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JOURNAL OF
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEQUARTERLY PEER REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA
A CONSTITUENT UNIT OF DATTA MEGHE INSTUTUT E OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (DU)
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Official Publication of
Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College,
Hospital & Research Centre
Salod (H), Wardha– 442 004,
Maharashtra (India)
January – March, 2014 Volume 2, Number 1 ISSN - 2320 - 4419
Tridax procumbens
Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
January – March, 2014 Volume 2, Number 1 ISSN - 2320 - 4419
Journal of Indian system of Medicine
©All rights are reserved
Publication date : March 10 , 2014
ISSN No. (Print) : ISSN-2320-4419
Printed at : Swami Art & Computers, Wardha
Contact Address :
(A Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal of
Research in Ayurveda) is publication of Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved
College, Hospital & Research Centre, DMIMS (DU) , Wardha
The Chief Editor, Editorial Office-J-ISM, MGACH&RC,
A constituent college under
Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU),
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th
Note:
The institute / Editorial Board assume no responsibility for the statements expressed by the contributors. The
editorial staff in their work of examining papers received for publication is assisted in an honorary capacity by
distinguished scholors working in various field and parts of India as adjudicators.
Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEQUARTERLY Peer reviewed International Journal on research in Ayurveda
PATRONS
Hon. Shri Datta Meghe
Dilip Gode
Sagar Meghe
Rajiv Borle
Ravi Meghe,
Prakash Behere
Lalit Waghmare
Vice-Chancellor DMIMS-DU
Treasurer, DMIMS
Registrar, DMIMS-DU
Personnel & Planning, DMIMS
Director, R & D, DMIMS-DU
Dean Interdiscliplinary Sciences, DMIMS-DU
Vedprakash Mishra
Sameer Meghe
S.S.Patel
Abhuday Meghe
Shyam Bhutada
Arvind Bhake
Chief Advisor, DMIMS-DU
Secretary, DMIMS
Chief Coordinator, DMIMS
O.S.D, DMIMS
Dean, MGACHRC
Chief Editor, JDMIMS
ADVISORY BOARD
Chief EditorKSR Prasad (technoayurveda)
Associate EditorsBharat Chouragade, Srihari S
Editorial Advisory Board
Kuldeepraj Kohli
Chandola H.M.
Ram Harsh Singh
Ramesh Babu Devalla
Nisteshwar K
Joshi V.K.
Vanita Murlikumar
Amitabh Pande
Ashutosh Kulkarni
Prasanna Rao N
Nath S.K.
Abhay Gaidhane
Zaheer Quazi
Date of Release: 10-03-2014
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Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Kayachikitsa
Panchakarma
Prasuthi & Streeroga
Shalya & Salakya
Kaumarabhrutya
Roga Nidana
Pharmacology
Madhavi Mahajan, MS
Rao SR, Telangana
Kishore Kumar R, Karnataka
Srinivasulu M, Telangana
Morandi, Italy
Jaiswal SK, MS
Sivaramudu , Karnataka
Eswara Sarma, M.P, Kerala
Manjari Dwivedi, UP
Priyanka Gupta, MS
Swamy G.K., AP
Saranagpani S, AP
Varshney S.C, MS
Dhiman KS, Gujarat
V.L.N.Sastry, AP
Palekar PP, MS
Sreedhar Rao, Karnataka
Chapadgaonkar S, MS
Ila Tanna, MS
Manish Deshmukh, MS
Rajasekharan. S, Kerala
Prakhya
Shaeera
Basic Principles
Rasashastra & Bhaishajya
Dravyaguna & Agadtantra
Swasthavritha
Giridhar Kanthi, Karnataka
Sudhir Kandekar, MS
Pradnya Dandekar, MS
Priti Desai, MS
Khedikar SG
Sreedhar Tirunagiri, AP
Vidyanath R, AP
PHC Murthy, AP
Gopi Krishna M., Karnataka
Bharat Rathi, MS
Prajapati P, Gujarat
Venkata N Joshi, London, UK
Sastry JLN, New Delhi
Paramkusha Rao M, AP
Chandrashekhar K, UP
AP
Abhay Patkar, MS
Venkateshwarlu G., Karnataka
P.V.V. Prasad,
REVIEWER'S BOARD
JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEOfficial publication of the
Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved college Hospital & Research Centre
A Constituent College of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)
Editor's Note:
Guest Editorial:
Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda1-2
Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda3-5
( ) -UnnoticedMedicinal plant by Ayurveda
6-22
Management of Geriatric Eye disorders withAyurvedic Measures
23-28
Preliminary standardization of -prepared by two different methods ofextraction
29-34
Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study on
35-38
Applied with special reference toHealth Problems of BPO employees
39-42
SRP Kethamakka
O P Gupta
Jayanti Veda Tridax procumbens
SRP Kethamakka, Meena SD
Minal Hande
Vasavalehya
Venkateshwarlu G, ShanthaTR, Kishore KR,Shubhashree MN, R.G.Reddy, Sridhar B.N
Panaviraladi KsharaBharat Rathi
Swasthavritta
Archana R. Belge
Cover story:
Review Article
Original Article
Pharmaceutical study of43-45
Bilateral variation of divisions ofthe sciatic nerve - a case study
46-49
Practical application of50-52
A unique and holistic concept of Ayurveda tounderstand human body:“
53-55
Conceptual Study of Chronic Poisoning withSpecial Reference to
56-58
Practical Handbook of andby Bharat J. Rathi
59-59
60-60
RasasindooraVanmala Bapurao Wakode
Giridhar M Kanthi,
KsheeradhumaBelavadi S.N, Prashanth A.S
purushoeyam loka samitam”
DooshivishaLaxmikant S. Paymalle
RasashastraBhaishajya KalpanaAnil Kumar A
Case Reports
Short Communications
Ashutosh kumar Pathak, Awasthi H.H.
