT sakmao

raodenobis saxnav-saTesi miwis nakveTebi. am sakuT-

rebas isini flobdnen memkvidreobiT. saojaxo arqivSi

daculi sabuTebiT dgindeba, rom timoTes Zeebs, oTx

Zma merkvilaZes: besarions, simons, pavlesa da iakobs

TxovniT miumarTavT xelisuflebisTvis da warudge-

niaT saTanado sabuTebi, ris safuZvelzec Tbilisis

saxazino palatis Sorapnis mazris ufrosisadmi 1883

wlis 11 ivnisis #3159 miwerilobis Tanaxmad, isini

gamouricxavT sof. Walatyis saxazino miwaze mcxov-

reb dasabegr pirTa ricxvidan.1 rac niSnavs, rom Zmebi

Zmebi gaTavisufldnen Sesabamisi gadasaxadisagan.

saxazino miwaze mcxovrebTa ricxvSi ki, isini

CauweriaT 1873 wlis kameraluri aRweris dros da

Sesabamisad, da-begrilan saxelmwifos sasargeblo

gadasaxadebiT.

1992 wlis 18 dekembris da quTaisis guberniis

1893 wlis 16 ianvris winadadebis ZaliT, dRis

wesrigSi damdgara saxazino miwebis CamorTmevis sa-

kiTxi, magram pavle da iakob merkvilaZeebis (maTi uf-

rosi Zmebi, besarioni da simoni am droisaTvis ukve

gardacvlilebi Canan) SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli

iqna is garemoeba, rom `sazogadoebisgan maT arasdros

ar hqoniaT gadacemuli saxazino miwebi, xolo maT

sargeblobaSi arsebul miwebs isini Tavisi winap-

rebisagan memkvidreobis uflebiT floben~. amitomac,

merkvilaZeebis mflobelobaSi da sargeblobaSi arse-

buli miwebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan 1 saxelmwifo, anu saxazino glexebad XVIII-XIX ss-is ruseTSi iwo-

debodnen iseTi glexebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen saxelmwifo miwaze

da amitom, sagangebo gadasaxads ixdidnen saxelmwifo xazinis sasargeblod.

145

moixsna (aqvea xazgasmuli, rom isini `STamomavlobiT

sasulieroni~ arian).

basili merkvilaZis STamomavalTa qonebriv mdgo-

mareobas, aseve asaxavs saojaxo arqivSi daculi nas-

yidobis sabuTebi, romlebic ZiriTadad, miwebis yidva-

gayidvas exeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yidva-gayidva warmo-

ebda ZiriTadad, merkvilaZeTa gvaris warmomadgenlebs

Soris, xandaxan ki, uSualod timoTe merkvilaZis

STamomavlebs Sorisac.

dekanozi basili merkvilaZisa da misi Stamo-

mavlebis biografiuli cnobebi. saojaxo arqivSi

daculi monacemebis gamokvlevis, Sesabamisi daxaris-

xebisa da Sejamebis Sedegad, basili merkvilaZisa da

misi STamomavlebis garkveuli biografiuli suraTi

iSleba.

basil (vasil) merkvilaZe. aznauri. sof. Walatyis

jvarcmis eklesiis mRvdeli. flobda dekanozis

xarisxs. Cans XVIII saukunis me-2 naxevrisa da XIX

saukunis damdegis moRvawe. sagvareulo arqivSi

daculi gaenaTel mitropolit efTvimisa da imereTis

dedoflis mariamis misadmi miwerili werilebis Sina-

arsidan irkveva, rom igi Zalze dafasebuli da pativ-

debuli pirovneba yofila. amaze metyvelebs: 1. mariam

imereTis dedoflis mier mokrZalebuli mimarTva

dekanozisadmi: „marjvenes geamborebi“ da moridebuli

dabareba TavisTan: „Tu Seni Sesamati saqme aris, To-

rem dasaklisi araferi aris. nu daizareb aq Ca-

mosvlas. Tumc rame erTi mizezi qondes da Sen ver

Camoxvide, Seni biZaSvili rom aris daviTela, is ga-

mogzavne saCqaroT;“ 2. efTvimi gaenaTeli mitropo-

litis werili, sadac mRvdelmTavari dekanozs Txovs,

146

mis mier mRvdlad nakurTx Svils RvTismsaxureba

(„wirva da tipikoni“) Seaswavlos da samagierod, mis

eklesiaze „madlis gawevas“ hpirdeba. amave werilidan

vigebT, rom Tavad basilisaTvisac efTvime mitropo-

lits uswavlebia liturgika: „ravarc SenTvis me

meswavlebinos wirva da tipikoni,“ andriasac ise

aswavleo, _ wers mas mitropoliti.

andria basilis Ze merkvilaZe. daibada mRvdlis

ojaxSi. mRvdlad akurTxa gaenaTelma mitropolitma

efTvimem da mamamiss, dekanoz basil merkvilaZes

sTxova misTvis srulyofilad eswavlebina samRvdelo

wesebi. dabadebuli unda iyos me-18 saukunis bolo

meoTxedSi. mRvdlad Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiaSi

msaxurobda 1812 wlidan.

timoTe andrias Ze merkvilaZe. iwodeba mRvdlis

vaJad. umsaxuria medaviTned (iwodeba `priCetnikad~).

aseve, iwodeba aznaurobis maZieblad. misi meuRle

moixsenieba rogorc rodam belianis (?) (mamis saxeli

cudad ikiTxeba) asuli. sabuTebSi moxseniebulia misi

4 vaJi: besarioni, simoni, pavle da iakobi. misi pir-

veli Ze, besarioni dabadebula 1823/4 wlebSi, um-

crosi, iakobi _ 1842 wels. amitom, timoTe savara-

udod, dabadebuli unda iyos 1800 wlis axlo xa-

nebSi.

besarion timoTes Ze merkvilaZe (1824-1885).

gardaicvala 1885 wlis 25 Tebervals yvavilisagan.

dakrZales 28 Tebervals s. Walatyis jvarcmis ekle-

siis galavanSi. gardaicvala 61 wlisa ucolSvilod.

aRsareba aTqmevina da aziara mRvdelma giorgi dala-

qiSvilma. anderZi augo amave mRvdelma medaviTne

(причетник) tariel merkvilaZesTan erTad. radganac

147

gardaicvala ucol-Svilod, mis memkvidreebad darCnen

misi Zmebi: pavle da iakob merkvilaZeebi. dabadebuli

unda iyos 1824 (an 1823) wels. moxseniebulia coc-

xlad 1883 wlis da 1884 wlis sabuTebSi.

simon timoTes Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da

gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. dabadebuli unda iyos

1824 wlis Semdeg (vinaidan am wels misi ufrosi Zma

besarioni Cans dabadebuli). ixsenieba 1883 da 1884

wlis sabuTebSi cocxlad. 1889 wlis sabuTSi, is

aRar ixsenieba ucol-Svilod gardacvlili ufrosi

Zmis memkvidre Zmebs Soris. ar ixsenieba arc 1893

wlis sabuTSi, sadac is wesiT moxseniebuli unda

iyos (laparakia, rom mis Zmebs pavles da iakobs ar

ekuTvniT saxazino miwis CamorTmeva, radgan maT saxa-

zino miwebi ar miuRiaT da memkvidreobiT floben.

amitom, igi 1889 wlisaTvis ukve gardacvlili Cans.

e.i. unda gardacvliliyo 1884-1889 wlebs Soris.

pavle timoTes Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da

gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. ver daibadeboda 1826

wlamde da verc 1841 wlis Semdeg. didi albaTobiT,

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSia dabadebuli. 1912 wlis

sabuTiT, is jer kidev cocxalia. misi ojaxis wev-

rTagan sabuTebSi ixsenieba misi vaJi sardioni. ar

scodnia wera-kiTxva, ris gamoc, sabuTebs mis magiv-

rad xels aweren sxvebi (maT Soris, misi Ze sardi-

oni).

iakob timoTes Ze merkvilaZe. umcrosi vaJi timoTe

merkvilaZis ojaxSi. iwodeba aznaurobis maZieblad.

Cans, SinaurobaSi eZaxdnen iakos, radgan ramdenime

oficialur sabuTSi igi iakod moixsenieba. sagvare-

ulo arqivis sabuTebSi yvelaze xSirad iakob merkvi-

148

laZe figurirebs. daibada 1842 wlis 14 ianvars. 30

ianvars igi mounaTlavs Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis

mRvdels, giorgi merkvilaZes. naTlia yofila

mRvdeli simon feraZe. 1893 wels is cocxalia. 1896

wels ki, misi Zma pavle misi meuRlisagan yidulobs

saxnav miwas, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom iakobi cocxali

aRar aris. e.i. TiTqos, unda gardacvliliyo 1893/6

wlebs Soris. Tumca, 1897 wels mas miumarTavs

Sorapnis sasamarTloSi saCivriT vinme saqareli ora-

xelaSvilis winaaRmdeg (miwa Sinaurulad miveci

dasamuSaveblad da aRar abrunebso). sabuTebSi ixseni-

eba misi meuRle _ kesaria ioseb bazRaZis asuli.

sabuTebSi dasaxelebulia misi xuTi vaJi: vladimer,

sergo, galaqtion, agabo da Salva. misi pirveli vaJi,

vladimeri dabadebula 1880 wlis 1 maiss.

sardion pavles Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da

gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. rogorc Cans, ojaxSi

erTaderTi vaJia. ixsenieba 1909, 1911 da 1912 wlis

sabuTebSi. igi mamasTan erTad, monawileobs uZravi

qonebis gankargvaSi, rogorc sruluflebiani wevri.

sabuTebs wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mamis magierac Tavad

awers xels. aseve, xels awers Tavisi biZaSvilis

(galaqtionis) simamris (ivane saceraZis) magierac.

vladimer iakobis Ze merkvilaZe. vladimer

merkvilaZis TxovniT, 1903 wlis 25 ivliss gacemul

missave dabadebis mowmobaSi aRniSnulia, rom vladi-

meri dabadebula 1880 wlis 1 maiss aznaurobis maZi-

ebel iakob timoTes Ze merkvilaZis ojaxSi. deda

kesaria iosebis asuli (bazRaZe). moinaTla 29 maiss.

monaTlula kacxis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi, vinaidan

misi dabadebisa da naTlobis Sesaxeb monacemebs iZle-

149

va aRniSnuli eklesiis metrikuli wignis Canawerebi.

naTlia gamxdara sof. qvacixis (amJamad, WiaTuris

municipaliteti) mkvidri, aznauri daviT dimitris Ze

JRenti. naTlobis saidumlo aRasrula mRvdelma spi-

ridon modebaZem. sainteresoa, rom TviTon iwodeba

sof. Walatyis mkvidrad, xolo misi mSobelni _ sof.

saqaraSi mcxovrebad. aseve, sagulisxmoa, rom igi

ixsenieba rogorc „Tavis aznaurad mwodebi“. 1909

wels biZisa (pavles) da biZaSvilisagan (sardioni-

sagan) ZmebTan erTad, yidulobs saxnav miwas. xolo,

1912 wels, amave pirebTan iyofs mama-papiseul miwas

aseve, danarCen ZmebTan erTad.

galaqtion iakobis Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da

gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. dabadebuli unda iyos

1880 wlis Semdgom. deda kesaria iosebis asuli

(bazRaZe). ixsenieba, rogorc sasuliero piri. 1909

wels biZisa (pavles) da biZaSvilisagan (sardioni-

sagan) ZmebTan erTad, yidulobs saxnav miwas. xolo

1912 wels aseve danarCen ZmebTan erTad, amave pi-

rebTan iyofs mamapapiseul miwas. meuRle, mariam ivane

saceraZis asuli. 1911 wels igi ukve daojaxebulia.

am wliT aris daTariRebuli sabuTi, romliTac misi

simamri, sazanoeli „mesakuTre glexi“ ivane zurabis

Ze saceraZe mas da mis meuRles „samkvidrod da

saSviliSvilod“ aZlevs misadmi kuTvnil mamulebs.

1916 wels silion merkvilaZisagan yidulobs miwis

nakveTs.

sergo, agabo da Salva iakobis Zeni merkvilaZeebi.

maT Sesaxeb bevri araferia cnobili. deda _ kesaria

iosebis asuli (bazRaZe). monawileoben 1909 da 1912

wlis garigebebSi ZmebTan erTad. amas garda, am dros

150

agabo da Salva arasrulwlovnebi yofilan, ris

gamoc, maT magivradac sabuTebs xels awers maTi sami

ufrosi Zma. rogorc Cans, es sergo da Salva arian,

romelTa mamuli esazRvreboda silion merkvilaZis

mamuls („lipis adgili“) dasavleTidan.

sabuTebSi dasaxelebuli punqtebi Sorapnis mazris

ares, farglebs ar scildeba (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar

miviRebT sagubernio centrebs: quTaisi, Tbilisi).

dasaxelebulia ramdenime sofeli: Walatye, saqara,

sazano, qvacixe, kacxi, yvirila. aq, aseve, am soflebSi

moipoveba mTeli rigi adgilTa saxelwodebani, ro-

melTa didi nawili dRes ukve dakargulia. dasaxele-

bulia ramdenime eklesiac.

Walatye. sabuTebSi am soflis saxeli yvelaze

xSirad gvxvdeba da es logikuria: merkvilaZeebi, ro-

melTa saojaxo arqivsac exeba es gamokvleva, swored

am soflis mkvidrni arian. soflis ZiriTadi nawili

gaSenebulia md. Colaburis marcxena napirze, mdina-

reebis, bujisa da Zusis SesarTavidan (saidanac iwyeba

md. Colaburi) dinebis daRma, municipalur centr

zestafonis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares, am ukanaskne-

lisgan 10-ode km.-Si.

sabuTebSi araerTxel aris moxseniebuli Walatyis

jvarcmis eklesia. macxovris jvarcmis eklesia dRe-

sac dgas am sofelSi, Colaburis marcxena SemaR-

lebul napiras. am eklesiis RvTismsaxurebidan sabu-

Tebis mixedviT, viciT: dekanozi basili merkvilaZe

(XVIII s-is me-2 naxevari), mRvdeli andria merkvilaZe

(XIX s-is dasawyisi), giorgi merkvilaZe (1842 weli),

mRvdeli giorgi dalaqiSvili (1880-iani wlebi).

umcrosi RvTismsaxurebi: timoTe merkvilaZe, tariel

151

merkvilaZe. Walatyel merkvilaZeTa didi nawili am

eklesiaSia monaTluli da mis ezoSia („galavanSi“)

dakrZaluli.

Walatyis mkvidrTa Soris sabuTebSi moxseniebul

pirTagan didi umravlesoba merkvilaZeebi arian, ro-

gorc basili merkvilaZis STamomavlebi (misi CaTvliT

13 pirovneba), ise sxva merkvilaZeebi (15 pirovneba).

kanti-kuntad, magram mainc Cans savaraudod, aq

mcxovrebi sxva gvarebis warmomadgenlebic: yvelaze

didi albaTobiT gabunia da xutaSvili. am sofelSi

mRvdlad namsaxuri giorgi dalaqiSvili adgilobrivi

mkvidri ar unda iyos. es gvari am da axlo-maxlo

soflebSi gavrcelebuli ar aris. garda amisa, ro-

gorc dgindeba, mas Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiaSi

mosvlamde umsaxuria sof. beRlevis wm. giorgis

eklesiaSi [1.50].

sagulisxmoa, rom miwis nasyidobis sabuTebSi mamu-

lebis myidvelebica da gamyidvelebic merkvilaZeebi

arian da sasyid miwasac, yvela mxares, isev merkvi-

laZeTa mamulebi, miwebi emijneba. amitom SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom WalatyeSi XIX saukunis me-2 naxe-

varsa da XX s-is dasawyisSi ZiriTadad merkvilaZe-

ebi mkvidroben. am mcire sofelSi sxva gvarTa Soris,

yvelaze mravlad dResac merkvilaZeTa gvaria gavrce-

lebuli.

soflis toponimikidan dasaxelebulia: lomor-

souli, feraZis souli, lalastye, lipis adgili.

saqara. amJamad arsebobs ori, zeda da qveda saqara.

Cans, sabuTebSi zogadad saqara ixsenieba, romlis

sazogadoebaSi Sedioda sof. Walatye. igi administra-

ciulad dResac saqaris (qveda) TemSi ganixileba.

152

sabuTebSi saqaris xseneba ZiriTadad, swored am

garemoebiT aris ganpirobebuli. garkveuli tipis sa-

buTebs xels awers saqaris mamasaxlisi, an misi

TanaSemwe. samwuxarod, xelmoweraSi garkveva, rig

SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebelia. oriod adgilas (1909 da

1912 w. sabuTebSi) ikiTxeba „ipolite svimonis Ze

samxaraZe _ saqaris sazogadoebis mamasaxlisis pomoS-

niki“ (TanaSemwe). saqaraSi mcxovrebTagan, Cans vinme

oraxelaSvilic (misi saxelis amoikiTxva ar xerxde-

ba).

sazano. sof. sazanos Sesaxeb saubaria erTaderT

sabuTSi, romelic warmoadgens mamulebis nusxas,

romelsac aZlevs am soflis mkvidri ivane saceraZe

Tavis siZes _ galaqtion merkvilaZes. vinaidan ivane

sakmaod SeZlebuli glexi Cans („mesakuTre“), aq Ca-

moTvlilia misi kuTvnili 10-ode adgili Tavis

saxelwodebebiT da mosazRvre pirovnebebiT. dokumen-

tSi dadasturebul miwismflobel gvarTagan, Ziri-

Tadad, saceraZeebi arian (sul 11 pirovneba ivanes

CaTvliT). aseve, Canan TiTo-TiTo: martaZe, gograZe,

uriaTmyofeli, alaviZe, davlaZe, guruli, nasraZe,

komaxiZe, samxaraZe. sazanos sazogadoebis warmomad-

genelia porfile qurcaZe.

sazanos toponimikidan naxsenebia: gaRma venaxi, do-

bilos adgili, leJavas seuli, partaxis venaxi,

Txmeluras adgili, winwkalastye, bostnis yana, nasax-

laris adgili, sadarbazos adgili, gaRmayana, naRo-

maras adgili, tye bostnis belo, wyarosseris tye,

naficrulis tye, qoribedis tye.

sabuTebSi, aseve naxsenebia: yvirila (daba, romlis

adgilas aRmocenda Semdgom q. zestafoni), kacxis wm.

153

giorgis eklesia da sof. qvacixe. kacxi da qvacixe

erTmaneTis maxloblad mdebare soflebia (amJamad,

WiaTuris municipalitetSi). kacxis wm. giorgis ek-

lesiaSi 1880 wels naTlobis saidumlo aRasrula

mRvdelma spiridon modebaZem, xolo medaviTneoba gas-

wia simon cercvaZem (1903 w. sabuTi). qvacixis mkvid-

rTagan, dasaxelebulia aznauri daviT dimitris Ze

JRenti.

154


1. m. kezevaZe, egzarqosobisdroindeli imereTis ekle-

siebi da mRvdlebi, quT., 2008.

2. g. merkvilaZe, axlad aRmoCenili sabuTebi sof.

Walatyidan, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XIII-XIV,

Tb., 2011/2012.

3. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. V., sasamarTlo

ganCinebani (XVIII s.), teqstebi gamosca da SeniS-

vnebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1974.

4. quTaisis guberniisa da mazris TavadaznaurTa wi-namZRolebi, dokumentebis krebuli, Seadgina da

gamosacemad moamzada m. kezevaZem, quTaisi, 2009.

155

David Merkviladze

THE FAMILY ARCHIVE OF MERKVILADZE FROM THE VILLAGE CHALATKE

Summary

Few years ago, from the village Chalatke of Zestaphoni

district three handwritten document sheets were brought. Among them, there were two copies of letters written by Mariam queen of Imereti and Epthvimi Gaenati Metropolitan to the archpriest of the Crucifixion church of village Cha-latqe, nobleman Basil (Vasili) Merkviladze. Later on the rest of archives documents, which recently had been taken to Zestaphoni, were found.

From the beginning it was obvious the handwritten do-cuments were part of an archive. Getting better the do-cuments and their complex research made it clear that all of these documents in its entirety had been family archive of the archpriest Basil Merkviladze’s descendants. The documents are drawn up in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. The private documents are drawn up in Ge-orgian and official part of archive documents - in Russian.

The archive gives significant information about social and economic status of Basil Merkviladze’s descendants; It also gives interesting data about village Chalatke in the 19th century and the early 20th century: About its inhabitants, church priests, different relationships and etc.

156

oTar gogoliSvili

didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis olqiT

daintereseba pirveli msoflio omis win

1914 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo pirveli msoflio

omi. am omSi erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen erTis mxriv:

germania, avstria, bulgareTi da TurqeTi da meore

mxares ki, inglisi, safrangeTi, ruseTi. am omSi mniS-

vnelovani adgili eWira kavkasiis regions, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki, baTumis olqs. 1914 wlis wina periodis

TiTqmis yvela mimowera imperiis centridan kavkasiaSi

Seexeboda baTumis olqs da iq mimdinare politikur

procesebs. Cven, ruseTis, kerZod, peterburgisa da

moskovis, Tbilisisa da baTumis arqivebSi xangrZlivi

muSaobis Sedegad, gamovavlineT ara erTi oficialuri

dokumenti, romelic Seexeba swored zemoTqmuls. ga-

momdinare aqedan, mizanSewonilad miviCnieT, farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis migvewodebina ara erTi saarqivo

dokumenti, romelic aaSkaravebs mefis ruseTisa da

sulTnis TurqeTis eqspansionistur politikas. es sa-

interesoa imdenad, ramdenadac dRes saqarTvelo imyo-

feba, cota gansxvavebul, magram msgavs situaciaSi.

amitom, sifrTxile yovelTvis iyo is mTavari saSu-

aleba, romelic iZleoda Tavis gadarCenisa da TviT-

myofadobis SenarCunebis udides Sanss. swored rom,

es sifrTxile gvmarTebs dRes.

