[Z[Z\FEGZG\IYZ\GNEG\FP[VIFFKFGEK\

\GMQFTRKKRKO

P+T+J@d[NFTGZM\E"ZZGHNZZMFQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

P[GNIRG[NKG"ZFICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\PKMBNDGNE[JKKQ. . . . . . . . . . . .2

[PGBN[PKZ:VTRGI[GZ[KOCXGGBFT\KYF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

[PGBNBCQ=BGZBGZR[JKKQ:VTPKBCKCKZG[NPKKO{BDEFIKF. . . . . . . . . . . . .5

PJKNEFJD’Z:DGPN{[O,P[VIF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

KTYCNBGZ:IKVG[BIZKCZRZEGREZZMTCGZ117[RKO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

[NPFNCYGCKW:FNCYGCKX’KONBRMRTG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

E"ZKFGEFYNGHRZ:ZTF\I\JGCF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

C\KFE[VSYK:MCEB\BCKLGB\BPL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

PZKBRFYZGRVNEHCKEGC:PZMHPKETBGSVZKF?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

ZGHVNEPQ:PFK\ZGP\G[NF[KPG[CYGCXKPDFNICZKFICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\)ID"K(?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

PIYZPYGGQD’KKPSPGRJN:http://juifs.du.pape.free.fr/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

IE[G\PBZMKGRKOCK[ZBNZG[NZGCKR[JKKQ:FBZMKGQFXKGRKFPZMHK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24[NGOCZGR[JKKQ:PZMHVBGNKTYGCK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

[BNB\FPGPIFE"ZPZ\FNC=XKGQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24E"ZZGHNZZ=MFQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

SYKZ\SVZKOVBGNYKRD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26ZGHVNEPQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

PJKNEFJD’Z:M\CKT\DRKBNGDKKOHZKO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

FZKKJYSG:SYKZ\PBPZKOCBRDNK\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

PBK2009=BKKZ\[S"JMZLM"D,PS’1

FICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\\"E4270KZG[NKO91041

E-mail: igs@isragen.org.il Web: www.isragen.org.il

FICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\FKBTPG\FNNBMGGR\ZGGI,[RGSEFC-1983,PSVZZK[GO8=240=010=58

FGGTEFBZXKPKMBNDGNE[JKKQ{KG"Zpresident@isragen.org.il,E"ZNBFFCZDENKF{PHMKZ\FTPG\F

mleag@bezeqint.net,IRFVGZPQ{DHCZFTPG\F,IRF[JKKRCNJ{SRKUIKVFhanna-st@hotmail.co.il,DZKZDC{SRKUKZG[NKOgarrir@hotmail.com,E"ZPZ\FNC=XKGQ{SRKUFRDC

CCBZ[CTmartha@bgu.ac.il,DETGQNGKJS{SRKUR\RKFlevitasg@nonstop.net.il,[BGNFGNREZ{SRKUYZK\JCTGQ)[GZ[KOCDNKN(shorashim.bagalil@gmail.com,CKNK[JKKQ{SRKU\N-BCKC

billie.stein@gmail.com,E"ZZGHNZZMFQ{TGZM\ZB[K\[NM\CFT\"[Z[Z\FEGZG\"rlerecohen@gmail.com,ZGHVNEPQ{PRFN\FB\Z[NFICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\

rosef@post.tau.ac.il,PZKBRFYGZRVNE{PKETRK\GSVZRK\FTPG\F,PJKNEFJD’Z{ZMH\YE"Pmacsta@bezeqint.net,IRFVGZPQ{KG"ZKGXB

SRKVKOGYE"PFICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\FKRFTPG\FNNBZGGITOSRKVKOCKZG[NKO,\N-BCKC,R\RKF,FRDC,IKVFGYZK\JCTGQ.

SRKUIKVFGFXVGQ:RVD[KOCMNKGOIPK[KF[NK[KCIGE[,F\MRSG\C[TF30:18FZXBFC[TF15:19CCK\FGZKO"VSD\BIGHF",ZI’SKRK6BIGHF,IKVF.\ICGZF:MNFYGGKONBIGHFIRF[JKKRCNJ{KG"Z,RGZK\DNKNK{PHMKZF

SRKUKZG[NKO:RVD[KOCMNKGOZCKTKF[NK[K,CIGE[F\MRSG\C[TF00:18FZXBFC[TF30:19CCK\VZRYVGZJZ,EZLCK\NIO80,[MGR\CYTF,BGJGCGS7,21)PF\IRFFPZMHK\(TEN\IRFFYZGCFNZIGCKFGEFDZKZDC{KG"Z,ZGHPZKB[N{PHMKZF,CZCZFSKDN{PZMH\YCGX\EGCZKBRDNK\

SRKUFRDC:RVD[KOCMNKGO[RKFZB[GQCIGE[,FZXBFC[TF00:20CCK\FMRS\"PDQBCZFO",ZI’TETEVKR\PZDRK\,TGPZE"ZPZ\FNC=XKGQ{KG"Z,[KZNKZGHQ{PHMKZF

SRKUR\RKFNEGCZKBRDNK\:RVD[KOCMNKGO[RKF[NK[KCIGE[,F\MRSG\30:19FZXBFC[TF00:20CCK\AACI,ZIGC[PGBNFRXKC28,R\RKF

DETGQNGKJS{KG"Z,D’GDNTE{PHMKZ

SRKUYZKK\JCTGQ"[GZ[KOCDNKN":RVD[KOCMNKGOZB[GQFBIZGQCIGE[,F\MRSG\C[TF00:19FZXBFC[TF00:20CPZMHFFRXIF,ZIGCFPDEN,YZKK\JCTGQ[BGNFGNREZ{KG"Z,KTNFGNREZ{PHMKZF,[GNPK\TXKGQ{DHCZK\

SRKU\N-BCKC:RVD[KOCMNKGOZB[GQF[RKCIGE[,F\MRSG\C[TF00:18FZXBFC[TF00:19CCK\F\R"L,[E’ZGJ[KNE16,\N-BCKCCKNK[JKKQ{KG"Z,BKKNFGNREZ{PHMKZ,K[ZBNGKHQ{DHCZ

GTE\FCKYGZ\BCZFOXVEKF,BCKYGJGQ

YCGXG\EKGQPKGIEG\DZPRKFGBGSJZKF{BS\ZZPGQramon@actcom.co.il,FGRDZKF{PR[FEGKEGCKWmnashe@zoot.tau.ac.il,NJCKF{E"ZPZ\FNC=XKGQ,NKJB{E"ZZGHNZZMFQ,SVZEKOCBDQFKOF\KMGQ{PJKNEFJD’Z

M\CFT\"[Z[Z\FEGZG\"PKKSE\GTGZM\ZB[GRF:BS\ZZPGQTGZM\:E"ZZGHNZZMFQICZKFPTZM\:PZKOFZKDPQ,E"ZK[ZBNHY,BGZKRKSN,E"ZPZ\FNC=XKGQ,FZCFRYSYKZRN,SKERKYGZYGS

FD[\IGPZNVZSGOC"[Z[Z\FEGZG\":BRGPYCNKOCCZMFPBPZKOFERKOCMNFFKCJKO[NFDRKBNGDKFFKFGEK\GMPGMQDZBVK)XKNGPKO,BKGZKO,PVG\,\TGEG\GMG’(.FPICZP\CY[NFGSKUPKETCKGDZVKYXZ)TE

100PKNKO(GMQB\M\GC\GFBNYJZGRK\BOK[.FIGPZKGD[MPSPLRNGFCVGZPJWordNEGBZFBNYJZGRK[NFICZFrose.sharsheret@gmail.com,BGigs@isragen.org.ilNTGZM\,BGCEGBZZDKNNM\GC\[NFICZF\"E4270KZG[NKO.91041FPTZM\[GPZ\NTXPFB\FHMG\N\ZDOPBPZKOPTCZK\NBRDNK\GPBRDNK\NTCZK\GNTZLBG\ONVKFXGZL.FPTZM\BKRFBIZBK\NJTGKG\CPBPZKOFP\VZSPKO.

EPKICZN[RF:220["I.F\[NGPKOCX’YNVYGE\FICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\,\"E4270KZG[NKO.91041FICZe\MGNN\F[\\VG\CMNFFZXBG\CMNBIEPQFSRKVKO,F[\\VG\CPVD[KYCGXG\FEKGQFPKGIEG\,GMQYCN\M\CFT\[Z[Z\FEGZG\GF[BN\SVZKO.

[BNG\:RBN[NGIPTJVFPPGTR\GPCGKN\N\[GCF.

#FICZFFDRKBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\,MNFHMGKG\[PGZG\,.2009ISSN: 0792-5751

P+T+J@d[NFTGZM\

"PFGFIHGQ[NL"?HGFK[BNF[R[BNMNPK[PYCNTNTXPG\VYKEIE[.MB[ZI[C\KTN\[GCFN[BNFHG,MTGZM\FIE[F[N[Z[Z\FEGZG\,[BN\KYGEOB\TXPK[\K[BNG\:FZB[GRF"PFKDRBNGDKF?"GF[RKKF"BKLF\V\IFFDRBNGDKFCT[GZFBIZGQ?"

DRBNGDKFFKB,NVKFFDEZF[NK,PYXGTCKQ-\IGPK,PBIZ[FKBRKHGRFPFKSJGZKF,DKBGDZVKF,SGXKGNGDKF,BR\ZGVGNGDKFGVSKMGNGDKF,GBGNKTGE\IGPKO.CT[GZFBIZGQVGRFFDRBNGDKFKG\ZGKG\ZN\IGPKOSVXKVKKOGPPGYEKO,GPMBQFPSVZFDENGFGNL[N"YCGXG\CTNKTRKKQPKGIE"~SIG|FP\BZDRG\CPYGPG\ZCKO.F\V\IGKG\JMRGNGDKG\IE[G\C\IGOFPI[CKOFCKBGNI[KV\[VT[NPKETDRBNGDKCBZMKGRKOZCKOGCBGSVKO[GRKO,GZGCFPKETFHFRDK[CPI[CKOFBK[KKO[NRG.

PKPEBIZC[BN\FIHGQY[GZN[KPG[FRZICFRT[FFKGOCTGNOCYGCXKpdf.FBOXZKMF[Z[Z\FEGZG\NFP[KLNXB\NBGZCFEVSFTNRKZ?FBONVZSOBG\FCBKRJZRJCYGCXKpdf.FBONVZSOBG\FC[\KFXGZG\?FQFGGTEFBZXK[NFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\GFQPTZM\[Z[Z\FEGZG\P\PGEEKOT\FTO[BNG\BNF.

CDNNFBGVKFCKQ-\IGPK[NFDRBNGDKF,BRKPXVF[M\CFT\[NRG[Z[Z\FEGZG\KMKNPBPZKOB[ZK[YVGB\F[KNGC[NFKCJKFF[GRKO,FPSGZ\KGF"IE["MBIE.F[Z[Z\\CKBNVRKRGFQPBPZKOCRG[BKOCTNKTRKKQBRG[KMNNKGP[VI\K,GFQPBPZKO[KXKDGMNKPIYZIKGRKKO.

FDKNKGQFRGMIK[N[Z[Z\FEGZG\MGNNPBPZKOCRG[BKODRBNGDKKOPSGZ\KKO,BCNDOMBNFFRGDTKONFKCJKOIE[KO[NFDRBNGDKF.

MPGMQRPXBCDKNKGQPSVZIKEG[KO,[KFVMG,MVK[BRGPYGGKO,NPEGZKOYCGTKOCDKNKGRG\FCBKO.FJGZ[BNB\FPGPIFKTRFTN[BNG\FP\PYEG\CFKCJKOF[GRKO[NFPIYZ.KFKFDOPEGZ[KTSGYCSVZKKFGP"PKETSVZKK\K".RMNGNDOPKETTNPFIE[CBZMKGRKOCK[ZBNGMQTNFF\V\IGKG\CB\ZFBKRJZRJ[NFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\.FINPFDKNKGQFCBRVZSOC[Z[Z\PEGZC[OFN[MFNIKVG[YZGCKO.

BRKPCY[\NFGEG\NICZKFPTZM\[NK:E"ZPZ\FNC=XKGQ,PZKOFZKRDPQ,BGZKRKSN,FBRYSYKZCN,K[ZBNHYGSKERKYGZYGSTNFSKGTGF\PKMF[YKCN\KPFO.\GEFDONICZKO[THZGC\ZDGO,GCPKGIENKGMCEYNGHRZTNTHZ\FC\ZDGOGCFEZMF.

NCSGUBCKTB\\GE\KNICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\TNFPKRGKN\VYKEFTGZM\.B[\ENNTPGECXKVKG\KMO.

E"ZZGHNZZMFQ

A

P[GNIRG[NKG"ZFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\

PKMBNDGNE[JKKQ

C[RFFIGNV\[KP[\KKG"ZFTPG\FFK[ZBNK\NDRBNGDKF.FKK\FHG[RF[N\FVGMG\G[KRGKKOMPGDO[RF[NFK[DKOZCKO,BLPJZG\ZCG\TGENVRKRG:

T[KRGMCZ\EZLTOFFINJFNFCKBNBKIGEFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\GD’VZB.BKQSVY[FBKIGERG[BCIGCGK\ZGRG\[FI[GCF[CFQFKBEIKVF,\PZKWGTKEGENPIYZKF[GZ[KOCK[ZBN.

B\ZFICZFwww.isragen.org.il[GEZDCPKEFRKMZ\.NPZG\[FP[KPFJZOFG[NPF,FB\ZMCZRZBFGP\RFDBIZ\.FB\ZFP[GEZDKFKFEGN[GRKBRDNK\=TCZK\GKFKGCG\MRKOIE[KONICZKOCNCEGNYFNFZIC.FTCZ\FIGPZNTCZK\EGZ[\TCGEFPBGPX\GBRGPGEKONICZKO[NYIGTNTXPOP[KPFHG.

BRGTGCEKONFTNB\CSKSKR\GRKOIE[KO,INYOKFKGV\GIKOZYCVRKICZKFTPG\F.VKRFIE[F"NICZKOCNCE"\FGGFCGRGSNICZKOP[NPKO.

INYDEGNPCSKSKFR\GRKO[KGTNGCB\ZFOFGEG\N\ZGPG\[YCNRG.BRKPYGGF[\ZGPG\BNFKBV[ZGNRGEKDKJXKF[NTGEIGPZBZMKGRK[YKKOCK[ZBN.NET\K,RDTRGZYCYXFFYZIGQ[NFIGPZKOFYKKPKO.

[BNG\,FTZG\GCY[G\PMNZICK\CNFPDKTG\NB\ZFP[GEZDPXCKTG\TNPGETG\DEGNFKG\ZNPYGZG\[BRGPXKTKONYFKN\IGYZKFP[VIG\.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,CRGSUNDZSFFPGEVS\,\FKFRDK[FDOCVKR\FICZKOCVGZPJBNYJZGRK.VGZPJHFKBV[ZIKVG[NVKPKNFGKXKTYK[GZKONBKQSVGZM\GCG\CZ[\MVK[FGHMZGCM\CG\F[GRG\.

PSVZFICZKOFP[NPKOPGSKUGTGNF,BGNOTNKRGNVTGNGNFYEK[PBPWPYSKPBNKNFDEN\PSVZFICZKO.MVK[IHZ\KGBPZ\K,ICZKOP[NPKOFO\PXK\FIKKO[NFTPG\F.EPKICZPTRKYKONRGP[BCCSKSKFPBV[ZTCGEF[GJV\GFGSV\R\GRKONJGC\FMNN.ICZKORGSVKOFODOP\RECKORGSVKONFOBRGHYGYKONCKXGTPJZG\[[PRGNRDETKRKRG.BRGTPG\FB[ZVGTN\BLGZYTNCSKSF\RECG\ICZKF.BRGHYGYKONMNBIEGBIEPMO/PMQ.

GTGECVQFBZDGRK,PKMBNZSJX’ZSKKOB\\VYKEGMDHCZFTPG\FGFINUC\VYKETNKEKIRFVGZPQ.

IRFPXJZV\NNBFDENKFGBNKMGGTE\FCKXGTGFRKFGN.

CPKEFGK[NMOZTKGRG\,PI[CG\BGFXTG\N[KVGZTCGE\FTPG\F,BRBXZGY[ZTPKCM\GC\

president@isragen.org.il

A

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 2

VTRGI[GZ[KOCXGGBFT\KYF

[PGBN[PKZ

FXGGBFFKBPYGZI[GCNIGYZDKRBGNGDKF.XGGBFFKBFGZB\FPGZK[NFTCZ\ZMG[GFIGPZKGFZGIRK,MGNGBGPYX\G,NBIZPG\G.

CXGGBFRK\QNPXGBFGZBG\PGSZGBGZIIKKO[FPXGGFRG\QNPK[KCGBBIZKG.ML,NP[N,FGZB\BCZFOBCKRGNCRKGGNCRKCK\GN[PGZTNEZLF’NT[G\XEYFGP[VJ.MLDOXGGB\G[NBIK\GVNBNCRKG)Z’[PGBNC’VZYK"H,VSGYM"D(.

FXGGBFKMGNFNFKT[G\CM\CBGCTN-VF.FXGGBFCPYZBFKBCTN-VF.

CP[VJFTCZKBRGPCIKRKOCKQ"P\R\CZKB"[RK\R\C"YRKKQ",NCKQ"XGGB\[MKCPKZT")[NIGNFPZG\YNPKJ\G(GRMRS\N\GYVFPKENBIZPG\FPXGGF.)ZBFXGGB\CZKBGXGGB\[MKCPKZT)IGNFFRGJFNPG\(CEKRKK[ZBN{TCGE\EGYJGZJ[NB’YKPNPQP[R\\[R"D(.

"XGGB\F[CJKO"FKBBIEFSVZKOFIKXGRKKO[RM\CG,MRZBF,CPBFFZB[GRFNVRKFSVKZF.\GMRFFGBECZKG[NKTYCBCKRGN[RKOT[ZCRKGGXBXBKFO.CXGGBFRK\RGVZJKO[NFPXGGF,ECZKPGSZGECZKRCGBFBVGYNKVJKKO.)Z’BGSUE’GM[JKKQ,"PV\IFXGGBG\"YS’K"B=K"C\ZX"E=\ZX"G,GMQB’KTZK"XZGZXGGBG\"YS’=\[R"J,GMQZBFFGZBG\IGYFKZG[F\[M"F=1965VZY[NK[K(.

CKPKFCKRKKOPGXBKOBRGXGGBG\[FQSGDSVZG\KTCZK[MGNNFGZBG\PGSZGE\[PYX\PFQPXGKG\C\NPGE.NFGZBG\BNFK[BGVK\KBGZJK[NMNNKF\RFDG\.

ZCKOGJGCKOM\CGTNXGGBG\NPKRKFQ.F[GVJ["HI[KQCSVZKGFCKBEPGKG\[NCTNKEKQFRBCYKOCC\KFP[VJCRG[BHF.

TOMNKOBNFRSK\KNCEGYPF[RZBFNKC\IKNFSKVGZBDEFGNBIZPMQR\DNFMXGGBFBP\K\[NBIEPBCG\P[VI\KG[PGCZGLPHZIK.FXGGBFFKBP[R\1643GRM\CFCKZG[NKOCTCZK\XIF,GCFXKGGFFPGZK[NEGZG\[KCGBGBIZKG[NBNPMGZBGN[TCEB\CK\GTENCGBFP[KIG\IKK\FP\KO,GN[PGZTNFCK\TCGZGMEK[C\IKK\FP\KOFGBKGMNNIHGZNDGZCCK\HF.

FXGGBFRM\CFNVRKFGVT\RCKBF[YZ[C\BKXCKC[R\.1666FKBPXCKTFNRGTNFNLZGIGBPGRF[FKK\FBG\FT\CCKB\FP[KIG\IKK\FP\KO.

CXGGBFPXB\KB\FBNPRJKOFCBKO:FKBRT[\FCVRK[NG[FTEKO[FOCK\-EKQ)ZBFCCBC\ZBYK"D(,GRK\RGCFVZJKOTNFTHCGQ[NFPXGGFMGNNCK\G.~CK\HFTPETN\KNGCP[LMNFEGZG\PBHGCRKFP[VIF[PZGTNKGTEPNIP\FTXPBG\.NBIZPNIP\[[\FKPKO)1967(FGVYTFCK\TNKEKPEKR\K[ZBNCPSDZ\FFVYTF[NFZGCTFKFGEKCTKZFT\KYF,RFZSGRCRFPIE[TNKEKFICZFNVK\GIGN[KYGOFZGCTFKFGEKCTKZFT\KYF|.

FPXGGFCZGLPHZIKNBFHMKZB\PGXBGG[PG\FGZKG.FGBTXPGNBI\GOTNFXGGBF.FTEKOTNKFFKG[NG[FEKKRKO[FKGKEGTKOGBNFFO:

.1K[ZBNCRKPKQ

.2K[ZBNTHZB

.3[C\BKVGN[JZG

K[ZBNCRKPKQFKFBHBCC\KFEKQ.PGXBGFKFPPXZKO.FGBFBZKLKPKOTE.1668CKPKTNGPKGFKFPVNVNCIMPFTOZCKOPDBGRKEGZG.FGBFGZFCVSYKGF[RGRKOTOFDBGRKOZ’KTYCYB[JZG)CTNF\[GCG\PGFZKY[(,Z"PPGRSGQ,GFDBGQZ’CXNBNB[MRHKGI\GOTNKFO.PNCETGXOKEGGDCGZ\GCTRKKQF\NPGEGFVGSYKO,FKFIMOFZHKOCIGMP\FYCNF.FKFTKGGZCTKQBI\GFKFPFIMPKOFDEGNKOCKG\ZGRCGRKOC\GZFCKZG[NKO.CBIZK\KPKGYCTCK\\NPGEGCTKZFYGE[KZG[NKOGRFDNF\VNNCY"Y\"\[CKZG[NKOGPBHFGRFDGMNSEZKF\"\TNVK\YRG\KG,GMNFCBKOBIZKGFNMGCTYCG\KG)Z’"\GNEG\IMPKK[ZBN"B"NVZGPYKQ,MZLC’TP’13(.

K[ZBNCQTHZBHBCK,PSNGRKYK,FBZKLKPKO,FNLNKZG[NKOGFZCKW\GZFN\NPKEKO.I\OTOZCRKKZG[NKOC[R\F\"G)1646(TNVJGZPPSKON\NPKEKIMPKO.FKFC[NKIG\BR[KKZG[NKOCYG[JRJKRBC[R\F\K"B)1651(.Z’TNKGC"\GNEG\IMPKKZG[NKO",VZGPYKQ,INYC’,TP’14(.

[C\BKEKVGNB[JZG)VGNB[JZGC\GZMK\{[MGGKDEGN(FKBICZNFZCKXIYJZGKB,P\NPKEKFDBGQZ’KGSUBKSYGVK.TNFNKZG[NKOFZCKW\GZFN\NPKEKG

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 3

GRVJZ[O)YGZBFEGZG\{\GNEG\IMPKKZG[NKO,VZYC’TP’36(.