Book Review
Announcements
Akhil H S, Jithesh C,Pradeep G Akki, Archana Radhakrishnan,Jisha R John
Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014I
Contents
Cover Page : flowerTridax procumbens
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
Editor's Note
Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda
SRP Kethamakka
How to cite the article: SRP Kethamakka, Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp.1-2
Is century's old human need serving health
profession Ayurveda undergoing rescission at
present? Yes! It is. The lack of knowledge of research
methodology and clinical practice without following
the basic concepts of Ayurveda has lead to decreased
growth rate of this Indian system of medicine. The
glory of Ayurveda lies in its holistic approach and
methodology of metaphysical base scientific attitude.
Present day approaches are disposing the predestined
Ayurveda methods. Today researcher wishes to
express his orientations towards making impression
to modern scientific community, but without
strengthening theAyurvedic foundations.
Ayurveda defined the objectives of life and
how to attain it. The concept of health is so wide that it
includes altogether the healthy state of mind, soul and
body ( ). The triads (3-
) of life in description include a triad of
organization and categorization also. At this juncture
a doubt arises regarding the Quality of Health Care
services in fulfilling the objective of life and concept
of health.
The definition of Quality Health Care from
different resources includes, where low error rate
patient safety and patient-centered procedures /
outcomes with timely management and evidence-
influenced decisions or actions includes making
consistent planning and delivery of treatments. Six
very similar characteristics or desired outcomes have
been identified by both the IOM and the WHO. The
WHO suggests that health care must be:
delivering health care that is
adherent to an evidence base and results in
Satwa, Atma & Shareera
Sthambha
1. Effective-
improved health outcomes for individuals
and communities, based on need;
- delivering health care in a manner
which maximizes resource use and avoids
waste;
- delivering health care that is
timely, geographically reasonable, and
provided in a setting where skills and
resources are appropriate to medical need;
delivering
health care which takes into account the
preferences and aspirations of individual
service users and the cultures of their
communities;
delivering health care which
does not vary in quality because of personal
characteristics such as gender, race,
ethnicity, geographical location, or
socioeconomic status;
delivering health care which
minimizes risks and harm to service users.
The IOM (Institute of Medicine) lists these six
dimensions:
—avoid injury to patients from the
care that is intended to help them
—reduce waits and harmful
delays
—provide services based on
scientific knowledge to all who could
benefit and refrain from providing services
to those not likely to benefit (avoiding
overuse and under use, respectively)
—
2. Efficient
3. Accessible
4. Acceptable/patient-centered-
5. Equitable-
6. Safe-
1. Safety
2. Timeliness
3. Effectiveness
4. Efficiency avoid waste to improve
Head, Panchakarma, MGACH&RC, Salod (H), Wardha, (MS), [email protected]
1Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
SRP Kethamakka, Editor's Note, Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 1-2
efficiency.
5. Equitability
6. Patient centeredness
—provide care that does not
vary in quality because of personal
characteristics such as gender, ethnicity,
geographical location, and socioeconomic
status
—provide care that is
respectful of and responsive to individual
patient preferences, needs, and values
Where inAyurveda defines Health as - the state of
equilibrium of three ( and ),
tissue materials, digestive fire, proper evacuation of
waste materials (feces, urine and sweat), balanced
mental state, senses, and soul (spirit). is
responsible for locomotion and perceptions,
maintain the body temperature (BMR) and enzymatic
reactions and the is responsible for build and
cellular level integrity through fluid maintenance.