1913 wlis 27 seqtembers ruseTis imperiis Sinagan

saqmeTa saministrodan saidumlo werili miuvida kav-

kasiis mefisnacvlis kancelarias, sadac ewera: ,,Tur-

qeTSi mimdinareobs aSkara saomari mzadeba da sul ar

aris gamoricxuli, rom gaaxSiron provokaciebi Cvens

157

winaaRmdeg. iq Camoyalibebulma ,,axalgazrda TurqTa~

organizaciebma gaaZlieres panislamisturi propaganda

TurqeTis sazRvrebs gareT. maTi survilia islamis

aRorZineba sxva qveynebSi. am mizniT, maT gansakuT-

rebuli yuraReba miaqcies ruseTis imperias, sadac

cxovrobs mravalricxovani musulmani mosaxleoba da

maTSi islamis aRorZineba SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoC-

ndes TurqeTisaTvis, misi urTierTobis gasamwvaveblad

ruseTTan. am mizniT, Turqebis mier, ruseTSi gag-

zavnili iqna vaWrebisa da xojebis saxiT, ,,axal-

gazrda Turqebis~ momxre xalxi. emisrebi gaigzavna

volgaze, yirimSi, Sua aziasa da kavkasiaSi.G gamomdi-

nare aqedan, miiReT gadamWreli zomebi, raTa kavka-

siaSi, CvenTvis strategiulad am mniSvnelovan mxa-

reSi, mtrebma ver awaarmoon ZirgamomTxreli saqmi-

anoba. amis didi survili maT eqnebaT, radgan isini

didi xania ocneboben Cvens gamoZevebas kavkasiidan da

iq gabatonebas. gevalebaT: 1) daaweseT emisrebze

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba; 2) yuradReba gaamaxvileT

panislamuri ideebis gavrcelebaze da sastikad win

aRudeqiT mas yoveli saSualebebiT; 3) daaweseT

TvalTvali yvela ucxoelze, gansakuTrebiT, mahmadi-

anebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi; 4) gansakuTrebiT kon-

trolze aiyvaneT is xojebi, romlebmac ganaTleba

miiRo ucxoeTis sasuliero centrebSi~ [1]. aseTi

werilebi metropoliidan ara erTi gamoigzavna. Tavis

mxriv ki, kavkasiis mefisnacvali baTumis olqis sam-

xedro gubernators avalebda, gaemkacrebina poli-

tika ucxoelTa mimarT, radgan es olqi gansakuTre-

biT axlos mdebareobda TurqeTTan da centridan

gamogzavnil yvela werilSi ixseneboda. 1913 wlis 30

158

seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariidan wer-

dnen baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators: ,,Seis-

wavleT da warmoadgineT yvela im ucxoelis vinaoba,

romelic baTumSi cxovrobs~. quTaisis JandarmTa sam-

marTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe, baTumis olqSi acno-

bebda samxedro gubernators 1913 wlis 2 oqtom-

bers: ,,gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia meCeTi ,,azizie~,

romelic xdeba baTumis olqis panislamisturi ide-

ebis gavrcelebis centri. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iq

xSirad dadian TurqeTidan emisrebi da iqve, oTaxSi

aqvT raRac saidumlo Sexvedrebi. am meCeTSi xSirad

SeimCnevian ,,axalgazrda TurqTa~ warmomadgenlebi.

rac Seexeba policias, sadac umravlesoba mahmadiani

,,tuzemcebi~ arian, Znelia maTdami ndoba, radgan isini

iolad moeqcevian panislamisturi gavlenis qveS.

mizanSewonilia policiis gaZliereba rusuli elemen-

tebiT~ [2]. mdgomareoba TandaTan iZabeboda. miuxe-

davad mefis ruseTis mxridan gatarebuli mkacri

RonisZiebebisa, 1913 wlidan baTumis olqSi TurqeTi,

germania didi raodenobiT gzavnida agentebs mosax-

leobis asmxedreblad. 1913 wlis 17 oqtombers kav-

kasiis mefisnacvlis kancelaria SeSfoTebiT werda

baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators: ,,miuxedavad

gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, Tqven olqSi SeimCneva

osmaluri sadazvervo saqmianobis gaaqtiureba. Tqven

ver SeZeliT rusuli gavlenis ise gaZliereba, rom

mtrebis veraviTari propaganda ver SegvaSinebda (xaz-

gasma Cvenia, o. g.) am mimarTulebiT Tqveni adminis-

traciis saqmianoba savsebiT aradakmayofilebelia~ [3].

Cveni azriT, uaRresad sainteresoa baTumis olqis

samxedro gubarnatoris 1913 wlis 20 oqtombris

159

sapasuxo werili, sadac gaSiSvlebulia is veraguli

politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am mxareSi:

,,Tqveno udidebulesobav, Cven vcdilobT yoveli Rone

vixmaroT, raTa gavaZlieroT rusuli elementebi

baTumis olqSi. magram sanam amas gavakeTebdiT, Cven

vcdilobdiT erTmaneTisaTvis wagvekidebina qarTveli

qristianebi da mahmadianebi. am mizniT, vecadeT mog-

vesyida ara erTi gavleniani mahmadiani qarTveli, Se-

vaZlieT didZali Tanxa, SevadgineT moqmedebis gegma.

samwuxarod, yvela moqmedeba warumatebeli iyo. pir-

velad vecadeT abaSiZeebis amxedreba, vin ar mi-

vugzavneT maT, magram isini ratomRac yvelafrisagan

Sors iWerdnen Tavs. vcadeT ximSiaSvilebis gamo-

yeneba, magram mizani aqac miuRweveli gaxda. maSin

gadavwyviteT Turqi erovnebis xalxis dapirispireba

qristianebTan, amisaTvis SevqmeniT specialuri ganyo-

fileba sammarTveloSi, aqac xel-fexi SegveboWa. bo-

los, gadavwyviteT somxebisa da musulmanebis dapi-

rispireba, ra ar gavakeTeT amisaTvis, movawyveT aTasi

provokacia, magram Sedegi araferi. rac Seexeba

rusebs, am saqmeSi isini pirdapir ver CavabiT, radgan

saagitacio manqana, am SemTxvevaSi, mtris wisqvilze

asxams wyals. rogorc Cans, dawyevlili mxarea am

mimarTulebiT. saWiroa sxva meTodebis gamoyeneba, Se-

muSaveba iseTi programisa, romelic frTebs Seasxams

Cvens Sorsmimaval amocanebs~ [4]. aq SesaniSnavad aris

naCvenebi is politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am

kuTxeSi. Tavis mxriv, arc TurqeTis mxare udebda

tols veragul ganzraxvaSi mis mowinaaRmdegeebs.

magaliTad, 1913 wlis 29 noembers erT-erT Turq

emisars CamoarTves proklamacia, romelic mas gauv-

160

rcelebia zemo aWaraSi, arTvinSi da cdilobda mis

gavrcelebas baTumis musulman mosaxleobas Soris.

policmeisteris patakidan JandarmTa sammarTvelos

ufrosisadmi vkiTxulobT: ,,ama wlis (1913, o. g.) 21

noembers davakaveT TurqeTis qveSevrdomi, romlis

saxelia axmed yadi oRli. dakavebisas, man wina-

aRmdegoba gagviwia. aRmoaCnda proklamaciebi, sadac

ewera: ,,dReSi xuTjer unda vilocoT TurqeTis

sasargeblod da ruseTis sazianod, unda SevevedroT

RmerTs, raTa ruseTi aRigavos pirisagan miwisa, Seve-

vedroT RmerTs, rom TurqeTma daibrunos yvela is

teritoria, romelic mas ruseTma waarTva... moerideT

qristianebTan TanamSromlobas, isinic gadamwyvet

momentSi rusebs miudgebian... proklamaciebi aucileb-

lad gaacaniT xalxs, gamoakariT sazogadoebrivi

TavSeyris adgilebSi da a.S.~ [5]. aqac Cans is poli-

tika, romlis gatarebasac cdilobda osmaleTis impe-

ria kavkasiaSi da maT Soris, baTumis olqSi.

rac ufro axlovdeboda msoflio omi, miT ufro

iZabeboda urTierToba am or saxelmwifos Soris da

1914 wlis oqtomberSi dapirispireba kidevac gadai-

zarda saomar moqmedebaSi. aseTia mokled, im mimowe-

rebis Sinaarsi, romelic TvalnaTliv aaSkaravebs

orive saxelmwifos saqmianobas kavkasiis mxareSi.

161


1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (Semokl.

acsa), f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 21.

2. acsa, f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 35. 3. asca, f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 48-49. 4. acsa, saq. 126, furc. 57. 5. acsa, saq. 126, furc. 69.

162

Otar Gogolishvili

INTERESTS OF THE BIG STATES TO BATUMI DISTRICT BEFORE THE WORLD WAR I

Summary

The World War I started in the August, 1914. The signi-

ficant place in this war had the region of the Caucasus, mainly the Batumi district. Almost all correspondence sent from the center of the empire to the Caucasus was about the Batumi district and the political processes taking place there. Not a single document was revealed by us when, for a long time, we worked in the archives of Russia, mainly Pe-tersburg, Moscow and in Tbilisi and Batumi as well. These documents reflect on going processes of those days. Not a single document reveals the expansionist policy of Tsar’s Russia and Sultan’s policy. It is evident that they were plan-ning to foment religious strife and civil confrontation bet-ween Muslims and Christians. Despite numerous attempts the provocations did not bring results.

These documents are interesting as much as Georgia today is, though now a bit another, but in a similar situation. That is why be cautious has always been the main means to survive and to preserve identity, what we need today as well.

163

nato sonRulaSvili

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba

saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi1

qarTveli erisTvis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba da misi mniSvneloba ucxo arasdros yofi-

la. saqarTvelos istoria aRniSnulis araerT maga-

liTs mowmobs. sabWoTa ruseTis mier, saqarTvelos

dapyrobis Semdeg, erovnuli moZraoba ganviTarebis

axal etapze gadavida da axali formebiT gamovlinda.

SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis mniSvnelobiT, gansakuT-

rebiT STambeWdavi iyo XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi

mimdinare ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli eris is-

toria erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis or mi-

marTulebas mowmobs: 1. SeiaraRebuli gamosvla da 2.

ideologiuri. es ukanaskneli, gansakuTrebiT aqtua-

luri iyo XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli,

rodesac qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-

ta ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis axal etapze gada-

vida. ideologiuri brZola kvlav gagrZelda sabWoTa

ruseTis mier, saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, amJamad

ukve, emigraciaSi. amjerad, yuradRebas swored, erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologiur mi-

marTulebaze gavamaxvilebT.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam axali aR-

mavloba ganicada XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan, rac

gamomdinareobda meore msoflio omis dawyebiT. qar-

1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi.

164

Tul erovnul Zalebs imedi gauCndaT, rom sabWoTa

ruseTis omSi damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlebdnen

saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebas. swored amitom, saz-

rRvargareT myofi qarTuli emigracia, yovelmxriv

cdilobda kavSiri daemyarebina dasavleTis qveynebTan,

romlebic sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen da

maTi daxmarebiT aRedginaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-

ebrivi damoukidebloba. 1952 wels Jurnali `mebrZo-

li saqarTvelo~ werda: `sabWoTa ruseTs axasiaTebs

komunisturi totalitarizmi, romelic Tavis bunebiT

ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis da eris uflebaTa ganxorci-

elebas. sanam es reJimi arsebobs moskovSi, Cvens

ganTavisuflebaze (da sxva erebisac) laparaki zedme-

tia. amitom, Cven aucilebel saWiroebad gvidgas win

sakiTxi am reJimis damxobis. amis gverdis avla Tavis

motyuebaa. meore mxriT, Cven vxedavT, rom sabWoTa

komunisturi reJimi autaneli gamxdara, mTeli dasav-

leTis civilizaciis matarebeli kacobriobisaTvis,

romelsac meTauroben: pirvel rigSi, safrangeTi,

inglisi da aSS. Aaq Cven gviCndeba bunebrivi mokav-

Sire _ Zlieri da saimedo, romelsac eris da adami-

anis Tavisufleba Tavis lozungad aqvs gamocxade-

buli~ [4,1-2].

rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTveli eris erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ori mimarTulebiT mim-

dinareobda: ideologiuri da SeiaraRebuli gziT. ra

ganapirobebda erovnuli moZraobis ideologiur xa-

siaTs? sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis cnobierebis

amaRleba, gamomdinare iqidan, rom sabWoTa sistemas

sakmaod mZlavri politikuri meqanizmi gaaCnda da

sazogadoebaSi sakuTari ideebis damkvidrebas, reali-

165

zebas cdilobda. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom ro-

gorc arasdros, sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi brZolac

SeuZlebeli iyo, mciredi gamonaklisebis garda.

ra faqtorebma ganapiroba XX saukunis 40-iani

wlebidan moyolebuli erovnuli moZraobis aRmav-

loba?

1. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gan-

viTareba mxolod saqarTvelosTvis ar yofila damaxa-

siaTebeli. aRniSnul movlenas xeli Seuwyo msof-

lioSi da kerZod, dasavleTSi mimdinare faqtorebma.

sabWoTa sistema, met-naklebad, iZulebulia daemor-

Cilos sazRvrebs gareT mimdinare movlenebs.

XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan aSS-is prezidentis,

franklin ruzveltis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelic

stalinis mimarT radikaluri damokidebulebiT ar

gamoirCeoda, xelisuflebaSi modis hari trumeni,

romelic aqtiur politikas atarebs sabWoTa kav-

SirTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan, aSS-ma pirdapir gamoxata

daxmarebis survili II msoflio omis Sedegad dasus-

tebuli evropis qveynebze. ra ganapirobebs am faqts?

faSizmis damarcxebis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso poli-

tikaSi aSkarad gamoikveTa komunizmis gaZlierebis da

aRmavlobis saSiSroeba. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-s,

romelic saerTaSoriso asparezze damkvidrebasa da

liderobaze acxadebda pretenzias, seriozuli saf-

rTxe Seeqmna sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan. aRniSnulis

Tavidan asacileblad, aSS-ma SeimuSava araerTi gegma,

romelic xels Seuwyobda sabWoTa kavSiris dasus-

tebas. es gamoixateboda, rogorc politikuri, aseve

ideologiuri mimarTulebiT. swored, aRniSnulis ga-

moxatuleba iyo dasavleT evropisaTvis finansuri

166

daxmarebis gaweva, raTa dasavleT evropa yofiliyo

Zlieri da komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe Semci-

rebuliyo.

2. qarTuli erovnuli Zalebis mTavari mizani

gaxda am viTarebis gamoyeneba sakuTari gegmebis gansa-

xorcieleblad. es ki, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos Tavi-

suflebis sakiTxs exeboda. qarTuli politikuri, Tu

kulturuli elita naTlad acnobierebda im faqts,

rom mxolod saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena

problemas ver gadaWrida, qveyanas realuri saerTa-

Soriso daxmareba sWirdeboda. 1952 wels, Jurnal

`mebrZol saqarTveloSi~ evgeni gegeWkori werda:

`CvenisTana patara erisTvis ar kmara marto udao

ufleba, Cven es ufleba aramc Tu gvqonda _ is

cxovrebaSidac gavanaRdeT, magram aman qarTvel xalxs

katastrofa ver aacdina. mware gamocdilebam cota

ram mainc unda gvaswavlos. saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis aRdgena da misi SenarCuneba moiTxovs Sesa-

feris saerTaSoriso ZalTa ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. Tu

Cveni qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgena TviT qarTveli

xalxis gautexel nebisyofazea umTavresad dayrdno-

bili, misi ganmtkiceba da SenarCuneba damokidebulia

im realur garantiebze, romelsac saqarTvelo SeZ-

lebs moipovos saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi~ [4,4].

Jurnali `Cveni droSa~ aRniSnavda: èri rom ganTavi-

sufldes sxvisi Cagvrisagan, marto Sinauri Zalebi

ar kmara, miT umetes, dRevandel xanaSi, roca saerTa-

Soriso movlenebi, erTa interesebi metad daxlar-

Tulia, erTi meoreze gadabmulia, adgilobrivi sakiT-

xi erTi rgolia saerTaSoriso politikisa, aseT

viTarebaSi, kiTxvas swyvets ara marto Sinauri Za-

167

lebi, aramed saerTaSorisoc~ [10,3]. rogorc arsebu-

li masala aCvenebs, qarTvelebs arasdros SeuwyvetiaT

brZola saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis, gansakuT-

rebiT gamokveTili iyo qarTuli emigraciis moRva-

weoba am mimarTulebiT. XX saukunis 40-iani wle-

bidan dawyebuli, aqtiuroba sazRvargareT myofi

politikuri elitis mxridan, dakavSirebuli iyo II

msoflio omTan.Bbunebrivia, aRniSnuli moRvaweoba

arc 1921 wlidan moyolebuli iyo mniSvnelobas mok-

lebuli, Tumca II msoflio omma mizani ufro aqti-

uri gaxada. yovelive zemoaRniSnuls, emateba is

faqti, rom saqarTvelo am brZolaSi marto ar aris.

sabWoTa kavSirSi, rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva erebi iyo

gaerTianebuli. qarTveli erovnuli moRvaweni imeds

isaxavdnen, rom es brZola erToblivi iqneboda, Tu

romelime saxelmwifo Tavisufali gaxdeboda. es pro-

cesi saqarTvelozec aisaxeboda. Aamgvari damokidebu-

leba saqarTvelosTvis ucxo ar yofila, magaliTad,

jer kidev mefis ruseTis dros, 1825 wels dekabris-

tebis gamosvlam da 1830 wels poloneTis erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam, saqarTvelos saSua-

leba misca misi brZola ufro qmediTi gaexada da am

yovelives Sedegad mohyva 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, ro-

melic qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis

organizebuli iyo.

magaliTad, SeiZleba ganvixiloT pirveli msoflio

omic, rodesac qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri

elitis nawili germaniis daxmarebiT, imedovnebda da-

moukideblobis aRdgenas. damoukideblobis mopovebis

Semdeg ki, 1918 wlidan saerTaSoriso Zalaze amya-

rebda imeds. Jurnali `Cveni qveyana~ 1948 wels

168

aRniSnavda: `Cveni saerTo mizania Cveni eris, saqar-

Tvelos ganTavisufleba, romelic ager 28 weliwadia

ucxo da sastik uRelSia Sebmuli da tanjva-vaebas,

yovelgvar daCagvras ganicdis: erovnuls, politi-

kurs da socialurs. rogor da ra gziT aris SesaZ-

lebeli am miznis (misi ganTavisuflebis) miRweva?

cxadia, marto Cven aRar varT dRes aseT mdgomare-

obaSi, mTeli rigi erebis, wvrilisa da saSualosi,

imave bedSi arian rogorc Cven. sanaxevrod barbaro-

suli mteri daeufla aRmosavleTisa da saSualo

evropis saxelmwifoebs, ukve miadga dasavleT evropis

karsac da lamobs Sig SeWras da iqac misi saSineli

diqtatura gaamefos xiStiT, Tu misi laqia-amqrebis

saSualebiT. verc exla da verc momavalSi me ar maqvs

warmodgenili iseTi garemoeba, rom mxolod saqar-

Tvelo gaTavisufldes da sxvebi ki, darCnen dapyro-

bili.Aar arsebobs Cveni samSoblosaTvis arc sakmao

Sinagani da arc gareSe, ucxo Zala, romelsac Se-

eZlos misi gamoyvana dRevandeli mdgomareobidan. maS,

unda davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos bedi amJamad mWid-

rod dakavSirebulia da gadabmulia yvela danarCen

tanjul erTa bedze. Tu erTma aiyara aRviri da moi-

pova Tavisufleba, yvela danarCenebi aRsdgebian, vina-

idan maT yavs saerTo mteri. mtris winaaRmdeg brZo-

la unda iyves da iqneba erTi ganuyofeli~ [14,7].

aqve ganvmartavT erT sakiTxs, rogorc aRiniSna,

emigraciaSi myofi qarTuli Zalebi ibrZodnen saqar-

Tvelos Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis.YTumca, brZolis

meTodebSi, maT Soris iyo garkveuli gansxvaveba: Tu

erovnul-demokratebi da socialist-federalistebi

meore msoflio oms did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da

169

maTi mizani socialisturi reJimis damxoba iyo, so-

cial-demokratebi erovnuli Tavisuflebis aRdgenas

socializmis safuZvelze imedovnebdnen. `qarTveli

eris ideali saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis

aRdgena _ aris Cveni mizani, romelsac Cven mTeli

energiiT vemsaxurebiT. vinaidan, Tavisufali arseboba

Cven migvaCnia saukeTeso formaT qarTveli eris kul-

turuli aRorZinebisa da warmatebisaTvis, Cveni mSro-

meli xalxis uflebebis ganmtkicebisa da ganviTa-

rebisaTvis. eris Tavisufleba aris demokratiis udi-

desi principTagani da Cveni moZraobis bunebrivi

gamoxatuleba. xolo, rogorc socialistebi da qar-

Tveli eris interesebis saukeTeso gamomxatvelni _

Cven vukavSirebT saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas demok-

ratiul moZraobas, rogorc mTel msoflioSi, ise

TviT ruseTSi da uarvyofT iseT politikas, rome-

lic imeds amyarebs omze da samxedro-faSistur Za-

lebTan daaxloebaze~ [6,2]. marTalia, maTma ideo-

logiam garkveuli cvlileba ganicada da erovnuli

sakiTxi mniSvnelovani gaxda, Tumca ZiriTadi principi

ucvleli darCa.