CP[VI\PHZIKTCZFPEGZNEGZXGGB\G[NCZGLPHZIK.FXBXBKO[PZGTNKFGYKKPGBG\F,CKRONCKQTXPOGMQMNVKMGNKTNPB.NK\PBQEVNKD[FXGGBFFKBBGJRJK\.FKBFGCBFCPNGBFCSVZG[NFZCZVBNIHQ,"[G"\IYZKNC"MZLK"C)INYIG[QIC’SKPQN"G(.FZCR[BN[OPFKFBDGZNFCK\BONBKPXBGCRKOHMZKO[KYKKPGB\ECZKFXGGBF,GFBOCRG\IKKCG\NYKKOB\FXGGBF.NBIZ[YNBGJZKBPTPKYKOF[KCFZCIHQCIKGCN[BNFHG.

C\IKN\FPBFFT[ZKOFGEVSFFXGGBF[GCGFGCBFCV\ISVZ"[G"\VZKFBZW"MZLD’TP’H’VTORGSV\.FXGGBFFGCBFNEKGQTYCSMSGLTNFSD\DCGN[NPKMBNZGKJPQ[IZDP\IGOCK\GGCRFPZVS\PTNN[JICK\CZGLPHZIK.SCBZCB[NMG\CZ[KPFHG,BNTHZPHZIK,\CTNEKQ\GZFB\PSKDFDCGN.CK\FEKQK[CTNFPEGMF,GNBIZ[KYGNZCFGBFXKTNXEEKONF\V[ZCKRKFOMENYPQ:[ZGKJPQ[FKFPEVKSGPGXKBNBGZKEVKSB\M\CFKE"[G"\VZKFBZW"MZLD’[CKEKBNTHZPHZIK,GFZKS\FPZVS\\PRTCEZLHG.BNTHZF[KC[BKRGZ[BKNFSMKONFXT\FV[ZFBNBBOMQ\CGBTNKFFSMP\FZB[GQNXKGQZCKKTYC[BGNBNK[Z.FBIZGQR\QFSMPFNFXTFGFSVZKXBNBGZGCTPGEFZB[GQFGEVSFFXGGBF.

PMBQRGMIRG[NBFKK\FPINGY\TNFBGJRJKG\[NFXGGBF.BUTNVKMQISZGNRGVZJKOTNP[VI\FPXGGF.[OFPXGGFFGBCZGLPHZIK.PBIZGFPXGGFNBM\CCQPKFGB,REZ[GIKVG[KORGSVKOCSVZKCK\FEKQF[ZTK,[FKFCK\EKQPGSNPKPGSPLCBG\F\YGVFGFKGGFCK\P[VJGBZMKGQRGJZKGRK,TNPR\NPXGBB\[GZ[KG.\[GP\NCKFGVR\FNPIYZKG[NVZGV’BPRGQMFQTNKFGEKO[FGVKTGCVRKFEKQF[ZTKCKZG[NKO.MNBIEPSVZKGFYKUPBF[RKO,BLFSVZTNFPBFF[CT-T[ZFJZOZBFBGZ.NVKMLVRK\KNSVZKFKSJGZKFGEVKOT\KYKO,GMQTKKR\KCSVZG[NEZGZHBCK"FPBFFTG\GPRK\"{TNFPBFF[CT-T[ZFCPIGHKZG[NKO.VFPXB\KCTPGE12)CFTZF35(MKKFGEKOZM[GC\KOPPGSNPKOC[MGR\BNZKK[F)FZGCTFKFGEK(CKZG[NKO.FPICZPVRFNSKD’N)SVZ(CKF"EFPGSNPKMZL107EU324,PS’1401,

20,ZCKT\BRKP[R\1033)10.2.1624(.KXB\K,BKVGB,NIV[SVZHF[NCK\FEKQF[ZTK,GF\CZZNK[FIGYZKOTEKKQTGSYKOCVKTRGI[NFPKYZGVKNO

[CKEKKECQ-XCK,GMQCKEKIGYZKOCBGRKCZSKJFCIKVF.

CKECQ-XCKBV[ZGNKNXNOZY[\KKOPF\TGEG\[NBG\F\YGVF.P\TGEG\BNFTGNFMKCBG\F\YGVFIKCZGLCQ-EGE[RYZBBNP[ZYK)FPHZIK(.\TGEFBI\FKBP[R\1628GCFPXB\KPKRGK[NCZGLCQ-EGEMVZRSFTEF.CPSPLF[RKP[R\1030FKD’ZF)1621(EGCZTNZMK[\INYKO[NFCK\TNKEKCZGLCQ-EGEFKFGEKFPHZIK)BNP[ZYK(.PSPMKOBNF\GZDPGTNKEKBNK[CTCQSKPGQGFOPGCBKOMRSVIKOB’GC’.

TKGQRGSUCSVZG[NB’KTZK"[NGIKB"K"DKNFNK[CZGLDEKXBC[R\1645C[NKIG\KZG[NKONBZORFZKKO)CCN(GVZS,GRVD[TOBIEPCRKT[Z\F[CJKOG[PGPNMKBN.C[GCGNKZG[NKOFGBFCKBB\GBKDZ\PB\"CRKP[F".SKVGZHFRCIQNVZJKGTNKEKB’KTZKCCJBGQ"SKRK"MZLG’)\"[(TP’YSK"DGBKNL.PFECYFECZKOGPPIYZF[NPKRFZGHQCSVZF"FYFKNFFKFGEK\CKZG[NKOCPBFF[CT-T[ZF",TP’334TGNFMKF[NKIZ’CZGLKXBNYG[JBGNBZXG\FPHZI,VZSGBZORFZKKOC[R\

1624GCYG[JBFGBF\NGRQTNFPG[NBKCQVZGL[SIJB\CRKKZG[NKO.)FBKDZ\PGCB\CPNGBFCTP’486(.Z’EKGQTNMLCBKDZG\[CSVZHFCTP’

309=.310

NSKMGO,PCEKY\FTGCEG\[R\DNGNKTEMFR[BZ\KTO[NG[DKZSBG\NPGXBFP[VIF[TCZGCP[VIFGBNFFQ:

.1BRIRGXBXBKO[NFZB"O)ZCKBNKFGPHZIK(PK[FKFFZCFZB[KGFZGVBBNFSGNJQ[IKCYG[JBC[RKO1450=.1526

.2BRGPP[VIG\FPGZK[YGS{KFGEKO[PTGNONBTHCGB\KZG[NKO.DKZSFHGPTGZZ\SVYG\ZCKONPK[PXGKCECZKKPKKZG[NKO.

.3BRGXBXBKO[NKFGEKDKZG[SVZEP-1492[FDKTGNKZG[NKOEZLGRXKF.IKHGYNDKZSFHGFKBFPXBG\F[NVZGM\GRXKBRK\T\KYFPFPBFF-16[TCZFCP[VIF.

RK\QNGPZ,BKVGB,[TEMFNBPXB\KB\IGNKK\FY[ZCKQCZGLPHZIKTG[FFXGGBFNBI\PFDZSBG\FR"N.NVKMLBRKPCY[B\THZ\FYGZBKO[NZ[KPFHGNTHGZNKNDNG\B\FIGNKKFFISZF.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 4

[PGBN[PKZ)PHZIK(,KNKEKZG[NKO)1923(FGBPGSPLFPIHGZFZB[GQ[NFVYGNJFNP[VJKOCBGRKCZSKJFFTCZK\.P[VJQVTKN,CTN\ICKCKOZCKO,GCKRKFODRBNGDKF.PG[LCTJSGVZKO,GZ[KPG\KGF\VZSPGCTK\GRKOFBZW,ECZ,FCGYZ,KEKTG\BIZGRG\,T\-PGN,CPTZMF,YZYT,[Z[Z\

FEGZG\,NCK\BCG\O,GFD’ZGHNOVGSJ.PHFBZCT[RKOFGBCTNVKRFYCGTFCCJBGQ"FN[MF"[NN[M\TGZMKFEKQCKZG[NKO.IGYZ\GNEG\FK[GCCBZWI[UGIYZB\[GZ[KP[VI\GCKZG[NKOPBH

1643GTEFKGO.FGBR[GKNPZ\F,GBCNBKZK\,KTNGXCK.

A

VTPKBCKCKZG[NPKKO:BDEFIKF

[PGBNBCQ=BGZBGZR[JKKQ

GKFKFKGO,GBCZLBIEPBCZMKK[ZBNPFTKZSNGRKOB[ZCDGN\ZGSKF,I[YFRV[GNTNG\NBZWBCG\NIGQBEP\FGNF\PSZNTCGE\F’.GKTHGCB\P[Z\GFZPFB[ZTCECGMSDQPRFNFCRYFPYGPK.

G[OFBCZLFFGBZCKBGZKCQZCKP[FG[ZFGBNBCZKRYK,[RGETC[OF"TKNGKPSNGRKO".

GKYIZCKBGZKB\B[\GG[NG[CRG\KGGDOB\BCKGFHYQNYIB\GGKZECBGRKFNCGBBZXFK[ZBN.GCKPKOFFOY[\FFRSKTFCKO,STZG\GJNJGNKODZPGNBRKG\FPVZ[[F\FNMGBHCKOY[KKOZCKO,GPYWKPKOZCKOPBGETDRFFBRKFCRPNKVG.ZCKBGZK[OVTPKGNTKZFYGE[XV\,[FK\FBHPZMHDEGNNISKEG\,MKDOZCKBGZKISKEIC"EFKFGCXV\FS\GVUCXKNG[NFBEPG"ZZCKBCZFOPBCZKJ[,GF[RFF’BNVKO\YX"BNKXKZF,MB[ZCBGZCKBGZKGCK\GBZXFK[ZBN.

GF\GZMKBHCBZW,GC[R\F\YX"ECBGFEZGHKOG[CJKFCEGBKOGK\RVNGTNFKK[GCFKFGEKFENB[ZCXV\GCHHGFGGFZDGRV[G\ZCG\PK[ZBNGBHRFZDGZCKP[FBCKG[NZCKBGZKG[\KOPCRG\KG.GC\GNEG\K[ZBNCT\FIE[FKEGTF[RFHGM[R\FCKHF.NBIZ[NG[[RKO,C[R\F\YX"H,ZTEFFBZWV\BGONYGNZTPKOGCZYKOGVTZFVKFG\CNT\CNGPNGBF.C\KF[NFTKZXV\F\PGJJGMCRKKQYNVKOGYCZG\I\KFOFPGRKBEOPK[ZBN,GBUC\GFCMGZF[NZCKBGZK,XVGZF,[HMGKG\KFZCG\FOCCKB\FGZKFBZXF,RFZDFDOFKB.B[\ZCKBGZKFXEY\PZ\HKSNRKXNFCKIETOCRGKIKEGFVTGJ,K[TKFG.

ZCKBGZK[FYZKCYZCRG\KYZKOR[CTMKNBKTHGCNTGNOB\BZWK[ZBN,GKRTZPTNKGB\[PGFK[Q

GKYZBNTXPGBGZKCGZR[JKKQ.GKTCGZPXV\ICZGRFGKDZNKEYCZBCG\FBGPF.GC[R\F\Z"BTCZZCKBGZKNDGZTOP[VI\GKZG[NKPFGRFKFNBIEPZB[KISKEKMGNNIC"E.GNZCKBGZKCQ,FNBFGBZCKK[TKFGGC\,FKBPZ\BNJFHNBJFNTGGK.GK\ZPT[KZCKBGZKG\YVGFNBFPFM\GCKOCSVZFKISNP[VI\BGZR[JKKQ.

GKDENZCKBGZKGKFKNBK[FPT[FCKZG[NKOFRCRK\GBIEPDEGNKFIMPKOCF.ZCKK[TKFGRZ\ONTGNFT[KKFCCRKKQ[MGRG\KF[NKZG[NKOMZBGKNDKPJZKF[N[PG,K[TKFGCQBGZK[TGNFCPRKKQKZG[NKOFCRGKF.GKFKZCKK[TKFGCKQPYKPK[MGR\"PBF[TZKO"G[MGR\"CK\KTYC"GICZCICZ\"KK[GCBZWK[ZBN"B[ZIVXFB\BEPG\KZKIGB[ZCMKMZFKZEQ.

GKPNBZCKK[TKFGPYGOBCKGMPHMKZGSGVZMGNNIC"E.GKFKICZC"GTEMNFMGNNKO"CKZG[NKO,GBIEFTSYRKOFVTKNKOCFXN\RV[G\CT\PDV\FIGNKZT[VZXFCKZG[NKOC[R\"FMGZ\",\ZM"G)1856(,PDVF[FVKNFINNKOZCKOPBR[KKZG[NKO.

ZCKK[TKFGFKFBIEPCKQZB[GRKPRKIKFKSGENPSIZFB\ZGDKOTOIGWNBZW.MDEGNC\GZFKSETOCRGKIKEGFZCZCKKTYCK[KCFNBCZMKOC[O"BFNP[F".ZCKK[TKFGFKFKEGTCKZG[NKOMBK[FCYKCFGGKG\FTGNOGFKFP\CNB\ECZKGCV\DPKOGCPBPZKIH"N.NKPKO,NBIZPG\CRGKIKEGR[CZNCGGFIHKZR[P\GNRG\Rd.GKK[BZGBIZKG[[CRG\KG.

GFZCZCKKTYCDENCCK\PNB\GZFGET\,GKTNFCPTNG\F\GZFGKFKNDBGQCK[ZBN.GKFKZCKKTYC

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 5

PNBIKKOGTXPF,PZWGN[ETNGPKOGFMF[Z[KOIHYKOC[EFFIMPFGIPE\FET\.

GZCKKTYCBFCPBGEB\FBZWIKCFRBPRFGPG[Z[\C\GL\GMF[NR[P\FBGPF.GKYRBNFPP\RMNKFFZCKO,CKQFKGBNFZCRKOPVGZSPKOGCKQFKGBNFYJRKBPGRF.GBUYKRBNYKGOF\GZFGFPXGG\,GCKIETOBCKGZCKK[TKFGFKGBCKZKFYRBKOFFGNMKONVRKFPIRF.GKBFCZCKKTYCMNBEOPK[ZBN,CBFCFRVNBFGPKGIE\CPKRF.PE\JGCGGF[\\VG\GCXTZMNBK[BGC[PI\GTCZFMNDCGN.CTRGG\RG\GFDEGNFNBFCIKQBOFKFHFBK[DEGNBGYJQGDOTOFRTZKOF\ZGTTGF\FNLMPGBI.

GCBIEFNKNG\[KPIZCKKTYCI\QGMNFMPXGG\F\GZF,FXJRQGP\CFKG\GZYCQBZCTKOG\[T[RKO.NGYICSTZF,V\BGOMPGZDT,GKFKGNG[NG[FCRKOG[\KCRG\,FNBFPF:FCMGZFZCZCKP[F,GP[RFGFSGVZZ’PBKZBGZK,GF[NK[KFZCKGSUIKKO.GCRG\KGFCMKZFZCYFB[\FZCP[FCNGKGFXTKZFZINB[\PZBCZFOVKR[JKQ.

GKYOCRGCMGZGFZCZCKP[FTNPMGRGMZB[K[KC\"BFNP[F"GMPHMKZMGNNIC"ECKZG[NKO.GZCKP[FFKFPXGKQCTXPKG\G,C\GZ\G,KZB\GGJGCG,GPHDGFKFRGINMN.FGBFKFP\GQGF\ZIYPQFPINGY\,GTSYCXZMKXKCGZCRBPRG\GCPSKZG\[Y[FNPXGBEGDP\Q.GMBPZ\GFPVGZSP\:"FRRK[MKZKGOGBSGZNKNCJNBUZDTPTCGE\K,[NBBFKFPGTNCYE[KO."GKFKFZCKP[FSPNFBIGGFGF[NGO,MKMNMGNGFKFYGE[NTHZ\MNVGRF,TRKGREMF.

GKFKGNG[K[FCRKOGC\BI\,G[PG\KFO:FZCZCKKXIYBCKDEGZ,ZCKBGZKRKSQ,Z’BCZFORIGO,IKKO,DCZKBNGKTYC,GFC\ZIN=IKFKZEQ.

GZCKPBKZBGZK,CRGF[RK[NFZCZCKKTYC,DENCCK\BCKG,GYKCNPPRGB\PKEG\KGFRBXNG\GMK[ZGRG\KGFKVKONNKPGEGM\KCF.MK[ZGQPKGIEFKFNGNZCKPBKZ,MK[ZGQ[NFS\MNG\CIKKOG\VKS\XEEKFOFNYGKKOGFPDGIMKO,MK[ZGQ[FCKBNM\KC\[ZJGJKOG\PGRG\PIKKKZG[NKOCEGZFYGEO.GKINZCKPBKZN\ZDOB\FHGFZFYEG[NTCZK\,GFKFFZB[GQNP\ZDPKFHGFZ.GKVZ[ZCKPBKZB\FHGFZGK[\T[TCGGKIE[CGIKEG[KOZCKOGZCKTRKKQ.

GKVZSOZCKPBKZB\PBPZKGG[ZJGJKGCM\CKFT\B[ZKXBGNBGZCKZG[NKOCP[L[\KT[ZG\[RKO.

PBPZKOVGCNKXKSJKKO,SVZG\KVFGETG\PYGZKG\TNF\FGG\IDKK[ZBN.GMKRGKGFKG"[BZK[GC",GDO"FKZG[NPK".GZCKPBKZ,PZGCTGRKGPMZNJGCKOPSGVZKK[ZBNFPVGZSPKOPVZKTJG,GFOXZVGHB\N"MNM\CK"[NFO,MVZKTJKFO.GZCKOF"PICZKO"[PSZGNGB\M\CKKEON[VXO,GZ’PBKZTKCEONVZSGOCBGVQ[[NGFKFPZGCFP[NF"PICZ".

GKFKGIKKZCKPBKZPZKOMNTRF,[Z[Z\BI\[NXZG\G\NBG\VYEGFG,GKREGEPVZRSFBI\NICZ\FGNBPXBNGPRGI,GNBFKFNGPHNDONVZRSG\KF[NKZG[NKO[NBG\OKPKO.GKP\ZCKPBKZCEPKKPKG,XTKZG[CTZGDH.CQP"G[RFFKFCPG\GGKGG\ZGBIZKG[RKCRKOG[\KCRG\G[PG\KFO:FZC[NGO,KTYC,BS\ZNGKQ,ZCYFNBG.

GZCKKGSUIKKO,FCQF[NK[KNBCKGZCKKTYC,DBGQFKF,GKM[KZB\TXPGNNKPGEKF\GZF,GKNPEB\IMP\F[IKJF,GKFKN[GIJGCGEYCTKZFYGE[ICZGQ{FKBTKZFBCG\,CFDZFZB[GFZB[GQNP[VIF,ZCKBGZK,IP[[RKO.

GKVRGZB[KPG[C\IEZFGVZRSKFBNZCKKGSUIKKOGKCY[GFGNCGBNMFQCPG[C\OC\GZZC,[GIJGPGFN,GKBG\ZCKKGSUIKKONFKG\NFON[GIJGPGFN,GKPNZCKKGSUIKKO[NG[FT[ZBNUPKNEKK[ZBNB[ZRGNEGCIEZFGFSCKCF.G[RKOFZCFFKFZCKKGSUIKKOPTPKEFIGVFGFYKEG[KQCIEZF,GB\FFGXBG\TOCYCGYFKKQFGXKBPMKSGFVZJK,GZTKK\GPZ\[KKRFZIN,HGD\GFKYZF,BV\FB\TGD\FI\GRF.

GKMGRQZCKKGSUIKKOYGVFN"DPKNG\ISEKO"GFKFMN[RG\KGCBFCFGCRBPRG\GCPSKZG\BKQYW,GKG\Z[FKFRG\QCDNGK,R\QZCKKGSUIKKOXEYFCS\Z.GFKFPM\\ZDNKGNZGWBNKBGZIN\\NRXZMKONIOMV[GJG,GFMGNCXRKTG\GCV[JG\.GKBFCZCKKGSUIKKOB\TPGGB\BZXGBFCFRBPRFGZC\[GZ[KO,GKFKZB[GZB[GQNMNECZ[CYEG[F,GKFKFBIEPVTKNKBZDGQF"FDRF"B[ZCIEZFFPG[CF,GCFK[PTFYGNC[R\F\["INKXKZFMKYPFPEKR\K[ZBN,GKKJGNCKEG[GVZGKKXBNIGXG\IEZFGK\YT,NPTQKETGMNFTOMKCBFDBGNFNBZWK[ZBNG\YGPFNTOK[ZBN.GXBXBKGFNBFPF:FESF[Z-[NGO,KTYC,K[TKF,BNKTHZNGK,BNK[KC.

RMEFKFNZCKK[TKF,CQC\GBS\Z[KKREN,GFZCP[FCNGK[PG,GFKFZCKP[FKEKPKRG[NSCG.GKZBEGEGZCKKTYCMKZCKP[FFGBYRYQPNB\GZF

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 6

GKZBFGKBPZNGB\F\FKFI\RK,GKK\QNGB\C\GFCMKZFZCYFNGNBK[F.

GK\FNLZCKP[FCNGKCV[JG\TOFCZKG\.PXRKTNM\CMNEZMKG,EKNGCYCIZGCKOPTZC[C\NTZC[C\,RYKMVKKOGCZNCC,GKCGBGBNKGDEGNKK[ZBNGKCY[FGNFKG\NYXKQGNZB[\RGT\BDGE\K[ZBNCBZWK[ZBN.GKPNBZCKP[FCNGKB\\VYKEGFY[FCBPGRFGKRFKDB\ICZKG,[NGPKBPGRKK[ZBNC\CGRFGCBGPWNCFT[GKNNBI\.GKKSEZCKP[FCNGKTOICZKGB\FTEFFIZEK\,GKTPGECZB[F[RKOZCG\.

GKTPGEZCKP[FCNGKC[TZTPGCVRKDEGNKTGNO,GCCGBGTEG\IYKZFNPKRKFQNBZWFKFZCKP[FCNGK,BIEFPKGIEKO[FZ[KOB\ICZKBG\QFGTEG\CRBGPKGIGXCKFNFCG\CBFC\BZWK[ZBN[CG.GMFFKGECZKG:"FRRKPXBXBKFO[NBG\OKFGEKO[TNGNVRK140[RF,CTHCOPZXGROFJGCB\PTPEOCDGNFGRJNJNGCKO,CSVKRG\PVZ[KO,IGE[KOZCKOTE[FDKTGNBZWK[ZBN,NIGRQB\TVZFGNR[YB\BCRKF."GZCKP[FCNGKFP[KLGEKCZTNPVTNG\FKK[GCFK[Q,TNYZCRG\KFO[NINGXKV\I\YGGFGIEZF.CIKKFOGCPG\OFRKIGB\BCRKFKK[GCFIYNBKFTCZKCBZWK[ZBN."FGEG\NRGFG[DFFXFZ\CNVGZ,"F\DBFZCKP[FCNGK.

GKRINZCKP[FCNGKMCGEGKYZNTPGGNP[VI\G,GKTNFTNKDKNKGQFSVZTNIGPG\KLKZG[NKO,B\YGZG\KGPKGOFGNE\GGTEKGOPG\G,YGZG\IKKOZCKPT[GZCKTRKKQ.GKKGG\ZGBIZKGCRKGGCRG\KG:Z’TPZO,Z’CZGLKFGEF,Z’KTYC,[ZFHKBCNE,KFGEK\[NHKRDZ.GZIN,C\GFXTKZF[NZCKKTYCRK[BFNZ’BCZFOCQBNKTHZVKR[JKQ,RMEZCKPREKNKRGCZPBK[KKZG[NKOCEGZFTCZ.

GKNPEZ’BCZFOVKR[JKQC\"\"TWFIKKO"GCK[KC\"BFNP[F"BXNZCKKTYCGBXNCRGFZCZCKP[F,GKP[KLCK[KC\"FP[\NPKO"GCSPKRZNPGZKO"FPHZIK".GKFKZ’BCZFOVKR[JKQNPGZFNCRKK[ZBNCKZG[NKO.GKNLZ’BCZFONNPGEDOFRFN\I[CGRG\GTRKKRKPSIZB[ZP[MGB\NCG,GK\PRFNPRFNCRY"BZWK[ZBNCZKJRKF"GKT[FIKNCTCGE\G.GKFKZ’BCZFOVKR[JKQNVTKNC"PHZIK"GCBDGE\"BIGF"GCPGSEG\XKCGZKZG[NPKKO,CFO"PVTNF\GZF"NPTQCRKFK[KCG\CK[ZBN,GKBFCNT[G\XEYFGISEMMNB[Z\PXBKEG.GXBXBKGFNBFPF:IKFDZBJ[,KTYCVKR[JKQ.

GZCKKXIYRIGONTGGKRGNENBPGHNBJFBNJFC\ZCKZGBKGNBCKGZCKBFZQCQFZCFXEKYFPYGCNZCKKTYCNKCNTGGK,[FKFBC"ECTKZFYGE[KZG[NKO.GKDENZCKKXIYRIGOMBIEPJGCKXTKZKCRKKZG[NKO,GCTNPKEG\RTNG\PBGE.GFKFN\NPKEIMOPXEBIEGNBK[PT[PXE[RK.GKKSEZCKKXIYRIGOCK\EVGSN\VBZF,GCK\PSIZNB\ZGDKO.GKYKOZCKKXIYRIGOGICZKGB\BDGE\"BIGF",GPJZ\OFK\FNTHGZNXTKZKCRKKZG[NKOFRTNKOCPKEG\KFOFPGSZKG\GIN[KOPCIKR\FVZRSF,FP\PSZKONIKKO[NMCGEGBK[B\ZTFGKBPZIHY.

GKFKZCKKXIYRIGONICZCBDGE\"CRKK[ZBN"FKBFBDGEF[[PFNFNPJZFNBIEB\FTEG\FKFGEKG\CKZG[NKONTOK[ZBNBIE,GPJZ\OF[RKKFFKK\FPNIPFCPKSKGQGCPGSEG\KG,B[ZXEGRV[G\[NKFGEKOTRKKOCZ[\O.PNIP\ICZKBDGE\"CRKK[ZBN"FGTKNFGFPKSKGQXPXOB\VTGNG\KGCKQKFGEKKZG[NKO.GKNLZCKKXIYRIGOTOICZKGGKYKPG[MGRFN\VBZ\CKZG[NKO,FNBFKB[MGR\"HKMZGQP[F"GKEBDNFYP\[MGR\"[TZKISE"BUFKB,TNKEKVTKNG\GMKG[CZB[BDGE\"CRK\GZF".GXBXBKGFNBFO:EGE,BFZQ,R\Q,KTYCNKC,KFG[T,ZINXGGCRZ,RIPFBENPQ.

CQCMGZFKFNGNZCKP[FCZCKKTYCCZCKBGZK,GFZCKXIYBCKDEGZ[PG,GKFKFZCKKXIYBCKDEGZN\VBZ\NBCG\KGFDEGNKO.MBIEPCRKXKGQFKYZKOFPSGNBKOCVH.FKGMNKPKIKKGVZ[FBI\[NIKK\GZF,TCGEFGPSKZG\RV[CTEKZG[NKOGSCKCG\KF.GKTSGYZCKKXIYBCKDEGZCYRKK\BEPG\CBZWFYGE[NPTQKK[GCKFGEKOTNBEP\O.GKYQB\BEPG\FMVZFTCZK"RGFKTYC"GB\BEPG\SRFEZKF,VBD"KGCK\GDQ[CKZG[NKOG[MGR\PGRJKVKGZKB[ZC\NBCKCGMVZIKJKQ.GKYCNZCKKXIYBCKDEGZVRKMNBEOCPBGZVRKOGC[PIF.CXRKTG\GTRGGFRKD[BNMNBEOGECZKGR[PTGCRI\.MKBGZFVRKPK\FKK\FYGZR\PPRG.

GKTPEGZB[KZCRKBZWK[ZBNGTSYRKFXKCGZ[CKZG[NKOTNJKCG[NKXIYBCKDEGZ[FKFPRYKKFET\GRXZNDHT[NBXKNKO,GKPRGFGNF[DKITN[ZKECK\PYE[RGG\VBZ\RG"FMG\NFPTZCK",GKPNBZCKKXIYBCKDEGZB\\VYKEGCRBPRG\GCIZKXG\TEMNG\FRV[.GZCKKXIYBCKDEGZ,[FKFCKQP\KK[CKFPG[CF"RGFKTYC",RBNWNTHCFCDNN\VYKEGFYEG[NKEFMG\NFPTZCK.FGBCBNDGZCKZG[NKOFT\KYF,CCK\FXGVFTNVRKPYGOPYE[RG.GKYONTHZ\FKK[GCFPEGNENGFREMFB[Z

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 7

CKZG[NKOFT\KYFGKKSEK[KCF,GKYKOBDGEF[NXTKZKONTHZ\\G[CKF.GCPNIP\YGPPKG\K[ZBNNTXPBG\FRKFNB\TCGE\FYGE[[NTRKKRKF\G[CKOCPXGZTNKZG[NKOFT\KYF.GCKGOFPZGFRPFZ,K"EBKKZ)VSI[RK(RFZDCKIETOB[\IKYGPZ\PG[YFNKCF.G[RKFOVNJGR[P\OCIKYBPOFBFGCF,FKBKZG[NKOFT\KYF,MBPZ\G:BORDHZTNPBQEFGBNTNG\YZCQTNYEG[\KZG[NKOFT\KYFGPYGPG\KFFYEG[KO,FZKBRKPIGKCCMLKG\ZPMNBEOBIZ.

GKFKGNGBZCTFCRKOG[\KCRG\G[PG\KFO:ZTMKNZBJF,K[TKFG,BCZFOKZIPKBN,K[ZBNBGZK,[PGBNP[FKFGEFBZKFNKC,[ZFZCYFGKKS.

GBCZFORIGO,CRGF[NK[K[NZCKP[F,PKYKZKKZG[NKOGPXTKZKP[MKNKFFKF.FGBFKF[GVTIKKOGCTNIG[FGPGZPVG\I.G\FKNGNBCZFORIGORV[TEKRF,CTN\IG[REKZNKGVK.KGVK[CYGNGKGVK[CM\C,XKGZG[KZF.CPBGZVRKOGCNCCKG\KXZCMNPYGOY[ZKONCCKKOTOCRKBEOGFKFY[GZPBGETOICZKGCRKPKRV[PKGIEKO.GKFKGECZKGTOICZKG[GPTKNYIG,NMGGR[\T[TCECZK[KZFGSVZG\.GK[RSGTJKFOGK[GZZG[KZKOG[KZG\GKM\CGECZKVZGHFTNKDKNKGQ.GKYOBCZFORIGOGKGXKBNBGZB\ECZKF[KZFGFVZGHFC"VZGHEGZ"FGBFVZGHEGZFRGETN[OBXNXTKZKFP[MKNKO[CKZG[NKO,B[ZEZMGZXGNTCGZNJZYNKQFSVZG\FTCZK\.GXBXBKGFNBFO:HFCFPNMKBN,KTYC,KFGEK\CS,BS\Z,[GNPK\TCGEK.

GKTYCCQHYGRKOFKFNBCKGZCKP[F,[P\TNKGCFKG\GMCQBZCTT[ZF[RF.GKFKRTZB\RTZKF[MGRG\B[ZCKZG[NKOGKSVGDN\GMGB\PZBG\KZG[NKONPKRKFQ,BEOGRGU.GKINKTYCNTCGECFRFN\VRYSKOCCRYFKZG[NPK"FNGGBFGISMGQ"[PGRF[RKOZB[GRG\,G[PGRF[RKOBIZGRG\TCEBXNFTGZLEKQFPVGZSOPZK’DGKKJQ[FKFSKKVBGSVZBGFKFKTYCNPRFNP[ZEG.

GKNLKTYCCEZMKBIKGBCZFORIGOGK[NGJFKJCCPMPRKFSVZG\FTCZK\.GK\PFGKEKEKG,PFHFTN\FNMK[ZGRGFSVZG\K,MBKNGPGZ[\BCG\REPGBXNG.BLFRFRKX\CGFHKY,HKY[FKFICGKCS\ZGFENKY[NFC\.GKINNVZSOPBPZKOKVKOFM\GCKOCMK[ZGQZCGCZD[,FP\BZKOB\BGGKZ\KZG[NKOGB\JKVGSKF.CPMIGNXKGZKZCPCTXKKZCMK[ZGQ\PGRG\PIKKYCXRKF[NKZG[NKO,ZD[G\,HKMZGRG\GMKSGVKO.

GKFKKTYCPXRKTNM\CMNEZMKG,ECZGCRI\GCF[YJ,PKG[CCET\G.FGBFKFCTNNCJGCGICKCTNMNKGETKGGPMKZKG.PBXKNKFRV[FKF,GPRYKKFET\[CKZG[NKOFKF.RENYC[NFCF[NFKXKZFGFKF[GVTMGNGZGI[NT[KKFVGZKKFCZYP\FXCTGRKQ[CKEKG.BLZYRENYGMCF!NBFSVKYNVZSOZCG\GMCFCBPXT[KZ\IKKG.GKKGG\ZGBIZKG[\KCRG\GCQBIE:RTFSYGJKRSYK,PZC[NPGQ,BFECGZR[JKKQ.

GKTYCCRGFXTKZ[NZCKPBKZBGZK,NPE\IKNFC\"\"TWIKKO".GKINKJKTYCBIZPG\BCKGZCKPBKZ,NNPGECSPKRZNPGZKO"PHZIK",GKCGBKTYCCSPKRZTOIGDKRGTZ[GRKO,PF[PBNFYGPGRKSJKGTEFKPKQFZCKHKGRKSJK.GKTPGEKTYCNKETZKS\CZK\FCKZKGRKO,GKFKNBIEPZB[KFCKZKGRKOB[ZNK[ZBN{GK[ZKTYCTOFCZKJKOPBZWBNCKGQFCGDEF.GKBSZGFGFCZKJKOCTCG\KO[RKOZCG\,GKFKKTYCNBIEPZB[KFPECZKOCPI\Z\RDEFCZKJKO,GCYGOFBZDGQFXCBKFNBGPKFKFKTYCBIEPZB[KGGPVYEKGFZB[GRKO,GCF\VNDBZDGQHFCKQEGEZHKBNNCKQBCZFO[JZQ,GKNLKTYCBIZBCZFO[JZQFGB"KBKZ"FRGETC[TZKO,GKFKNBIEPZB[KBZDGRG,NGIPKIZG\K[ZBN.GKMFKTYCCN[GRGFIEFGC[MNGFIZKUMNP\RDEGP\RDENG.

GCNKNI\GR\GTORTPKB[\G,C\Z’[PTGQDNHRZ,ICZ\GPKPKOKPKPF,GKKBSZKTYCC[RK\TNKEKFCZKJKO,GKIV[GFGGKDNGFGGK\VSGFG,GKDZ[GFGYRKK\F.GPYWKPKOZCKOFIHKZGFGBZXFK[ZBN.

GKNLKTYC[VK,GKTCGENPIKK\GMTK\GRBKCTNM\KCF[RGRF,CT\GRKFEGZ,ECZGBGPZ,GC[CGTGQ[NBZWK[ZBNF[NPF.GKM\GCKTYCB\ECZKKPKIKKGCSVZMCNKO,BGEG\FMCNKOCFOFKFBSGZCZGC[RG\KPKG.GK\ZPT[KKTYCG\YVGFNBFPFZ[GPKOCSVZECZKFKPKONPI\ZG\K[ZBNCBZWK[ZBN.

CQFKFNGNK[TKFCQFZCZCKKXIYBCKDEGZ,GBK\PZ[PG,GKFKFBK\PZRTZB\DEGE"CZY"B[ZNDGNRK.GKFKBK\PZKNERCGQNBCKGK[TKFGGNBPGZCYFC\ZCKBNKFGVJ[RKYGK\ZGTTTOMNKGETKGGPMKZKG,GKFKN\VBZ\NCRKEGZG.GKDENBK\PZGKFKNBK[GKNLCEZMKSCGZCKKXIYBCKDEGZGKYCNMNBEOCSCZVRKORBG\,GKFKBK\PZNKEKENMNBEOCB[ZFGBBEO.

GKFKDGZNGNFKGGNECEGZ\YGP\K[ZBNCBZXG.GFEGZB[ZCGRGNEBK\PZ{EGZPNIPG\K[ZBNCBZXG,EGZPNIP\TXPBG\K[ZBN,EGZPNIP\SKRK,EGZ

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 8

PNIP\[[\FKPKO,EGZPNIP\FF\[FGEGZPNIP\KGOFEKQCKGOFMKVGZKO.GKNPEBK\PZNF[\P[CMNKFP[IK\NPKRKFO,GKCGBNXF"NGKNLNYGPREGFKPK,GK\BPQCYGPREGC[NCFJKZGRG\GC[NCPVYEKFMK\G\,GKTHGCBG\OBK\PZGKNLNFKG\SPNCRTZKDEGEFCZYB[ZCDGNRK.GKXBTORTZKDGNRKNVTGNG\F\DPGNB[ZCNCRGQMPVTKNR[YFPDNKEFP"V.

GKZWBK\PZ{CVZGWPNIP\KGOFEKQCKGOFMKVGZKO,[R\F\[N"ENKXKZF{FZP\FNFZKFDGNQ,GFGBVDGTC[EZ\DGVG,GKXBNPNIP\CNKPFPGNDNKO,DNKO[NBGKCPZ,FBGKCFSGZK.

GKFKCKGOF[NK[K,K"DC\[ZK,BIZIXG\FKGO,GKXBGRTZK"CZY"B[ZNDGNRKKIETORTZK[KZKGRKK[ZBNNPNIP\FEKV\FBGKCFSGZK=TKZBYK=PZGYBK=KZERKCMVZ"CGYT\B"F[GMQCXKZPSTEF=YGRKJZF,CMCK[FY[\B[ZCZP\FDGNQ,G\IHYFPNIPFTE[TG\FNKNGZCKO,ZCKORVNGCIZCNFJFPNIPF,GBK\PZNYINGPDGJKVSTNHINKNK\FP"V,GFEUB\FBGKC,GCBG\GFZDTFPZGFRPFZKZFFBGKCIWP[GICIHFGGBK\PZRVNCYZCBEKZKO,MBIEPDKCGZKK[ZBNFYEPGRKO.GFBGKCRSGDBIGZPIP\RTZKDGNRKGRTZKF[ZKGQ

FPVKNKOCGINNKOINNKO,GKCZIFBGKCGK[GCNEP[YCKZ\G,FKBEP[YCKZ\BZO,BGKC\K[ZBNPBHGPYEO.

[PGBNBCQ=BGZBGZR[JKKQRGNECKZG[NKO.FGZKG[NRPRGTNPKKSEKFKK[GCFKFGEKRGF=KTYC[PXVGQNKZG[NKOC[R\.1924TGEC[R\1929,PGRFBCKG,FZCKXIYBCKDEGZBGZR[JKKQ,N\VYKEZCFMG\NGFP[VIFTCZFNDGZCTKZFT\KYFCKZG[NKO,[ODZGTEPNIP\F[IZGZ.FGZKGRFZDGCTKZFT\KYFGNBIZ[FTKZFT\KYF[GIZZFC[R\1967,FGCBGNYCGZFCYCZBIKOTNFZFHK\KO.[PGBNPFGGFPYGZPKETCN\KZDKNGKGTWN\GNEG\P]ĈR]KO,B\ZKOG[MGRG\KZG[NKOGFSCKCF.TNVTKNG\GFF\RECG\K\ZC\F[RKO[BV[ZFNZCKONFMKZB\KZG[NKOGNFRIKNB\PGZ[\NGIPKF,GTNINYGCCRKQKZG[NKOGCIKEG[\VBZ\F,FGTRYNGC[R\2002TNKEKPGTX\FTKZKZG[NKO,TKJGZFMCGE"KYKZKZG[NKO".C[R\\["S=2000FGTRYNGTNKEKFICZFNFDR\FJCTVZST"[TGHKCKZQH"N.N[PGBNFGTRYTKJGZFMCGE[NFICZFFDRBGNGDK\FK[ZBNK\TNVGTNGG\ZGP\GNIYZFDRBGNGDKFFKFGEK\.

A

DGPN{[O,P[VIF*

PJKNEFJD’Z

NBIZFNGGKK\F[NZC-EGE\KPXEBPKCVCZGBZ1986,CKY[PPRKCRF,EGEK,NCRG\B\TWFP[VIF

[NBPG[HFT\FRYCZF.

ZGHFDGPN)Rosa GOMEL(,ZTKK\GF[RKKF[NBFZQPGKBN)MOYAL(RGNEFC-22CBGDGSJ1889CPRKSF)Manisa([NKEBKHPKZC\GZMKF.CRKK\TWFP[VIFBZMFBZCT[RKO.FGBPMSFB\F[RKO

1770=1990GMGNN500BK[PVGHZKOTN\[TFEGZG\.

FTKSGYCPIYZDRBNGDKPCKBNT\KOYZGCG\NIKVG[PYGZGGVKZG[G[N[OFP[VIF.GBGNONB\PKEPCKBFIYKZFPTKQHGN\GXBG\GEBKG\GIE

P[PTKG\.PS\CZ[F[ODGPNREKZGFPIYZFBGRGPSJKF\RFNC[NG[FMKGGRKO[GRKO.

FPYGZFTCZK

NMBGZFPYGZG[NF[OV[GJNPEK,PBIZ[ZCKOPMKZKOB\CZM\FDGPNFRBPZ\CCK\FMRS\CPYZKOCFOBEORKXNPBSGQMN[FGB,GPCGSS\TNFBPGZCSVZ\FKNKO)VZYY"H,VSGYI:KGEGNF’ISEGGRVNBG\KGNCRKBEO(.GBGNONPZG\FV\ZGQFHF[FGBV[GJKISK\,R[BN\F[BNF:PEGTGCBKNGRSKCG\YKCNBEO)BGP[VIF(B\FMKRGKDGPN[CPZGX\FHPQFVLN[OP[VIF?FBORKXNPBSGQBIEPBCG\FP[VIF?KK\MQ!BCNCFY[Z

*FPBPZVGZSOCM\CFT\TXK,MZL8,PS’30,SVJPCZ2005,GFGBPGVKTMBQCBEKCG\FFZCF[NPTZM\TXK.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 9

HFMEBKNXKKQ[PNCE[OFP[VIFCZMFBKQMPTJ[PG\P[VIFFP\KKISKON\VKNF,PNCEF[OFVZJKYEK[FPYGCNBXNFB[MRHKO.FBODGPNFGBFKGXBPQFMNNNMNNHF?

FPYGZFSVZEK

BV[ZG\RGSV\FKB[PYGZG[NF[OCSVZE.RCEYGM-300SVZKOPQFBGSVKO[NCK\FSVZKOFNBGPKGFBGRKCZSKJBKG[NSVZKK\PMGQCQ-XCK,BGNOCBGSVKOFBNFGMQCM\CFT\SefaradFKGXBNBGZCPEZKE,NBPGHMZC[GOPYGOF[ODGPNCXGZFHG.BGPRORPXBG[PG\YZGCKONGPBE:DGPF,DGPH,D&P&N)Gome, Gomez, Gemel(.F[PG\DGPFGDGPHY[GZKOHFCHF,[FZKDGPH,VKZG[G’CQDGPF’.N[ODGPFTXPGPYGZDG\KGP[PTG\G"BEO"G’DGPH’VZG[G’CQFBEO’.F[O’DPN’RPXBZYVTOBI\CZ[KPFP[R\1491CRSKMG\GGNRSKF[CSVZE.XGZ\FFDKKF[N[OHFCBG\FFT\CSVZEFKK\FD’PN{[O[PYGZGCTZCK\:D’PKNGVKZG[GKVF.FBOK[RGY[ZCKQ[RKF[PG\D’PNGDGPN?C[R\1729VZSOFZCKXIYCQRSKOD’BPKNCBKHPKZB\SVZG"IKKOGISE"GNTGP\HB\CPRKSFTXPFR\DN\FTNKEKVZGV’BCZFODNBRJF)Galante(PXCFPBG\FF\YGVFGTNKFFKF[OFP[VIFDGPN.NMQ,NPZG\FBV[ZG\[K[RGY[ZCKQF[PG\,FZKFM\KCFTCZK[NDGPNGD’BPKN[GRF,GCMLP\CJN\BV[ZG\HG.FBOT]CZ+\BIEPBCG\FP[VIG\FNNGB\[PGM[KXBPSVZETOFDKZG[?TNMLY[FNTRG\MKGO.

GFRF\GLMEKEVEGUCPKNGQSVZEK=XZV\KK[QPBGEREFP\KNDNG\B\FTZLDGPN.FFSCZ[RK\QFGB:P@BeZKF[KKLN[CJC[OHF!NYCN\PKETRGSUTN[CJHF,FTNFIKVG[CBKRJZRJB\FECZFCB:IGSFBRJGRKGYGREF)Conde(\KZDOC-1799PTZCK\NSVZEK\B\TCGE\G[N[ZKUBN-BKEZKSG[PF"\BGZSVZE."CVZYFP\BZB\F[CJKOFPBGZKOFCKBFP\ZDOYGREFB\[PG\KFOF[GRKO,GZ[OFTZFCY[ZN[CJDGPHS)Gomesas(:"BXNRGYGZBKON[CJHFC[ODGPZF)Gomera(BGDGPNS)Gomeles(".PEGTF[KRGKFHF?NPFEGGYBF[ODGPNBGDGPNS)CZKCGK(R[\Z[CSVZETEMEKML[CTKZFT\KYF[NDZREF[CEZGOFPEKRF,K[RGZIGCFYZGKLos Gomeles?BKQNK\[GCF.BCNR[KONCNTGCEF[YGREFT[FB\F\ZDGOFHF,[FGTZLM"CKRGRKCKG\Z,"1C-1799,[NG[PBG\[RFBIZK

FDKZG[.BKNML,BKQMNY[ZCKQ[OFP[VIFNCKQFMKRGKFHF.