3. qarTuli, erovnuli moZraobis dasavluri mimar-

Tuleba. qarTvelTa mizani yovelTvis iyo dasavleTze

orientirebuli politikis warmoeba da es xazi mud-

mivad gasdevda qarTveli politikuri da kulturuli

elitis moRvaweobas saukuneebis manZilze. sabWoTa

reJimis pirobebSi sakmaod rTuli iyo amgvari poli-

tikis realizeba. amas kargad acnobierebda qarTuli,

erovnuli speqtri. Tumca, sazRvrebs gareT myofi

erovnuli Zalebi, am mimarTulebiT, aqtiurad muSa-

obdnen. XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis qarTuli erov-

170

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis es xazi mniS-

vnelovnad gamokveTili iyo. `qarTveli eri aris ise-

Ti eri, romelsac aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli kul-

turuli da moraluri Rirebuleba, romelsac SeuZ-

lia gverdSi amoudges, rogorc umcrosi moZme, ganaT-

lebul erTa saxelmwifoebs. mis erT istoriul

TvisebaTagans warmoadgens ara mxolod miswrafeba ev-

ropis kulturisa da civilizaciisadmi, aramed kidev

meti, is, rom mas TviTon Tavis istoriuli gzebis

manZilze SemuSavebuli aqvs sruliad damoukideblad

evropisagan iseTi socialuri da politikuri wyobi-

leba, romelic ekuTvnis evropiul sazogadoebriv

urTierTobis tips, rogorc es ukanaskneli gamoixata

umTavresad evropiul saxelmwifoebSi da imave dros

warmoadgens sruliad originalur da Tavisebur saxe-

obas am saerTo tipiuri urTierTobisas~ [5,6].

4. rogorc aRiniSna, sabWoTa reJimis specifikidan

gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideebis ganvi-

Tareba warmoudgeneli iyo. erovnuli moZraobis

ideologiuri brZolis erT-erT mTavar niSans warmo-

adgenda garusebis safrTxis, qarTuli enis, erovnuli

Rirebulebebis dakargvis acileba. bunebrivia, nebis-

mieri qarTvelisTvis da gansakuTrebiT misTvis,

romelic naTlad acnobierebda saukuneebis manZilze

qarTveli eris arsebobis mniSvnelobas da im did

istorias, rac saqarTvelos gaaCnda, rTuli gadasa-

laxi iyo is politikuri, social-ekonomikuri, reli-

giuri, Tu kulturuli cvlilebebi, rasac sabWoTa

sistema axorcielebda. `Cvens mdgomareobaSi myofi

xalxisTvis, rodesac ers politikuri saerTaSoriso

pirovneba warTmeuli aqvs, cxadia, arsebobs saSiS-

171

roeba, rom Cven metnaklebad im erTan gagvaigivon,

romlis saxelmwifo farglebSic vimyofebiT.Dda asec

xdeba. rac unda varwmunoT ucxoelebis farTo wre,

Znelia maTSi Rrmad gamjdari Sexedulebis Seryeva,

romlis mixedviT, Cven marTalia `mTlad rusebi~ ara-

varT, magram Cveni erovneba `provincialuri patri-

otizmia~ da sxva araferi. am mdgomareobasTan brZola

metad Znelia, radgan igi aixsneba Cveni gasvliT

politikur asparezidan. Mmagram Tu saqarTvelos sa-

Sualeba aqvs politikurad gamoCndes, kulturulad

gamoCenis da amgvarad ucxoeTisaTvis Tavisi Tavis

gacnobis saSualeba usaTuod moepoveba~ [2,11].

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili rTuli viTarebidan gamom-

dinare, rodesac yovelgvari erovnuli SezRuduli

iyo, im fonze, rodesac saqarTvelos marTlmadi-

debeli eklesia uflebaSekvecili iyo, erovnuli Za-

lebi imeds mwerlebze, poetebze, mecnierebze amya-

rebdnen, romelTa mTavar movaleobad Tvlidnen iseTi

nawarmoebebis Seqmnas, romelic xels Seuwyobda erov-

nuli Segnebis gaZlierebas. gazeT `qarTul azrSi~

1956 wels S. kalandaZe werda: `saqarTvelos warsu-

lis yovelmxrivi Seswavla dRis wesrigSi daisva.

riT aixsneba qarTveli istorikosebis da ekonomis-

tebis aseTi tendencia? rad mieca daviwyebas aqtua-

luri sakiTxebi? sabWoTa pirobebSi Zalian Znelia

seriozulad muSaoba mimdinare problemebze. erTi pa-

tara lafsusi sakmarisia, rom Tavi amoyo sadme Sors.

sabWoTa sinamdvile saSineli konfliqtebiTaa daRa-

ruli da daserili. msoflio istorias ar axsovs

adamianobis modgmis aseTi krizisi. sadac Camqrala

kacTmoyvareobisa da humanurobis kandeli da sazoga-

172

doebrivi cxovrebis fuZe farisevloba da mliqvne-

lobaa. utopiuri anTebiT Sepyrobili idealebi

miilulnen, revoluciuri fsiqozi da aRmSeneblobis

paTosi Cakvda.Yyvelgan da yvelaferSi gulgrilo-

ba.Ddaibada survili, rac SeiZleba Sors wavides

adamiani sabWoTa aseT uferul da dawyevlil yovel-

dRiurobisagan. ...qarTveli mecnierebis mTavari motivi

sulieri kavSiris aRdgenaa warsulTan, nacionalur

saqarTvelosTan, rom qarTvelma qarTvelad igrZnos

Tavi~ [9,2].

qarTuli kulturis SenarCunebas da ganviTarebas

emsaxureboda aRniSnul periodSi gamocemuli wignebi.

cenzuris pirobebSi, xerxdeboda saqarTvelos isto-

riis calkeuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba da erovnul Te-

maze iqmneboda mxatvruli nawarmoebebi. `Tavisuf-

lebis dasabruneblad, _ ajanyebaTa talRebis azvir-

Teba da mis Semdeg gaveranebul velze daRliloba,

daqanculoba, siCume, nawilobriv ZalTa darazmuloba

Secvala _ kulturul ZalTa darazmulobam... iwyeba

axali brZolis taqtika, _ erovnuli energiis samwer-

lo asparezze gaSliT, qarTveli eris kulturul

frontze gadasxmiT, xalxisken piris mibrunebiT;

momdevno Taobis mier politikur-organizaciul muSa-

obis gaCaRebiT, eris dabali fenebis sazogado aspa-

rezze gamoyvaniT da ase eri momzadebuli xvdeba

bednier dRes da kvlav damoukidebeli cxovrebis

mowyobisTvis irazmeba~ [12,30]. ra meTodebiT upiris-

pirdeba sabWoTa reJimi erovnul moZraobas?

qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis erT-erTi niSani

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg,

26 maisi qarTuli emigraciis erovnuli dResaswauli

173

gaxda. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, sabWoTa reJimi mis

sistemaSi gaerTianebul qveynebSi II msoflio omSi

germaniaze gamarjvebas mTavar dResaswaulad acxadebs.

amis meSveobiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba cdilobda

erTiani, saerTo miznis matarebeli gaexada mis daq-

vemdebarebaSi myofi saxelmwifoebi. amas garda, sab-

WoTa xelisufleba qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis

Sesustebis faqtorad aqtiurad iyenebda saganmanaT-

leblo dawesebulebebs, gansakuTrebiT, skolebs. sa-

qarTvelos regionebSi igzavneboda sxvadasxva saxis

literatura, romelic Seicavda sabWoTa ideologiis

elementebs da mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebaSi erov-

nuli cnobierebis Secvlisken. `1944-1945 wlebSi

mTavrobis dadgenilebis safuZvelze gatarda Ronis-

Ziebani polit-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa lite-

raturis dakompleqtebis xaziT. mTavrobis dadge-

nilebis Semdeg daegzavna literatura: adigenis

raions – 21, 186 maneTis, aspinZis raions _ 11, 895

maneTis, axmetis raions _ 11, 734 maneTis, goris

raions _ 29, 711 maneTis, kaWreTis raions _ 11, 895

maneTis, qluxoris raions _ 8, 258 man, duSeTis

raions _ 13, 318 man., Aaxalxevis raions _ 8, 704

man., axalcixis raions _ 28, 510 man. Dda a.S. sul

yvela raionis politdawesebulebebs, garda im lite-

raturisa, rasac isini uSualod iZendnen adgilze,

gaegzavnaT centralizebuli wesiT 70 815 cali wig-

ni. literatura SerCeuli iyo ZiriTadad poli-

tikuri, samecniero-popularuli, sasoflo-sameurneo,

mxatvruli Sinaarsis. literaturiT dakompleqteba

moxda biblioTekuri wesiT, bibkoleqtoris mier.

adgilze literatura gaunawilda politgandawesebu-

174

lebebs. amasTan gatarebulia RonisZiebani wignobrivi

fondebis aRricxvisa da movla-dacvis uzrunvel-

sayofad.Lliteraturis garda politgandawesebule-

bebs gaegzavnaT beladisa da partiisa da mTavrobis

xelmZRvanelTa portretebi 9 saxelwodebis 5000

cali, sabWoTa kavSiris, evropisa da msoflios

rukebi 4 saxelwodebis 5070 cali, sxvadasxva Sina-

arsis plakatebi 11 saxelwodebis 3090 cali,

sabWoTa kavSiris gmirebis suraTebi 18, 400 cali da

sxva~ [7,24].

qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

process, garda represirebuli meTodebisa, aqtiurad

upirispirdeba sabWoTa ideologiis mZalvri sistema,

romelic saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saSua-

lebiT moqmedebda. `sagnebis swavleba mWidrod unda

ukavSirdebodes moswavlis Segnebis, maRali zneobis

da marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis gamomuSavebis

amocanas. TiToeuli sagani skolaSi iZleva SesaniSnav

masalas moswavlis ideur-politikuri aRzrdisaTvis,

risTvisac TiToeuli skolis xelmZRvaneli da maswav-

lebeli unda zrunavdes imaze, Tu konkretuli gakve-

Tili ramdenad emsaxureba bavSvis moralur aRzrdas.

Cveni skolebis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli da maswav-

lebeli ar zrunavs am amocanis ganxorcielebaze. ar

muSaobs Tavisi ideur-politikuri donis amaRle-

baze...~ [8,236].

rogorc aRvniSneT, XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan,

saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi

iwyeba, rasac xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso viTarebam.

marTalia, erovnulad moazrovne qarTuli politi-

kuri da kulturuli Zalebi sabWoTa reJimis damya-

175

rebis dRidan axorcielebdnen sxvadasxva gegmebs,

Tumca, realuri Sedegi amas ar mohyolia. Mmeore

msoflio omis Semdeg, gaZlierebuli sabWoTa ruseTi

ukve aRar awyobda dasavleTs da amitom, aqtiuri

nabijebis gadadgmas iwyebs aRniSnulis aRmosaf-

xvrelad. amasTanave, emigraciaSi myofi qarTvelebi am

viTarebis gamoyenebas Seecadnen. amas emateba is faqti,

rom XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi

gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda axalgazrdoba. SemTxveviTi

ar iyo is faqtic, rom axalgazrdobas erovnulad

moazrovne Zalebi yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWeb-

dnen, amitom maTi aseTi gaaqtiureba dasaxuli mizne-

bis ganxorcielebisken iyo mimarTuli. òrmocdaa-

Tiani wlebidan saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis

ZiriTad Zalas moswavle axalgazrdoba _ studentoba

warmoadgens, misi centri ki Tbilisis universitetia.

samocian wlebSi arsebuli komunisturi wes-wyobi-

lebis mimarT siZulvilis gamoxatvis formas saqar-

TveloSi axalgazrdobisa da inteligenciis eklesii-

sadmi miswrafeba warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebiT es

vlindeboda saaRdgomo dResaswaulebis dros. am

dReebSi eklesiebi gavsebuli iyo xalxiT.Aaxalgaz-

rdobam daiwyo patriarqis qadagebebze daswreba~ [1,1].

II msoflio omis periodSi SeimCneva qarTuli

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmavloba.Oomis da Sem-

dgom wlebSi eklesia maqsimalurad aqtiurdeba, ramac

dadebiTi gavlena iqonia erovnul moZraobaze. sabWoTa

ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi erT-erTi mTavari

iaraRi erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCuneba da ganviTa-

reba iyo. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad ki, erTaderTi

gamosavali ideologiuri brZola gaxda. qarTuli

176

emigraciis warmomadgenlebi evropidan da erovnulad

moazrovne inteligencia saqarTveloSi mizanmimar-

Tulad cdilobda yvela Rone exmara, raTa qarTve-

loba erTiani yofiliyo ganaTlebis saSualebiT. Seia-

raRebuli gamosvlis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi, ise

rogorc xdeboda XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyo-

lebuli, rodesac erovnulad moazrovne nawili gada-

vida brZolis axal formebze, kulturiT, codniT da

erTianobiT moepovebina saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, da-

axloebiT, aseTive damokidebuleba Cans XX s-is 40-

iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi. erovnulad moazrovne

qarTvelTa nawili qarTul sazogadoebas mudmivad

mouwodebda saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis mopove-

bisTvis brZolisken. `Cven yvela miviswrafviT erov-

nuli Tavisuflebisaken, magram me ara var darwmu-

nebuli, rom yvelas erTnairad gvesmis da erTnairad

vcnobT mis Tvisebebs da moTxovnilebebis saWiroebas.

zogi Cvengani TavisuflebaSi xedavs, upirveles yov-

lisa, politikur gancxadebas, romlis azriT, saxel-

mwifo win unda idges, vidre kultura... Cven gvinda

viyoT Tavisufali da TviTon unda ganvsazRvroT

Cveni momavali da, ufro adamianuri da safuZvliania,

Cven gvinda viyoT pasuxismgebeli monawile cxovrebis

gignaturi msvlelobisa. Cven am uflebas vTxoulobT

Cveni erovnuli pirovnebis Semowmebis gamo. Cveni

rasa, Cveni kultura, Cveni ena, Cveni religia, Cveni

socialuri struqtura, yvela es ganuyreli nawi-

lebia Zlieri saxelmwifosi, romelic memkvidreobiT

Cagvbarda. Cven unda viamayoT, rom miuxedavad

ricxobrivi simcirisa, SevZeliT da mravali saukunis

manZilze SemovinaxeT Cveni erovnuli pirovne-

177

ba.Mmagram dRes srulebiTac ar kmara veZioT poli-

tikuri Tavisuflebis wlebi, rodesac erovnuli

TviTarsebobis safuZvlebia safrTxeSi. Cveni valia,

swored mas mivaqcioT yuradReba da is davicvaT~

[10,1].

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda saqar-

Tvelos erovnuli sabWo, romelic iyo saqarTvelos

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis organo sazRvargareT.

`saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo miznad isaxavda emu-

Sava `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aRdge-

nisaTvis~. kerZod: à) gaaerTianos da xelmZRvaneloba

gauwios ucxoeTSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobi-

saTvis momqmed qarTul Zalebs da organizaciebs. b)

gaswios saTanado propaganda ucxoeTis sazogadoebriv

wreebSi. g) gaacnos saqarTvelos sakiTxi da misi

axlandeli mdgomareoba sxvadasxva qveynis pasuxis-

mgebel pirebs da organizaciebs, raTa maT saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas mxari dauWiron,

roca maT winaSe es sakiTxi dadgeba. d) gamosces

beWdviTi organo, wignebi da sainformacio furclebi

qarTul da ucxo enebze. e) saqmiani damokidebuleba,

Tu kavSiri daiWiros yvela im saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciebTan da im erebis warmomadgenlebTan, romelnic:

1. udavod scnoben qarTveli eris suverenul uflebas

TviT ganagos Tavisi bedi; 2. aRiareben saerTod erTa

TviTgamorkvevis uflebas urezervod. 3. ibrZvian

sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. 4. iZiebs nivTier

saSualebas Tavis daniSnulebis gansaxorcieleblad~

[3,6].

qarTvel amerikelTa ligam 1951 wels gaerTi-

anebuli erebis organizaciis samdivnos gadasca memo-

178

randumi, sadac aRniSnulia: `Cven vTxovT gaerTi-

anebul erTa organizaciebs axsovdes mas, qarTveli

xalxis ufleba, romelic vaJkacurad ibrZoda Tavisi

damoukideblobisaTvis warsulSi da dResac ewinaaR-

mdegeba daCagvras~ [3,8].

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTvelTa erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba Semdegi mimarTulebiT

viTardeboda. 1. brZola Sinagani Zalebis aRorZinebiT:

es gamoixateboda, rogorc erovnuli cnobierebis

aRmavlobiT da ganviTarebiT, agreTve saerTaSoriso

mxardaWeris mopovebiT; 2. TiToeul socialur fenas,

Tu jgufs gacnobierebuli unda hqonoda sakuTari

brZolis mimarTuleba da azri. magaliTi unda aeRo

sxva erebis brZolis istoriidan, magram mTavari da

ZiriTadi moqmedeba qarTveli eris warsulis gamocdi-

lebasa da individualuri brZolis meTodebze yofi-

liyo damokidebuli.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ucxo aras-

dros yofila saqarTvelosTvis. Tumca, saukuneebis

manZilze, saSinao Tu sagareo gamowvevebidan gamomdi-

nare, brZolis meTodebi icvleboda, magram idea uc-

vleli rCeboda _ Tavisuflebis mopoveba.

sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSic qarTveli eris brZo-

la kvlav grZeldeba, Tumca formebi icvleba. Tu XX

saukunis 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelosTvis SeiaraRe-

buli gamosvlebia damaxasiaTebeli, XX saukunis II

naxevridan ideologiuri brZola ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba, idea ki, ucvleli _ damoukideblobis aRdgena.

`Tu ajanyeba warsulSi erTi didi iaraRTagani iyo

ganTavisuflebisa, gamarTlebuli da aucilebeli, mim-

dinare epoqis gzaze, mravali politikuri movlenaTa

179

da faqtorTa zegavleniT da eris fizikuri sxeulis

SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa ukarnaxebs mis ukidures

saSualebisagan Tavis Sekavebas, romlis gamoyenebas

SeuZlia kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli mpyrobelis risxvam

safrTxeSi Caagdos misi modgmis arsebobac ki... magram

es srulebiT ar niSnavs, erovnulad damonebuli eri,

ama Tu im misaReb formebSi ar gamoxatavdes Tavis

Rrma survilis cxovelmyofelobas. Eeri, romelic ar

moqmedebs, ar moiTxovs, ama Tu im saxiT ar aaSkara-

vebs miswrafebas TavisuflebisaTvis, mas aravin anga-

riSs ar gauwevs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki, mis moT-

xovnilebas, brZolas daZabuli yuradRebiT Tvalyurs

adevnebs mteri da moyvare. erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli moZraobis gzebi mravalgvaria. udavoa, umTav-

ress warmoadgens sakuTari erovnuli Zalebi da eris

Sinauri social-politikuri pirobebi, romelic

droTa cvalebadobaSi viTardebian, icvlebian~ [13,2].

qarTveli erisTvis brZola sabWoTa reJimis wina-

aRmdeg metad rTuli gadasalaxi iyo, radgan sazo-

gadoeba sxvadasxva gamowvevebis winaSe idga. erTi

mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuflebas da meore mxriv, erov-

nulad moazrovne Zalebis ideologia, romlebic saku-

Tari ideebis danergvas cdiloben sazogadoebis far-

To fenebis cnobierebaSi. sabednierod, saqarTveloSi

am ukanasknelma gaimarjva da erovnuli ideologia

ganmsazRvreli gaxda qarTveli eris azrovnebaSi.

aRniSnulis gamoxatulebaa, 1978 wlis da 1989 wlis

movlenebi, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-

rivi damoukideblobis aRdgena mohyva.

180


1. Jurnali `guSagi~, 1985, #5. 2. Jurnali `Tavisuflebis tribuna~, 1976, #10. 3. Jurnali `mamuli~, 1951, #4. 4. Jurnali `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #1. 5. Jurnali ìmebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #4 6. Jurnali `socialisturi azri~, 1934, #1 7. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri

saxelmwifo arqivi (SemdegSi suicsa), f. 600, aRw. 1, w. 4, saq. # 7243.

8. suicsa, f. 300, aRw. 12, saq. #541. 9. gazeTi `qarTuli azri~, 1956, #11. 10. gazeTi `qarTuli azri~, 1960, #38. 11. Jurnali `Cveni droSa~, 1975, #84. 12. Jurnali `Cveni droSa~, 1950, #6. 13. Jurnali `Cveni droSa~, 1975, #84. 14. Jurnali `Cveni qveyana~, 1948, #5.

181

Nato Songulashvili

THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN GEORGIA 40-50-S OF THE XX CENTURY

Summary

The Georgian nation and its national liberation movement

had never been a stranger. The number of examples illus-trate the history. The national movement passed the stage and showed the new forms after the Georgia’s conquest by Soviet Russia. The most impressive by the armed speeches was the liberation movement in the 20-s of the XX century.

The national-liberation movement entered in a new phase in the 40-s of the XX century. The national-liberation move-ment was progressed to the next direction. 1. Fighting inner forces of revival: This was expressed as the rise of national consciousness and development, also to get international support; 2. Each social class or group should have been aware their own opinion and direction. They have to take the examples from other nation’s history of the fight, but the main and essential action had been depended on the past experience of the Georgian nation and the individual methods.

182

igor kekelia

samegrelo karl hainrih emil koxis

samogzauro CanawerebSi

XIX s. I naxevris samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros

politikuri, ekonomikuri, eTnografiuli, geologi-

uri, fizikur-geografiuli da sxva saxis vrceli aR-

weriloba mocemulia cnobili germaneli botanikos-

dendrologisa da mecnieris, ienis universitetis

profesoris _ karl hainrih emil koxis (1809-1879

ww.) samogzauro CanawerebSi. koxi 1847 wlidan ber-

linSia. erT dros, berlinis botanikuri baRis direq-

toradac muSaobda. mas ekuTvnis saintereso Sromebi

mcenareul samyaroze. 1869-1872 wlebSi sam tomad ga-

movida ,,dendrologia~ da a.S. Cveni kvlevisTvis sa-

intereso koxis naSromi daibeWda q. laifcigSi, 1855

wels, mis mierve Sedgenil krebulSi _ ,,kavkasiis

qveynebi da somxeTi~. krebulSi gaerTianebuli xuTi

avtoris Txzulebidan erTi _ ,,mogzauroba Cerqeze-

Tis, afxazeTisa da samegrelos sanapiros gaswvriv~,

ekuTvnis edmund spensers. II da IV Tavebis avtori ki,

krebulis Semdgeneli k. koxi gaxlavT (,,mogzauroba

redut-kaledan trapizonamde (kolxeTi da lazebis

qveyana~) da ,,brZolis velze gasvla~. sagulisxmoa

CanawerebSi mocemuli cnobebi eTnologiuri, yofis

Seswavlis, geografiuli garemos aRwerisa da flo-

ris TvalsazrisiT. es aris uaRresad saintereso

istoriuli masala, ramdenadac spenseri da koxi erT-

droulad, 1836 wels, mogzaurobdnen kavkasiasa da

kerZod, saqarTveloSi. ,,vfiqrobT, saintereso unda

iyos, rogor gamoiyureba ori sxvadasxva qveynis

183

warmomadgenlis TvaliT erTdroulad danaxuli kav-

kasia da saqarTvelo da agreTve isic, Tu rogor

gamoiyureba saqarTvelo da agreTve isic, Tu rogor

gadatyda sxvadasxva interesebis mqone da gansxva-

vebul poziciebze mdgom mogzaurTa cnobierebaSi aq

Seqmnili politikuri viTareba [3,12-13].

winamdebare naSromSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT

sakiTxze, Tu rogor aisaxa samegrelos istoriuli

warsuli germaneli mecnieris da mogzauris _ karl

hainrih emil koxis samogzauro CanawerebSi.

l. mamacaSvilis TqmiT, koxis samegreloSi mogzau-

roba daemTxva ,,im periods, rodesac saqarTvelos,

faqtiurad, dakarguli hqonda politikuri damouki-

debloba da mefis ruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri reJimis

marwuxebSi iyo momwyvdeuli~ [3,13]. es viTareba, das-

Zens mTargmneli, kargad aris Seswavlili Cvens

istoriografiaSi; mainc, am periodis amsaxveli yove-

li axali wyaro did interess aRZravs da garkveuli

mniSvnelobis mqonea qveynis istoriis Seswavlis dros

[3,13-14].

koxi aRniSnavs, rom Sav zRvaze gamovlili gansac-

delis Semdeg, pirveli dasaxlebuli punqti, rac man

samegreloSi ixila, iyo redut-kale, ,,uferuli qa-

laqi, romelsac aRaraferi SerCenoda Tavisi Zveli

brwyinvalebidan~.

redut-kales Sesaxeb, koxi vrcel cnobebs gvaw-

vdis. misi azriT, XIX s-is I meaTedSi aziis SigniT,

umTavresad, sparseTSi, gansakuTrebiT TavrizSi, re-

dut-kaledan igzavneboda evropuli saqoneli. xolo

mas Semdeg, rac rusebma aziisken adgilobrivi na-

warmis gagzavnis mizniT, yvela ucxo gemisTvis navsad-

184

gurebi gadaketes, amierkavkasiis mosaxleobas mniSvne-

lovani Semosavlis wyaro xelidan gamoecala. amis

Semdeg, evropuli saqonlis usafrTxod gatarebis

mizniT, axali savaWro-saqaravno gza gaixsna trapizo-

nidan erzerumisken. Tumca, es gza adgilmdebareobis

gamo, gauTavebel siZneleebs qmnis.

koxi redutSi asaxelebs sxvadasxva erovnebis

xalxs. yovelwliurad gamarTul bazrobaze, mogza-

uris TqmiT, iyideboda Camoqnili sanTlebi, xorci,

saponi, Cinuri Cai, Saqari, zeTi, arayi da sxva. aRmo-

savluri restornebi, dasavlurisgan gansxvavebiT, Se-

nobis SigniT ki ara, gareT, quCaSi iyo moTavsebuli.

cecxlze Semodgmul qvabSi gamudmebiT ixarSeba xor-

ci, metwilad cxvrisa. xaxviT, nivriT, espanuri wi-

wakiT da sxva misTananiT momzadebuli didi raode-

nobis adgilobrivi sakmazi xorcs sakmaod cxare ge-

mos aZlevs. evropelebisTvis aseTi saWmeli metis-

metad cxarea. cxvari samegreloSi alpur saZovrebze,

gansakuTrebiT, zafxulsa da Semodgomaze, daiareba da

ikvebeba maRali mTebis noyieri alpuri balaxeuliT.

aq, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxvris xorcis SeZena ufro

Zviri ujdebaT, mas mainc yiduloben, radgan Zalian

uyvarT cxvris mwvadebi. redut-kales maRaziebSi

rusebi iZenen Sampanurebs da saojaxo dResaswaulebis

dros, erT boTl SampanurSi xalisiT ixdian ver-

cxlis oTx an xuTmaneTians, rac xSirad maTi erTi

kviris xelfass Seadgens. rusi oficrebi ufro xel-

gaSlilebi arian magari sasmelebis SeZenisas. isini

mxolod dRevandel dReze fiqroben, maSin, rodesac

maT Tavze damokles maxviliviT hkidia saSineli

momavali _ Savi zRvis cieb-cxeleba da mteri mTaSi

185

[3,166-167]. koxis am cnobebs l. mamacaSvili Semdeg

komentars ukeTebs: ,,yvelaferi es evropeli mogza-

urisaTvis ucxo da saintereso iyo, magram cota

gaugebaric. yvelgan da yvelaferSi k. koxi analogias

atarebs sakuTar samSoblosTan da sazogadod, evro-

pul yofasTan. redut-kales (da sxva nebismieri

savaWro centris) duqnebi, k. koxis azriT, veraviTar

metoqeobas ver uwevs bavariis yvelaze WuWyiani sof-

lebis duqnebsac ki. dananebiT aRniSnavs igi, rom

evropuli saqoneli ukve aRar Semodis redut-kaleSi

da Tu iSviaTad mainc gamoCnda, _ Zalian Zvirad fa-

sobs~ [3,72-73].

geografiuli saxelwodebis _ redut-kales sais-

torio literaturaSi damkvidreba ukavSirdeba XIX

s-is dasawyisidan xobiswylis SesarTavTan arsebul

navsadgurSi ruseTis jaris nawilebis Cayenebas. es

navsadguri manamde yulevis saxeliT iyo cnobili da

misi istoria 1804 wlidan, anu im droidan, rac

yulevi da misi midamoebi ruseTis qveiTma polkma

daikava, sul sxva gziT warimarTa [4,3].

yulevi sofeli da Temis centria xobis municipa-

litetSi, Savi zRvis napirze, xobiswylis Sesar-

TavTan; qalaq xobs 18 km-iT aris daSorebuli. p.

cxadaias dakvirvebiT, ,,soflis mTeli mosaxleoba

ganTavsebulia erT quCaze, romelic md. xobiswylis

marjvena napirs gasdevs sof. yoraTidan istoriuli

cixesimagris nangrevebamde“ [8,220]. saxelwodebis iS-

viaTi variantia kule. n. asaTianis varaudiT, soflis

saxelwodeba Turquli yulidan (,,mona“) unda warmod-

gebodes. argumenti: ,,xobis SesarTavidan xom osmalebs

qarTveli tyve-monebi gayavdaT“. kerZo saubarSi

186

gamoTqmul am azrs iziarebs m. paWkoria da dasZens:

,,aseT mosazrebas iqneb exmaureba ,,yuliskari“, rome-

lic zugdidis raionSi erT-erTi soflis saxelwo-

deba iyo“ [4,8; sqolio].

monis aRmniSvneli sityva ,,yuli“ arc Turquli

warmoSobis sityva aris da mas arc ,,yulevTan“ aqvs

raime saerTo. yulevis fuZe arabuli ,,kules“ saxe-

nacvali formaa (yule), xolo -ev geografiul

saxelTa sufiqsia. osmalobis Jams, iq ,,kuled“

iwodeboda Tavad jaianis koSki. am koSks, XIX s-is

damdegs, rusuli simagrec (redut-kale) miemata. am

soflis erT-erTi gviandeli saxeli iyo redut-kale:

,,reduti“ franguli sityvaa da ,,mcire cixes“ niSnavs,

xolo ,,kale“ _ arabulad ,,cixea“. redutad iwoda

rusTa mier 1804 wels agebuli cixe (Землянной редут) [10,25; 4,6-7; 5,34; 7,379-392].

k. spaski-avtonomovi saxelwodeba ,,redut-kales“

xobis SesarTavTan kazakebis damkvidrebas (1804 w.)

ukavSirebs da wers, rom xobiswylis zRvasTan Sesar-

TavTan, mdinaris marcxena napirze maT aages reduti,

xolo iq, sadac xobi da civi uerTdeba erTmaneTs,

SeimCneva garedan aguriT mopirkeTebuli qvis ori ke-

deli. am Zveli kedlebis nangrevebze naTlad SeimCneva

nayari miwiT SemaRlebuli adgili, razec Tavadma

jaianma xis koSki yulevi aaSena. iq mdgari dacva

meTvalyureobas uwevda Savi zRvis sanapiros. tyiT

dafaruli koSki zRvidan SeumCneveli iyo. spaski das-

Zens, rom swored kazakebis mier agebulma redutma da

jaianis Zvelma koSkma kulem, anu kalem misca saxeli

dRevandel redut-kales [4,7].

187

redut-kales istoriis mkvlevari, mamanti paWkoria

imowmebs foTis navsadguris proeqtebis Sedgenasa da

mSeneblobaze momuSave inJiner Savrovis cnobas, rom-

lis Tanaxmad, xobis sanapiroze dabinavebulma belevis

samxedro nawilebma male iq gaaSenes ,,Земляной ре-дут. Редуту этому прибавили слово Кале, что значит ,,крепость~ [4,31]. redut-kales cixis mSenebloba ram-denime weliwads mimdinareobda, rasac mowmobs 1808

wlis 24 ianvris cnoba, kerZod, mTavarmarTeblis mier

samxedro ministr prozorovskisadmi gagzavnili mox-

seneba, raSic aRniSnulia: ,,redut-kaleSi me iseTi

samxedro simagris ageba vubrZane, rom jaris mcire

ricxviTac SeiZlebodes mtris yvela Semotevis moge-

rieba. cixe-simagris mSenebloba male damTavrdeba“-o.

mdinaris marcxena mxares SemorCenil aRniSnul naci-

xars adgilobrivi mosaxleoba jixas ,,cixis“ saxeliT

moixseniebs.

redut-kale dasavluri gagebiT arasdros yofila

qalaqi. vaWrobisaTvis manamde TiTqmis ucnobi sana-

piro punqtis umniSvnelovanes savaWro punqtad

(emporiumad) gadaqcevas vagneri samegreloSi rusuli

mmarTvelobis dawyebis periods ukavSirebs. misi mniS-

vneloba didi iyo 1831 wlamde. redut-kales dawina-

urebas xeli Seuwyo transkavkasiis provinciebisaTvis

1821 wlis 8 oqtombris kanonis safuZvelze 10 wliT

vaWrobis sruli Tavisuflebis miRebam. SeRavaTebis

dawesebam moitana is, rom Tormetiode Raribi xis

qoxiT cnobil redut-kaleSi dasaxleba daiwyes mSe-

neblebma, vaWrebma, mikitnebma da spekulantebma. Wao-

bian miwaze sokoebiviT momravlda maRazia-sawyobebi.

emporiumisken mcire aziis navsadgurebidan gamoe-

marTnen Turqi da berZeni menaveebi. odesel eqspedi-

188

torebs daqiravebuli patara navebiT SemohqondaT

savaWro saqoneli. Semotanili saqonlis Rirebulebam

aTwliani vaWrobis pirobebSi 2 milioni vercxlis

maneTi Seadgina. kolxuri provinciebi progresul

vaWrobaSi Caebnen. samegrelodan odesisken gahqondaT

adgilobrivi nawarmi: simindi, fetvi, gamxmari xili,

Tambaqo, tyaveuli, cvili, Rvino, yvelaze metad ki _

saucxoo megruli saSeni xe-tye, rac amouwurav sim-

didres warmoadgenda redut-kalesTvis. am Semosavli-

ani satranzito vaWrobidan miRebul mogebas, odesasa

da redut-kalesTan erTad, inawilebda tfilisi da

erevani, agreTve transkavkasiis yvela, zRvas mow-

yvetili Sida nawili [4,136-137].

SeRavaTiani tranzitisa da vaWrobis periodis

(1821-1831 ww.) yulevis mniSvnelobaze yuradRebas

amaxvilebs istorikosi m. paWkoria. 1821 wlis 8

oqtombris kanonis safuZvelze, dawesebuli SeRava-

Tiani satranzito daTmobebiT, ruseTi amierkavkasiaSi

garkveul miznebs isaxavda. saimperio tarifiT gansaz-

Rvruli baJi (25-50%), am kanonis safuZvelze, iTva-

liswinebda 5%-iani baJis gadaxdas, rogorc Semota-

nil, ise gatanil da tranzitul saqonelze. aseTi Se-

RavaTis dawesebiT, ruseTis imperia cdilobda, evro-

puli saqonlisTvis gza gaexsna amierkavkasiis, Sua

aziisa da iranisaken. SeRavaTebis daweseba xels Se-

uwyobda amierkavkasiis teritoriaze trapezund-

arzrumis gzis gadmonacvlebasac [4,17-18; 5,36-37].

SeRavaTiani vaWrobis gauqmebis Semdgomdroindeli

yulevis socialur-ekonomikuri saxe kargad aris asa-

xuli novorosiiskis mxaris general-gubernatoris

(mogvianebiT mefisnacvlis) m. s. voroncovis werilSi

189

imperator nikoloz I-isadmi. voroncovi 1836 wels

swvevia yulevs. igi werda: ,,es sazRvao punqti amier-

kavkasiaSi Tavisufali vaWrobis arsebobis periodSi

did rols asrulebda komerciuli samyarosaTvis.

aqauri vaWrobis saerTo wesisadmi daqvemdebarebam,

tranzitis Sewyvetam da navsadgurisa da cixe-

simagris foTSi gadatanam, TiTqmis mospo winandeli

sarewebi da ayvavebuli saxe bazrisa, Tumca redut-

kaleSi Cven kidev vipoveT ramdenime qarTuli duqani“

[4,22].

1840 wels redut-kales qalaqis statusi mieniWa.

Ria zRvaze, bunebrivad moufarebel da WaobebiT dafa-

rul adgilas mdebare yulevi warmoadgenda Sav

zRvaze amierkavkasiis mTavar navsadgurs da saqar-

Tvelo-amierkavkasiaSi vaWrobisa da saqonelwarmoebis

ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoqmnil qalaqs, saqarTve-

loSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg [1,376].

redut-kales dasaxlebis struqturis Seswavlis

TvalsazrisiT, sayuradRebo cnobebia daculi i. duk-

ruasis werilSi. 1849 wels aq mnaxvels SeeZlo enaxa

xis Senobebisagan Semdgari didi bazari, xolo bazris

bolos, xobiswylis SesarTavTan, karantini da sabaJo.

savaWro nagebobani da sacxovrebeli saxlebi, umTav-

resad, mdinaris marcxena mxares iyo ganlagebuli

[9,54-57; 4,25].

xobiswylis SesarTavTan, gauqmebuli redutis

adgilas agebuli sakarantino Senoba oTxi ganyofile-

bisgan Sedgeboda. pirvelSi moTavsebuli yofila

kancelaria. aqve iyvnen dabinavebulni mosamsaxureebi;

meore ganyofilebaSi aTavsebdnen im saqonels, rasac

sakarantino wmenda unda gaevlo, mesame mgzavrTaTvis

190

iyo gankuTvnili, xolo meoTxe Savi Wiris dawesebu-

lebas warmoadgenda. zRvispiras mowyobili yofila

sanapiro gzis makontrolebeli saguSago. qalaqs mat-

rosTa saxlic hqonia [4,33-34].

yirimis omis miwuruls (1855 wlis damdegidan)

yulevi omer-faSas mTavar banakad iqca. ase gagrZelda

1856 wlis gazafxulamde, roca osmalebi gaiqcnen

yulevidan. gaqcevis win mterma gadawva qalaqi. amiT

dasrulda kidec misi qalaqobis 16-wliani istoria.

es umizezod ar momxdara. male foTSi navsadguri ga-

ixsna da yulevis qalaqobis saWiroebac warixoca

[6,87].

redutidan 5 saaTis savalze koxi asaxelebs foTs

anu faS-kales. mogzauris interesi gamouwvevia

qviSian napirze mdebare, Sindisa da kunelis buCqebis

tyes. redut-kalesTan SedarebiT foTi ufro sevdis-

momgvrelia da gacilebiT mavne janmrTelobisTvisac.

savaWro urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, mas xelsay-

reli mdebareoba da momgebiani pirobebi aqvs, magram

rusebi mas mxolod samxedro banakad iyeneben. foTis

garSemo arsebuli Waobi yvelaze saSiSi mteria ada-

mianisTvis. amitom aq aravinaa xalisiani da jansaRi

Sesaxedaobisa. cieb-cxelebas zRvidan monaberi qaric

amZafrebs, romelsac mavne anaorTqliT gaJRenTili

notio haeri gamoaqvs. rioni, rac aq zRvas uerTdeba,

Zalze mosaxerxebelia kontrabandisTvis. mas Slamiani

SesarTavi aqvs da amis gamo, didi zomis gemebisaTvis

arasanaosnoa. ucxo saqonlis zRvidan gadmozidva

samagierod brtyeli navebiTa da kaparWebiTaa SesaZ-

lebeli. rioni am adgilze imdenad ganieria, rom mis

gadalasalaxavad 15 wuTze meti droa saWiro. mis

191

marjvena, ufro maRal napirze augiaT cixe-simagre

rionskis saxelwodebiT. cixe evropuli yaidis omis-

Tvis gamousadegaria, radgan did winaaRmdegobas ver

gauwevs. sakuTriv foTi, anu faS-kale mdinaris mar-

cxena napirze, aSmorebul dablobzea [3,168-169].

Canawerebi mis avtors dakvirvebul mogzaurad da

soliduri codniT SeiaraRebul mkvlevrad warmoaCens,

romelic kargad icnobs winamorbedi cnobili evro-

peli mogzaurebis _ Jan Sardenis, iakob rainegsis,

diubua de monperesa da sxvaTa Txzulebebs. mis mier

mopovebul masalebTan da dakvirvebebTan erTad, uxvad

warmogvidgens da xSirad sargeblobs maTi cnobebiT

[3,17]. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans argonavtebis

aiaSi (kolxeTSi) mogzaurobaze saubrisas. xifaTis

maZiebeli Zveli berZnebi, anu argonavtebi miTiuri

mefe aietis mefobis dros movidnen aiaSi (kolxeTi)

da moitaces aias taZarSi dakidebuli oqros sawmisi.

iazonma ukan moiTxova misi biZaSvilis _ samSoblodan

gaZevebuli da kolxeTs TavSefarebuli friqsosis

mier, saberZneTidan Camotanili ganZeuloba da aietis

qaliSvilis _ medeas daxmarebiT SeZlo kidevac

Canafiqris ganxorcieleba. medea, Ralati rom daefara,

iazonTan erTad gaiqca aiadan, xolo Semdeg TviTon

gaxda Ralatis msxverpli. argonavtebs Soris koxi

asaxelebs heraklesa da Tezevss. amrigad, _ daaskvnis

koxi, _ jer kidev sami aTasze meti wlis winaT

kolxeTi kulturuli qveyana iyo. ueWvelia, aq

indoeTidan, an rogorc herodotes miaCnda, egviptidan

iqna Semotanili vaWroba da miwaTmoqmedeba~ [3,170].

friqse, berZnul miTologiis mixedviT, aTamantesa

da Rrublebis qalRmerTis _ nefeles vaJia da heles

192

Zmaa. roca dedinacvalma inom da-Zmis daRupva gadaw-

yvita, nefelem oqrossawmisiani verZi gamogzavna da

da-Zma haerSi aiyvana. friqsem kolxeTs miaRwia da ai-

etTan miiRo TavSesafari, verZi msxverplad Seswira

da sawmisi WalaSi Camokida, rasac drakoni meTval-

yureobda [2,850].

ukanasknel xans, samegrelos Sesaxeb mravali mo-

nografia da statia gamoqveynda, magram aseTi mzardi

interesis miuxedavad, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas

Semdegi: ra kuTxiTac ar unda ganvixiloT samegrelos

warsuli, dRemde gamocemuli da Cvens xelT arse-

buli ramdenime aTeuli monografiisa da calkeuli

gamokvlevis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, sabolood

mainc im Sexedulebis aRiareba mogviwevs, rom bevri

ram am regionis istoriidan gamosamzeurebelia, mTeli

rigi sakiTxebisa kvlavac sagangebo kvlevasa da axle-

burad gaazrebas saWiroebs.Ees ki SeuZlebelia, upir-

veles yovlisa, evropel avtorTa cnobebis gaanali-

zebis gareSe.

winamdebare gamokvlevaSi Cven SevecadeT warmog-

veCina cnobili germaneli mecnierisa da mogzauris _

eduard aixvaldis samogzauro Canawerebis mniSvne-

loba, romelic axali StrixebiTa da niuansebiT

avsebs Cvens codnas XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis

samegrelos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebze.

193


1. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX s. pirvel

naxevarSi (ruseTTan SeerTeba da socialur eko-

nomiuri ganviTareba), Tb., 1957.

2. solomon (biWi) TezelaSvili, ucxo sityvaTa leq-

sikoni. Tb., 2007.

3. k. koxisa da o. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da

kavkasiis Sesaxeb. germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali

da komentarebi daurTo londa mamacaSvilma. Tb.,

1981.

4. m. paWkoria, redut-kale-yulevi, Tb., 1968.

5. m. paWkoria, yulevis warsulidan wigni: `furclebi

kolxeTis istoriidan~, Tb., 1974.

6. i. sixaruliZe, i. kekelia, yulevi (istoriul-geo-

grafiuli mimoxilva), Tb., 2014.

7. z. qiria, sofel yulevis istoriidan, krebuli:

ìstoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani~, VI, Tb., 2004.

8. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwo-

debani, III, xobis raioni, q. foTi, Tb., 2007.

9. Кавказский календарь, Тф., 1849. 10. К. Спасский-Автономов, Редут-Кале, “Отечественные

записки”, т. 55, 1847.

194

Igor Kekelia

SAMEGRELO’S HISTORICAL QUESTIONS IN KARL HAINRIH EMIL KIKH’S TRAVELLER’S NOTES

Summary

A large political, economical, ethnographical, geological deseription of Samegrelo in the travelling notes of professor Karl Hainrih Emil Kokh, a famous German scientist and traveler (1809-1879). After having travelled in Georgia in 1836, he published a capital work in two volumes. The information, about Samegrelo is given in the third chapter of the second port of the book (“Travelling in Imereti and Samegrelo”), which was published in Leipzig in 1855. In the previous research we fried to show the importance of the travelling notes of Karl Kokh, a famous German scientist and traveler, which extend our knowledge, about Sameg-relo’s historical questions of the XIX century.