FPYGZFZGSK

BV[ZG\[NK[K\MKGGRFB\FIKVG[NTKZDGPN[CZGSKFFNCRF.TNVK’FBRXKYNGVEKFFSGCKKJK\FDEGNF’,C[R\1142RYZBFPYGO’FGPKK’TN[OPRFKDG[NBIEF[CJKOFSNBCKKO.MB[ZRMC[FFTKZTNKEKVGNKQCPBFF-17,FVLF[ONFGPKNGMB[ZC-1772FKK\FFTKZ[GCC\IGOFJZKJGZKFZGSK\,F[O’FGPKN’FVLN’DGPN’.GBGNOPFKMGNNFKG\FY[ZCKQTKKZFZGSK\NCKQ[O[NP[VIFC\GZMKF?

CPBPZ[VGZSONBPHPQTNP[VI\CZYK)Barki(PBKHPKZ[C\GZMKFCM\CFT\TXK,DKN\FFPICZ\[DONKEPGSYCFK[RGMVZC[OHF:CZYK.P\GLMLTGNFF[BNF:FBOFKDZGYCGXG\[NKFGEKOPZGSKFN\GZMKFCPZGX\FPBFF-17BGBVKNGNVRKMQ,G[KYTG\GLMEKMLB\PYGPG\PGXBOFZGSKKOC[PG\P[VIG\KFO?BGNO,PIYZKFO[NFKSJGZKGRKOFTGSYKOCKFEG\FTG\’PRK\:[’ZGHBRKS,B’DNRJFGK’RIPFBKROPHMKZKO\RGT\BGMNGSKFMHB\{GFECZPGCQ,[FZKKFGEKOCMNNNBFGZ[GCT\FFKBNF\DGZZCBHGZKOFNNGC\GLZGSKF.GNDCKFTKZDGPN[CZGSKFFNCRF:ET\GFRIZX\[NE"ZBNMRSEZCKKEZ,PICZO[NPKNGRK[PG\KFGEKKOPPHZIBKZGVF,FKB[CPFNLFPBFF-17RMIEFYFKN\KFGEKDGPNMPTJMNKNTNKEKFXCBFZGSKGFYGHYKOFBGYZBKRKKO.PNCEHB\,NBPGMZ\FDKZFMN[FKBPZGSKFFNCRFN\GZMKF,NBCBG\FF\YGVFGNBPBGIZKG\Z.

FV\ZGQ

FGBKNGFPYGZG\FSVZEKKOGFZGSKKOREIG,RK\QNFRKI[F[ORGCTCMNHB\PQF[VFFTCZK\,TNBUIZKDG\GFKISK\.K[ROPYGPG\,CTKYZCYZCFYFKNG\FSVZEKG\,CFORGFDFBEOFRGSTPEKKGORSKTFBZGMF,NCZL’CZM\FDGPN’C[C\.NBG\OPCZMKORFGDNFHMKZP\KTNKFONCZLB\CZM\FDGPN,\GLFYZKBFCYGNZO"DGPN!DGPN!"GBOMLFGBFECZ,BGNKNVIG\RK\QNFSKYP[FGTNBGZIIKKG[NBEO[FTRKYBO[PGNP[VIFMGNF...

TNFP[VIF

RSKKOC\KBGZYXZ[NFP[VIFCEGZG\FBIZGRKO.

1.See: http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jose_Antonio_Conde.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 10

MNCRKFYFKNFFKFGEK\CPRKSFTHCGB\FPYGOGF\VHZGNMNTCZCHPQPNIP\KGGQ=\GZMKFCKQF[RKO1919G-.1923CRKP[VI\DGPNBUFOTHCGB\FPYGO.BIEKOF[\YTGCBKHPKZFYZGCF,BIZKOFKDZGNPXZKOGBZXG\BIZG\.C[R\1919FKDZFFP[VIFNPZGYG,MKBZCTFPCRKFFKGPGZKOCZ[\MK"I.FP[VIFMNNFB\FBNPRF,BS\ZDGPNNCK\CKSJZK)Bistri(,MN\G[NEGEDGPNZCFFZB[KFBIZGQ[NPRKSF,GIP[\CRKF:EGE,NKBGQ,BNK,CRKPKQGBNCZJ.

NVRKFO,FDKTFC-1910NJKJGBQ)Tetuan([CXVGQPZGYGC\EGE\OCEZDF[RKKF,PJKNEDGPN)BIG\F[NZGHF[CV\IPBPZHF(,PKETO\GONKPGEKFCSPKRZNPGZG\[NMK"ICVZKH.MBQFKBTPEFNF\IKNB\TCGE\FMPGZF.BLNPZCFFXTZRVJZFPJKNEC-1917GFKBC\27[RFCNCE.

CF\BONPSGZ\FKFGEK\,THCFBIG\FZGHFB\P[Z\FMPGZFCBKHPKZGCBFNPZGYGNFKR[BNDKSF,BFZQPGKBNFBNPQGNJVNC[\KBIKKRKG\KFFXTKZG\.FCMGZFPCKQ[\KFKNEG\FBNF,NGZ=VZN)Laure-Perle(FK\FBPKH"N.

TRVKOBNF[NP[VI\DGPNPRG,CP[L[RKEGZG\,PTNN[NG[KOPGZKOGPGZG\CZ[\MK"I.ZBGKNFGSKUMBQ[CKQ[RG\F-20GF-40[NFPBFFT[ZKOCBGPGZKMK"IZCKONPZGYGP\GZMKF.PYX\OFDKTGDOP[NGRKYK.CTYCG\FFGZKO,CIZGZCKOPXBXBKFP[VIFCPYXGTFFGZBFCMNFZPG\[NPGSEG\FIKRGL.

MKGOCRKP[VI\DGPNPVGHZKOCTGNO:\GZMKF,XZV\,BKJNKF,YREF,K[ZBN,BGZGDGBK,BZDRJKRFGBZXG\FCZK\{PSNGNPYGCNBXNKGXBK\GZMKFCSGUFPBFF-19BLCTKYZC\GOPNIP\FTGNOFZB[GRF,MB[ZTHCGB\BZWFPYNJCFK[CGM-

400[RFGKG\Z.

CKCNKGDZVKFVK[PQ,K"N.TZKOGBPFG\CK[ZBN:PXC\YGE[NYFKNG\[RIZCGTNKEKTZKXKOGJPBKOCPNIP\

FTGNOFBIZGRF.KZG[NKO,PGSEFZCYGY,1946=.19607MZ’.

ZGHRS,[NPF.ECZKKPKK[ZBNC\GDZPF.\N-BCKC,ECKZ,\ZW=\ZXI.6MZ’.

Abensur-Hazan, Laurence. Les Barki d’Izmir,

XXVIIIe-XXe siècles. Etsi, 2004, 7:25.

Galante, Abraham. ‘Manissa’ in: Histoire des

Juifs de Turquie. Istanbul, Isis,1940. v. 4, p. 40.

Gomel in: Dictionnaire Français-Espagnol,

Espagnol-Français. Paris, Garnier, 1935.

Gomel in: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. New York,

MacMillan, 1983. 31 v.

Hinojos Montalvo, José. The Jews in the

Kindgom of Valencia. Jerusalem, Magnes Press,

1993.

Nehama, Joseph. Histoire des Israelites de

Salonique. Salonique, Molho, 1938-1978. 7 v.

Régné, Jean.History of the Jews in Aragon: regesta

and documents, 1213-1327; edited and annotated

by Yom Tov Assis, in association with Adam

Gruzman. Jerusalem. Magnes Press, Hebrew

University, 1978.

Sefarad. Madrid, Instituto Arias Montano, 1941-

2006. (Bi-annual).

PJKNEFJD’ZFKBCTN\\GBZMACPETKFSVZRG\GFPKETPFBGRKCZSKJFFTCZK\CKZG[NKO,GTGSY\CDRBNGDKFPBH.1986HFPSVZ[RKOFKBP\PIFCDRBNGDKF[NFSVZEKOGTGSY\CCRKK\BPXTKPIYZTCGZ\VGXFHB\.TCGEG\KFFBIZGRG\RPXBG\CB\ZFBKRJZRJ:www.sephardicgen.com.DC’JD’ZFKBMN\VZSNPVTNIKKON[R\2007PJTOFBZDGQFCKRNBGPKNICZG\FDRBNGDKG\FKFGEKG\.

macsta@bezeqint.net

A

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 11

IKVG[BIZKCZRZEGREZZMTCGZ117[RKO

KTYCNBGZ

CP[VI\F[NSC\K[ZFGREZZFKG\[TFKNEKO.FP[VIFF\DGZZFCBHGZFTKKZFGKNKX’YFEZGOPHZIK\NTKZYZYGCCVGNKQ.

\PKE[PT\KPBCK,MKBIEFBIKO[NSC\K{CZRZEGREZZFKDZPVGNKQNBZF"CC[R\1890GPBHRG\YFY[ZCKRGGCKQFP[VIF.FECZSKYZQBG\K,BLNBT[K\KECZTEN[R\2007CFFINJ\KNRSG\GNDNG\PFYZFNCZRZETOFDKZ\GNBZF"C.

NVKFPKET[PXB\K,CZRZE)ECCTZ(RGNECGKNKX’YFC[R\.1870C[R\1890FDKTNRKG-KGZYEZLFPCGZD.TEMFFKFF[NCFYNGFCTKFFKK\FMKXENCZZPFYZFTOCZRZECRKG-KGZY.MBQCBNTHZ\KYZGCP[VI\KK[ZBNVKYFGNWMB[ZYK[ZBG\KTODRBGNGDK\CBZF"CC[OZBRF,[RZ\PFCPZWZCNP[KPF.

ZBRFFXNKIFCBPXTG\IKVG[CPVYEK\G[CKO[NRKG-KGZYGPSPMKOBIZKONB\ZB\CZRZEGP[VI\G.PS\CZMKBIZKFDT\GNRKG-KGZY,F\I\QCZRZETOVBGNKRFGNEPQGIKCRKG-D’ZSK,[OFKK\FNGIRG\[NZVE.NHGDRGNECQC[R\1899C[OBCZFO)RYZBMRZBFTN[OSCGBCZFOGREZZ[RVJZC[R\1880(GMQ[NG[CRG\:DGNEKC[R\1898,JKNKC[R\1904GSJNFC[R\.1907

ZBGBKGZ[NP[VI\G[NCZRZEGREZZCPVYEFBGMNGSKKF[N[R\1920CINYFBRDNK.

PBIZ[CZRZEFGVKTCPVYEF\G[CKO[NRKG-KGZYC[R\1920KIETOP[VI\GGCPVYEF\G[CKO[N[R\1930FGVKTGZYCRKP[VI\GCNTEKG,PSYRFSCKZFFKK\FMKFGBRVJZC\YGVF[CKQ[RKFPVYEKO.IKVG[RGSUCTHZ\F[NZBRFFTNF,MKCBG\F\YGVFRVJZGMPFBR[KOC[OCZRZEGREZZCRKG-KGZY.

NBIZMPF[KIG\JNVGQ[NKNC\KYCZG\CBHGZFS\CZ,MKCZRZERVJZC[R\1920PPDVF)MRZBFHPQYXZBIZKFPVYE(GRYCZCCK\FYCZG\"GG[KRDJGQ"CCZGYNKQ.NCY[\K[NINKPRFNCK\FYCZG\XKNGO[NFYCZGFPTDNBMQRSDZ{TNFYCZFKFZ[GOMK[OBCKGFKF[PIF,M[OBCKF[NSC\K[ZF.

ZBG\PGRF[NFYCZ[NCZRZEGREZZCCK\FYCZG\"GG[KRDJGQ"CCZGYNKQCINYFBRDNK.

NBIZ[FXNI\KNB\ZB\CZRZEGP[VI\GCRKG-KGZYC\IKN\FPBFF-20,TRKKQBG\KFP[LDGZNFP[VIFGCVZJBOGBKVFIKKOMKGOXBXBKG[NCZRZE.FRI\KMK[NG[FCRG\[NCZRZERK[BGG[KRGB\[PG\P[VI\QGNMQFSKMGKFKIKEKFKFBGNKNPXGBB\XBXBKG[NFCQBCZFO)BNCZJ(.\YGG\KFKK\FMKBCZFOYZBNBIEPCRKGC[OCZRZETN[OBCKGGHFKGMNN[P[MBPXTKNKXKZ\FY[ZCKQCZRZEGXBXBKG.PBIZ[BG\GCZRZE,BOBMQYKKO,RGNEMRZBFC[RG\F-20[NFPBF[TCZF,FKFSKMGKSCKZMKFGBRPXBTEKKQCIKKOGKGMNNPSGZNKPKETTNFP[VIFGDGZNF.

[GCCTHZ\F[NZBRFFXNI\KNPXGBMKC[RG\F-20RGNEG[RKCZRZEGREZZ,BIEC[R\1924GF[RKC[R\.1928[OBCKG[NHFP[R\1928FKFBNCZJGNMQFKFSKMGK[HFFBK[[BRKPIV[.F[BNFFKK\FBKVFRPXBMT\BG\GCZRZE,PBIZGCSVZFJNVGRKO[NBZF"CPGVKTKOMPFT[ZG\BR[KOC[OHF,CMNPKRKPYGPG\.NBIZIKVG[G[KIG\JNVGRKG\CTHZ\F[NZBRFGC\EGE\KNKB\,FXNIRGNB\ZB\FBK[CYNKVGZRKF.NBIZMPFRKSKGRG\NKXGZY[ZFXNI\KNECZBK\GJNVGRK\GPS\CZMKBMQFGBFBK[,RMEG[NCZRZE,FBI[NSC\K[ZF.FPTDNRSDZ[RK\.

PFPKET[YKCN\KPCZRZEGPBIKGBNQ,NPE\KMK\GNEG\P[VI\OFKGMENFNQ:

BCKFOBCZFO)1899=1979(FKFZGVB[KRKKOCKGZY-JBGQNKERKG-KGZY.FGBF\I\QTOBS\ZBRSGQC[R\

1926GRGNEGNGBZCTFCRKO:CZRZE)1928(MKGOTGZLEKQCYNKVGZRKFGNG[\KCRG\,BNQ)1935(ZGVB[DZCPGRJRF[DONG[RKKNEKOGMPFRMEKO,GGZQEGE)1937(IKCBNCRKNKERKG-KGZYGTGSYCVZSGOGDONG[RKCRKOGVBGN)1942([IKCRKG-KGZY,R[GKGNNBKNEKO.

DGNEK,FBIG\[NBCKFOF\I\RFTOBEOC[OVGDNSGQ.FKFNFOKNE[RVJZCDKNXTKZ.JKNK,BIG\[RKKF[NBCKFOF\I\RFTOPYSGGNZJRZGRGNEGNF[RKCRKO:FZKCZRZEGZGCZJBEGGKQ.FZKCZRZE)1925=2003(IKCHPRGCD’GZD’KFGZGCZJBEGGKQR[GKGNG[NG[FKNEKO.SJNF,FBIG\F[NK[K\[NBCKFO,F\I\RFTOFZKVZSYKGIKFCRKG-KGZY.FKB

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 12

RVJZFC[R\1987GNBFKGNFKNEKO.YKKOY[ZCKQFBIKOGCRKFEGEKO[IKKOCZICKBZF"C.

CHFPS\KKOPSTFIKVG[KOFP[VI\K[FIN117[RKOBIZK[CZRZETHCB\VGNKQGFKDZNBZF"CGBKCEB\FY[ZTOFP[VIF[R[BZFCTGNOFK[Q.CSKGTREKC[NKEKEKOGPBPXKOZCKOFXNI\KNCZZNBZYPFTNFCDGZNG,BNBDONKXGZY[ZTORMEKG.JZOVD[\KBG\OBK[K\,BLBNQBPGZNFDKTNCKYGZ

CK[ZBNCIGE[KOFYZGCKOGBHCGGEBKDORKVD[CBGVQBK[K.

KTYCNBGZRGNECVGNKQGTNFNK[ZBNC[R\.1957SKKONKPGEK\GBZZB[GQCMNMNFG\GBZ[RKCPKRFNTSYKOCBGRKCZSKJ\\N-BCKC.TGSYCIYZ\GNEG\P[VI\GCVGNKQPBH[R\1987GICZCSRKUFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\C\"B.EGBZBNYJZGRK:

lond@internet-zahav.net

A

FNCYGCKX’KONBRMRTG*

[NPFNCYGCKW

SKVGZOKGXBFEGVQ[NP[VIFKFGEK\YZYGCBK\,RKXGNKPIRFVNB[GC2005/8:[KI\JNVGQPV\KTFFKK\K\YGTCVYY\RGTFCBKKNGQXVGRF,CEZLIHZFFCK\FCDNKNM[FJNVGQCEKCGZK\XNXN.NVKFPSVZFBZGLTNFPSLFCR\K[HG[KIFPIG"NBLNBHKFK\KB\FPSVZ.NBIZPSVZ[RKG\[CFOR[PTZYZI[SJJK,FGVKTYGNXNGNGIHYCBRDNK\TOPCJBYN:"B\FFCQ[NNGNYBG[NEGZYF?"

FKK\KPGV\TNINGJKQGZYNBIZPSVZ[RKG\FCR\KB\FFY[Z[NF[KIFGTRK\K:"BRKFCQFBPXTK[NNGNYNCYGCKW,B\FHGMZBG\G?"

"GEBK[BRKHGMZBG\G,BVKNGB\BCB[NGP[FNCYGCKWGDOB\FSCB[NG[NPFNCYGCKW[BRKPCKQ[B\FYZGKTN[PG".

FKK\KFPGO.FCR\K[BRKPECZTOBK[[FMKZB\CRKP[VI\K[MCZTCZGPFTGNOGFK\FNK\IG[FMBKNGPK[FGPFTGNOFCBP\Y[ZBNKNJNVGQFRKKENSVZNKVZJKO[FGBFKIKECTGNOFHF[TEKKQKGET.NBFMZ\KB\FBK[[KET\K[[PGRGZCZJNKSBLFCR\K[FGBXZKLNFKG\CQ+80[RKOGFGBPMKZFKJCB\P[VI\KNVRK60=70[RKO.NPZG\[PTGNONBRVD[RGGNB[GIIRGYGEO{F[KIFYNIFGFGBFVNKBBG\KCHKMZGQ[NVZJKO:[PG\,PYGPG\G\BZKMKOMVK[ZYPTJPRKXGNKF[GBFPSGDNKO.FGBFZTKUPIPBG\ZCG\TNBCK,NGNY,GTNCRKFP[VIFFBIZKOTE[EPTG\F\ZD[G\TNGCTKRK.

F[KIFFFHGKFFHGRP[MFEYG\BZGMG\CHPQ[FPMGRK\HGIN\TOF\RGTFXVGRF.NBKMGN\K[NBNI[GCTNXKZGUFRSKCG\[FCKBN[KIFFHB\.[KNGC[NPHN,VNBKFJMRGNGDKF{BKRJZRJGZ[\JNVGRKOGCTKYZZXGQTH[NCRKFEGZF[RKGF[NK[KNF\IYG\TNCENKFSKVGZKOGFTEGKG\PFRKXGNKO[TEKKQIKKO.CTKYZFXJTZ\K[GCG[GCTNML[BCK[RVJZC-1997NBSKVZNKTNFBK[FHFGNBHMFN[GIIBK\GNPZG\[FOIKKCKOB\IKKFOBIEN[RKCP[L+3[RKO[CFO[FGKIECDJG[NYZYGCGCPIRFVNB[GC.

05/4:TXKP[VIFPZG[\KOCBKRJZRJ

PSVZIGE[KONVRKMQYKCN\KVRKFCEGBZBNYJZGRKPCQEGE[NBCKB[ZIKCRKG-D’ZHKGPINKUBK\KCYCKTG\CEKIG\GSKVGZKOCRG[BKOKFGEKKO.SBNY,CQEGE[NBCKPXEBKPG,VZKCFNCK\DGNEYGZQ,TSYDOFGBC\KTGE\GNEG\FP[VIFGMQFTNFTNM\CB\VZ[\FXN\G[NGCPFNLFPNIPF.FGBSKVZNK[YKCNVRKF[NTGZLEKQPXNKIP[KYDGB[ZVTKNPBECIYZTWFP[VIF[NG.[PG[CSF)[C\BK(NKSGFGBFXNKINB\ZT[ZG\ZCG\[NCRKP[VI\DGEYGZQ,NKSB[ZFKGCY[ZKP[VIFCP[LPSVZEGZG\.

F\IN\KNF\M\CBK\GGF[NPRGBIEN[RKVZJKOINYKO[NFVBHNFDEGN[NFP[VIG\CPFNL

*FSKVGZPGYE[NHMZO[NT[ZG\CRKP[VIG\KFO[NBKPKGBCK[RKSVGC[GBFGNMCGEO[NFPTJKO[[ZEG,F[\YPGGDKENGEGZG\N\VBZ\.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 13

FPBG\F-18=19GF-.20FGBFZ[KOCPYXGTRKG\[NGGFXNKINPXGBP\GLFBZMKGRKOFYKKPKOCBKZGVFGCBZF"CGCPKGIECTHZ\FBZMKGQFPSGEZGFPPGI[C[NFMRSKKFFPGZPGRK\,VZJKOZCKOMGNN[RG\RK[GBKOG\TGEG\VJKZF.

CPFNLF[KIFFGBSKVZCYXZFB\FSKVGZ[NBCKG,BG\GRGZCZJNKS[P\CZZ[FKFDO[MQ[NP[VI\NCYGCKWCZI’YKRDF5)Kinge(CYZYGC.P\CZZ[RGZCZJGBCKG,[RVJZC[RG\F-70,FKGYZGCKP[VIF[NFNCYGCKX’KOCBG\GZIGCCCK\PSVZ.3

[BN\K:"BV[ZNECZTOBCKL?FGBCZKB,XNGN?MPF[RKOFGBCBZF"C?BKLHF[NBRGXZY[ZCKQFRKXGNKONBIZFPNIPF?"

"MQBV[Z.FGBCZKBGXNGN.BCBFDKTNYGRJKYJC-1949GNBSKVZNKBUVTOTNP[VI\NCYGCKW.BCN

TM[KGREPFNK[MEBK[V[GJ\[BNBG\G",GBH[CSFPSZNKB\PSVZFJNVGQCCK\GCFZJVGZE.