195

lia gulordava

odiSis samTavros sadavo teritoriebi

mezobel samefo-samTavroebTan da ruseTis mier misi dapyrobis winapirobebis Sesaxeb

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi odiSis (samegrelos)

samTavro dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT mniSvne-

lovan politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. mas ekava

SavizRvispira zoli rionsa da engurs Soris. odi-

Sis sazRvari CrdiloeTiT, egrisis qeds miuyveboda,

samxreTi sazRvari, ZiriTadad, md. rionis kalapots

gasdevda, aRmosavleTisa _ cxeniswyals, xolo Crdi-

lo-dasavleTi sazRvari, ZiriTadad, enguris sanapiro

zoliT SemoisazRvreboda. am ukanaskneliT, odiSi af-

xazeTisagan imijneboda.

odiSsa da imereTis samefos Soris mudmivi davis

sagani leCxumi iyo, odiSsa da mis samxreTiT mdebare

guriis samTavros Soris paliastomis tba da

mdinareebs _ fiCorsa da rions Soris arsebuli te-

ritoria, xolo afxazeTis samTavrosTan, samurza-

yanos momijnave _ engurisa da RaliZgas sivrceSi

moqceuli teritoria warmoadgenda.

ruseTi guldasmiT akvirdeboda dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos samefo-samTavroebis mudmiv qiSpobas erTma-

neTTan da eZebda xelsayrel moments, raTa dasavleT

saqarTvelos eqspansia daewyo im epicentridan, sai-

danac dapirispirebis cxeli orTqli ufro Warbad

gamodioda. am periodSi, odiSis samTavros mudmivma

qiSpobam mezoblebTan ruseTs xelsayreli pirobebi

Seuqmna imisTvis, rom swored odiSis cxeli wer-

tilidan daewyo dasavleT saqarTvelos sasurveli

196

eqspansia. rogorc cnobilia, am droisaTvis, leCxumi

imereTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, rogorc

mefis saxaso mamuli, magram masze pretenzias acxa-

debda dadianic da amdenad, swored leCxumi gaxda

brZolis arena am or adinistraciul erTeuls Soris.

am viTarebiT ostaturad sargeblobda ruseTi da mo-

xerxebuli, SeniRbuli midgomiT kidev ufro amwva-

vebda urTierTobas erTmaneTze SurismaZiebel samefo-

samTavroebs Soris: „erTmaneTis mterni da qiSpni iy-

vnen, arc erTmaneTs asvenebdnen da arc qveyanasa da

amiT mterma ufro Zala wamoatana da daCagra, Torem

Tu amaT erTi piri hqonebodaT, verc aras urumeli,

verc aras sxva mterni awyendaT rasme, amaTi saqme

niadag ase erTmaneTis mesisxleobiT gaTavebula da

wamxdara, magram am saqmeebs arc moiSlian da arc

mouSliaT...“ [8,107].

leCxumi saqarTvelos erT-erTi patara kuTxea, igi

moicavs cagerisa da orbelis qvabulebs. leCxums

dasavleTidan asxis mTebi samegrelosgan mijnavda,

xolo imereTisgan _ md. lexidaris marcxena napirze

mdebare seri da xvamlis masivi. „XV saukuneSi Tak-

veri (leCxumi da raWa) imereTis samefos Semadgen-

lobaSi Sedioda, rogorc samefos domeni“ [7,41].

saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSla-daqucma-

cebis Semdeg, XVII-XVIII ss. leCxumSi dawinaurda

Semdegi gvarebi: axvlediani, gelovani, Ciqovani, laS-

xiSvili, yifiani da sxva. am gvarebidan, XVII s. II

naxevarSi, „gansakuTrebul warmatebas miaRwies Ciqo-

vanebma... romlebmac ara marto leCxumis mebatoneoba,

aramed imereTis samefos karze da odiSis samTavroSi

udidesi gavlena moipoves“ [4,99]. XVII s. 50-ian

197

wlebSi imereTis mefe aleqsande III-m leCxumSi dawi-

naurebul erT-erT gavlenian mebatones, gabriel Ci-

qovans cagereloba uboZa, romelmac sul male

Wyondideloba, da bolos, bedielobac miiRo. swored

am adamianis saxels ukavSirdeba Tavisi Zmis _ kacia

Ciqovanis, imereTis mefesTan da levan dadianTanac

daaxloeba. levanma kacia meore mrCevlad da meurved

daisva. levan dadiani Ciqovanebis Zlieri gvaris

daaxloebiT, cdilobda Tavisi mTavari miznis gan-

xorcielebas, kerZod, leCxumSi gabatonebas. dadianis

meurve da salipartianos mflobeli (amitom igi

lipartianad iwodeboda) kacia, dadianis miTiTebiT,

Jletda dadianis mowinaaRmdege warCinebulebs... kacia

Ciqovani odiSis Tavi da faqtobrivi gamgeblic gaxda

mas Semdeg, rac giorgi gurielma masTan mZevlad

myofi dadianis Zveli dinastiis ukanaskneli kanoni-

eri memkvidre manuCar dadiani mokla. mkvlelobis am

precedentma kacia da misi Zma, gabrieli kidev ufro

waaxalisa mowinaaRmdege megrelebis gasanadgureblad

da am gziT man gaixada odiSi „vidre pyrobamde Tvi-

sad“ [1,845]. kacias memkvidre giorgi kacias Ze mTeli

sisastikiT ikafavda gzas dadianobisken. igi ar eri-

deboda levan IV dadianis „nebiTa misTave... svra da

kvlas warCinebulTa odiSisaTa“ [1,849]. momqmedi

yoveli borotebisa iyo giorgi lipartiani. Tumca,

igi ver bedavda verc dadianad (odiSis mTavrad) kur-

Txevas da verc leCxumis erTpirovnulad damkvid-

rebas. Tumca irkveva, rom „XVII saukunis miwuruls,

giorgi lipartiani epizodurad mainc eufleboda

leCxums“ [4,103] da amas xels uwyobda TviT imereTSi

gamefebuli, rogorc vaxuSti batoniSvilis mieraa

198

aRniSnuli, garyvnileba, ficis mtexeloba, tyveTa

syidva da sxva nairferovani ukeTurobani... imereTsac

hyavda am periodSi drois Sesaferisi medrove giorgi

abaSiZe, romelmac giorgi lipartianTan erTad,

imereTis mefis momxre leCxumis mebatoneebi aaoxra

[1,860-861] da Semdeg urTierTs daemzaxlnen [1,104].

giorgi lipartianma Tavisi ufrosi Svili kacia 1704

wels dadianad, anu odiSis mTavrad dasva, xolo

momdevno Svils _ gabriels Wyondideloba uboZa.

Tavisi Zma, iesec ar daindo, gaaZeva leCxumidan da

leCxumis ufrosoba Tavis Svils _ beJans misca.

„XVIII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi leCxumi samegrelos

samTavros erT-erT nawilad iqca“ [7,41]. male

gardaicvala kacia dadiani da odiSs mamamisi, giorgi

lipartiani Caudga saTaveSi... swored giorgi

lipartianma, raWis erisTavma da beJan leCxumis ba-

tonma imereTis mefe giorgi daamarcxes. am ukanas-

knelma qarTls Seafara Tavi. brZola mimdinareobda

ara marto did dajgufebebs Soris, aramed TviT

dajgufebebs SigniTac. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom

gadadianebuli Ciqovanebis garda, leCxumsa da Sali-

partianos soflebSi mcxovrebi Ciqovanebi feodalur

SinaomSi mTavar rols TamaSobdnen. beJanis (leCxumis

batonis) gadadianebis Semdeg, es kuTxe odiSs uer-

Tdeba da dadian-CiqovanTa gamgeblobaSi gadadis. aqe-

dan moyolebuli, imereTis mefeebi gamonaklisis saxiT

Tu axerxebdnen leCxumis dapatronebas.

XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi imereTis mefe solomoni

leCxums Tavis samflobelod miiCnevda, magram gadadi-

anebuli Ciqovanebi mas ar Tmobdnen. male, leCxumis

mosazRvre qvemo svaneTis nawili _ lentexis Temic

199

(XVIII s. Sua xanebSi) daimorCiles da mTeli qvemo

svaneTis damorCilebazec daiwyes fiqri.

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi leCxumSi realuri

xelisufleba ekuTvnis dadianebs, magram kacia dadi-

anis gardacvalebisTanave, imereTis mefe daviT gi-

orgis Zem odiSs Seutia. mcirewlovani grigol

dadiani muris cixeSi gamagrda, daviT arCilis Zes

(solomon mefes) daukavSirda da orivem erTad, daviT

giorgis Ze imereTidan gaaqcies. leCxumSi sakuTari

poziciebis gamyarebis mizniT, dadianma didi ufle-

bebiT aRWurva qaixosro gelovani da mouravi gaxada...

„yma dadianisa gelovani qaixosro, romel mouraobda

leCxums da mZlavrobda odiSsaca“, _ wers niko

dadiani [5,183].

male, solomon II-m gadaumtera grigol dadians

sakuTari Zma, manuCari da aRzevebuli gelovani. Gri-

golis xelSi rCeboda Waqvinjisa da muris cixeebi,

romlis mcvelebi iyvnen petre mxeiZe da xosia gas-

viani [5,188]. mefisa da manuCaris mxridan Seviwro-

ebuli grigoli leCxumSi gadavida da misi meSveobiT

daibruna odiSi, Seurigda Zmas da misca mas lipar-

tianoba, imereTis mefesTan ki gaaba saidumlo kavSiri

da (oriveni ganawyenebuli iyvnen gelovanisgan orpi-

robis gamo) gordSi datyvevebuli gelovani Tavis

momxreebianad Tavidan moiSora...

solomonisa da grigolis xanmokle aliansis peri-

odSic, solomoni mainc dadianis ganadgurebasa da

leCxumis xelSi Cagdebaze muSaobda. man isev gaaba

kavSiri grigolis ZmasTan, manuCarTan da gamoacxada

dadianad. lekTa daqiravebuli razmiTac Seutia

odiSs, magram mizans ver miaRwia. bolos, solomonma

200

baaka Ciqovani gadmoibira, 1802 wels leCxumSi gai-

laSqra da WyviSis cixe alyaSi moaqcia. grigoli

iZulebuli gaxda, rom muris cixeSi gamagrebuliyo.

SinamtrebiT garSemortymuli grigoli isev saidumlo

molaparakebas awarmoebs imereTis mefesTan, ris Sede-

gadac, manuCaris mier WyviSis cixis solomonisadmi

daTmobis sanacvlod, solomonma zurgi Seaqcia ma-

nuCars da grigolis winaaRmdeg omi Sewyvita. manu-

Cari dexviridan orbelSi gaiqca baaka CiqovanTan,

romlebmac codvis patieba iTxoves grigolisgan,

miiRes ra Tanxmoba misgan da, ra Tqma unda, amis

Semdeg, grigolma uproblemod SeZlo leCxumis dauf-

leba. male imereTis mefes WyviSis cixis samxedro

ZaliT xelSi Cagdeba mouxda, radgan gamarjvebulma

dadianma imereTis mefisadmi micemuli pirobis

Sesruleba, manuCaris gawirvis sanacvlod gamarjvebis

Semdeg ar isurva. solomon mefis sabrZolo bata-

liebi gaiSala mTeli leCxumis xelSi Casagdebad. man

isev daiqirava lekTa razmebi da imereTis razmTan

erTad daikava lailaSi da dexviri. dadianma murisken

daixia da bolos samegreloSi gaiqca. solomoni

leCxums daepatrona. dadiani mainc ar isvenebda. man

qeleS-ahmed begTanac gaaba saidumlo kavSiri imereTis

mefis winaaRmdeg. 1802 wlis 15 noembers dadianma,

moipova ra afxazeTis mTavris daxmareba, Seutia ime-

reTis mefes da quTaisamdec ki miaRwia. brZolaSi

mefes dauxoces bevri TanamebrZoli, maT Soris, sar-

dali agiaSvilic [1,704]. Tumca, dadians qmediTi

nabijis gadasadgmelad saTanado Zalebi ar gaaCnda.

imereTis mefem afxazeTis, guriisa da svaneTis mTav-

201

rebis daxmarebiT, agreTve lekebis moSveliebiT SeZ-

lo dadianis gandevna [6,144].

aRsaniSnavia, ,,aqtebSi“ moZiebuli simonoviCis we-

rili lazarevisadmi 1802 wlis 18 dekembers, sadac

igrZnoba rusi moxelis SeSfoTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom

imereTis mefes, Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad, ganuz-

raxavs axalcixidan gaZevebuli Serif faSis dabruneba

da amasTanave „SeudgeniaT qarTl-kaxeTidan rusTa

jarebis gandevnis gegma“ [1,508; 9,340]. afxazeTis

mTavari qeleS begi Ralatobs grigol dadians,

moCvenebiT gadmodis mis mxareze. rac Seexeba solo-

mon mefes, „igi ikavebs leCxums“ [9,340]. odiSis sam-

Tavros SenarCunebisaTvis erTaderT saSualebas dadi-

ani sagareo ZalaSi xedavda [6,144]. ra Tqma unda,

dadians miaCnda, rom kritikul viTarebaSi misTvis

sasargeblo nabiji iqneboda ruseTisTvis daxmarebis

Txovna da am gziT, sakuTari xelisuflebis gadar-

Cena. man daiwyo mudariT aRsavse werilebis gagzavna

carizmisadmi imereTis mefis mZlavrobisgan dacvis

mizniT. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTisTvis dasavleT

saqarTvelo, qarTl-kaxeTis msgavad, moiazreboda

axloaRmosavluri politikis aqtiur WrilSi. miTu-

metes, am etapze, roca 1802 wlis seqtemberSi

bagrationTa gvirgvinis dabrunebisaTvis mebrZoli

Zalebi erTiandebodnen da glexobaSic sakmaod Serye-

uli iyo ruseTisadmi loialuri ganwyoba... carizmi

SeSfoTebuli aanonsebda saqarTveloSi mimdinare pro-

cesebs. mas mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda, qveyanaSi

mdgomareoba daelagebina raime radikaluri refor-

mebis gatarebiT, magaliTad, qarTuli TviTmmarTve-

lobis SemoRebiT: „igi ostaturi manevriT Seecada

202

mdgomareobis gamosworebas, ise, rom politikis Ziri-

Tadi kursi ucvleli yofiliyo“ [6,146]. axlad

Seqmnilma viTarebam aiZula carizmi, gadaeyenebina

generali knoringi da daeniSna amayi, jiuti da ficxi

pavle cicianovi (ciciSvili), romelic daSineba-

Zaladobis meTodebTan erTad, „maxvili diplomati-

uri manevrebiTac aRwevda mizans“ [6,147]. ruseTis

imperatorma igi aRWurva sruli uflebebiT. mas Se-

eZlo imperatorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe gadaewyvita

sakiTxebi, rac saswrafod gadaWras iTxovda... aseT

viTarebaSi, grigol dadianis maxvewari werilebi

carizmis wisqvilze asxamda wyals da pirdapir maTi

politikuri viTarebis gamyareba-gadarCenis tolfasi

iyo.

ruseTi dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseT rTul

saSinao viTarebis pirobebs guldasmiT akvirdeboda

da eloda xelsayrel moments, roca dasustebuli

mxare Tavad sTxovda daxmarebas mowinaaRmdege mxaris

sabolood ganadgurebisTvis aqtiuri moqmedebis da-

sawyebad. ra Tqma unda, ruseTisTvis umjobesi iyo

dasavleT saqarTvelos erTdrouli da mTliani

SemoerTeba, magram viTareba carizms karnaxobda ufro

saukeTeso variants, raTa SedarebiT iolad gadaeWra

problema. igi am jerze mfarvelobas gauwevda ufro

upretenzio odiSis mTavars, romelic dapirispire-

buli iyo didi pretenziebis mqone imereTis me-

fesTan... Tan, naklebi pretenziebis mqone dadiani

emliqvneleba carizms, meore ki, amgvari qmedebisgan

Sors dgas, ufro metic, mas samkvdro sasicocxlo

omi hqonda gamocxadebuli ruseTTan... da, maSasadame,

umjobesia, ruseTma ufro sustis poziciebi ganam-

203

tkicos, raTa igi momavalSi gamoiyenos masze Zlieris

(igulisxmeba imereTi) dasasusteblad. miT umetes, am

susts da ambiciurs didi ruseTi Sehyavs sanukvar

sivrceSi: Savi zRvis sanapiro zolze _ forpostze

gabatoneba xom TeTri zRvis anabarad darCenili didi

ruseTis mravalsaukunovni ocnebis axdenili realoba

iqneboda. carizmi Casafrebuli eloda mimZlavrebuli

dadianisgan SemoTavazebas da miaCnda, rom misadmi

veraguli „daxmarebis“ sanacvlod, Seagrovebda poli-

tikur dividendebs daCagruli dadianis TvalSi. da-

dianis mxridan ruseTisadmi ndobis gamocxadebas,

dasavleT saqarTvlos dapyroba-damorCilebisaTvis

uswrafesad dasawyeb brZolis gzaze carizmis mxridan

upirobod seriozuli nabiji unda mohyoloda.

ase momwifda ruseTisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi

dasavleT saqarTvelos saSinao viTarebaSi arsebuli

qaosis safuZvelze da igi _ didmpyrobeli, Cveuli,

winaswar gaTvlili simSvidiT, ra Tqma unda, wuTi-

wuTze elodeboda romelime, an Tundac orive mxri-

danac, SemoTavazebas, raTa Tavisi „keTilismyofeli“

misia aemoqmedebina daCagruli mxaris „dasacavad.

dadiani daxmarebisaTvis energiulad mimarTavda

ruseTis mTavrobas. es ki, ruseTis wisqvilze asxam-

da wyals da upirobod qmnida xelsayrel pirobebs

mxolod carizmisaTvis. amitom, bunebrivia, igi xeli-

dan ar gauSvebda, gaeZlierebina imereTis winaaRmdeg

mebrZoli dadiani. miT umetes, mas am nabijiT Zalian

uadvildeboda sanukvari miznis miRweva. igi xom

Sexvewebuli samegrelos mTavrisadmi mxardaWeriT, sam

problemas erTdroulad agvarebda: 1. asustebda da-

savleT saqarTveloSi mis mTavar politikuri opo-

204

nents _ imereTis samefos; 2. aZlierebda samegrelos

samTavros da, amdenad, erTguli mTavris meSveobiT

iCenda dasayrdens dasavleT saqarTvelos Semdgomi

sruli dapyroba-ganadgurebis gzaze; 3. „keTili mefe

mamis“ keTilganwyobiT aRWurvili qveSevrdomi amdag-

vari „gaZlierebiT“ uzrunvelyofda gzis gakafvas Sa-

vi zRvis sanapirosaken...

netarebiT xvdeboda ruseTi dadianis werilebs.

magaliTad, aseTi iyo 1802 wlis 20 dekembers dadi-

anis mier gagzavnili werili sokolovisadmi, sadac

igi emudareboda mas, rom mieRoT misi samTavro mfar-

velobaSi, raTa exsnaT „Zlieri solomon mefisgan“

[9,453]. aseTive Sinaarsis baraTi gaugzavna man ufro

mogvianebiT cicianovs [9,899]. orive baraTSi dadiani

cdilobs, daaSinos ruseTi da pirdapir mianiSnebs,

Tu qmediTi daxmareba ar iqneba ruseTisgan, igi ga-

dadgams nabijs da scnobs osmaleTs da miiRebs misgan

mfarvelobas.

ra Tqma unda, aseT werilebs carizmi xelidan

rogor gauSvebda da Sedegmac ar daayovna. carizmis

specialuri rwmunebuli polkovniki mainovi da gr.