PKEF\Y[Z\KGF[BZ\KFGETFPGYNJ\.FSCZ\KNBJGCCFKZG\PKBRK,PFZXGRKGMKXEFDT\KBNKG.RKSK\KTGEPSVZVTPKOCPFNL2=3[CGTG\GNBFXNI\KNECZBK\G.I[C\K[BGNKRSTG,BG[CZKBG\GF\ZGVVFGI[C\KNIHGZGNCZZTOFCQC[KYDGPFYGZF,GBHV\BGOFDKTFF[KIFFJNVGRK\FPV\KTF:"B\F[NPFNCYGCKW,FCQ[NNGNY?".

1993YKW:CKYGZP[VI\KTOBCBCYZYGC

GCPIRG\

[RKONVRKMQ,BCBNYIBG\RGNCKYGZP[VI\KCYZYGCGCPIRG\CSCKCF.BRKDEN\KCP[VIFPKGIE\,[RKFGZKORKXGNK[GBFGSCKCOYZGCKP[VIFZCKO[RKXNGMNBIECSKVGZPGVNBGPHTHT.PBH[FDKTBZXFC-1946TOFGZKG,BIG\GGCRKP[VIFRGSVKO,BCBFP[KLGSKVZMNF[RKOB\\GNEG\IKKG,SKVGZKP[VIF,ICZKOGNKPGEKOCDKPRSKFFTKCZK\.DOB\SKVGZKFDJGGFPIRG\[PTRGNBVTOCVKZGJZCMKNBCBFKFHKMZGQIHG\KKGXBEGVQGCYKBG\ZCFCVZJKO,\BZKMKOGPYGPG\CPKPEFKSJGZK[N[RG\PNIP\FTGNOF[RKF.DOBPB,ZCYF=PKYKNCK\YPVN,[RGNEFCNCGC,FS\\ZFPSVZ[RKOCPFNLFPNIPFCYZYGCG[OBIZKFPNIPFFMKZFB\BCK.

BPBSKZCFNFXJZUNCKYGZ,TYC[RB\FFZCFNVGNRKOFBRJK[PKO.MECZKFM[FKBTN\FBZXFFKB"TYZFDOB\[GZ[KFPVGNRKF".BCB[YKGGF

\PKENFIHKZPTJPFZMG[FP[VI\KFZC[FGNBO,F\MGRQNCKYGZGBUBSUPSPMKOFPGMKIKOB\CTNG\OTNPDZ[DEGN[N10EGROGKG\Z,CZIGCFZB[K,[TNKGTPEFPDZ[GPISQFCZHN[CHMG\GRKXNGCPFNLFPNIPF.

NBCBFKFHKMZGQIHG\KKGXBEGVQGKMGN\F\PXBG\PZICK\GMLKMGNRGNIZG[B\YZYGCPSVZKPKOGNB\ZB\MNFC\KO[NFP[VIFG[NICZKGNDKPRSKF.MPGMQSKKZRGCB\Z[NPIRFVNB[GCGPXBRG[ZKEKOFPGS\ZKOCT[CFDCGF,PXCG\,DEZG\GBUBREZJFTNDCT\FFGXBG\NFGZD.BCB,[FKFBHMCZIGNFGIN[,F\T[\GI[PIGKCG\NFTCKZNBIK,NDKS\KGNCRKFOB\MNFSKVGZKOGFTEGKG\[[VTGPPRGPFCGYZTENIXG\FNKNF.FGBIHZNPSVZKPKONFZDK[M"PNLFTKZ",FRTZFXTKZCQ19,TOVZGWFPNIPF,HF[RKSGNISNGGNFIZKOB\ZMG[GGT\FFGB[CTOP[VI\GFYZGCFGPS\GCCIGV[K,CJGIGPNBC\IG[\FFK[D[NG.

"RKXNRG,[ZERGGBRGRP[KLGRTCKZNEGZG\FCBKOB\PGZ[\KRGFKFGEK\".BCNPFZMG[NBFXNIRGNYCNBDGZF.

05/9CKYGZCFZJVGZEYGRJKYJ

PSVZIGE[KONBIZBG\F[KIFPZD[\,CPFNLRSKTFPYXGTK\NCGSJGQFINJ\KNFPZGNRXNB\FFHEPRG\GNCYZB\BG\GRGZCZJNKS.EIK\KB\F[KCFFCK\FG[MZ\KZMCGPVG\MEKNB\ZB\FCK\TNVKFM\GC\[PSZNKCJNVGQ.FGET\KNFO[BDKTCKQF[TG\11=13CFRIF[FRSKTFNB\BZLKG\ZP-4=5[TG\PCGSJGQ.JTR\KCPI[CFRKKE[NKPSVZXKNGPKOSZGYKO[R[BZGNBCBPF[RKO6=1945NBIZFPNIPFCJZOTNFBZXF.NBFMZ\KB\FBR[KOBLCZDT[RMRS\KNCK\O,FCR\K[FOBPRODZKOCBZF"C60[RKOBLFCKBGBK\OB\RKIGIBKZGVFGVGNRKF[F\CJBCZKFGJ,CTKXGC,CPJCIGCMKCGEFZC[FDK[GNVRKGXKVGPPRKNBMGN.MPG[PYGCNCKQVGNRKO.

F[KIFYNIFGFKK\KPGV\TPFXNKNG\[NGGFKMGN\FPV\KTFNYVGWCKQZDTCPMGR\FHPQ70[RKOGNFTNG\VZJKVZJKOTNFCK\[NFGZKG[FKFXPGENCK\BCKSKVZBRYEGJG\PZD[GG\TNFBIGFBIG\[NBCK:VK[YNCYGCKW[RVJZGFBIG\FXTKZFEGZYF)VKRYSVNE[TEKKQIKF([FK\FBHC\15,C\DKNG[NRGZCZJ[FK\FCXGVKOGFXKIFM[IKKRK\.B[\G[NRGZCZJ,ZIN,[BG\FFMKZCBZF"CRGNEF

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 14

[OGFGZKFFDKTGCKQFPFDZKO[NZB[K\FPBFF-20PVGNRKF.

[NV\KB\FPI[CGFZB\KNGPSVZXKNGPKOP[VI\KKO[INYOFMKZGKETNHFG\B\MNFEPGKG\[ZGCOMCZNBBK\RG.BIEFXKNGPKOFPZD[KOCKG\ZFKF[NPSVZRKXGNKOPCRKP[VI\NCYGCKW[JZIGNIHGZNPIRFVNB[GCNBIZFPNIPFCIGZU[CKQ6=1945GRTPEGNVRKFXZKU[NFPVYE.

HFBG\GCRKQEGYGP\K[PPRGFKFXGNU,BG\GRBXKBZGZ,BPGREDW,CMNGBKONFRB\GMBKPGQCGYZ.FCRKKQBHTGETPE)RFZSGFGTNOMPGK\Z[ZKEKFPIRF(GFORTPEGNVRKGMPGBGPZKO:"RKSK\ONF[PKEBG\RGGNBRMRTRG.NBMGNOIHZG,BRIRGIGNKOGVXGTKOBLZGIRGNBR[CZF.NBRMRTRG".)ZBGXKNGOCINYFBRDNK(.

F\INRGNHFG\B\FPXGNPKO:P[PBNEGZYFFBIG\FXTKZF[NNGNY,NKEFVKKDNFNCYGCKWFEGEF[NNGNY,BIG\G[NP[FNCYGCKW,[FK\FR[GBFTOP[FFRENZ)B[ZRKSVF(GPBIZKFCRFNKBGQFRENZGNVRKGMN\GPNFFRENZ)NCK\RNYRCGKKO([\KRGYOBCZFO=ZGPYRGNEPKECSKGOFPNIPF,CPBK.45PKPKQTGPE[ODONKBGQNCYGCKW,FBIFXTKZ[NP[FGVKKDNF[BKCEB\B[\GGKNEKGCPNIPF.GFK\FTGEEPG\BI\,PXE[PBN[NBFMZ\KGNBHMZ\K[BCBSKVZP[FGTNKF.

BHZBK\KB\RGZCZJP\ZD[GP[\\Y:"IMFZDT,BRKPMKZB\FXKNGOFHF".

FGBTNFCBKJKG\PFPJCINYGPFF[RKFCCK\G,FNLHYGUBLCBKJKG\,RTHZCPTYFGIHZNBIZPSVZEYG\TOYGVS\RTNKKOK[RF[BG\FFRKITNF[GNIQ.

"PFCYGVSF[BN\K?"NPZG\[MCZFMZ\KB\F[KJFFHB\[N[PKZ\XKNGPKOCYGVSBG\.

"ZYZDT,IMF\QNKNIV[",FGBTRFG[GCF[\\Y.ZBK\K[RKSFNF\ZMHGNBIZEYFBG[\KO,BGZGTKRKGGFGB[NUXKNGOP\GLFYGVSBFHB\.XKNGOYJQ,[IGZNCQ,PTJEFGK,DHGZCSNSGNKOMVK[FKFPYGCNBH{B\BG\GXKNGOCEKGY.PEFKO!

"FBK[F[K[K,HFCXE[PBN[NBFMZ\,HFGBCB[NK"MLSKVZRGZCZJ."DOFGB[ZEB\FPIRG\GIHZBIZKFPNIPFNYZYGCNIV[B\YZGCKP[VI\G.[RKONBIZPMQMB[ZIHZ\KPDZPRKF

GVD[\KB\BCKFGBPSZNKB\FXKNGOFHFGNBFGXB\KBG\GPFYGVSFTEFKGO".

"EZLBDCBCKLNGNYFGBHF[XKNOBG\OCVNB[GCG[MVNB\FXKNGPKOGNMQFGBNBPGVKTCKRKFO".

RGZCZJFP[KLGSKVZNKB\TNF[RKO[CFOTCECPVTN[NP[VI\NCYGCKW,[SKVYPGJG\CZHNNCRKFNDZPRKONVGNRKOCPFNL[RG\FPNIPFTE

.1943MLCHMG\ZK[KGQFTCGEF[SKEZGNGFXNKIGFGBGCRKP[VI\NCYGCKWNFP[KLNTCGEGNF\YKKOC[RKOFY[G\CDKJGGDOCPIRFVNB[GC.SKVZBKLFKGXGTEKOB\FPZIYFZCPFPIRFTENPISQFCZHNFDEGNCZIGCFZB[K[NFTKZSJZEGGK[RF,PSVZ33,PTCZND[ZFRFZGGKSNF.KMGN\KNEPKKQB\FPSNGNCHMG\FCKYGZFP[VI\K[NRG[OC[R\.93

FKKRGKMGNKOTGENFP[KL[TG\C[KIF,CNT\KMNSKVGZ[NGCXPB.CZB[KFKEKTF[BGNKNBR[GCNF\ZBG\GBKQMPTJTGEBK[CTGNO[KMGNNSVZNKTNBG\OCRKP[VIFPKGIE\[C[KNGC[NPHN,\G[KFGBKRJNKDRXKF)GMRZBFDOFZCFMSU(FXNKIGMGNON[ZGEB\BKP\FPNIPF.

"PEGTNBIKE[\B\FY[ZTOFNCYGCKX’KOBIZKFPNIPF?"FY[K\KTNRGZCZJ,"FZKCKYZ\CK[ZBNFZCFVTPKO".FGBF[\\YGEPTG\FINGNHNGDPTKRKG.FCR\K[K[ROSKVGZKO[NBRK\QNCZZTE\GPOGNBFP[M\KNIYGZCRG[BHF[PSYZQBG\KTEFKGO.

FXJNPRGNVRK[RVZERGMEK[BGMNNSVZTNMLNCRKFP[VIF[NK.

CEZLFBZGMFIHZFNCGSJGQI[C\KTNXKZGUFPYZKOFREKZFBGVKKRKNSKVGZKFRKXGNKO:[RKBR[KOHZKO,KIKEKOCTGNO,B[ZPIHKYKO[RKOZCG\CTG\Y[NBG\GXKNGOCQ60[RKO.MNBIEPFOPMKZINYPFSKVGZ[NBG\GXKNGOGZYXKZGUPYZKOGFMZF\GEFGFTZMFNTGHNKCO[NFPXGNPKOFCKBBG\RGNFKVD[GNF[NKOB\F\PGRF.

2006/6:TPGE17CZ[KP\[KRENZNVRKM[RFGIXKYZB\KTGEM\CFCTK\GQTNZ[KP\[KRENZ.FKF[OBKHMGZ[FZ[KPFFPNBFRPXB\CB\ZCBKRJZRJ.HMZ\KBPKZFS\PK\[NBCBTNSCB[NK,P[FNCYGCKW,[RVJZC-59MB[ZFKK\KKNEYJQ,GMPTJGNBFMZ\KFKFCKQFRKXGNKO.BCBFHMKZHB\MB[ZKXBRGPFYZRF[NFSZJ"Z[KP\[KRENZ"[NFCPBKSJKCQ[VKNCZD.KET\K

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 15

[FZ[KPFYKKP\GFSKVGZ[NFSZJPCGSSTNBR[KOGVZJKOBPK\KKO,BLF\ZD[\KNPI[CF[RK\QPP[NEVEUGNYZGBB\F[PG\CB.

RMRS\KNB\ZG\GLPSVZEYG\PXB\KB\TXPKPEVEUCYGCW[FKFXKNGO[NFEVKOFPYGZKKO,XFGCKOPTJ,PGEVSKOCPCRFPSGEZCPMGR\M\KCF,CSEZBNU=CK\DZPRK,PIGNY\NPSVZYCGXG\.KET\K[CP[VIF[NRGPYVKEKOTNMK\GCPEGKY[N[OFP[VIFLewkowiczGMLFXNI\KNPXGBCTPGE17B\[PG[NSCBP[FNCYGCKWGDODKNK\KB\KGOFGNE\GC[R\1894[NBKET\K.

RKSK\KNFCKQPFFCKBBG\KMT\,C[R\2006NFTPKYGNIV[B\FVZJKOFPTJKOTNFFKSJGZKFFP[VI\K\,EGGYBMT\[MPTJBK[PFRKXGNKOMCZNBIKGBKNG[TGEBK\RGBKROKMGNKOMCZNSVZMKBKROP\Y[ZKO.PEGTNBTZMRGZK[GO[NMN\GNEG\FP[VIFNVRKGCHPQFPNIPFTGEM[MGNOFKGXTKZKOKG\Z,XNGNKOGKMGNKONF[NKOB\MNFVZJKO.

FBOFOTGENBFKGPGMRKON\KTGEGNSKMGPKO?FBOBRKNBFKK\KC[NNFY[KCMKBG\?

11=07V\KI\BZMKGQFRBXKCCBE=BZGNSQ,

"PSGEZKOKPI[PO"

SGUECZ{BGNKNB?NVRKPSVZIGE[KOVRK\KNBZMKGQFPPGI[C[NFDZPRKO[RV\INYFNGPNB\KEVK[BKN\G\GCFOXKKR\KB\FVZJKOFKEGTKONKTNBCKKFGEF=NGNY,SCKP[FGBCKG[NPFNCYGCKW.TCZGPSVZIGE[KOGI[C\K[NBB[PTPFO.NFV\T\K,NVRKPSVZ[CGTG\YKCN\KPTJVFDEGNFPDZPRKFGCFXKNGPKO[NKG\ZP-10\TGEG\GZK[GPKO[CFOPGVKTKO[PG\KFO[NBCK,BSKZPSVZ22089,G[NSCKGDOBIKG[NSCB.

FPI[CG\[TNGNKCZB[:"FDZPRKOFKGPSGEZKO,KPI[PO.[PZGTG\Y[NFZ[KPG\[NFBSKZKO[FGCBGNPIRF,BKNG[R[NIGPPRGNPIRG\BIZKO"."BKHFPHN"I[C\KNTXPK"[FOTCZGEZLFCKGZGYZJKFFDZPRK\,NMQMRZBFR[BZGTEGKG\GRK\QNTYGCBIZF\IRG\CPFNL[RG\FPBSZTEN[IZGZ[NBCBPPIRFFTCGEFCEZHEQC-1945"F\TGEG\FKGPNGG\CPM\CPSGEZ[N\IYKZQ[TZLIKVG[KSGEKC\TGEG\GZKMHBG\QTCGZRG.

ZYTNFSCB[NBCK,HF[[PKRYZBNHMZGBKQMN\KTGE.FKFMCQ80M[YZYGCRMC[FTNKEKFRBXKOGMRZBF[IGSNBGP\P\[K[G\GPING\TGENVRK[FGTCZG[ZKEKFKFGEKOPFDKJGNPIRF.KET\KTNSKVGZPGVNBBIZFY[GZNSCB[NPF,SKVGZXKGRK[NTNKFN\N-BCKCC-1927,\T[KKQPCGSSTO[CJDEGNPP[VI\NCYGCKWC\YGGFN\YGTKEGNFYKOMBQPVTN\T[KK\K.FSKVGZRDPZCPVIRV[CPVGN\FMNMNK\[N1929B[ZFIHKZFBG\OIHZFNYZYGCNBIZ[R[CZGMNMNK\GNBF[BKZGBIZKFOBNBPTJZMG[C\NBCKCCZIGCYZNRJZ.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 16

NGFKGR[BZKOBHC\NBCKCCBG\OF[RKOTNVK

CY[\G[NPBKZEKHRDGU,MNSKVGZIKKGHF[NCRK

P[VI\KFKGRM\CKOBIZ\CEVKFFKSJGZKF.NPZG\

FDGZNFY[F,FNCYGCKX’KOPYZYGCRNIPGGNB

RMRTG.INYORKXNPBKP\FRBXKOGZGCOFDKTGBZXF

GF[\YPGCBGVQPGVNB.MN[R[BZNKFOPSVZ

XKNGPKOC[IGZNCQ,HKMZGRG\GFZCFFTZMFGDBGGF

CKMGN\O.

[NPFNCYGCKW,D.Sc.EGYJGZNPETKO,RGNEC\N-BCKCC[R\.1954FGBFPKKSEGFPRM"N[N"[PKZ"{[KZG\KPKETZVGBK.FGBMG\C:"DEN\KM’EGZ[RK’IGV[KGDBF.[RKFGZKKFKGRKXGNKFDKFRGOFVGNRKGFRBXK.FOFKGIHYKO,GFXNKIGNFDKTNBZWK[ZBNGNFYKOP[VIFK[ZBNK\PBG[Z\TO[NG[FCRKOGXBXBKO".[NPFR[GKN\PKGFOPDENKOBZCTFKNEKOCJCTGQ.shlomolw@netvision.net.il

A

ZTF\I\JGCF*

KFGEFYNGHRZ

Z’[PTGQCQBCZFOBGNPB=DKRHCGZD1506=1586FKFBCKP[VI\FDKRHCGZDKO,FZB[GQ[RYZBTN[OTKKZ\PGNE\GGPG[CGDKRHCGZDTNDEG\FRFZDKRH,PZIYM-13Y"PPFTKZBGNO.SCG,Z’KIKBNPVGZJG,FKFPPDGZ[KSVZE)ZBFZ[KP\XBXBKG**(.ZCGGBCCK\FEKQ[NFTKKZFCBG\GHPQFKFZ’KXIYBKKHKYFNGKFK[K[,[FZCKWCF\GZFKG\ZP[NG[KO[RF.DOXBXBKG[NZ’KXIYR[BGB\F[ODKRHCGZDBGNOFOFKGNGKKO.

Z’[PTGQTSYCPSIZCBZXG\[GRG\GF\T[ZPBGE,TEMK"NBFKFCEGZG\KGTGEBIEMPGFGPCRKTPRGCB[MRH".FGBFKFDO"NPEQ,ISKEGTRKGPBGE"GCMNPYGO[FDKTNZDNTSYKG{GKRF,CGFPKFGVGNKQ{FGBF\ZGTTTOFIMPKOGFPNGPEKO[NFPYGO,FCKQEZMOGNPEPFOB\IMPG\FPETKO,P\PJKYFGBSJZGRGPKF.FKGNGPFNMKODOBXNFBXGNFCVGNKQGBUFGXDNVRKFPNLSKDKHPGREBGDGSJ.Z’[PTGQPXBIQCTKRKFPNLGRK\RFNGFHMG\NCGBNVRKGCIXZFPNMG\.FGBFT\KYB\PYGOPDGZKGNVGHQCFIKTEVJKZ\G,YZGCNDKN[PGRKO.

Z’[PTGQYKCNZ[G\PFYZEKRNNFG[KC[\KP[VIG\KFGEKG\CBGCZFBGHQ)Oberhausen([NKEB&S&Q)Essen(.FGBCIZCZ’R\Q[BJKQFMFQ)Schotten(NFKG\BIEPFRFRKOPFHMG\FHB\GBUR\QNGMSUNV\GICPSIZ.FGBZYF\RFBK\G,MKPQFZGGI[KZGKIK\QNGZCKTK\,GN[OMLFKFTNKG

NRSGT,VTOC[RF,NPYGOPDGZKG[NZ’[PTGQN\\NGEKQGI[CGQTNFMRSG\KG.

C[R\[M"E)1564(IENZ’R\QN\\EKQGI[CGQNPKJKCGGCZXGRGNFKPNJP\CKTG\Z’[PTGQFGBFTCKZB\PYGOPDGZKGNVZRYVGZJEPKKQ.NBIZ[RKSKGQZ’B[ZBFZQNTPNQ)Lemlen(CQ[PTGQNV[ZCKQFXEEKONBTNFKVF,FXNKIZ’[PTGQ,CTHZ\VYKEKFPP[N,NSDGZB\CK\GGZMG[G[NZ’R\QC\GYUIGYKFPEKRFGCIG\OPNMG\,TE[HFKBG\NCGBNVRKCK\EKQKFGEKCDKRHCGZDTNVKFHPR\G[NFBC"EZ’KXIYBKKHKYFNGK,\I\DHZ\"IZORKEGK[P\B".CBG\OKPKOFKFCVZRYVGZJEPKKQGTE[NZCRKB[MRH,[\VYKEGFKFNJVNCXZMKTOK[ZBN[CB[MRH,GZ’R\QFCKBYGCNRFCVRKGTEHF.CYGCNRFRBPZ,MKCF\INFFGBBMQI[CNFDKTNV[ZF,BLPBIZ[FGMV[[PGCVRKF[NJGRG\MZPBK,FGBIGHZCGGC[GOBGVQBKRGZGXFNCGBNKEKV[ZF.FGGTEFINNJVNCPZKCF[CKQFXEEKOGFGXKBM\CBK[GO,BHFZG\GECZKPGSZRDEZ’[PTGQ,I\GOCKEKIP[FZCRKO:Z’KTYCBC"EGGZPS,Z’[RKBGZCQ[PGBN,Z’P[FKGSUCQ[PGBN,Z’KGSUCQ[PGBN[VZKRW,Z’BNTHZJZKGG[BC"EVVE"PGFZ’YNGRKPGSCQYNGRKPGSFMFQ.CSGUFM\CFK\FYZKBFNXEEKONCGBNKEKV[ZF,NBCDKRHCGZDGNBCVZRYVGZJ,MKBOCBPXTFEZL.Z’KXIYBKKHKYFNGK,FBC"EPDKRHCGZD,ZBFCFINJ\FGTEIKNGNMCGEG,GCTYCG\HB\F\YKKPGIKNGVKPM\CKO

*NVK:EGEPDKE:P[VIG\DKRHCGZD=PDKN\KGISKQ,S’VJZCGZD,EVGS"FPNKW",.1899**Z[KP\FXBXBKO[NZ’KIKBNPVGZJGPGVKTFCDKZSFFBRDNK\[NFPBPZ.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 17

IZKVKOGCGJKOCKRGGCKQZ’BNTHZJZKGGK[,[FTNGTGEKG\ZB\IP\GGMTSG[NZ’KXIYBKKHKY.NET\GRMRSGZCRKVZRYVGZJNZ[G\G[NBMEKQGPCNKN[PGTB\ET\G,GDOVDTGCMCGEGPCNKNF\I[CCDKNGFPGVND.ZCRKOZCKOKXBGNFDQTNMCGEG[NZ’KXIYBKKHKYFNGKFPIGNNGYKRBGNTNCGQF\GZF,GCZB[OPFZ"PPVBEGF,Z’PBKZYXRTNTRCGDTQ.CINKV\PM\CKOHGPMGRFZ’[PTGQC\BZKOPMGCEKO,MDGQ"FYXKQ",GCPKGIECPM\CPKGOJ"GJC\[M"F)1565(FKISBN[RKFXEEKOFKFPMGCE,GFOFGHMZGC\BZKO"DEGNKFPEKRF","FKYZKOGFRMCEKO".NBIZPM\CHFRZDTGFZGIG\GFXEEKOMRZBFF\V[ZG,GF[NGOCBTNMRG.ZBGBKNQKGISKQCINYFBRDNK.

E"ZKFGEFYNGHRZFGBPFRESBHZIKTOMA ,CE,BScPFJMRKGQIKVF,G-PhDPBGR’VZKRSJGQ

(Prnceton Univ.).FGB[KP[MVZGVSGZNFRESFBHZIK\CBGR’GKKQCEJZGKJ)Wayne State Univ.,

Detroit(GCPMGQNIYZFRDCCCBZ-[CT.PBH[R\1970FGBTCEMPFRESCRKKQCMKZGKGTWCICZG\

N\MRGQPVTNKO\T[KK\KKO[N\T[KG\MKPKG\G\T[KG\\FNKMKO.F\PIG\GFKBCTCGEG\YZYTGCKSGS.FGBVZSOPBPZKOPYXGTKKOZCKOGMQSVZTNPMRKY\FZXU[NYZYTG\)Continuum

Mechanics of Soils(.NBIZGRFFGBRYZBN[P[VZGVSGZNFRES\CRKKQCPINYFFIE[FNFRES\CRKKQ[FGYPFCBGRKCZSKJ\CQDGZKGQ,CBZ[CT.C[R\1982F\IKNNF\TRKKQCDRBNGDKFFP[VI\K\[NGGPMBQCDRBNGDKF[NP[VIG\BIZG\,GMKGOPSEFR\GRKO[CZ[G\GMGNNPSVZP[VIG\,CPKGIEP[VIG\ZCRKG\.FGBVZSOPSVZPBPZKODOCDRBNGDKF.EGBZBNYJZGRK:klaus@netvision.net.il

A

MCEB\BCKLGB\BPL

C\KFE[VSYK

NBIZGRFFMR\K\YNKJGZDVDFPMKN\PGRG\,PSPMKO,PGHKYFGPNN,FY[GZKONIKKFFGZKO[NK.NFV\T\KF\CZZNKMKVZGKYJHF,[HPQZCRPRT\KPNF\IKNCGMKI[C\K[FGBPKGTENPYXGTRKOCNCE,BKRGMFPSGCL,GDOPK[BKRGP\GZDNa#J&MRKYF[NT[KKFYGNRGTK\PSGDNNFGXKBB\FECZNVGTN.TNMQFINJ\KNINGYB\RKSKGRKTOBNF[IG[[KONFKMRSNVZGKYJ[MHF.

BPKFBNPRFRVJZFC[R\.2002[PGRF-T[ZIGE[NBIZPMQSKKPRG,BIKGBRK,NPKKQB\FYGVSBG\[R[BZGPIKKFGZK,G[PMKNG\TGNO[NO[NHKMZGRG\.NBIZ[[NIRGPSPMKOZCKONBZMKGRKO[GRKO,[I[CRG[KFKGPTGRKKRKOCIGPZ,R[BZNRGBGSUDEGN[NPSPMKOBK[KKOGXKNGPKO,FP[YVKOB\HKMZGRG\KFO[NNKBGGSKNCKFE[VSYK.

BSV\KB\MNFIGPZC[RK\KYKODEGNKOGMCEKO,GFKFY[FNFTCKZBG\OPPYGONPYGOMEKNFZBG\ONP[VIFGNICZKO.MLRGNEFZTKGQNFVGLB\FIGPZNVGZPJEKDKJBNKGNXZGCBG\GTNDVD,GCBGVQMHFKFKFKG\ZV[GJGRGINFTCKZ

B\PGZ[\FP[VIF.C-DVDHFF[\P[\KCFZXB\KCSRKUKZG[NKO[NFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\,CIGE[KRGBZ.2009

BGNO,PBIZ[NBFKFNKFKETFPNBFRIGWNCKXGTFFTCZFPPEKGONPEKGO,RTHZ\KCICZKOCTNKRKSKGQGFOFEZKMGBG\K.RK\RGNK[NG[FYGGKOPRIKO:1(NCZZFKJCPKFGBYFNFKTE[NK,2(NFINKJPFFSKVGZ[CMGGR\KNSVZNFO,3(NFXKDB\FIGPZCBGVQMZGRGNGDK,GNBKG\ZPT[ZKOEYG\.

FINJ\K[YFNFKTE[NKKFKFFEGZFXTKZ[CP[VI\KGFEGZG\FCBKO.FSKVGZ[F\MGGR\KNSVZNFOFGBBKLIKK[RKFBR[KOFBNF{FFGZKO[NK{F\ICZGGBKLFOF[\\VGGF[\NCGCBKZGTKOFI[GCKO[NFTOFKFGEKCPBFFT[ZKO.

F\FNKLMNN[NG[F[NCKO:

C[NCFZB[GQKXZRG\SZKJGCIZRGPQFBNCGOB\FPSPMKOGB\F\PGRG\[FPIK[GCXGZFFJGCFCKG\ZB\FPSZ[C\SZKJ.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 18

C[NCF[RKBSVRGIGPZZNGGRJKRGSUPFBKRJZRJ,1

MDGQDNGKG\K[RG\GXKNGPKOPFPYGPG\[FGZKF\DGZZGCFO.SZY\K2CPI[CB\FIGPZFHFGMQB\F\PGRG\[CIZ\KP\GLFBNCGPKOGFMRS\KFMGNNPI[C[NK,CVGZPJ[NPXD\Power Point.3

NBIZPMQFKKRGIKKCKONCIGZB\FPGHKYF.NBIZ[KYGNET\FINJ\KNF[\P[CTKYZC[KZKOTCZKKOG[KZKOCKKEK[,IGWPB[ZCPYGPG\[FPGHKYF[KP[FPCGBNIGPZ[TSYC\YGVFPSGKP\.CPYZKOBNFCIZ\KCPGHKYFFP[YV\B\F\YGVF.F[\P[\KC\YNKJKO[FKGNKCCK\BGC\YNKJKO[NICZKO.PF[FKFISZFGZE\KPFBKRJZRJ.

FVTGNFFBIZGRF[N[NCHFFKK\FFYNJ\F\SZKJ.[RKKOPICZKKSKKTGNKCMLGYZBGB\FJYSJKO[CKJBGB\ECZKBCKGBPK.B\FXD\FIGPZYKCN\KTNTXPK.

C[NCF[NK[K,FBIZGQ,FKKRGHYGYKONTHZFPYXGTK\PQFIGW.FKFXGZLNBIEB\MNFIGPZ{F\PGRG\,FPGHKYFGFJYSJFPGYNJ{NPXD\MGNN\GNXZGCBG\FTNF-DVD.

F\GXZFSGVK,FRYZB"VZYKFHKMZGRG\[NNKBGGSKNCKFE[VSYK",FGBCBGZL[N22EYG\,GFGBNGYIB\FXGVFP"\IGOFPG[C"[NKFGEKZGSKFFXBZK\,TENFDKZFNBZXG\FCZK\G[FKKFYXZFCBZWK[ZBNFPREBJGZK\.EZMGP[YKUFXGVFTNVZ[\IKKFO[N[RKBR[KO[FKGRBPRKONFYP\PEKR\K[ZBNGNVK\GIdGMQNIKRGLFKFGEKCYZCFYFKNFFKFGEK\CBZXG\FCZK\.

T\F,MB[ZF[NP\KB\FVZGKYJ,BRKPGMRFN[\UB\P[VI\KGB\ICZKKFYZGCKOCPGZ[\KYZFHG.

C\KFE[VSYKTN\FNK[ZBNPVKNENVKFC[R\.1969CP[LNPTNFP[NG[FT[GZKOFKBFKK\F

ICZFCSDN[NFSGMRG\FKFGEK\,G\GL\YGVFHGFKB[KP[FM[NKIFCNGREGQ,RKG-KGZYGNGSBRD’NS.

A

PZMHPKETBGSVZKF?BG"FZFGZKOTN’[KZG\KFJYSJ’FREZ[KOCICZFFDRBNGDK\CK[ZBN

PZKBRFYZGRVNEHCKEGC

MIGYZ\DRBGNGDK\CZB[K\EZMF,CZGZNKMKF’JYSJ’,TN[NNPGVTKG,FGBCGHPRK\F’MNK’GF’PFG\’,FI[GCKOCKG\ZNVTRGISGEG\GIKEG\P[VI\KKO.C’JYSJ’MGGR\KNMNXGZ\FD[F[NPKETM\GC{SVZ,PBPZ,PKETBKRJZRJK,Z[KPG\[NTGNKO,\TGEG\PXFKCG\GTGEGTGE.GCPYZKOZCKO,CFTEZBR[KO[KTKEG)MKM[MCZC[NRGGBRGZGXKON[PGTTNFSKVGZFP[VI\K{FOMCZBKRO...({FPKNFFM\GCFFKBMPTJFEZLFKIKEFNTYGCBIZFZPHKO[FOF[BKZGNRGPTCZNHPQ.

PMBQ,PFFMZFCI[KCG\FPKETFM\GCNIGYZKO,XPIFFPGJKCXKFFPZMHK\[NKNRKFGNF’SVZKF’CID"KKZG[NKO.TOHB\,PFRIG\KKFKSGEKG\FQ[NB

ZYTXOYKGOFPKETI[GCBNB,GCTKYZ,BGVQBZDGRGGEZLFD[\GFO[KMGNKONYCGTMKXER\YEOCPIYZRGFDRBNGDK.

MKGOBRGIKKOCTKEQ[N"F\VGXXG\"PKETGPGXVKOCTGEUPCNCNGNBPCGYZ[NPKETHPKQFPGXDFQCZ[\FBKRJZRJGFQCVGZPJ[NSVZKO.FB\DZFPZMHK[RGCTPMLFGBFXGZLCVK\GI[KJG\NRKGGJGF\PXBG\CPCGMKFPKETFYKKO.CZXGRKN[\VMOC\GCRG\ZB[GRKG\TNBGVKF[KJFNBZDGQFPKETFREZ[NRGMIGYZKOC\IGOFDRBNGDK:

*PKETPGTKN:K[NF\PYECPKET[FGB"N\GTN\"FIGYZKO,ECZFEGZ[SKRGQ[NPKETGNBBDKZF[NMNJYSJBUBOMG\Z\GFKB

1.MEKN[PGZ\PGRG\PEGBZBNYJZGRK,PDGDNBGPFBKRJZRJ,K[NTPGETOFTMCZTNF\PGRFGNNIGWTNKPKQFTMCZ,NSPQ"[PGZ")save as(GN[PGZB\FYGCWTO[+OC\KYKKF.

2.B\F\PGRG\[RSZYGRK\QN[PGZC\KYKKFMy PictureBGC\KYKKFBIZ\,GRK\QNFDKTBNKFQCT\FMR\FPXD\.3.Power PointFGBINYP\GMR\PKYZGSGVJ.RK\QNF[\P[DOC\GMRFBIZ\.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 19

"DRBGNGDKF".[BN\’PNKGQFEGNZ’FKBPFK’\GTN\DRBNGDK\’?PFGDGUFKETFDRBNGDKFKSGEKGBKLRDEKZB\PV\FPG[DKOFDRBNGDK\FCSKSK\?PFGJKCFPKETGFFKYUFRIGW?DOBOMNIGYZPTCEB\FPKETNVKPKGPRG\GGXZMKG=BKLRG\RKOPTRFNBK\GZGNBIHGZPKETZNGGRJKKONIGYZKOCTNKF\PYEGKG\PIYZKG\[GRG\?FBP\FKB[TEKKQNBPXB\K\[GCFPRKIFB\FET\GBRKPHPKRFB\MONSKKTCTKCGKFI[KCFTNSGDKG\BNF.

*PDGGQVGZPJKO:K[XGZLCPKETFCBCVGZPJKO[GRKO{FQPYGZG\BNYJZGRKKOGFQPGEVSKO.ECZ[MPGCQPXZKLB\FVNJVGZPFFJMRGNGDK\[CBPXTG\FPSGVYFPKET.

*PKETBPKQ:[BN\BPKRG\FPKETFKBIPYPYFPBGECTRUMPG[NRG.PBIZGBRGPS\PMKOVTPKOZCG\TNPYGZG\BGZNKKOGTNIGPZKOBGJGCKGDZVKKOY[FNFDEKZPFVKZG[F[NBPKRG\CPIYZDRBNGDK.TOHB\,REZ[KOCZKZFGFTZMFCYGZ\K\[NMNPKET[BRGPYCNKOGMQCIKRF[NPFKPRG\PYGZG\KGTNPR\[BVKYFPIYZNBKSJFNPIGHG\[FKK\KPMRFBG\O’PGPXBKO’.

*HPKRG\FPKET:TNFPKETNFKG\PGXDCEZLCFKZF,RGIFNBK\GZGBUYNFNP[NGI.HB\\GLFCRF[NFKCJKOB\KKOGICZ\KKOFRGDTKONRDK[G\NPKETGN[KPG[CG.

*F\PIG\GKIGE:K[RFI[KCG\PMZT\NFINJFCBKHFPKETP\PIFID"KMPPGYOCK[ZBN.GHB\NBZYPML[PSKKDKOXGPI\KXKZ\KG\)HB\BGPZ\:PDCNG\PIKKCG\F\PYEG\C[BN\"PFPKKIEBG\RGGPFCKMGN\RGNT[G\"(BGC[NFXGZLCPKYSGOFRKXGN[NP[BCKOYKKPKO.FF\PIG\I[GCFNRGC[NFPIGKCG\NFDEZFTXPK\{PKBRIRGGPFBRGKMGNKONT[G\FMKJGCGCPYXGTKG\DRBGNGDK\.

PMNBNFBRKJGTR\MKBZDGQFPKETFM\GC[NID"KBKRGKMGNNFKG\M[NBZMKGQ)[TKYZG{BMSGQPKETGNZGCBGSVKPSPMKO(BGM[NSVZKF)[TKYZF{YJNGDSVZKO,PKGROGRKFGNSVZKF(.REZ[MBQPCRFPSEZ[PBVKKQKG\ZPZMHPKET{PB\Z,SGYZ,PBREYSGPRFNZ[GPG\PKETC\IGPKFTKSGYFDRBNGDK,PJVNCCY[G\PKETGCP\Q[KZG\KPKETBKMG\KGPFKZN[KPG[G[NFIGYZ.

TGERZBFNKMKREZ[MBQ\VYGEBYJKCKGBKRJZYJKCKKG\ZPB[Z[NSVZRG\DZKEB.PRFNPZMHFPKET{FPKETQ{REZ[NSKKTNIGYZFINP[NCFDEZ\P[KP\/[BKN\\FIKVG[,FP[LCFMZ\MNKFIKVG[GPYGZG\FPKET)TNK\ZGRG\KFOGISZGRG\KFO(GCRKGGJCKRKFONBK\GZGNBKSGUFPKETFREZ[NIGYZ,GMNFCML[TNKGNFVDKQKMGN\CZKZFGFTZMF[NFPKETNVKYZKJZKGRKO[GRKOGCF[GGB\PYGZG\[GRKO.NXGZLMLREZ[\MVK[M\C\KNTKNTCGE\BZDGQVZNKPKRBZK\[NFPKET,YJNGDGGPKGRGCBGVQ[KFKFBV[ZNF\PXBCGGNBIHZG,MPGDONFXKDGCBGVQYZKBGCFKZGNFRDK[GCYNG\.

\ZDP\KB\F\GCRG\FZB[GRG\[NKTNF[KJFNBZDGQFPKETFDRBNGDKNMEKIHGQGMKGGRKVTKNG\T\KEKKOGFGBPGXDNVRKMOMBQ)MPGDOCB\ZFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\(:

PZMHFPKET)P"P;IC(FDRBGNGDKCMNSRKU[NID"KKSVYNIGYZ/\B\FPKETFZB[GRKGFMNKOFCSKSKKONPIYZ,CIKR\"GBKELHKNDPGZ")PMBQXBGNPE(.

MPPGYOCK[ZBN,FP"PKBDGZB\FPKETCK[ZBNFTGSYC"[PG\","B\ZKO"GC"HPQ"KFGEKKO.FPKETKGRD[C[RKVGZPJKO:FBIE,SVZKOGIGPZPGEVS,GZGCG{MPKETPYGGQ.

CP\MGR\PPGYE\HG,FP"PKFKFCRGKPBZCTF"[TZKO":[TZFNKCF,[TZFKGISKQ,[TZID"K,[TZK[ZBN.

"[TZFNKCF"KMNGNSVZKNKCFDRBGNGDKKO,"[TZFKGISKQ"KMNGNSVZKKGISKQ,P[VIG\GB\ZKO,"[TZFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\KMNGNIGPZKPIYZ[NFICZFFDRBGNGDK\CBZWGPIG"N,G"[TZK[ZBN"KMNGNPYGZG\PKETGIGPZKODRBGNGDKKOFPXGKKOCK[ZBN.

P"PFGKZJGBNKKPGYOCB\ZID"K.FGBKYGJNDTNVKBG\QYJDGZKG\GC\GSVG\[NPKETPYGGQ.FSVZKOGFPKETFPYGGQKPGV\IGGKTPEGNZ[G\FIGYZKOFQCB\ZFICZFGFQMYJNGDPGEVS.INYPFPKETKGDCNNZ[G\OGN[KPG[OFCNTEK[NICZKID"K.

PKETR/K\FICZF)IL(FDRBGNGDK\KSKKTGNIGYZKOCBK\GZ,IKVG[GF\PXBG\CPKETFREZ[NXGZLPIYZDRBGNGDK,CFRD[\GGCVK[GJPKETPGZMC.

CJGZ[NKC"[Z[Z\FEGZG\"BP[KLNV\IB\FSGDKF[NFPKETRG\\GL[KP\ED[TNFXD\MNKO

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 20

GPYGZG\PKETN[KPG[FIGYZKO.MKGGRKPI[CFRGSVKO,CKYGZG\GFXTG\K\YCNGC[PIF.

PZKBRFYZGRVNEHCKEGCR[GBFNBCB[BGNHCKEGCGP\DGZZ\CKZG[NKO.NGPE\N\GBZ[RKNNKPGEKPI[C\K[ZBNCBGRKCZSKJFFTCZK\,GTGCE\

CSGMRG\FKFGEK\CPINYFNIKRGLMPRFN\\IGO

VK\GICKIKE\PIYZGVK\GI.PCIZPVZSGPKO

[TZMF:"PI[CG\K[ZBN")2001(,"HFK[ZBN

GBRGFG")2005(,\GMRK\FNKCF[NFPINYFNIKRGL

)2007(.PKETRK\FICZFFDRBNGDK\GBIZBK\TN

PZMHFPKETCSRKUFKZG[NPK.

A

PF\ZGP\G[NF[KPG[CYGCXKPDFNICZKFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\)ID"K(?

ZGHVNEPQ

FKGOCTGNOFPIYZDENGFGNLPSVZFVZSGPKOFPGVKTKOMYGCXKPDF.VKZG[FBG\KG\PDF\CRK\PSPLRK[B.FCTEGFRDE[N[KPG[CYCXKOBNFNZCG\FBV[ZG\NFVKWCTHZ\OB\[Z[Z\FEGZG\KGXDGVF,C\YGGF[BNF[BKROP\NFCKOPF[KPG[CYCXKOBNFKFKGV\GIKOKG\ZNZTKGQCT\KE.

YCXKPDFFGPXBGTNKEKICZ\BEGCKPTZMG\NVRKKG\ZPIP[T[ZF[RFGPBHFKBPP[KMFNV\IBG\O.\CRK\HGPBV[Z\NPKKXZNMNGNB\MNFPKETCPSPLBIEGNFXKDGMPTJCMNPTZM\FVTNF,GCMNVGZPJ.ICZG\,PP[NG\GBR[KOVZJKKOPSCKCNTGNOSGPMKOTN\CRK\HGMEKNFTCKZB\ZTKGRG\KFOGIHGRO.BV[ZNFTNG\PSPMKPDFNZBG\OGNFEVKSOCMPTJMNPTZM\FVTNF:PYKRJG[,INGRG\[NPKYZGSVGJ,BGRKYS,GBIZKO.FYCXKORZBKOMPGFPSPLFPYGZKG[GPZKOTNPYGZFPKET{JYSJ,XKGZKO,GKEKBG,\N\PKPE,PVG\,DZVKYFXCTGRK\,XKNGPKOGBVKNGFKDKGQTSYK{GBKQHFP[RFCBKHGBVNKYXKFFORGXZG.1

CTE*F\GMRFFEZG[FNYZKB\FYCXKORK\R\CIKRO.

Acrobat Reader.

*TEMGRKO[NF\GMRFRK\RKOCIKRO.

*BV[ZNXVG\GNFEVKSB\FYCXKOCXGZFGKZJGBNK\CMNPTZM\.

*FYCXKOY[GZKONB\ZKOCBKRJZRJ,GM[XGVKOCYGCW,FYK[GZKOVTKNKO.

*FYCXKOPBV[ZKONTZGLIKVG[PKNKOC\GLFYGCW.

*K[PRGTKIKVG[CBKRJZRJFPSPRKOB\FPG[DKOFPCGY[KOC\GLFPBPZKOFP[\P[KOC\CRK\

PDFCBKRJZRJ.

*FYCXKOCVGZPJHFPBV[ZKONFDEKNB\FBG\KG\C-%6400,ECZFPSKKTNBR[KOCTNKY[KKZBKF.

*FYCXKOPBV[ZKOYZKBFCYGNZOCPI[CKO[K[NFQVGRYXKFMHG.

*FYCXKOPCJKIKOYZKB\PBPZKOCNKEVKOISZKOGCNKFTZG\[GNKO[NYGZBKOYGEPKO.