dadiani WaladidSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. Sexvedraze

dadianma xeli moawera „saTxovar punqtebs“. amasTa-

nave, imperatorma dadians gamougzavna general-

maioris wodebis statusi da jildo _ aleqsandre

nevelis ordeni [9,464,465.] magram knorings aseve

miuTiTes, rom droebiT ar gadaeca es ordeni dadi-

anisaTvis, radgan jer unda gaerkviaT, Tu ramdenad

samarTliani iyo imereTis mefis brZola dadianis

dasamorCileblad... ruseTs Tavi qudSi hqonda. mas

dadianis mxridan arc aRelvebda, arc afrTxobda

205

osmaleTis saxelis moSveliebiT, misgan wamosuli

daSineba, radgan im periodSi osmaleTi imdenad dauZ-

lurebuli iyo, rom igi ruseTisgan daxmarebis mi-

Rebis imediTac cdilobda Tavis dacvas napoleonos

Semotevisgan. ufro metic, ruseTi sasargeblod

Tvlida susti osmaleTis mezoblobas. ubralod, ru-

seTi moxerxebulad, drois gayvaniT cdilobda, rom

ufro meti „mtkicebulebebi“ Seegrovebina imereTis

samefos ukanonobis dasamtkiceblad, raTa „samarTli-

ani“ ruseTis saxelmwifos imiji odnavadac ar Sela-

xuliyo... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ruseTis warmatebul

politikas xels uwyobda iranis sisustec da „evro-

pis saxelmwifoebis _ inglisisa da safrangeTis

Sinagani winaaRmdegobac“ [6,150]. imperatoris mier

cicianovis umaRlesi ndobiT aRWurva samegreloSi,

misadmi sruli Tavisuflebis miniWebis TvalsazrisiT,

swored aseTi sagareo politikuri viTarebidan gamom-

dinareobda. aleqsandre I darwmunebuli iyo, rom

dasustebuli osmaleTi ver SeZlebda samegrelos

dacvas. amas ki, Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sazRvridan

misi usityvo wasvla unda mohyoloda... [9,462]. gar-

kveulia, rom osmaleTi Tanaxmaa ruseTis mfar-

velobaSi samegrelos misaRebad (italinskis werili

voroncovs 1803 w. seqtemberi). umweo osmaleTis

aseTi TavCaRunuli Tanxmoba ganapirobebda ruseTis

warmatebul politikas, ara marto mTel dasavleT

saqarTvloSi, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimar-

Tac, radgan am momentSi ukmayofilo qarTl-kaxeTis

ZalebisTvis dasavleT saqarTvelodan daxmarebis mi-

Rebis SesaZlo gzebic ixureboda... rogorc cnobilia,

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebiT SeSfoTebuli so-

206

lomon II daJinebiT cdilobda qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fos aRdgenas da ara erTxel sTxovda ruseTis impe-

rators iulon erekles Zis qarTl-kaxeTis mefed

damtkicebas. „solomon II-s kargad esmoda, rom

imereTis samefos damoukideblobasac udidesi saf-

rTxe emuqreboda“ [3,279-283]. solomon mefem kargad

icoda, rom ruseTis mTavroba imereTis srul

damorCilebas apirebda. amitom CaTrevas Cayola arCia

da rusTa xelmwifes daxmarebasTan erTad da dacvis

pasuximgeblobis aRebasac sTxovda. Tan elCebs stam-

bolSic agzavnida, raTa sulTani ruseT-imereTis ur-

TierTobaSi Careuliyo. am ori saxelmwifos dapi-

rispirebiT, imereTis samefosaTvis xelsayreli piro-

bebis Seqmnas cdilobda. paralelurad, grigol

dadianTanac urTierTobis daregulirebaze fiqrobda

da urCevda, uari eTqva ruseTis mfarvelobaSi damou-

kideblad Sesvlaze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom solomon II ruseTTan urTierTo-

baSi mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos saxeliT gamodi-

oda. dauZlurebuli TurqeTi moerida ruseTTan

saqmis garTulebas, „dasavleT saqarTvelos gamosar-

Clebis survili ar gamoiCina da solomon II-is

mociquli uariT gamoistumra“ [2,44]. ruseTis elCma

stambolSi daasmina solomon II, ruseTis impera-

torTan „Ralatis msgavsi saqcielis“ gamo [2,44]. es

faqti iyo sxva danarCen mtkicebulebebis nusxaTa

Soris mniSvnelovani argumenti, ramac ruseTi „dasa-

buTebulad“ aamoZrava, raTa aqtiurad Careuliyo da-

savleT saqarTvelos politikur saqmeebSi, im

motiviT, rom dadianis daCagvris neba ar mieca ime-

reTis mefisaTvis. swored imereTis mefis „ukanono“

207

saqcielis Ria afiSirebas elodeboda ruseTis impera-

toris mier gamogzavnili da dadianisadmi gadasacemi

al. nevelis ordeni. Tu RalatSi gamoiWerdnen imere-

Tis mefes, Semdeg masze ieriSis mitana daCagruli

samegrelos dacvis motiviT, ar gauWirdebodaT. ufro

metic, amgvari qmedeba keTilSobiluradac gamoiyure-

boda da amarTlebda ruseTis nabijebs dasavleT

saqarTvelos Semdgomi dapyrobisTvis brZolis gzaze.

imereTis Tavdauzogavma mefem, am etapze yvela mimar-

TulebiT marcxi iwvnia. mas ubralod urCies,

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuliyo samegrelosTan

erTad, xolo am or politikur erTeuls Soris da-

vas TviT imperatori gaarCevda „miukerZoeblad“. ime-

reTis mefis Canafiqri dasavleT saqarTvelos gaer-

Tianebis Taobaze, kraxiT dasrulda. ruseTis sagareo

politika, am SemTxvevaSi, warmatebuli aRmoCnda. Kon-

stantinopoleli elCi italinski ruseTis impera-

tors atyobinebda, rom osmaleTi Tanaxmaa ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi samegrelos miRebaze. ukve araferi

eRobeboda win ruseTis ganzraxvas mTeli dasavleT

saqarTvelos koloniad qcevis gzaze. ruseTisaTvis

„es iyo usisxlod mopovebuli didi warmateba“

[6,151].

daiwyo dadiansa da cicianovs Soris molaparakeba,

rasac yovelnairad xels uSlida solomon mefe.

arRvevda maT Soris kavSirebs Suamavlebis daWeriT.

rusi moxele iZulebuli xdeboda, rom Tavisi warmo-

madgenlebi dadianTan axalcixis gavliT gaegzavna.

magaliTad, rogorc n. dadianis „qarTvelT cxovreba“

gvauwyebs, dadianis karis mRvdeli asaTiani da gu-

guSvili svaneTis gziT lentexis, Coluris, kavkasiis

208

uReltexilis, oseTis, mozdokis gavliT axerxeben

TbilisSi Casvlas da cicianovTan Sexvedras. dadians

imereTis mefe miwebsac hpirdeboda. am mizniT, man

samegrelos mTavars Tavisi meuRle mariami (grigol

dadianis da) da Tavadi sexnia wulukiZec miugzavana,

magram verc dayvavebiT da verc iaraRiTac veraferi

gaawyo. misi yvela cda dasaRupavad gaiwira. 1803

wlis ivlisSi dadianma ruseTis erTgulebaze dai-

fica, xolo 1803 wlis 2 dekembers xeli moawera

mfarvelobis xelSekrulebas. am ceremonialSi zogi-

erTma Tavad-aznaurma monawileoba ar miiRo [9,465].

saqarTveloSi ruseTis warmatebuli politikis

brwyinvale dagvirgvineba gaxldaT, viTom samegrelos

mTavris Sedgenili „saTxovari punqtebi“, romlis

SemuSavebac dauZlurebulma dadianma mTlianad miando

mTavarsardal cicianovs _ „ukeTu ara wrfelad iyo

aRwerili traxtatni... viTar Segavdes... egreT amtki-

ceso“ [9,461].

209


1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, „aRwera samefosa saqarTve-

losa“, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelna-

weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tb.,

1973.

2. a. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi,

1801-1921. Tb., 1980.

3. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,

t. V, Tb., 1971.

4. g. gasviani, dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-

politikuri viTareba da ruseTTan SeerTeba XVI-

XIX ss. Tb., 1988.

5. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca,

winasityvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi

da leqsikoni daurTo S. burjanaZem. Tb., 1962.

6. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi, Tb., 1957.

7. g. vaWriZe, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis ekono-

mikuri da sociluri politikis istoriidan, quT.,

2006.

8. T. Jordania, qronikebi, t. III, Tb., 1967. 9. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической ко-

мисисей, Издание Архива Главного управления Наместника Кавказа, под ред. А. П. Берже. Ч. М., Т. I, Тф., 1823.

10. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической ко-мисисей, Издание Архива Главного управления На-местника Кавказа, под ред. А. П. Берже. Ч. М., Т. II, Тф., 1825.

210

Lia Gulordava

THE ARGUABLE TERRITORIES OF ODISHI PRINCIPALITY WITH THE BORDERING

KINGDOMS AND PRINCIPALITIES AND THE REASONS OF ITS CONQUER BY RUSSIA

Summary

In the first part of XIX century Odishi (Samegrelo)

principality was one of the important political units in Western Georgia.

In that period of time a constant rivalry between Odishi and bordering principalities created advantagous conditions for Russia to begin expansion of Western Georgia with Odishi. As, it is known, by that time Lechkhumi had been a consisting part of Imereti kingdom, as a royal estate, but Dadiani claimed a pretension on the land too. Definitely Lechkhumi became a fighting arena between these two administrative units.

These circumstances were favourable for Russians and they used them skillfully and tried to strain the relations between these two principality and kingdom. Dadiani applied to Russian government for help. In July of 1803 Dadiani made an oath on fidelity to Russia. On the 2nd of December in 1803, he signed a patronage treaty.

211

irakli SarvaZe

qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio arxebi

yazbegis raionSi1

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, gasuli saukunis

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, saqarTveloSi Ria kon-

fliqtis ori kera gaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am

tragediamde afxazebs, osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris

arsebobda mravalsaukunovani mSvidobiani Tanacxov-

rebis gamocdileba, konfliqtis zonis sxvadasxva

mxares darCenilTa Soris kavSiri, TiTqmis gawyda.

konfliqtis Sedegad, mosaxleobis didi nawili iZu-

lebuli gaxda mietovebina sacxovrisi, is adgili da

socialuri garemo, romelSic daibada, gaizarda,

gaiara socializacia. konfliqtis orive mxare daza-

ralda ara mxolod materialurad, aramed moralu-

radac. devnilTa raodenobam moimata da iZulebiT

gadaadgilebul pirTa axali dasaxlebebi (werovani,

goris Semogareni, qarelis raioni da a.S.) gaCnda

2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg. dRemde gadauWre-

lia saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan gamo-

devnili mosaxleobis, samasi aTasze meti iZulebiT

gadaadgilebuli piris sakuTar miwa-wyalze dabru-

nebis problema. Sesabamisad, kvlevas, romelic am

problemas exeba, gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba eniWeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom osebi qarTvelebTan erT-erT

yvelaze metad integrirebul eTnikur jgufs warmo-

adgenda. amas adasturebs mTeli rigi faqtebi: Sere-

1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi

mopovebuli grantis `qarTul-osuri urTierTobis perspeqtiva yazbegis raionSi~ (# 153/14) farglebSi.

212

uli qorwinebani, solidarobis tradiciebi, gaziare-

buli salocavebi, ena (osebi kargad flobdnen qar-

Tuls, qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris salaparako ena

ZiriTadad, qarTuli iyo), savaWro-ekonomikuri urTi-

erTobebi, da a.S. konfliqtis Semdeg, es urTierTo-

bebi, ra Tqma unda, CixSi Sevida. mdgomareobas amwva-

vebs konfliqtis zonaSi arsebuli situaciac, mudmi-

vad cvalebadi sazRvari (mcocavi okupacia) sacxov-

risis, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriebis perio-

duli Secvla, Tu Secvlis molodini adamianebSi

warmoSobs arastabilurobis ganwyobas. adamianTa So-

ris gawyvetili komunikacia aris faqtori, romelic

kidev ufro aucxoebs maT im garemosgan, sadac

gaizardnen da socializaciis etapebi gaiares [6,47].

cnobilia, rom garkveuli tipis komunikacia yo-

velTvis arsebobs sazogadoebis SigniT an erTmaneTis

mezoblad mcxovreb xalxebs Soris. zemoTqmulidan

gamomdinare, sainteresoa, rogoria qarTvelTa da

osTa Soris komunikacia yazbegis raionSi. sakiTxs

aqtualobas matebs is, rom xevSi Ria konfliqti ar

yofila, Tumca, osebis mniSvnelovani nawili sxva-

dasxva mizeziT, rf-Si gadasaxlda. warmodgenili

statiis mizania, konfliqtis zonis mimdebare yaz-

begis raionSi qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio arxebis

dadgena, gamorkveva imisa, Tu ra saxis komunikacia

arsebobs am or, dRes ukve nawilobriv, dapirispi-

rebul jgufs Soris. rusTavelis fondis mier

dafinansebuli proeqtis, `qarTul-osuri urTierTobis

perspeqtiva yazbegis raionSi~ (saxelmwifo granti №-

153/14) farglebSi, savele-eTnografiuli masalis

Sekrebisas, ZiriTadad, viyenebdiT interviurebis me-

213

Tods. CaRrmavebul intervius viwerdiT adgilobriv

mosaxleobasTan (qarTvelebi da osebi).

komunikacia sociumis arsebobisa da Semdgomi gan-

viTarebis winapirobaa. kultura mxolod maSin

viTardeba, Tu aris adamianTa Soris urTierTobis sa-

Sualeba, iqneba es RirebulebaTa Tu artefaqtTa ga-

cvla-gaziareba. erTi mxriv, aucilebelia informaciis

gadacema, meore mxriv, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas

socialuri kavSirebis arseboba iZens, radgan infor-

maciis gadacema SeuZlebeli iqneboda mis gareSe. kul-

turisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis umniS-

vnelovanes etapebad miiCneva: 1. sametyvelo enis ganvi-

Tareba – uSualo kavSirebis damyarebisaTvis, 2. dam-

werlobis Seqmna – uSualo kavSiris armqoneTa ko-

munikaciisaTvis da, 3. beWdvis gamogoneba – komuni-

kaciis farTo masStabiT gavrcelebis uzrunvlyo-

fisaTvis. mogvianebiT amas daemata televiziis, fi-

Wuri kavSirebis, internetis gavrceleba; magram yove-

live naxsenebi aris mxolod saSualeba realuri

socialuri kavSirebis Seqmnis, gaRrmavebis da ganviTa-

rebisaTvis, umTavresi ki, adamianTa Soris komuni-

kaciaa. am dros xdeba informaciuli zemoqmedeba

uSualo an iribi kontaqtebis meSveobiT. tradiciuli

sakomunikacio arxebis (naTesauri, megobruli, saqmiani

da a.S. urTierTobebi) garda, es kontaqtebi SeiZleba

iyos sxva tipis: Sexvedrebi, informaciis gacvla,

Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da socialuri qselebis

gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva mediis saSualebiT iribi kav-

Sirebis damyareba da sxva.

qarTvelTa da osTa komunikacias xangrZlivi isto-

ria aqvs da mWidrod ukavSirdeba osebis saqarTve-

214

loSi infiltraciisa da gansaxlebis problemas. sta-

tistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, meoce saukunis 80-

iani wlebis bolosTvis, osebis ricxvi mTeli saqar-

Tvelos masStabiT 164 000-s aRwevda da mxolod

somxebs, rusebsa da azerbaijanelebs CamorCeboda.

amJamad, maTi odenoba Semcirebulia. 2002 wlis mo-

saxleobis aRweris mixedviT, yofili samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqis garda, saqarTveloSi 38 000 osi

cxovrobda [1,8-23].

osebma Camosaxleba jer kidev XVI-XVII sauku-

neebSi daiwyes saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiul

mxareSi – dvaleTSi _ da garkveuli periodis Semdeg,

adgilobrivi mkvidri qarTvelebis (dvalebi), nawi-

lobrivi asimilireba moaxdines (nawilma datova sac-

xovrebeli). XVII-XVIII saukunidan ki, mimdinareobda

maTi ufro intensiuri Camosaxlebis procesi [2,113-

114]. amave periodSi, osebis TandaTanobiT infil-

tracia daiwyo Tergis xeobis zemo nawilSic. maT

moZalebas Tan axlda sakuTari sacxovreblidan gamoq-

ceuli dvalebis asimilacia. amasTan, Trusos xeoba

gafarTovda sof. kobamde [4,1-2]. me-20 saukunis bolo

xanebamde osebi sakmao odenobiT cxovrobdnen yazbegis

raionSi. ukanaskneli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTve-

loSi ganviTarebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da poli-

tikuri procesebis Sedegad, regioni TiTqmis mTli-

anad daicala osuri mosaxleobisagan, magram sakomu-

nikacio arxebi nawilobriv SenarCunda da sakmaod

efeqturad moqmedebs. komunikaciis procesi SeiZleba

ase ganisazRvros: „vin, ras, vis, ra gziT, ra efeq-

tiT“ [6,2]

215

Sida qarTlSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi nega-

tiurad aisaxa qarTul-osur komunikaciebze mTeli

qveynis masStabiT da maT Soris, yazbegis raionSic.

ìq saomari mdgomareoba rom iyo, mezobeli myavda

iqauri, goridan iyo wamosuli da ambobda, ar vin-

dobdiT erTmaneTso, mtruli damokidebuleba gvqon-

dao. CvenTan ara. Cvenebi orjonikiZeSic rom Cavidnen

osebi Tu gaigebdnen, rom qarTveli iyav, gvmtrobdnen.

Cven egeTi SemTxveva gvqonda, erTxel. gaiges, rom

qarTvelebi viyaviT, dagviwyes Cxubi. Cems meuRles

manqana hyavda, miadgnen, manqanas dagatovebineb, ase

vizamT ise vizamTo. iqaurebi, cxinvalelebi, Zalian

agresiulebi iyvnen, aqauri osebi ki, gvexmarebodnen~

(daba stefanwminda).

rusuli saxelmwifos mier calmxrivad Caketili

sazRvari xels uSlis Crd. kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuli

osebisa da yazbegSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis komuni-

kacias. ès sazRvrebi rom Caiketa veRar davdivarT

Cvena da veRarc isini amodian. barikadaa SuaSi da es

ar aris mosawonari namdvilad“ (sofeli arSa).

rusuli politelitisaTvis sasurveli axali rea-

lobis Seqmnis meqanizmebi gavlenas axdens e.w. osur

oficialur politikazec. amis magaliTia, internetSi

gavrcelebuli moskovis `strategiuli koniunqturis

centris“ erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis, mixail Cernovis

mosazreba, rom centralur saqarTveloSi osuri po-

litikuri erTeulis gafarToebis gziT (igulisxmeba

yazbegis raionis da TrialeTis e.w. samxreT oseTTan

mierTeba), uaxloes momavalSi ruseT-somxeTs uSualo

sazRvari eqnebaT. am tipis Teoriebi, sxvaTa Soris,

qarTuli sazogadoebis eTnikur dezintegracias da

216

qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio sivrcis SezRudvasac

isaxavs miznad [5].

Zemoxsenebuli situaciis miuxedavad, qarTul-osur

uTierTobebSi arsebobs garkveuli aqtivobebi. didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTul-osuri Tanacxovrebis po-

zitiur mexsierebas. ,,keTilganwyoba eg iyo, rom kar-

gi urTierToba hqondaT sul. ai, Cemi rZali osi iyo,

erTi ojaxiviT viyaviT. modiodnen aq da Cven iq miv-

diodiT. normaluri urTierToba gvqonda~ (sofeli

arSa).

yazbegis mosaxleobasa da osebs Soris garkveuli

ekonomikuri tipis komunikacia dasturdeba. magali-

Tad, velze muSaobisas gavicaniT erTi ojaxi, rome-

lic daxmarebas uwevda os biznesmens, romelsac

samSeneblo masala sWirdeboda da es ojaxi garkve-

uli Tanxis sanacvlod, samSeneblo masalas Tbili-

sidan oseTSi ezideboda.

samxreT oseTTan pirveli konfliqtis Semdeg,

1996 wels gaixsna ergneTis bazari, romelic erT-

erTi poziciiT, xalxis daaxloebis da ndobis aRdge-

nis meqanizmad miiCneoda. ergneTis bazarze qarTve-

lebs, osebsa da sxva eTnikur jgufebs erTmaneTTan

savaWro urTierToba hqondaT, rac komunikaciis erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani saxea. ergneTis bazari rva wlis

ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda da qarTvelebsa da

osebs Soris urTierTobebis gamyarebas uwyobda xels.

iyo mironiT danaTesavebisa da qorwinebis SemTxve-

vebic. arsebobda satransporto saSualebebi, romleb-

sac mgzavrebi Tbilisidan cxinvalSi gadahyavda. Sesa-

bamisad, komunikacia xalxebs Soris gaadvilebuli

iyo, rac konfliqtis mogvarebisTvis winapirobas war-

217

moadgenda. 2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg

mosuli mTavrobis reformis Sedegad, ergneTis bazari

daixura. qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris komunikacia

Seferxda da agvistos omis Semdgom, gauaresda, saz-

Rvrebi Caiketa.

Zalze mniSvnelovania socialuri kavSirebi, rome-

lic osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris sxvadasxva aqti-

vobebSi vlindeba; gaziarebuli salocavebi, naTesauri

kavSirebi, samezoblo da megobruli urTierTobebi da

a.S. ,,mariamobas osebi ki ara, mTeli ruseTi aq iyo.

eseTi tradicia iyo, rom modiodnen fexiT sanam gza

Caiketeboda, manamde mTeli ruseTis qalaqebidan Semo-

diodnen. babuSkebs veZaxdiT. me rom Cemi SviliSvi-

lebis xela viyav, patara, iqedan maxsovs modiodnen

manqana rom gageCerebina ki ar Cagijdebodnen, fexiT

modiodnen sula da ambobdnen, rom xilva hqonda

egeTi RvTismSoblisa. adiodnen gergeTze. modiodnen

sami kviriT, oTxi kviriT adre. mohqondaT mere `ban-

kebi~, yvavilebi da raRaceebi da morTavdnen eklesi-

ebs mere darCebodnen“ (sofeli arSa).

„osebTan axlo urTierToba gvqonda Cven rom...

orjonikiZis gza xom iyo gaxsnili, Cveulebrivad

mivdiodiT. naTesaobac gvyavda iq. guSinac vlapara-

kobdiT magaze, rom arc erTi mosaxle ar aris osi

naTesavi rom ar hyavdes. me TviTon mazlis coli

myavda, rZali myavda osi“ (sofeli arSa).

sainteresoa gaziarebuli salocavebis arsebobis

faqtic. kerZod, osebi qarTvelebTan erTad, masiurad

monawilebdnen xatobebze, dReobeze da a.S. aRsaniS-

navia aseve, sofel kobSi 1990-ian wlebSi erT-erT

218

os biznesmens surda eklesiis aSeneba, Tumca, ver

ganaxorciela.

Catarebuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsaz-

RvroT yazbegis raionSi qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio

arxebis efeqturobis pozitiuri da negatiuri faq-

torebi. negatiur faqtorebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

konfliqti cxinvalis regionSi; politikuri viTa-

rebis gamo (calmxrivad Caketili sazRvari), komuni-

kaciis gaiSviaTeba; e.w. osuri saxelmwifo òfici-

aluri~ politika da a.S. pozitiuri faqtorebia:

qarTul-osuri Tanacxovrebis pozitiuri mexsiereba;

savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi; socialuri kavSi-

rebi da a.S. konfliqtis miuxedavad, qarTvelebsa da

osebs Soris mWidro ekonomikuri, naTesauri da me-

zobluri kavSirebi arsebobs, Tumca, dRes, garkve-

ulad, gaiSviaTebuli. komunikaciis negatiuri faq-

torebi ganapirobebs kontaqtis dinamikis regresi-

rebas or jgufs Soris urTierTobaSi da xels

uSlis saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli kon-

fliqtis mogvarebas.

219


1. eTnosebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos saxalxo

damcvelis biblioTeka, Tb., 2008.