*FYCXKORDK[KOPMNPYGO,NBZYCSVZKFGCCK\L.

*FYCXKOVG\ZKOB\CTKK\BISGQFKZIGRKO.

*IKSMGQCFGXBG\EVGS,PMKGGQ[FYCXKOBKROPGEVSKOCCK\EVGS.FEVS\[Z[Z\FEGZG\TNRKKZ[NG[VTPKOC[RFEGZ[\FGXBF[NKG\ZP-%50PF\YXKCF[R\K[NFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\.

*KZKEFRKMZ\CFGXBG\P[NGICEGBZT"KFICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\)MKMPTJGNBKFKGFGXBG\(.

*BKFEVS\TG\YKOTNRKKZ\BV[ZFGSV\\PGRG\XCTGRKG\GJCNBG\.

RDE

*K[FPTEKVKONYZGBIGPZPGEVSGNBNYZGBPTNDCKPSLFPI[C.

*BR[KO[GPZK[C\BKROP[\P[KOCPI[CC[C\.

1.http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/adobepdf.html

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 21

*FEVS\PBPZKO\T[FCPEVS\[NMNBIECCK\G.

*K[BR[KOFIG[CKO[F[KPG[CYCXKR[BBKRGKGYZ\K.

*M-%2PICZKID"KFOISZKPKGPRGKG\PI[C.

\[GCG\NRYGEG\RDE

*FKZKEFFXVGKFCFGXBG\EVGSGEGBZ\[\YUCFGZE\EPKICZG\,GKYNNXZUICZKOIE[KO.

*FKZKEFCFGXBG\EVGSGEGBZKBV[ZGVZSGO[Z[Z\FEGZG\BZCTVTPKOC[RF.

*ICZKOKMGNKONFEVKSB\FPBPZC[VFFPGTEV\TNKFOBGNCIGZNBNFEVKSGMNN.

*NICZKOFPTEKVKODZSFPGEVS\,RCEY\FBV[ZG\NFEVKSTG\YKOC\[NGO.V\ZGQPSGDHFK[Z\B\FSVZKG\FPTEKVG\NYCNDZSFPGEVS\.

*ZGCFKZIGRKOFPETKKOPGVXKOCDZS\R[B,GRPXBKOCVGZPJHFCSVZKG\[NFBGRKCZSKJBG\.CMNSVZKFDZS\R[BPKGTE\ZYNBR[KSDNG\NPKEKO.

*CB\ZICZFID"K\FKF"VKR\ICZKO",GMNICZKYCNYGEGSKSPFBK[K\.DZS\FR[B[N[Z[Z\FEGZG\\BGISQC"VKR\FICZKO".

K[FZGBKOCVGZPJHFB\FEZLNT\KEGK[[TEKKQP\RDEKO.BRIRGPYGGKO[FSCZHFKSKKTNP\RDEKONFCKQB\F[KRGKKOFPFKZKOFP\ZI[KOC\IGO[NVZSGOPKETGKTGEEBG\ONT[G\[KPG[PG[MNCVGZPJF-PDF.

ZGHVNEPQFKRFICZFCICZFFDRBNGDK\FK[ZBNK\GIGYZ\PBH1985B\[GZ[KP[VI\FFMGNNKOXBXBKOGP[VIG\KFOCBZCTKC[G\.FKBPRFN\B\FB\Z[NFICZFFDRBGNGDK\FK[ZBNK\GVTKNFCXGG\CGRKFPBDZKO[NFICZFFDRBGNGDK\NK[ZBN)ID"K(.

http://www.tau.ac.il/~rosef/

A ���ł�����http://juifs.du.pape.free.fr/

D’KKPSPGRJN

B\ZHFPGYE[NZK[GOXBXBKFKFGEKO[NFBVKVKGZ.

FPGRIFKFGEKO[NFBVKVKGZP\KKISNKFGEKO[IKGCVZGCBRSCPIGHComtat VenaissinGRFRGPFDRFGPVZKCKNDKG\[RK\RGTNKEKFBVKVKGZFINPF\YGVFCFTCZFBVKVKGZNF\DGZZCBCKRKGQCSCKCG\1300GTEFPFVMFFXZV\K\.

CCSKSG[NFB\ZPSER\GRKOFPMKN[PG\[N1700P[VIG\GM-9600KIKEKO.

NPZG\[FPIGHYJQPBEPCIKRFDKBGDZVK\,PMKGGQ[KFGEKOFKDZGP[OCP[LPBG\[RKO,FB\ZFGBMNKIKGRKNMNPK[PIV[B\[Z[K[P[VI\GCEZGOXZV\GCXVGQPTZCBKJNKF.

INYPQF[PG\FRVGXKOFO:ABRAM, ALPHANDERY, ASTRUC, BAZE,

BEAUCAIRE, BEDARIDE, BENSUSAN,

BLOCH, CAVALLION, COHEN, CREMIEUX,

DELPUGET, DIGNE, LAROQUE, LEVI, LEVY,

LION, LISBONNE, LUNEL, LYON, MAYER,

MAYRARGUES, MILHAUD, MOISE,

MONTEL, MONTEUX, MOSSÉ, NAQUET,

ROQUEMARTINE, VALABREGUES,VIDAL.

PZCK\O,[PG\KFGEKKOFIGHZKOCMNZICKVZGCBRS.FZK[GOFPGYEOCKG\ZFKRGC[R\.1390K\MQ[HFGCSKSFR\GRKOFDEGNCKG\ZCTGNOFDRBNGDKF[NP[VI\MZPKFTO680KIKEKO.

H’BQVGNCGZNBYFTNFB\FB\ZC-2006GP\IHYBG\GCYCKTG\.FB\ZPCGSSTNPIYZDRBNGDK[NH’BQYNGEMFQ[M\CB\"FPKNGQ[NKFGEKYGPJBJGRSKQ")Dictionnaire des Juifs du Comtat

Venaissin(.CB\ZK[YK[GZNB\ZFCK\[NTCGE\G[NMFQFPMKNFSCZKOBGEG\[PG\KFGEKFBVKVKGZGB\FSKVGZFFKSJGZK[BKRGRPXBCB\Z[NCGZNBY.

CRGSUNML[FB\ZFGTNFCZ[\CPCRF[NCSKSR\GRKO,FGSKUCGZNBYPKPEIE[NINGJKQCML[FGSKUNPTNFP-5000\PGRG\[NPSPMKO

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 22

PYGZKKO,MGNOCVGZPJJPG.HFGBIEFSPPRKOFKG\ZI[GCKO[NB\ZHF.

ML,TCGZMNKIKE,RK\QNZBG\B\F\TGEFFPYGZK\[NNKE\G,RK[GBKGGVJKZ\G.CRGSUNPSPMKOBNFYKKPKOTGEPSPMKO[K[NFOI[KCG\DRBNGDK\TCGZINYPQFBR[KO.NP[N,FFXFZG\FKEGTG\N[PXF[IGKCGCFOFKFGEKOC-1941TNKEKP[JZGK[K.CFXFZG\BNF,BHZIKOKFGEKOPSZGVZJKOBK[KKOGFXFKZGMKFOKFGEKO.CINYPFOK[CKJGKKOZD[KKONML[BR[KOF\KKISGNEGZG\BIGZF[NBCG\KFGEKKO.)EGDPBG\RGDTG\NCCBGVQPKGIEFO[NRTPKPGSFGPYSKOMZPKF(.

CGZNBYPP[KLNTEMQB\FB\ZNTK\KOYZGCG\GPGSKUPSPMKOIE[KOGBR[KORGSVKO.FGBTZLPIYZPEGYEY[NFBZMKC[NBouches-du-RhoneGFBZMKC[NPZSKCGFGBP\PYECZK[GORK[GBKOCKQF[RKO1793N-1907,PSPMKNKEF,RK[GBKQGVJKZFCBYSBQVZGCBRSCKQF[RKO1793=1904GZK[GPKRK[GBKQC-SNGQEFVZGCBRSCKQF[RKO

1793=.1904INYRKMZPFPKETR\ZOTNKEKDRBNGDKO,RGSVKOTNCGZNBY,[IGYZKOB\KFGEKFBVKVKGZ.

FB\ZPXKT[RKPP[YKO[GRKONZBG\B\FPKET.FZB[GQFGBCVGZPJOXY-GENGF[RKFGBCVGZPJF-PhpGedView.FTEV\KFBK[K\FKBNVGZPJFZB[GQPVRK[FGBPFKZ,YNNRKGGJGKEKEG\KNP[\P[.MPGMQ,YNNYZGBCGB\FM\GCNDCKMNKIKE.BPRO,BKQNGBV[ZG\IKVG[BCN[KPG[CBKREYSGXKGQ[PG\P[VIF,KIKEKO,PYGPG\GBKZGTKOPBV[ZKOBK\GZYN.

CBGVQMNNK,PP[YF-PhpGedViewFGBBKJKKG\ZPMKGGQ[FGBPZKWB\F[BKN\G\NVRK[FGBPTNFB\FTPGE.NTK\KO,HPQFFP\RFFGBPSVZ[RKG\CMEKNKXGZB\FDKNKGRG\FP[VI\KKO.

BNGPMO[BKROEGCZKXZV\K\M[VFZB[GRF,KMGNKONTCGZNPSVZ[VG\RGSVG\MDGQ:

BRDNK\,TCZK\,BKJNYK\BGSVZEK\.

TCGZIGYZKODRBGNGDKOFP\DGZZKOCK[ZBN{B\ZHFPFGGF\ZGPFPZMHK\NPIYZPYGGQPVRK[FPSPMKOFPYGZKKOTXPORK\RKONXVKFGFGZEFCZ[\NNB\[NGOGBKQXGZLNCYZCBZMKGRKOZIGYKO.

CRGSU,FB\ZP[NKOBZMKGRKORGSVKOFRPXBKOCK[ZBN.NP[N,CK\F\VGXG\PMKNINYRMCEPFDRBNGDKF[NP[VI\PGSFFP[GKKM\NP[VI\PGSF[NKFGEKFBVKVKGZ.

NBNG[FINGPIYZTNKFGEKFBVKVKGZBGTNP[VIG\XZV\KG\BGMBNG[PYGZQCVKEPGRJ,MEGDP\BNGFZ[GPG\CBZMKGQFPZMHKN\GNEG\FTOFKFGEK,B\ZHFKTRKYY[GZI[GCRGSU.

D’KKPSPGRJNFGBj#v@CJMRKCICZFNFRES\\GMRFCKZG[NKO.FGBCTN\GBZZB[GQCVKHKYFPFBGRKCZSKJF[NBZYRSGCBZXG\FCZK\G\GBZ[RKCNKPGEKODZPBRKKO)Germanic Studies(PBGRKCZSKJ\BKREKBRF.\IGPKFF\TRKRG\[NGCDRBGNGDKFKFGEK\MGNNKOB\BKHGZVZGCRSCXZV\,KFGEKFBVKVKGZ,ICNVKKEPGRJ=SCGKFCBKJNKFGYFKNG\[GRG\CBKJNKF.RK\QNFKG\BK\GCY[ZCM\GC\EGB"N:monteljames@gmail.com

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 23

�ªø�œ��łºØ��Ø�ÆØøł�

FBZMKGQFXKGRKFPZMHK:www.zionistarchives.org.il

ZG[NZGCKR[JKKQ,SDRK\PRFNNTRKKRKBZMKGRBG\

CPSDZ\\GMRK\EKDKJXKFZICF[TGCZMT\FBZMKGQFXKGRKFPZMHK,KSZYG\[TKOFMZMKOFPMKNKOB\JVSKPVYEFBGMNGSKQ[RTZLCKZG[NKOCYZCFBGMNGSKKFFKFGEK\C[R\.1939

PVYEHFRTZLMINYPPVYEMNNBZXK[PJZ\GFKK\FNSVYPKETTCGZDKGSNXCBFCZKJK.KIETO

HB\,RZBFMKJVSKFPVYEFKIKEKO[[ZEGFOJVSKFPVYE[RTZLCKZG[NKO.NBIZSZKY\MNFPSPMKO,PKETTNFPVYEKFKFRDK[CPSDZ\PTZM\FPI[GC[NFBZMKGQ,CRGSUNPKETFDRBGNGDKFRGSUFYKKOCBZMKGQ.

PZMHVBGNKTYGCK

[NGOCZGR[JKKKQ,SDQPRFN

FPZMHFGBINYPFPZMHFTGNPKNIYZDRBNGDKFKFGEK\GRPXBCCRKKQ[NFSVZKFFNBGPK\CDCT\ZO.E"ZKTYGCKRGNECYKRSCZD,VZGSKFFPHZIK\C-

1911GRVJZCKZG[NKOC-.1997FGBCKQFBCG\[NIYZDRBNGDKFKFGEK\GF\IKNB\PIYZKGC[RG\

F[NG[KO[NFPBFFYGEP\GFP[KLTENKGOPG\G.MT\FBGSU[FGB\ZONSVZKFFNBGPK\RPXBCIPK[KOYZJGRKO.PZMHKTYGCKRPXBC\FNKLYKJNGDPPGI[C.CBGSUPGHMZKOPBG\[PG\GIGPZFKSJGZKZC.

A

ø��œ����

PZ\FNC=XKGQ{NJCKF

[’:P[VI\KFKBPYeZNBRE)Courland(,[FKBINYPNJCKF.HFHPQPFPTSKYBG\KFIKVG[BIZKYZGCKFP[VIFGCRKK\TWFP[VIF[NK.F[\P[\KCMNPSEKFR\GRKO[NNJCKFGYGZNBRE[PXB\KC-

JewishGenGCEY\KDOB\EVK-FTECKEG[O,BCNTEKKQISZKONK[PG\[NBR[KO[BKQNKMNPKETTNDGZNO.BKVFBV[ZNFP[KLNIV[?

\’:HGF\INFJGCF!PKETTNDGZNO[N\G[CKNJCKFCT\PNIP\FTGNOF[RKKFRK\QNPXGBCB\ZFBKRJZRJ:

http://names.lu.lv/cgi-bin/names?lang=en

PSEFR\GRKOFHFFGBVZGKYJP[G\U[NFBZMKGQ[NNJCKFGF"\GMRK\NNKPGEKKFEG\"[NBGRKCZSKJ\NJCKF.BPROF[KPG[CB\ZHFYX\PSGCL:NBRK\QV[GJNFKMRS[OGNIV[,BNBK[NCIGZTKZ,NFMRKSB\F[O[PIV[KOGNNIGW

VTPKKOTNF[PG\[PGVKTKOCZ[KPF.BRKPXKTFNF\IKNCTKZZKDFGBIZMLNFZIKCB\FIKVG[.BOK[XGZL,BV[ZNIHGZTNFIKVG[NDCKTZKOBIZG\FPGVKTG\C\VZKJFDNKNF)pull down menu(.

F\GXBG\[P\YCNG\KMGNG\NFKG\PVGZJG\PBGE{[OFRTGZKO,[OCQFHGDBGC\FHGD,[OFFGZKO,\BZKLGPYGOFNKEF,FTKSGYGMEGPF,BGPXGPXPG\CKG\Z{ZYF[OGFPKQ,PCNKKMGN\NET\BOHFGBMQYZGCFP[VIF[PIV[KOBGPK[FGBIZCTNBG\G[O.

NBIZGRFFTNFFBZMKGQ[NNJCKFNBKRJZRJINYPPSEKFR\GRKO[NG.MEKNF[\P[CFOK[NFKZ[O,GBHRK\QND[\NZK[GPKOZCRKKO[NNKEG\,VJKZG\,RK[GBKQGDKZG[KO.M\GC\B\ZFBKRJZRJFKB:

http://www.lvva-raduraksti.lv/en/menu/lv/7/ig/7.html

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 24

TOFMRKSFNB\Z,BV[ZNYCNB\Z[KP\FPYGPG\[RK\QNIV[CFO.PBIZ[FB\ZFGBC\FNKLFYPF,TEKKQNBRK\QNFDKTN@ZK[GPKO[CMNFPYGPG\.

FZK[GPKOFOCM\CKE,CTCZK\,DZPRK\GZGSK\.

CPYGPG\ZCKOCTGNO{BCNNBCK[ZBN{BV[ZND[\NSVZKK\FPGZPGRKO[CSCKCF)Family

History Library(GNIV[CPKYZGVKNPKO[NFOIGPZTNFP[VIF.

NCSGU,BV[ZDONF\Y[ZK[KZG\TOFBZMKGQ[NNJCKF.ICZKFXGG\[NFOCYKBKOPBGECIGPZGFOTG[KOTCGEFKSGEK\GCPIKZSCKZ.

E"ZZGHNZZ=MFQ{NKJB

CZXGRKNFHPKQPSPMKOPFBZMKGRKO[NNKJB,BCY[NYCNB\[PG\FBZMKGRKOGM\GCG\KFO.

B.FBZMKGQFFKSJGZKFPPNM\K[NNKJB:

Lietuvos Valstybes Istorijos Archyvas (LVIA)

Gerosios Vilties 10

Vilnius LT-03134, Lithuania

FBZMKGQPMKNZK[GPKOCSKSKKOPNVRK[R\1940,ZK[GPKO[NPVYEKBGMNGSKQGDOZK[GPKOPSGDKOBIZKO,MGNNPSVZPXGPXO[NZK[GPKVSVGZJKOVRKPKKOPNVRK.1914MNFZK[GPKOFKFGEKKO)NPTNFP-000,500(XGNPGTNKEKFPGZPGRKO,IGWP-

000,250FZK[GPKO[FGTCZGCKRGBZ2002PBZMKGQ)C(.ZK[GPKOPGTCZKOBNFFOCTKYZPF[RKO

1922=1939,BCNINYPFOPGYEPKOKG\Z,BVKNG.1881

PIYZ:FBZMKGQBKRGPCXTKG\ZPIYZKO.FOPGMRKONFMKQFT\YKO[NPSPMKOF[KKMKONP[VI\FPCY[,\PGZ\\[NGO.K[NM\GCBN:

Galina Baranova, Deputy Department Manager

g.baranova@lvia.lt

C.FBZMKGQFBHGZK,YBGRS)YGCRG(:

Kauno Apygardos Archyvas

Maironio 28A

Kaunas LT-44249, Lithuania

BZMKGQHFPMKNCTKYZZK[GPKOPNVRK1915:PVYEKBGMNGSKQ,SGDKO[GRKO[NZK[GPKPKSKO,ZK[GPKDKNEG\)BZDGRKTGCEKO(,ZK[GPKC\KP[VJGZK[GPKOPSGDKOBIZKO.FBZMKGQPMKNDOB\ZK[GPK

FVSVGZJKOFVRKPKKOPF[RKO1919=1940PYBGRS,BHGZYBGRSGKGRBCF)Jonava(.MNFZK[GPKO[NFOP\KKISKONTZKOGTKKZG\[FKGCPIGHYGCRG)Kovno

Gubernia(,[MNNCHPRGB\ZGCF[JI[NNKJB.DOBZMKGQHFBKRGPCXTPIYZ,BGNOKFKFPGMQNT[G\FT\YKOGN[NGI,TNVKCY[\FIGYZ.RK\QNM\GCCBRDNK\GDOF\[GCF\FKFCBRDNK\.BV[ZDON[NGIEGBZBNYJZGRKNBZMKGRBKFZB[KVitalija

Gircyte, Chief Archivist,NVKFM\GC\gircyte@archyvai.lt.BKQNXVG\N\[GCFNVRK

IPK[FBG[K[FIGE[KO.

D.FBZMKGQFPPNM\KFPZMHK[NNKJB:

Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybes Archyvas

Vilnius 10102, Lithuania

Tel: 370/52/47-78-29; Fax: 370/52/76-53-18

E-mail: lcva@takas.lt

BZMKGQHFMGNNB\FBZMKGQFBGZYGNK[NNKJB.MNCY[FNIKVG[CBZMKGQK[N[NGICM\C)NBCEGBZBNYJZGRK(,PNGGFCI\KPFBK[K\.CFP[LFF\M\CG\BV[ZNF[\P[CEGBZBNYJZGRK.FBZMKGQPMKNZK[GPKC\KSVZ,CY[G\NVSVGZJKOVRKPKKO,ZK[GPKC\KSGFZ,GMQZK[GPKO[GRKOP\YGV\FTXPBG\CNKJB,1919=.1940MPGMQMNGNKOCBZMKGQXKNGPKOPYGZKKOZCKOMDGQXKNGPKO[N1222KFGEKOPBHGZGKNRF[DGKSGNXCBFZGSKC[RKO1900=1914,GXKNGPKOZCKO[NBHZIKOKFGEKOCNKJB[XGNPGC[RG\FT[ZKOGF[NG[KO[NFPBFF-.20BOPCY[KOFT\YKO[NPSPMKO,KGEKTFBZMKGQPFF\[NGOFREZ[.

A

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 25

SYKZ\SVZKO

SYKZFPB\:VBGNYKRD

PGECZ,B\[FNFCG\NBMKNG,2008,195TP’,

FGXBFTXPK\Review by Paul King

Maud Beer, Let the Flames Be Not Extin-

guished ~B\[FNFCG\NBMKNG| 2008, 195 pp.Private Publication.

SVZF[NPGECZB\[FNFCG\NBMKNGPXJZUNZ[KPFPMGCE\[NHMZGRG\P[VI\KKOGTEGKG\[NKFGEKX’MKF[RKXNGPF[GBF.

FPRKTNM\KC\FHMZGRG\FKF\PKEYKKOBCNFCKXGTIKKC[CKZ\PISGPKOZCKO."ZYT\F",FKBMG\C\CPYGOMN[FG"BRKPTKHFNM\GCTNPXC[NPCGMFDEGNF"[RCTPIGSZ\RBKOSRKJZKKOCDJG.NYINF[RKONIYGZB\FPSPLFPTKETNPG\ICZFFKYZBNKGFKK\FY[GZFCBGVQBKRJKPKNVRKGCPFNLFFSDZCJZHKQ.BGNO,M\KC\FPTKEKOTNHKMZGQKGXBEGVQ[NBKMNGNGNB[RKF\YVKO[NPIN\F[KRFGNBP[YMRVKPNBLFPGG\[ZIVGPTNKF.

BIZKONBRFRGPQFVZKCKNDKFFPMGRF"PZKBRYF[MIFFMGNBIZKJZHR[JEJ",BVKNG[V\FBO[NFRTNPFMNBFKK\F)[NBMPGBXNRKXGNKOBIZKO(.FKMGN\NFTNG\B\FECZKOTNDCKRKKZFINFZYC[R\1977GFFGXBFFX’MK\KXBFNBGZC-2005CSKGTFPGHKBGQFPGRKXKVBNKCVZGSJD’GC)VZGHRKWCDZPRK\(GFYFKNFFKFGEK\CVZBD.

TNBU[K[CSVZF\KKISG\NBKZGTKOTM[GGKKO,HFBKRRGSVZHKMZGQFKSJGZKMKBOSVZHKMZGQCKQEGZK.FGBP\KKISNYZGCKP[VIFHMGZKOGCN\KR[MIKOGPMZKOGFGBPDNF,"PFFKF[O"GNBB\F"[GCNBYKKO".

HFG’HKMZGQ[PI’NBPVRK[FGBCGIZCRKXIGRG\FYJRKO[NFJZDEKG\FDEGNG\,BNBPVRK[FGBPMKZCML[PF[FGBHGMZBMQFKFYKKO.

B\FHKMZGRG\RK\QNINYN[NG[\YGVG\MZGRGNGDKG\:P[VIFG[MGRFCVZGHRKWNVRKFDKZG[.INYHFPMKN\Z[KPKO\PXK\KKO[N

YZGCKP[VIFGFMZGKG\[DZ\KG\[NP[VI\SJYNPBMZ.IGYZKP[VIG\FPTGRKKRKOC\G[CKTKKZG\PGZCKFKPXBGPKETKYZTZLTN\YGV\JZGOFPNIPF,BOMKBKQPEGCZCPKETPMNKNNDCKP[VIG\KFGEKG\.TEMPF[FZ[KPG\FQBK[KG\,K[NFQF[VTFEZPJK\TNFYGZBFRI[UNDGZNFFFGNLGMNF[NFYFKNF.

FINYF[RKP\KKISNIKKOCJZHR[JEJGFGB,PFGGFNET\K,TEG\PFBKRJKPKG\GDKNGKFNC[RM\CGBKVTO.FINYF[NK[KIGNUTNVRK\YGV\F[IZGZPFDJG,FIKKOCX’MGSNGCYKFCFMRG\NTNKFNBZWK[ZBNGCRKK\P[VIFCBZW.

FSVZHZGT"KFNGPKO"MDGQPYGZ[OFP[VIFHusserl,FPNKXG\FP\BZG\B\FPVD[CKQ\G[C\

EZHEQ[TKZFG\G[CKFRVDTGTOF[GFFCPIRFJZHKQ[[PTFB\FFVXXG\P\GLFPIRFG[KGGTFN[IZGZYZGC,FI[KVFFMRF[NZGPQFRTGZKO,VXKT\BGNKRYF[MPTJPRTFPPRFFXJZVG\NP[VIFCJZHKQBLFCKBF[PIFCPFNLGBIZKFMNKBF,BKQSVGZSKVGZKOTNSKMGQ,IZJFGFINPFFPSGVZKOBNPGNZYTPGVNB[NIKKFKGOKGO.

HFGPXDNPF[ZRF[BZFKFBGPZ:BR[KOZDKNKOKGETKO[FMGNBV[ZK.

\IG[\FBCEQCSVZJCGTFCBPRG\FFKHMZG\.FTEG\[NPGECZPFGGFF\ZSFNFZS,F\ZSFPGNBCEQ[BKRGCZ\KYGQ,FKBPFGGFFKMNYCGZFSVZG\KGBCQDGNN[NFRXIF.

RGMIG\FRVYEKO/RTEZKOPGTXP\CMK[ZGQCBPXTG\\PGRG\,[KZF,F\M\CG\GPZGMM\TNKEK[ZKEG\F[NPGE,BIG\FGBPFFPNGG\B\FYGZBCPSTMGNG.

BSKKOCKYGZ\HGC\GCRF[NIRFBZERJ["DOCZDTKOF[IGZKOCKG\Z,PG\ZNRGNXVG\NFBZF...[\DKTPMKGGRO[NBR[KOGR[KO[IKKFOGTCGE\OKXK\GGNGNFCFIN[FCMNPXCGRSKCG\GKYZKRGTNKRGCP[LIKKFO"TCGZINGQPGBZHF[NYZC\EOGKEKEG\,TNKRGNFGEG\NPGECZ.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 26

SYKZFPB\:ZGHVNEPQ

Exiled to Palestine: The Emigration of Zionist

Convicts from the Soviet Union, 1924-1934 by

Ziva Galili and Boris Morozov, Routledge,

2006

SVZHFPDGNNB\FSKVGZ[NM-000,3VTKNKOXKGRKOCCZK\FPGTXG\[FGZ[GNTNG\NBZWK[ZBNC\YGVF[NFTNKKFFZCKTK\.FSVZPXKDNVRKRGB\FPG[D"FDKZFM\INKU"substitution

immigration."FDKZFM\INKU"FK\FSKEGZCKQFPP[NFSGCKKJKGDGZPKOCBZWK[ZBN[BV[ZNBSKZKO[REGRGN\YGVG\[NDZG[VRKPKNFDZNVNSJKRFCPYGONZXG\B\FTGR[.TNBU[NBMNFTNKKFFZCKTK\FDKTFNBZWCBPXTG\FSEZHF,FSVZIG[UCVRKRGPFYZFCCZK\FPGTXG\CBG\F\YGVF.FSVZPBV[ZNRGNFCKQB\FFCENKOCKQFHZPKOF[GRKO[NFVTKNG\FXKGRK\CBG\F\YGVF

GB\F[KRGKKO[F\ZI[GCPTPEOC\GLFPTZM\FVGNKJK\CCZK\FPGTXG\P[RFN[RF.P\GLPKETHFBRGNGPEKOTNFZYTFVGNKJK[NFBR[KO[F[VKTGGMKGGRGB\FICZFGF\ZCG\FK[ZBNK\.

NBNFPMOFIGYZKOYZGCKO[TNGNBZWC\YGVFHG,FSVZFKRGBGXZ[NPYGZG\CFORK\QNIV[PKET.FSVZPCGSSTNPYGZG\K[ZBNKKO,CZKJKKOGSGCKKJKKO.FGBINYPSEZ\FSVZKO[NFPZMHT"[YBPKRDSNNKPGEKZGSKFGPHZIBKZGVFGFGBP\GTEFKJCTOFTZG\[PXKKRG\B\FPYGZG\[NMNTGCEFCSGUMNVZY.CKQFPYGZG\[FGHMZGRPXBKOKGPRKOBK[KKO[VGZSPGCTCZK\,SVZKPIYZ,PBPZKOPFTK\GRG\,G[PG\[N\KYKOCBZMKGRKOCBZW:FBZMKGQFXKGRKFPZMHK,FPMGQNIYZ\RGT\FTCGEFGFINGWTN[OVRISNCGQ,FPINYFNM\CKKE[NFSVZKKFFNBGPK\,KEJCRYKQ,YKCGWBVKYKOGDRHLFPEKRF.

A

M\CKT\DRBNGDKKOHZKO

SKMPF:PJKNEFJD’Z

ETSI, Vol. 11, No. 42, September 2008

PBHKKSGEG[NM\CT\HF,FPBPZKO[VGZSPGCXZV\K\BGCBRDNK\HMGN\YXKZPGZICCBRDNK\BGCXZV\K\.NVKCY[\FYGZBKO,FINPQFIGCZ\FRGMIK\,FPBPZKOP\GZDPKOCPNGBO.

FPBPZKO[CIGCZ\FRGMIK\PCGSSKOMGNOTN\TGEG\[RPXBGCBZMKGQMK"I[CVZKH.\TGEG\BNFPBV[ZG\NRGNDNG\B\\GNEG\CK"SMK"INCRKO[CYFKZCSGUFPBFF-19GB\FP[VIG\[\ZPGNV\KI\G.PGCB\Z[KPF[NFKFGEKOFPYGPKKO[BMQFKGPTGRKKRKON[NGIB\KNEKFONCK\FSVZ[\GMRQ.

FGEG\NPYGZFCN\KRENFFPFGGFBZMKGQHF,BRGNPEKOTNTNKN\EO[F\IGNNFCTKZEBPRFGZ[CPXZKOC-.1877PGCBMBQCPNGBGEKGGITNFBKZGTKOPVKTJG[NTEZBKF,F\T[KKQGFRECQPGSFSZGSK)Seroussi(FPMGRFP\\KFRIPQ.

TEKKQCBKHGZFPHZIF\KMGQ,BZMKGQHFPDNFNRGVZJKOTNFSDN[TCECCK\FIGNKOZGJ[KNE[CBKHPKZ)\GZMKF(C[R\.1911

NCSGUSKMPFFTGZM\,NGZRSBCQ=XGZ=IHQ)Laurence Abensur-Hazan(B\SVZKFO[NPKSKGRZKORGXZKOP[R\1820CINYOFERKOCEKGGKFOTNFYFKNFFKFGEK\[CJGRKSKF.

MPGCMNIGCZ\,DOIGCZ\HB\PS\KKP\C\YXKZKFPBPZKOCKFGEK\=SVZEK\.

Revue du Cercle de Genealogie Juive No. 96

Octobre-Décembre 2008

BIEPBZCT\FPBPZKOFPFGGKOB\FIGCZ\FRGMIK\EQCKFGEKBND’KZFCKZF.

P\BZFPICZ,VKNKVERQ)Philippe DANAN(MKXEI\PG16PRMCEKFTKZTNTXGPFC[R\1831,IGE[KOBIEKONBIZMKCG[FTKZTNKEKXCBXZV\.

PSGVZMKXEPKRFFPG[NFXCBK,FDRZNYNGHN)Clausel(B\FSGIZFKFGEKFRGET,KTYCCBYZK)Bacri(M"ZB[FBGPF",EFKKRGZB[FYFKNFFKFGEK\[NBND’KZ.CFKG\KTYCCBYZKBK[KG\NB

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 27

BFGEFTNFYFKNF,I\PG[[F-T[ZPRMCEKFTKZTNTXGPFNPTQFEI\G[NCBYZK.FTXGPFFGD[FFTXPFBNFPG[NFXCBKFXZV\KFIE[,FDRZNCZ\HQ)Berthezène([CBNPNBB\PYGPG[NFDRZNYNGHN.

CTYCG\TXGPFHB\CGJNF\VYKE[N"ZB[FBGPF"GSGNYMNKNCBYZKPQFIKKOFVGNKJKKOGMPGMQFGYODGUIE["FPGTXFFTCZK\".

RK\IFFVNKBGDZVK\,FDC’BNKBQZGS=[GN)ElianeRoos-Schuhl(,B\I\KPG\KFO[N[[F-T[Z

FRCEKOTNDCKPSPLFTXGPF.PTRKKQNXKKQ[MPTJNMGNOI\KPFMVGNF,CBG\KG\TCZKG\GCBG\KG\NJKRKG\.

CRKPFBK[K\,KGZ[FNKNFGSKUMKXKNGOINYFTXGPFFMGNNB\FI\KPG\,BKV[ZNKNFMKZB\I\KP\G[NFSCBZCB=ZCB=ZCB[NKPXEBCKBPK!

A

SYKZ\PBPZKOCBRDNK\

FZKKJYSG

BCG\KRG,MZL24PS’3,S\KG2008

DBZKPGYGJGUTGCET\FTN"FXTFN\YQYCGTNZK[GO[PG\,\BZKMKOGPYGPG\CCSKSR\GRKODRBNGDK")A Proposed Standard for Names, Dates

and Places in a Genealogical Database(.MSVZRK\,BRKPXEE\CYCKT\\YRKOCZK[GOCSVZKKF,GRZBG\NKPBGEFFXTG\[CPBPZHF,FPCGSSG\TN[RG\RKSKGQZCG\:NPYGPG\ZG[PKOB\F[OFRFGDMKGO,NDCZKOZG[PKOB\F[OFIGYKFPYGCNGNR[KOB\[OFRTGZKO.F\BZKMKOFO\PKENVKFNGIFDZDGZKBRK.GHFGZYYXFFYZIGQC\FNKLFBIE\FZK[GOFDRBNGDK.CPBPZRK\RKOVZJKOZCKOGMQRKPGYKONMNFFINJG\.

GKYJGZTZPGRK,CRG[NVBGNTZPGRK)Kestenbojm([RVJZNBPMCZ)1932=2008(,PDK[CBFCFB\SKVGZFP[VIF.VBGNTZPGRKFKFCKQPKKSEKFICZFFDRBNGDK\FKFGEK\[NBZDRJKRF.

ZKJFCGDERGCF)Rita Bogdanova(GZBGCQVZCZ)Ruvin Ferber(PXKDKOB\ZBKRJZRJFPMKNB\Z[KP\KFEG\NJCKFNVRKPNIP\FTGNOF[RKKF:

http://names.lu.lv

"PVYEFBGMNGSKQFYKSZKCZGSKF,[R\1897"PB\BNMSREZEGRBK)Alexander Dunai(

FPICZPTKEMK"NPVYE1897K[,NNBSVY,I[KCG\DRBNGDK\GFKSJGZK\PKGIE\,PBIZ[FPKET

[FGBPXKTNIGYZKOFGBZCKG\ZPB[ZFPKET[CPSPMKOSJJKSJKKOBIZKOCZGSKFFYKSZK\".FPVYERTZLCMNTKZGBIEFVZJKOFI[GCKOFGBPYGOFZK[GO.HFGPBPZPTPKYTNPVYEBGMNGSKQI[GCCKG\Z.

BEGBZEEGKENGVJ)Edward David Luft(MG\CTN"B\ZKTK\GRKOGM\CKT\CTNKTZLNPIYZFDRBNGDK".

FPBPZPCKB[RKB\ZKBKRJZRJFRG\RKO,CBPXTG\PKNG\PV\I,DK[FNJYSJFPNBCTK\GRKOPFPBFF-19GF-.20FB\ZFBIEPGVTNTNKEKSVZKK\FYGRDZS[NBZXG\FCZK\,GM\GC\G:

www.loc.gov./ChroniclingAmerica.FPBPZPCKBB\Z[KP\FTK\GRKO[RK\QNIV[CB\Z,PF[RKO

1880=.1910

FB\ZF[RKPMKN"TK\GRKOPFPBFF-19CSVZKKFFCZKJK\")British Library(.PBIZ[FB\ZFGBC\[NGO,NBRK\R\FM\GC\.K[N[BGNCSVZKKFFPYGPK\NDCKBV[ZGKG\FMRKSFNB\Z.

"[PG\P[VIFKFGEKKOCBHGZKOF[GRKO[NFYKSZG\FZGSK\"PB\BNMSREZCKKEZ

CPBPZPXGKQGCFKZHFP\GBZKOEDPK[PG\FP[VIF,\GLRK\GIPYGZG\KFOF[GRKO:[VF,PYGPG\,[OFBCBG[OFBO,PYXGTG\,\MGRG\BK[KG\,F[VTG\ZCRKG\GMG’.FPBPZFGBPZ\Y,GPGPNWNMNPK[IGYZB\[GZ[KGCBHGZKOBNF.

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 28

"BZMKGQ\YGV\F[GBF[NGTEFTCGEFFKFGEK")Jewish Labor Committee(PB\SNKBQBPEGZ=HYGDBZKPGYGJGU

FBZMKGQRPXBCSVZKKF[NBGRKCZSKJ\RKGKGZY.F"GGTE"RGSEC[R\1934,CPJZFNSKKTNKFGEKONFKPNJPDZPRKFFRBXK\.F\VYKEFZB[GQ[NFGGTEFKFNB\ZYZGCKP[VIF[KGMNGN\\ISG\NVNKJKO,GMQN[P[CTXPGMRG\QISG\.FGGTEBUVTNNFTCZ\IGYCYGRDZSCBG\GRG[B.FIGPZCBZMKGQMGNNF\M\CGKG\PSGDKO[GRKO,\XFKZKOBK[KKO,XKNGPKOGTGE,BCNBKQPV\I[PG\.MEKNFDKTNIGPZRK\QNFKTHZCB\ZFBKRJZRJ:

www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/

fa.index.html.K[NNIGWTNFBG\JMEKNFDKTNGGTE.

"PYGZG\DRBNGDKKONKFGEKDZPRKFFEZGPK\C\YGV\FJZGO-BPRXKVXKF"PB\VZKEZKLZ’GGNPZSFGKHZ)Wollmershäuser(

FBHGZKO[FPBPZTGSYCFOFKGCTNKBGMNGSKFKFGEK\XVGVFNPEK:BRSVBL,CBEQ,CKKZGK\,INYPBGSJZKF,RV\BGCZVBNWCCBCBZKF,PKKRWGMQGGZXCGZD.FPICZPXKKQMKRK\QNIV[CBZMKGQC[\KEZMKO:NCYZ[OBK[K\,BGN[MGZIGYZ.BV[ZDONIV[CDGDNNVK[OFTKZGFPKNFJudenGNM\GCNBZMKGQFTKZGRK.FPBPZP\BZDOBGSVKOBIZKO[CBZMKGQ.

"PRGTKIKVG[DRBNGDKKOKFGEKKO,PSEKR\GRKOGZ[\G\Y[ZKOICZ\KKO"PB\FRZKCNGPCZD

FPICZPXKDB\B\ZKFBKRJZRJGP\BZB\BV[ZGKG\FPIYZ.K[PEGZPTRKKQTNB\ZKBKRJZRJBK[KKOGP[VI\KKO.DOFB\ZKO

Facebook, GeniG-My HeritagePGXDKOMZ[\G\CTNG\VGJRXKBNNY[ZKOICZ\KKO.

"PGG\CGGRXKF:NIV[B\FPXCG\[NP[VIG\YBXRTNTRCGDQ"PB\IKKOVZKEPQ

NPKETRGSUZBGB\FCNGD[NIKKOCM\GC\:http://chfreedman.blogspot.com

[PG\:FICZFFDRBNGDK\FKFGEK\[NCZKJRKF

FDEGNF,MZL17,PS’1,PZS2009

"[KNGCZK[GPKITS)BZGNSQ(TOFIGPZFBZMKGRKCK[ZBN"PB\ZGHNZZMFQ

NBIZCKYGZKF[RKCBZGNSQ,BRKKMGNFNB[ZNINGJKQB\\KBGZKFP̂I#a&Z\NDCKFPBDZ[CBZGNSQ.PBPZHFKMGNCFINJN[P[PEZKLNBZMKGQ,[HYGYCEIKVG\NRDK[G\ZICFKG\Z.

"FY[Z[NP[VI\YGNCGSGCF")Kolbuszowa(,PB\EGKEYGRGGKK)David Conway(

TKZHG,FRPXB\M-150Y"PPHZIK\NYZBYGC,FK\FINYPDNKXKF.PBPZHFKMGNN[P[EDONMNPK[PCY[N\BZB\TKKZ\FGNE\GGB\FPYGZG\FPBV[ZKOB\FPIYZ.FPBPZPS\KKOCPSTP[VI\K,FEGPFNSKVGZKOZCKOBIZKOTNTKKZG\,[FKFGEKOFKGGCFQNVRKFPNIPFPIXK\PFBGMNGSKKF[NFQGT\FBKQCFQBVKNGRV[KFGEKBI\.

"PIYZCTKZZagare"PB\EGKEYGRGGKK

TKZHG,FRPXB\FKGOCXVGQNKJB,YZGCNDCGNTONJCKF,FK\FCP[L[RKOZCG\\I\[NJGQZGSK.FPKETCPBPZHFEGPFNPKET[CPBPZFR"N,C\GSV\PSPMKF\BHZIG\PBRDNKF.

"HFKZG\PZDNKO!\KYK[KZG\FCKJIGQNPIYZ\GNEG\FP[VIF"PB\Hazel Dakers

FB\ZFY[GZNRG[BHFFGBhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk.HFGSKVGZ

PZ\YTNCRKP[VIFBI\,[[PG\KFOBKROPVGZ[KO.

"FIKKOFKFGEKKOCTZKMedway"PB\BKZKRF[GC)Shub(

CPBPZP\GBZKOC\KFMRS\GFIKKOFKFGEKKOCTZKOZGX’SJZGX’B\BO.SGIZKOGCTNKPNBMFKFGEKOCBGPXZV\,CTKEGEG[NGKNKBOFMGC[C[RKO

1066=1087GF\KK[CGCTZKOFDEGNG\NGREGQ,KGZY,CZKSJGN,YRJZCZKGBIZG\.K[,MRZBF,TEGKG\NK[KC\KFGEKOCZGX’SJZP-.1187X’B\BO,TO

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 29

PSVRG\KF,P[MFBNKFKFGEKOPFTZKOFDEGNG\KG\Z.PBPZHFFGBVZYPGCFYC\GNEG\FKFGEKO.

"V[KJ\ZDNGP[VI\CZRJ")Barnett(PB\D’GQDGNE

PBPZHFSGYZB\FIGPZ[RK\QNPXGBCZK[GPKC\KFP[VJFY[GZKONKGHPG\PSIZ.CPBPZMNGNTWP[VIFINYK[NP[VI\CZRJ/NHZGS.

"SYKZ\VRYSFPGFNKO[NVGZJSPG\"PB\FRZKZG[)Henry Roche(

FVRYSPMSFB\F[RKO1762=1802,GFGBYEONVRYSKOFMNNKKO[NYFKN\VGZJSPG\.FGBMGNNB\FZK[GPKO[N113CZK\G\.

"PYGZG\P[VI\VZEKRRE)G(,INY2:BRJGRKGVZRRESYBZGGBIBN")Carvajal(PB\VJZVZEKRREG

HFGFSKVGZ[NP[VI\BRGSKOPVGZJGDN[FDKTFNNGREGQ.YBGGBIBNFKFSGIZBPKEGFKGNGFZCF

TKSGYKOCC\KFP[VJ.B[\GFKFGEKKF,PVGZJGDN,KNEFNG[RKCRKOC[RG\FBZCTKO[NFPBFF-17)1640(.SKVGZPTRKKQY[GZNPG\G,C[R\1659,MRZBFPBCRKOCMNKG\:MB[ZSPGBNVVKS)Samuel

Pepys(F[\\UC\VKNFCCK\FMRS\,FGB[PT[O,MVK[FGBSKVZ,"YKRG\PZG\[RBPZGTNKEKKFGEKVGZJGDNTNPG\G[NVZEKRREGFSGIZ".

"CK\FMRS\CZIGCVZKRSNJ")Princelet StreetSynagogue(PB\ZGHPZKGRHZGN)Wenzerul(

SVZPTRKKQPBGE,C[O"IEZG[NZGEHKRSYK"PB\Z’NKMJR[JKKQGK’SKRYNKKZ,P\BZB\EGEZGEHKRSYK[F\CGEECP[L[RKOZCG\CTNKK\FDD[NCK\FMRS\GCSGVG[NECZRTNOGF[BKZBIZKGIEZPNBRKKZG\GSVZKO.CK\FMRS\RCRFC[R\1869C\GSV\PF[FKKRGYGZBKOFKGO"PZMHYFKN\K".HFDOFKFFPYGO[CG\MRRGB\VTGN\FYFKNFRDE"FIGNXG\F[IGZG\"[NPGSNK)Mosley(.MKGOHFGFPGHKBGQNFDKZFGNDKGGQ\ZCG\K.

A

CYZGCB\Z[NFICZFFDRBNGDK\NK[ZBNhttp://www.isragen.org.il

*FB\ZCTCZK\*PBDZPKET[NFYFKNG\[RMIEGC[GBF*SVZFJNVGRKO[NZICKF

[Z[Z\FEGZG\,MZLM"D,PS’1 30