2. r. TofCiSvili, kvlav dvalTa EeTnikuri vinaobi-

saTvis, ìstoriuli etiudebi~, t. 1. Tb., 2005.

3. r. TofCiSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia eTni-

kuri istoria da eTnikuri kultura, Tb., 2007.

4. val. iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa-cxovreba, Tb.,

2015. 5. Прямая граница между Россией и Арменией появится

в ближайшем будущем (int.-ve. www.voskanapat.info) 6. Harold Lasswell, The Structure and Function of Commu-

nication in Society, 1948.

220

Irakli Sharvadze

GEORGIAN-OSSETIAN COMMUNICATIONAL CHANNELS IN THE KAZBEGI REGION

Summary

Due to the Georgian-Ossetian conflict a solid number of

the population was forced to leave their homeland, their place of birth, where they had undergone socialization. The communication between either sides of the conflict border is almost ceased. However, there still exist communicational channels, which prognose positive development of the process.

The article examines communicational channels between Georgians and Ossetians in border region Kazbegi. What kind of communication is between these two opposed gro-ups? The research is based on the field ethnographic mate-rials collected in 2015 in Kazbegi region.

The negative and the positive factors effecting on the Georgian-Ossetian communicational channels are defined according to the analysis of the collected material. We con-sider rare communication between people as a result of poli-tical situation (unilaterally closed border); According to analyses we define Ossetian sides “official” politics as a ne-gative factor; Memory of Georigian-Ossetian co residence, economic relationships and social connections as positive factors. Besides the conflict, strong economical, relationship and neighborhood ties exist among Georgians and Ossetians, but still it’s rare. The regression of contact dynamics between the two ethnic groups is the result of the negative factors of the communication, that obstructs the process of solving the conflict on the territory of Georgia.

221

recenzia

REVIEW aleqsandre Cumakovisa da aza ioselianis

wignze: `globalizaciis filosofia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi~

gasulma saukunem, iseve rogorc aw ukve ZalaSi

Sesulma axalma aswleulma, msoflio uamravi axali

ideis, movlenisa Tu miRwevis winaSe daayena. maT

Soris, udavod, upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sam-

yaros erTianobisa da misTvis imanenturad damaxa-

siaTebeli globaluri procesebis Secnobas, ris mka-

fio gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens Tanamedrove glo-

balizacia da misganve gamowveuli globaluri pro-

cesebi. am konteqstidan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qar-

Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso unda

iyos cnoba globalizaciis aqtualuri filosofiuri

problemebis Sesaxeb wignis gamocemis Taobaze. naS-

romis avtorebi _ gamoCenili mecnierebi da globa-

listikis sferos specialistebi _ aRiarebulni arian

ara mxolod ruseTSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac.

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori a. n.

Cumakovi _ cnobili rusi filosofosi, Teoretikosi

da samecniero organizatoria; igi gaxlavT filoso-

fiisa da globalistikis Teoriis specialisti, ruse-

Tis filosofiuri sazogadoebis pirveli vice-

prezidenti, ruseTis federaciis mTavrobasTan

arsebul finansur universitetSi pirveli da upre-

cedento samecniero skolis _ `globalizaciis fi-

losofiis~ damaarsebeli da xelmZRvaneli, Jurnal

`globalizaciis saukunis~ («Век глобализации»)

222

mTavari redaqtori. Cveni Tanamemamule _ filosofiis

mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori aza ioseliani

aseve, cnobili filosofosia; mas mniSvnelovani

wvlili miuZRvis globalizaciis problemebis damuSa-

vebaSi da aRniSnuli samecniero skolis erT-erTi av-

torTagani gaxlavT.

sarecenzio naSromi eZRvneba Tanamedrove mecnie-

rebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Temis _ globa-

lizaciis filosofiur gaazrebas. Tanamedrove globa-

listikis miRwevebisa da uaxlesi faqtobrivi monace-

mebis safuZvelze, avtorebi filosofiuri poziciidan

ganixilaven globaluri procesebis kvlevis meTodo-

logiur problemebs, gamoavlenen Tanamedrove globa-

lizaciis arss, misi ganviTarebis tendenciebs da

mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs, ikvleven mis pozitiur

da negatiur Sedegebs, amasTanave, gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas uTmoben globalur problemaTa da Tana-

medrove msoflioSi arsebul winaaRmdgobaTa gadaw-

yvetis socialur da humanitarul aspeqtebs. wigni

rekomendirebulia rogorc globalistikis sferos

specialistTaTvis, ise Tanamedrove msoflio proce-

sebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

warmodgenili masala namdvilad imsaxurebs mkiT-

xvelis seriozul yuradRebas, ramdenadac, es naSromi

warmoadgens imis kvintesencias, rac ki am Temis gar-

Semo dauweriaT avtorebs, Cven ki, sagangebod Sev-

niSnavT, rom am problematikaze maT sakmaod bevri

namuSevari aqvT Seqmnili. sagulisxmoa, rom a. Cuma-

kovi 500-ze meti wignis avtoria, xolo a. iose-

lianis samecniero publikaciaTa raodenoba 200 aRe-

mateba. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wigni saocari

223

gulmodginebiTa da mkiTxvelis winaSe gansakuTrebuli

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT aris dawerili: aq Cven

saqme gvaqvs cnobil WeSmaritebasTan _ imisaTvis, rom

dawero mokled, unda iSromo Zalian didxans; da am

`simoklis~ miuxedavad, naSromSi warmodgenilia Tana-

medrove globalizaciis mTavari problemebi da per-

speqtivebi, damuSavebulia misi ZiriTadi debulebebi.

pirvel yovlisa, aRvniSnavT, rom sxvadasxva samec-

niero disciplinaTa da filosofiis poziciidan glo-

balizaciis procesebis kvlevas didi Teoriuli da

praqtikuli Rirebuleba gaaCnia, radganac ganuwyve-

teli qmnadobis procesSi myofi msoflios axleburi

iersaxe seriozul gaazrebasa da yovelmxriv analizs

saWiroebs. msgavsi samecniero gamokvlevebisa da fi-

losofiuri refleqsiis aqtualoba gamoixateba mTe-

li rigi problemebis dasabuTebaSi, rasac avtorebi

sruliad mkafiod ayalibeben da sakuTar monog-

rafiaSi garkveviT scemen pasuxebs. imisaTvis, rom

mkiTxvels imTaviTve Seeqmnas naTeli warmodgena, Tu

romel ZiriTad problemebzea saubari wignSi, Cven

vamjobineT, sailustraciod mogveyvana vrceli amona-

ridi, sadac avtorebi am yvelafers saocari sizus-

tiT ayalibeben:

`jer erTi, unda viqonioT mkafio da adekvaturi warmodgena imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens TavisTavad

globalizacia, romelic ukanasknel aTwleulebSi aS-

kara obieqtur realobad Camoyalibda da sazogado-

ebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca rogorc,

zogadad, erTiani msofliosaTvis, ise calkeuli

qveynebisa da xalxebisaTvis.

224

meore, imdenad, ramdenadac udavoa globalizaciis

gavlena Tanamedrove msoflios axleburi iersaxis

Camoyalibebaze, xolo istoriuli ganviTareba subieq-

turi faqtorebis moqmedebis gamo, _ variatiulia,

amitom aucilebelia, warmodgena viqonioT sazogado-

ebrivi ganviTarebis yvelaze metad mosalodneli

(SesaZlebeli) scenarebis Sesaxeb, raTa praqtikuli

moqmedebisas, optimaluri da kargad gadamowmebuli

gadawyvetilebebi miviRoT.

mesame, globalizaciis kvlevis socialur-filo-

sofiuri proeqti saSualebas gvaZlevs gamoviyenoT

ara marto meTodologiuri tradiciebi, aramed Tana-

medrove mecnierebis meTodologiuri tendenciebic,

romlebic mimarTulni arian iseTi zerTuli obieqti-

saken, rogoric aris Tanamedrove sazogadoeba _

biosferos Semadgeneli nawili. mecnieruli meTodo-

logiis Tanamedrove saxiT gamoyeneba saSualebas

gvaZlevs globaluri procesebis empiriuli niuan-

sebis meSveobiT, davinaxoT maTi erTianoba da

praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, SevqmnaT Te-

oriuli platforma sayovelTaoobis iseTi Tvisebe-

biT, romelTa gamomJRavneba (gamoaSkaraveba) mxolod

filosofias SeuZlia.

meoTxe, Tanamedrove msoflios xarisxobrivi

cvlilebis gamomwvevi globaluri procesebisa da

maTi Sedegebis produqtiuli gaazreba saWiroebs

adekvatur SemecnebiT aparatsa da Sesabamis meTodo-

logias, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba

Tanamedrove globalizaciis arsis saTanadod gadmo-

cema, globalizaciis procesebis ZiriTadi tendenci-

ebisa da maTi ganviTarebis dinamikis gaanalizeba. aseve

225

aqtualuria globalur samyaroSi Tavis gadarCenis

socialurad awon-dawonili poziciisa da strategiis

SemuSaveba, globalizaciis procesebis ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebis gamorkveva da agreTve, _ msoflio sa-

zogadoebriobis momavali mowyobis scenarebis

prognozireba.“1

dReisaTvis, Camoyalibebulia samecniero discip-

linaTaSorisi azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli sfero _

globalistika, romlis yuradRebis centrSi aRmoC-

ndnen globalizaciis socialuri, ontologiuri,

gnoseologiuri, istoriul-filosofiuri da sxva

aspeqtebi. yvela es sakiTxi, ama Tu im xarisxiT,

monografiis avtorTa ganxilvis sagania. ra Tqma un-

da, recenziis farglebSi SeuZlebelia srulyofilad

warmovadginoT avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli msje-

loba, daskvnebi, problemaTa gadawyvetis gzebi Tu

mosazrebebi, _ amisaTvis saWiroa mkiTxveli uSu-

alod gaecnos wigns; amitom Cven mxolod wignis

zogadi struqturaze, mis, Cveni azriT, umniSvnelo-

vanes debulebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.

naSromis SesavalSi dasabuTebulia avtorTa mier

Catarebuli kvlevis aqtualuroba; aqve miTiTebulia,

rom cneba „globalizacia“ Tanamedrove globalis-

tikis umniSvnelovanes kategoriaTa rigSi ZiriTad

rols TamaSobs da asaxavs ara mxolod kacobriobis

obieqtur-istoriuli ganviTarebis msoflio tenden-

ciebs, aramed _ im sazogadoebriv winaaRmdegobaTa

1 А. Н. Чумаков, А. Д. Иоселиани, Философские проблемы глобализации, Москва, Университетская книга, 2015, сс. 7-8.

226

erTobliobasac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze gan-

sxvavebul interesTa Sejaxebis procesSi iCens Tavs.

naSromis pirvel TavSi _ „globaluri kvlevebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi“ _ ganxilulia globalis-

tikis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli disciplinaTaSorisi

sferos sakiTxebi da misi meTodologiuri baza; amas-

Tan, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sistemur midgomaze,

rogorc rTuli problemebis gadawyvetis xerxze.

bunebrivia, rom avtorebi aq ganixilaven mecnierebisa

da filosofiis gadamwyvet rols globaluri proce-

sebis gaazrebaSi.

gansaxilveli Temis ZiriTadi kategoriebis skur-

pulozuri damuSavebis, arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da

Tvalsazrisebis detaluri gaanalizebis Sedegad, av-

torebi gvTavazoben Semdegi saxis daskvnebs:

globalizacia _ es aris planeta dedamiwisaTvis

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi saerTo

(erTiani) struqturebis, kavSirebisa da urTierTo-

bebis Camoyalibebisa da universalizaciis procesi;

globalizacia aseve erTgvar fenomenadac gvevlineba,

rodesac igi aRiqmeba. rogorc obieqturi realoba,

romlis arsic gamovlindeba globaluri sivrcis

CaketilobaSi, erTian msoflio meurneobaSi, sayovel-

Tao ekologiur urTierTdamokidebulebasa da globa-

lur komunikaciebSi.

globaluri problemebia: safrTxeebi, sirTuleebi,

saSiSroebebi, romlebic planetis yovel regionSi

gamovlindebian da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT deda-

miwis cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebTan mimarTebaSi.

globalistika _ globalizaciis procesebis arsis,

tendenciebisa da mizezebis gamosavleni mecnieruli

227

kvlevebis disciplinaTaSorisi dargia. es termini,

SedarebiT farTo gagebiT, gamoiyeneba globalizaciisa

da globaluri problemebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis

samecniero, filosofiuri, kulturologiuri da

gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis erTobliobis aRsaniSnavad (igi

moicavs am kvlevebis Sedegebsac da maT sarealizacio

ptaqtikul saqmianobasac ekonomikur, socialur da

politikur sferoSi rogorc calkeuli saxelmwi-

foebis, ise _ saerTaSoriso doneze).

adareben ra aRniSnul cnebebs, avtorebi weren:

„sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom globalizacia _ es

aris mravalsaukunovani bunebriv-istoriuli procesi;

globaluri problemebi ki am procesis kanonzomier

Sedegs warmoadgenen; globalistika Teoriisa da

praqtikis sferoa, romlis yuradRebis centrSic

imyofebian globalizacia da globaluri procesebi.~1

globalistikis meTodologiuri bazis sakiTxebis

ganxilvisas, avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom rusul globa-

listikaSi, imTaviTve gamovlinda ramdenime gansxvave-

buli mimarTuleba, romelTa Soris, garkveuli piro-

biTobiT, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:

„filosofiur-meTodologiuri“, romlis fargleb-

Sic ikvleven globaluri procesebis safuZvlebs,

arss da geneziss, aanalizeben globaluri proble-

mebis warmatebiT gadawyvetisaTvis aucilebel umniS-

vnelovanes socialur-politikur da ekonomikur gar-

daqmnebs.

„socio-bunebrivi“ _ moicavs problemaTa farTo

wres, romelTa Soris, yvelaze met SeSfoTebas iwvevs

1 iqve, gv. 12.

228

ekologia, nedleuliT, energetikuli, wylis, miwisa

da sxva resursebiT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi.

„kulturologiuri“ _ aq yuradRebis centrSia

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis, mosaxleobis, jan-

dacvis, kulturis, samarTlis, ganaTlebisa da sxva

sferoebSi warmoqmnili globalizaciis problemebi;

amasTan, rogorc ukve iTqva, avtorebi xazgasmiT

miuTiTeben sistemuri midgomis, rogorc urTules

problemaTa gadawyvetis meTodis gadamwyvet mniSvne-

lobaze, radganac „mxolod sistemuri midgoma

gvaZlevs im urTulesi dinamiuri procesebis kvlevis

saSualebas, romelTa sazRvrebi da Semadgenloba, ro-

gorc wesi, ar Canan cxadad da yovel konkretul

SemTxvevaSi sagangebo dazustebas saWiroeben.“1

globalizaciis procesebis gaazrebaSi filosofiis

rolis ganxilvisas, SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT av-

torebs, rom mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, mas gaaCnia

sakuTari specifika da is gansakuTrebuloba, romlis

meSveobiTac axdens bunebriv-mecnieruli kvlevebis Se-

degebisa da konkretuli monacemebis ganzogadebas da,

situaciis Sefasebisas, saxavs ra zogad gegmas da

ayalibebs perspeqtivas, amave dros, ar acxadebs pre-

tenzias sakuTari debulebebis upirobo damajereb-

lobaze.

meore Tavi _ „globalizaciis arsi: socialuri konteqsti“ _ eZRvneba realuri globalizaciis obi-

eqturi safuZvlebis ganxilvas da sxvadasxva intere-

sebis konteqstSi mis aRqmas. aqve, gaanalizebulia

globaluri samyaros riskebi da gamowvevebi, teq-

nosferos globalizacia da misi socialuri Sedegebi.

1 iqve, gv. 26.

229

avtorTa azriT, globalizacia ukve realoba gaxda

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebidan moyolebuli da

ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi etapi gaiara:

1. realuri globalizacia _ moicavs periods XVI saukunidan XIX s-is Sua xanebamde da xasiaTdeba ise-

Ti movlenebiT, rogoric iyo axali teritoriebis

aRmoCena da msoflios globaluri suraTis Camoya-

libeba, globalur urTierTobaTa Casaxva ekonomikis,

politikisa da kulturis sferoSi.

2. fundamenturi globalizacia _ mis realur

saxed iqcnen organizaciebi da struqturebi, romelTa

gamoCenac TiTqmis mTlianad ukavSirdeba XX s-is

pirvel naxevars; maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania:

msoflio ekonomikis Seqmna, pirveli saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis Camoyalibeba, pirveli msoflio omis

gaCaReba, erTa ligis Seqmna, xalxTa uprecedento

brZola meore msoflio omSi, birTvuli iaraRis

Seqmna, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis daarseba,

mesame msoflio e.w. „civi omis“ dawyeba.

3. mravalaspeqtiani globalizacia _ daiwyo XX s. Suaxanebidan da am dromde grZeldeba. misTvis damaxa-

siaTebelia, rom universaluri kavSirebis qmnadobis

procesebi bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTqmedebis

problemebis garda, TandaTanobiT moicaven socialuri

cxovrebis praqtikulad yvela ZiriTad aspeqts, eko-

nomikidan dawyebuli sulieri sferos CaTvliT.1 Cven-

Tvis mniSvnelovania, mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivapyroT

erT garemoebaze, kerZod, naSromSi vkiTxulobT:

„ukanasknel aTwleulebSi Tanamedroveobis globalur

problemaTa kompleqss daemata axali riskebi da ga-

1 iqve, gv. 41-42.

230

mowvevebi, kerZod, _ msoflio kavSirebisa da urTier-Tobebis arqiteqtonikis swrafi da kardinaluri cvlileba, im dros, rodesac msoflio sazogadoeba axdens sakuTari uunarobis demonstrirebas _ moax-dinos adekvaturi reagireba am cvlilebebze.“1 Sede-gad, globaluri samyaro, romelic principulad axa-

li gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda, da amasTanave, ar

gaaCnia adekvaturi marTvis sistema, sul ufro Rrmad

iZireba winaaRmdegobriv da gaurkvevel situaciaSi;

avtorTa azriT, swored amaSi mdgomareobs Tanamed-

rove epoqis mTavari da ZiriTadi problema.

problemis ganxilvis Semdgomi aspeqti exeba teq-

nosferos globalizacias da mis socialur Sedegebs.

aq avtorebi, aseve gamoyofen axal sakiTxebs, romel-

Ta gadasawyvetadac gvTavazoben sakuTar Sexedule-

bebs: „Cveni azriT, globalizebuli teqnogenuri

civilizaciis strategiuli ganviTarebis optimalur

kriteriumad, konceptualur birTvad unda iqces

mdgradi ganviTarebis mecnieruli paradigmis iseTi

modeli, romlis ZiriTadi parametrebia:

• sistemuroba, romelsac mosdevs codnis socio-

humanitarul, religiur da teqnikur saxeobebs Soris

demarkaciuli xazebis waSla;

• ekologiuri cnobierebis mecnierul-humani-

taruli diskursis polifunqciuroba;

• teqnosferos ekologizacia, teqniko-teqnolo-

giur da mecnierul inovaciaTa danergvisadmi raciona-

luri midgoma;

• adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis amaRle-

bisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna da sazogadoebis

1 iqve, gv. 47.

231

inteleqtualuri potencialis racionalurad gamoye-

neba;

• yuradRebis koncentracia samecniero saqmianobis

subieqtze, romelic sakuTar arsebobas zneobriv da

msoflmxedvelobriv mniSvnelobas sZens (aniWebs).1

mesame TavSi _ „Tanamedrove samyaros filosofi-uri ganzomileba“ _ ganxilulia sakiTxebi samyaros

erTianobis principis, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

glokaluri tendenciebis, globalizaciis epoqaSi so-

ciokulturuli ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb.

mocemul aspeqtSi, globaluri kvlevebisadmi mTel

rig midgomaTa Soris, avtorebi sagangebo yuradRebas

uTmoben samyaros erTianobis princips. amasTan dakav-

SirebiT, sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom Ta-

namedrove msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebi valdebulni

arian ipovon kompromisebi Tanamedrove msoflio civi-

lizaciis mSeneblobis gzaze. amaze pasuxismgebloba,

pirvel yovlisa, ekisrebaT dasavleTis ganviTarebul

qveynebs, romlebmac umniSvnelovanes winaswar nabijad

unda aRiaron maTi socialur-politikuri da ekono-

mikuri realobis gansxvaveba ruseTisa da aRmosavle-

Tis sxva qveynebis realobisagan; iseve, rogorc da-

narCeni (ara dasavluri) qveynebi unda SeTanxmdnen,

rom saerTo-adamianuri Rirebulebebi, pirovnebis uf-

lebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofs, pirvel rigSi,

kerZo sakuTrebis instituti, _ es dasavleTis pro-

pagandistuli fandi ki ar aris, aramed misi cxov-

rebis wesisa da saqmianobis ganuyreli arsebiTi dama-

xasiaTebelia. aseve, unda daveTanxmoT avtorTa

Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom dReisaTvis, erTiani

1 iqve, gv. 56.

232

kacobriobis alternativa, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs.

„amrigad, mTeli kacobriobis mdgradi ganviTarebis

interesebisaTvis planetaze unda dadgindes ara mxo-

lod yvelasaTvis saerTo principebi da erToblivi

cxovrebis wesebi, aramed _ yoveli adamianis bedze

saerTo pasuxismgeblobac.“1

naSromSi uaRresad mniSvnelovan aspeqtad unda mi-

viCnioT sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebis

glokalizacia. Tavad termini „glokalizacia“ Seiqmna

ori sityvis _ „globalizaciisa“ da „lokalizaciis“

SeTavsebis gziT da gavrcelda, rogorc calkeuli

xalxebis kulturuli ganviTarebis adgilobriv, lo-

kalur TaviseburebaTa da msoflio sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis globaluri tendenciebis gadajaWvulo-

bis rTuli procesis aRmniSvneli termini. lokali-

zaciis procesebis ganxilvisas, wignis avtorebi mniS-

vnelovan daskvnamde midian: „yvelanairi safuZveli

gvaqvs, vivaraudoT, rom axlo momavalSi, msoflio

sazogadoebis marTvis saTanado sistemis ararsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, interesTa konfliqtebi globalur samya-

roSi kidev ufro gamwvavdeba, xolo saerTaSoriso

urTierTobaTa subieqtebis urTierTbrZola gamovlin-

deba ufro axali, SesaZloa, _ sruliad gauTvalis-

winebeli formebiT. albaT, swored amaSi mdgomareobs

Tanamedrove epoqis mTavari winaaRmdegoba.“2

sayuradReboa wignis avtorTa kide erTi mniSvne-

lovani debuleba: imdenad, ramdenadac kacobriobas

imanenturad axasiaTebs civilizaciuri erTianoba da

kulturuli mravalferovneba (mravalgvaroba), avto-

1 iqve, gv. 75. 2 iqve, gv. 81.

233

rebi Tanamedrove realiebis aRsaniSnavad, gvTavazoben

axali sintetikuri kategoriis gamoyenebas, saxelwo-

debiT kulturul-civilizaciuri sistemebi, rac, maTi

azriT, uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva socialuri sistemis

(nacionaluri, lokaluri, regionaluri) da msoflio

sazogadoebriobis aRqmis mTlianobas.

globalizaciis epoqaSi sociokulturuli ganviTa-

rebis TaviseburebaTa ganxilvis dasasruls avtorebi

midian mniSvnelovan daskvnamde: „civilizaciis gagebi-

sadmi diskretuli midgoma dReisaTvis ukve arapro-

duqtiulia, miT ufro, roca saqme globalizaciis

procesebSi CarTul msoflio sazogadoebriobas exeba;

amitom yvelaferi is, rasac dRes „lokalur“, „regi-

onalur“ civilizaciebad moixsenieben, unda ganvixi-

loT, rogorc erTiani zogadsakacobrio civiliza-

ciis fragmentebi, Tuki msoflio sazogadoebriobas

aRviqvamT erT mTlianobaSi.“1

naSromSi gadmocemuli koncefcia gansazRvravs ag-

reTve, avtorTa midgomas globaluri mmarTvelobis

problemebis ganxilvisadmi.

kerZod, maTi azriT, msoflios globaluri mmar-

Tvelobis Temas dRes centraluri adgili uWiravs

kacobriobis umniSvnelovanes amocanebs Soris: „es

gamomdinareobs Tanamedrove epoqis mTavari winaaRmde-

gobidan, romlis arsic aris is, rom globalizaciis

procesebis zegavleniT, msoflio sazogadoebrioba,

praqtikulad yvela parametris mixedviT, ufro da

ufro emsgavseba erTian, mTlian sistemas, maSin ro-

1 iqve, gv. 96.

234

desac am sistemis adekvaturi marTvisaTvis saWiro

meqanizmebi jer kidev ar Seqmnila.“1

meoTxe Tavi _ „globalizaciis sociokulturuli Sedegebi“ moicavs Semdeg problemebs: globaluri

procesebis socialuri ganpirobebuloba (Sepirobebu-

loba), yoveldRiurobis filosofia da msoflio

dinamika, agreTve, _ komunikaciur-informaciul sfe-

roSi adamianis mdgomareobasa da sainformacio sazo-

gadoebis anTropologiur parametrebTan dakavSi-

rebul problemebs.

naSromSi damajereblad aris dadgenili, rom

Tanamedrove pirovnebis formirebaze, mis sulier da

zneobriv orientaciasa da msoflmxedvelobaze zegav-

lenis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens informaciis

gavrceleba masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebiT, da

gansakuTrebiT, _ internetiT; es ukanaskneli, Tavisu-

fali komunikaciis universaluri sivrcea, romelic

yvelaze naklebad eqvemdebareba kontrols. pirovne-

bisa da sazogadoebis sulier ganviTarebaze saubrisas

avtorebi exebian sabazro kriteriumebis gamoyenebis

problemas cxovrebis sulier sferosTan mimarTebaSi

da askvnian, rom es dauSvebelia: „Tanamedrove sain-

formacio teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli sulier fase-

ulobaTa sferos komercializaciis tendencia Zireu-

lad aryevs socialuri ganviTarebis zneobriv safuZ-

vlebs da sazogadoebas degradaciiT emuqreba.“2

komunikatiur-sainformacio sferoSi adamianis

mdgomareobis ganxilvisas, avtorebi midian daskvnamde,

rom Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma, dina-

1 iqve, gv. 97. 2 iqve, gv. 107.

235

miur, universalur da yovlismomcvel faqtorebad

qceulma teqnizaciam da globalizaciam fundamenturi

zegavlena moaxdines ara marto sakuTriv adamianze

da mis Segnebaze, aramed _ yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

uklebliv yvela struqturaze. amasTanave, monografi-

aSi samarTlianad miuTiTeben umniSvnelovanes proble-

maze, romelic Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier, naklebad

aris gaSuqebuli: „XXI saukuneSi adamianebi aRfrTo-

vanebiT ganixilaven axali kompiuterebis, aipadebis,

aifonebisa, Tu smartfonebis Rirsebebsa da SesaZleb-

lobebs, programebsa da teqnologiebs, romlebic us-

wrafesad viTardebian; magram eleqtronul-cifruli

komunikaciebis inovaciur formebze bazirebul uSu-

alo momxmarebelTa socialuri Tvisebebis, axali

socialuri urTierTobebis mTeli sistemis SigniT

mimdinare cvlilebebi, dRemde seriozuli socialuri

kvlevebis gareSe rCebian.“1

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic dakavSirebulia

globalizaciis sociokulturul SedegebTan, exeba

informaciuli sazogadoebis anTropologiur paramet-

rebs; ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi gadasuli Tanamed-

rove civilizacia saxecvlilebas ganicdis informa-

ciis ulevi resursis wyalobiT (romlis mega-

giganturi moculoba swored internetsivrceSia aku-

mulirebuli). rogorc avtorebi aRniSnaven, aseT

pirobebSi adamianTa qcevis da sazogadoebis marTvis

mTeli sistema ukve moZvelebulia arsebuli teqni-

kuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri inovaciebis fonze.

amis mizezia is, rom globalizaciis moTxovnebi

aRematebian masTan urTierTmoqmedebisaTvis saWiro

1 iqve, gv. 121.

236

adamianur SesaZleblobebs: msoflios modernizaciis

procesi imdenad Sors wavida, rom ikargeba Zala-

ufleba adamianTa qcevis tradiciul formebze.1 sa-

kiTxis amgvarad dasma, Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli prob-

lemisadmi seriozul midgomas imsaxurebs.

daskvnaSi, saTauriT _ „globaluri riskebi: ganvi-Tarebis scenarebi XXI saukuneSi“, aRniSnulia, rom

kacobriobis istorias mudam Tan sdevda yvelanairi

problemebi da riskebi; dRes, XXI s-is dasawyisSi,

Cven sruli safuZveli gvaqvs ganvacxadoT, rom yvela-

nairi parametrebis mixedviT, kacobrioba ukve glo-

baluri problemebisa da globaluri riskebis situa-

ciaSi cxovrobs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, avtorebi aR-

niSnaven, rom globaluri problemebis erTi xelis

dakvriT gadawyveta SeuZlebelia: isini yovelTvis

iarsebeben da mudmivad moiTxoven gadawyvetas. maTive

azriT, amJamad, aRiniSneba globaluri problemebis

gacnobierebidan globalur procesebze gadasvlis

etapi, romelic adre Tu gvian, aucileblad Seic-

vleba interesiT imis mimarT, Tu rogor unda Camoya-

libdes axali saerTaSoriso wesrigi imisaTvis, rom

Cveni erTiani da urTierTdamokidebulebaze agebuli

samyaro gaxdes usafrTxo da stabiluri. magram am

amocanis gadaWra, momavlis saqmea, radgan igi mWid-

rod aris dakavSirebuli meore, kidev ufro rTul

sakiTxTan _ adamianisa da „axali humanizmis“ proble-

masTan. amitom, globalistikis Semdgomi ganviTareba

adre Tu gvian, migviyvans sakuTriv, adamianis bunebisa

1 iqve, gv. 145.

237

da misive arsis, rogorc am ukanasknelis yvela prob-

lemisa da sirTulis mTavari mizezis, gaazrebamde.1

aseTia sarecenzio monografiis ZiriTadi debule-

bebi, romlebic udavod, mis maRal mecnierul doneze

mowmoben.

daskvnis saxiT, aRvniSnavT, rom Cven ar Sevsul-

varT diskusiaSi wignis avtorebTan, Tumca, zogierT

problemaze gansxvavebuli azri gagvaCnia. am SemTxve-

vaSi, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom naSromi exeba

ukiduresad rTul da, amasTanave, Tanamedroveobis

uaRresad aqtualur problemebs. globalizaciasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvlevisas, gamoTqmulia gan-

sxvavebuli da zogjer, _ urTierTsawinaaRmdego mo-

sazrebebi; dReisaTvis, am problemebze muSaobas kvla-

vac ganagrZoben mecnierebi ruseTSic da mTel msof-

lioSic. rac Seexeba aRniSnuli Temis Seswavlas

saqarTveloSi, unda iTqvas, rom igi jer kidev ar

warmoadgens qarTvel mecnierTa farTo socialur-

filosofiuri kvlevisa, Tu maT Soris polemikis

sagans, Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom Cvens mier recen-

zirebuli wignis publikacia saamisod sasikeTo

impulsi aRmoCndeba da xels Seuwyobs, am kuTxiT,

Semdgom kvlevebs saqarTveloSi.

xaTuna ioseliani

1 iqve, gv. 157-158.

238

xsovna

IN MEMORIAN

giorgi gociriZe _ qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis Rirseuli warmomadgeneli

qarTuli eTnologiuri sko-

la, didi xania gamorCeulia

Tavisi samecniero avtorite-

tiT. am skolis Semqmneli mec-

nierebis moswavleebi dRes Ti-

Tze CamosaTvlelebi dagvrCnen.

maT Soris iyo istoriis mecni-

erebaTa doqtori, profesori

giorgi gociriZe. is swored im

asakSi gardaicvala, roca wlebis manZilze daunjebu-

li codnisa da gamocdilebis srulfasovni gaziareba

xdeba.

batoni giorgi, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis

Rirseuli da TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, amave sko-

lis fuZemdeblis, giorgi Citaias moswavle da gaz-

rdili gaxldaT. niWieri mkvlevari, SesaniSnavi ada-

miani da kolega, samSoblos usazRvrod moyvaruli da

gulSematkivari; 100-mde samecniero naSromis (maT

Soris, 4 monografiis) avtori. batoni giorgis kvle-

vis sfero qarTuli yofisa da kulturis, socia-

luri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs moi-

cavda. mas ekuTvnis fundamenturi naSromebi qarTuli

sufrisa da kvebis kulturis Sesaxeb. iyo SesaniSnavi

specialisti da eqsperti eTnikurjgufTaSorisi ur-

TierTobebisa. am kuTxiT, misi kvlevis sagans, wlebis

manZilze, TbilisSi da qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi

239

azerbaijanlebis yofa da kultura, religia da moqa-

laqeobrivi adaptaciis problemebi da sakiTxebi war-

moadgenda.

1974 wels daamTavra Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelmwifo universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fa-

kulteti. 1975 wlidan sococxlis bolomde muSa-

obda qarTuli saistorio da eTnologiuri mecnie-

rebis ZiriTad keraSi _ ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutSi. aRmosavleTmcodneobis

fakultetze swavlisas, is daeufla sparsul enas,

ris Semdegac, daiwyo fereidneli qarTvelebis yofisa

da kulturis Seswavla. misi pirveli naSromebi swo-

red am sakiTxebs eZRvneba: `saqorwino `Sirzaha~ fe-

reidnel qarTvelebSi~; `mahri~ (dawindva) fereidnel

qarTvelebSi~; `naTesaobis sistemis zogierTi sakiTxi

fereidnel qarTvelebSi~; `saqorwilo ritualuri

purebi fereidnel qarTvelebSi~ da sxva. 1981 wels

daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze: `qorwineba

fereidnel qarTvelebSi~, romelic Semdgom, monogra-

fiis saxiT gamoica (1987 w.). batoni giorgis kvlevam

naTlad dagvanaxa, Tu rogor inarCunebda eTnikur

wes-Cveulebebs sakuTari qveynidan ucxo mxareSi gada-

saxlebuli qarTveloba. mis kvlevebs, am dargSi, gan-

sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. aRsaniSnavia, Tu

rogori siTboTi da gulistkiviliT gamoirCeoda

giorgi gociriZis damokidebuleba fereidneli qar-

Tvelebisadmi. bolos, 2014 wels imyofeboda iranSi

samecniero eqspediciis farglebSi da saocari STa-

beWdilebebiT dabrunda, gulistkiviliT da, amave

dros, sixaruliT yveboda iqaur qarTvelebTan Sexved-

rebis Sesaxeb.

240

meore ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, rasac giorgi goci-

riZem didi dro da energia miuZRvna, qarTuli

sufrisa da kvebis kulturis sakiTxebi iyo. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom qarTuli sufris xasiaTis, warmo-

Sobis, ganviTarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli termi-

nologiis kvleviT araerTi mecnieri iyo daintere-

sebuli, giorgi gociriZis naSromebi, udavod didi

mniSvnelobiT da maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. bolo

dros, qarTveli da ucxoeli mkvlevrebis mier, gamo-

iTqva mosazreba qarTuli sufris, rogorc gviandeli

warmonaqmnis Sesaxeb da, miCneuli iqna mefis ruseTisa

da komunisturi mmarTvelobis drois produqtad. g.

gociriZis xangrZlivi kvleva-Zieba (am sakiTxze momu-

Save sxva mecnier-mkvlevrebTan erTad) kargad aC-

venebs qarTuli sufris Tavdapirvel, _ saweso xa-

siaTs, mis tradiciulobasa da organul kavSirs

qarTul kulturasTan da wes-CveulebebTan. sufris

Cveulebebs is ganixilavs kvebis kulturasTan kav-

SirSi, romelic saocrad mdidari da mravalferovania

saqarTveloSi da yvela kuTxis gamorCeul _ eko-

geografiul maxasiaTeblebs moicavs. swored am Te-

maze daicva man sadoqtoro disertacia 2002 wels:

`kvebis xalxuri kultura da sufris tradiciebi

saqarTveloSi~. es monografia, amave saxelwodebiT,

gamoica 2007 w., romelic samagido wignia qarTuli

sufrisa da kvebis kulturis sakiTxebiT daintere-

sebuli mkvlevrebisTvis.

ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno im gansakuTrebuli damo-

kidebulebis Sesaxeb, rac baton giorgis gaaCnda qar-

TvelTa sufrisa da kvebis kulturisadmi. es gan-

wyoba, pirvel rigSi, misi naSromebis saxeldebidanac

241

Cans: `qarTuli sufris kulturuli mozaika~,

`qarTuli sufris religiuri semantika~. `mWermet-

yvelebis sakraluri semantika qarTuli sufris

wesebSi~ da, romeli erTi CamovTvalo. TiToeuli

naSromidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor safuZvlianad

hqonda Seswavlili, rogori gulisyuriT ekideboda

yvela niuanss, rac qarTvelTa am erT-erT mniSvnelo-

van kulturas exeboda.

giorgi gociriZe, rogorc klasikosi eTnologebis

aRzrdili, kargad xedavda erTiani kavkasiuri prob-

lemebis, tradiciebisa da urTierTobebis suraTs,

mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobas. misi naSromebi am Tema-

tikasac moicavs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT ki,

gamoirCeva giorgi gociriZis Sromebi saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis yofisa da tradiciebis

Sesaxeb. unda iTqvas, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva mis

mier, savele, metad rTul viTarebaSi moZiebul masa-

las efuZneba, rasac arsebul, samecniero litera-

turasTan konteqstSi ganixilavda. is kargad icnobda

qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis yofasa da

kulturas, TbilisSi mcxovrebi muslimebis tradi-

ciebs. hyavda bevri azerbaijaneli megobari, romlebic

mis mimarT saocari pativiscemiT iyvnen ganmsWva-

lulni.

musulmanebis religiur dResaswaulebsa da

ritualebs, batonma giorgim, mraval statiasTan

erTad, ori monografia miuZRvna: `muslimanuri

dResaswauli `mohasami~ TbilisSi~ (1988 w.) da

àRmosavluri dResaswaulebi saqarTveloSi~ (2012

w.).

242

mis naSromebSi detalurad aris aRwerili da

Seswavlili saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimebis sxva-

dasxva tradicia, religiuri dResaswaulebi, tran-

sformacia, rasac Cveulebriv, ganicdida azerbaija-

nelTa yofa da kultura, sxva eTnosebTan urTi-

erTobis gamo.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, giorgi gociriZis, ro-

gorc maRali donis mecnierisa da, amave dros, saku-

Tari qveynis uzomod gulSematkivaris xedva im rTul

eTnikurjgufTaSoris mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb,

rasac adgili aqvs saqarTveloSi. mas yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli hqonda am kuTxiT gamorCeul regio-

nebze, kerZod, qvemo qarTlze da Tbilisze. am sakiT-

xebze Seqmnili TiToeuli misi naSromi, namdvilad

faseuli da angariSgasawevia.

giorgi gociriZe farTo diapazonis mkvlevari

gaxldaT. garda CamoTvlili sakiTxebisa, is muSaobda

qarTvelTa sameurneo kulturaze (sameurneo nagebo-

bebi, sakvebi kulturebi); hqonda Teoriuli xasiaTis

kvlevebi; iyo saocrad kvalificirebuli da angariS-

gasawevi recenzenti; kiTxulobda leqciebs sxvadasxva

universitetebSi; iyo Tavdauzogavi damcveli qarTu-

li yofisa da kulturis sakiTxebisa, rogorc Sida,

ise kavkasiur, Tu saerTaSoriso samecniero-sazoga-

doebriv asparezze.

xaTuna ioseliani

243

sarCevi

CONTENTS

redaqtorisgan............................................................................. 3

xaTuna ioseliani

eTnosocialuri procesebis zogierTi aspeqti

qvemo qarTlSi (marneulis municipalitetis

magaliTze).....................................................................................

5

Khatuna Ioseliani Some Aspects of the Ethno-Social Processes in Kvemo Kartli (Example of the Marneuli Municipality).................................................................

16

lavrenti janiaSvili

XIX saukuneSi qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-

javaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli somxebis adaptaciis

socialur-politikuri da kulturuli

aspeqtebi.........................................................................................

17 Lavrenti Janiashvili Socio-Political and Cultural Factors of Adaptation of Armenians Migrated in Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti in the XIX Century...............................................

43

avTandil sonRulaSvili

erovnul umciresobaTa religiuri seqtebi

saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi......

45

244

Avtandil Songulashvili Minority Religious in Georgian in the 50-s of the XX Century .........................................................................

58

irma kvaSilava

wmida SabaTi qarTvel ebraelTa yofaSi.................... 59

Irma Kvashilava Holy Subbat in the Every-Day Life of Georgian Jews...

69

giorgi mamardaSvili

givi eliava da misi wvlili samegrelos

eTnografiul SeswavlaSi.....................................................

70 Giorgi Mamardashvili

Givi Eliava and His Contribution in Study of the Samegrelo Ethnography……………………………..................

81

qeTevan quTaTelaZe

zoonimuri warmoSobis toponimebi `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ mixedviT...............................................................

82

Ketevan Kutateladze Toponyms of Zoonymical Origin According to “Kartlis Tskhovreba”…………………………………………………

110

daviT WiTanava

samegrelos toponimiidan (`sinwa,~ ùmpia,~

`ZaRva~)............................................................................................

111

245

David Chitanava From the Toponyms of Samegrelo (“Sintsa,” “Umpia,” “Dzaghva”)………………………………………………..

118

xaTuna ioseliani

svaneTis `mTiuleTis~ saeklesio saganZuri,

eklesiebi da cixe-simagreebi XV saukunis erTi

dokumentis mixedviT.............................................................

119

Khatuna Ioseliani Church Treasures, Churches and Castles of Svaneti “Highland” According to One Document of the XV Century………………………………………………………………………

129

papuna gabisonia

I-II saukuneebSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

mosaxle tomTa berZnul-laTinuri zogierTi

saxelwodebis garkvevisaTvis.............................................

131

Papuna Gabisonia The Greek-Latin Name Clarifying of the Tribes Living in the Eastern Black Sea (I-II Centuries)...........

140

daviT merkvilaZe

Walatyel merkvilaZeTa saojaxo-sagvareulo

arqivi................................................................................................

141

David Merkviladze The Family Archive of Merkviladze from the Village Chalatke........................................................................

156

246

oTar gogoliSvili

didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis olqiT

daintereseba pirveli msoflio omis win.................

157

Otar Gogolishvili Interests of the Big States to Batumi District Before the World War I.................................................................

163

nato sonRulaSvili

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba

saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi......

164

Nato Songulashvili The National-Liberation Movement in Georgia 40-50-s of the XX Centuty......................................................

182

igor kekelia

samegrelo karl hainrih emil koxis

samogzauro CanawerebSi.........................................................

183

Igor Kekelia Samegrelo’s Historical Questions in Karl Hainrih Emil Kokh’s Traveller’s Notes.....................................

195

lia gulordava

odiSis samTavros sadavo teritoriebi mezobel

samefo-samTavroebTan da ruseTis mier misi

dapyrobis winapirobis Sesaxeb.........................................

196

247

Lia Gulordava The Arguable Territories of Odishi Principality with the Bordering Kingdoms and Principalities and the Reasons of Its Conquer by Russia.................................

211

irakli SarvaZe

qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio arxebi yazbegis

raionSi............................................................................................

212

Irakli Sharvadze Georgian-Ossetian Communicational channels in the Kazbegi Region.............................................................

221

recenzia Review

xaTuna ioseliani

aleqsandre Cumakovisa da aza ioselianis

wignze: `globalizaciis filosofia: problemebi

da perspeqtivebi~......................................................................

222

Рецензия на книгу А. Н. Чумакова и А. Д. Иоселиани: «Философия глобализации: проблемы и перспективы»

xsovna In Memorian

xaTuna ioseliani

giorgi gociriZe _ qarTuli eTnologiuri

skolis Rirseuli warmomadgeneli................................

239

248

249

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