ISO 9000's (quality management system)
definition of quality is “degree to which a set of
inherent characteristics fulfils requirement”. In
relation to healthcare, the IOM back in 1998 defines
quality as “The degree to which health services for
individuals and populations increase the likelihood of
desired health outcomes and are consistent with
current professional knowledge”.
The day is promising for the Ayurveda, which is
based on strong fundamental concepts. Our ancestors
have undertaken centuries of observations to record
the facts for health up thrust. The chosen base for
which is even though strong still needs extra support
Dosha Vata, Pitta Kapha
Vata
Pitta
Kapha
for remodeling and establishment of the science for
present circumstances. There by remodeling the
pillars of Ayurveda inevitability. These new
supports are - Quality, safety and efficacy. These are
to be maintained by all the four quadrants of
(Physician, Patient, Attendant, medicine) of
Ayurveda for three- .
is an essential and distinguishing
attribute of something or someone.
is the state of being certain that
adverse effects will not be caused by some
agent under defined conditions.
is the capacity or power to produce
a desired effect.
The medicines that are produced in mass by
mushroomed pharmacies in Ayurveda are unable to
establish the claims either because of non-practice of
text told vegetation methods or with the problems of
procurement. On the other hand non availability of
disease combating protocols and fewer skills in
Ayurveda foundations are pulling the physician to
the bottom line and transformation in to an
alternative practitioner. The improvement in quality,
safety and efficacy of Ayurveda medicine, Physician
skills and attendant nursing staff is the top priority.
We have to accept our weakness and thrive for
establishing as the best is necessary. It is possible in
Ayurveda with new remodeled pillars (Quality,
safety and efficacy) support.
Chikitsa
Sthambha
�
�
�
Quality
Safety
Efficacy
2 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Guest Editorial
Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda
O P Gupta
How to cite the article: Gupta O P, Concept of Heart diseases in Ayurveda,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp.3-5
Cardiovascular diseases account for far greater
morbidity and mortality all over the world than any
other ailment. The Coronary artery disease (CAD) is
ranked number one killer, The global burden of
disease study reported almost 25% out of total deaths
(2.3 million) due to cardiovascular diseases [1]. It is
predicted that by 2020 there would be a 111%
increase in cardiovascular deaths in India [2]. The
cause of this increase is said to the epidemiological
transition [3].
Ayurveda is a rich heritage and a vast scientific
system. The Ancient scholars like Charaka (1500
BC), Sushruta (300-400 AD) and Vagbhata (500AD)
have compiled the art and science of Ayurveda
practiced at their times. They were in a position to
explain Anatomical, Physiological, Pathological and
Emergency medical Care with special reference to
conservation of heart.
The oldest scripture i.e. Rigveda mentioned the
basis of Ayurveda is dependent on the theories of
and
pivot on which the science
ofAyurveda revolves [4].
is a dynamic or vital force which causes
senses to perform their functions, holds together all
the elements of the body, assisting adhesion of the
particles and is cause of speech, sound and touch
perception [10]. prepares the material to be
absorbed and metabolized at macro and micro levels
i.e. it manifests itself in different forms viz. chemical
activities like digestion and assimilation and it
generates the heat. on the other hand
participates in various secretions of the body, be it
Triguna, Pancha Mahabhuta, Tridosha, Trimala
Sapta Dhatu;
Vata
Pitta
Kapha
forming the
from mucous membranes and other tissues and
preserves their functions [5]. It generates strength of
the limbs, growth, courage and vitality [11].
Diseases are classified in Ayurveda as
Adventitious Physical
Mental and Natural .
Diseases due to the derangement of and
result from improper food and mode of living
which corroborate with modern medicine. The heart
diseases in Ayurveda can be classified as following
[6].
1.
Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease
Congenital Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Disease due to vitiation
Cardiovascular Disease due to (a) Trauma (b)
Poisoning
Cardiovascular Disease due to Environmental or
seasonal variations
Cardiovascular Disease due to Infectious diseases
e.g. Endocarditis, etc
Cardiovascular Disease due to Natural ageing
process
Psychological factors leading to Cardiovascular
Disease like hypertension
Cardiovascular Disease due to Idiopathic or
Agantuk ( ), Sharirika ( ),
Manasika ( ) Swabhavik ( )
Vata, Pitta
Kapha
Doshic Vata,
Pitta, Kapha, Sannipatika
Adibalapravrutta:
2. Janmabalapravrutta:
3. Doshabala pravrutta:
4. Sanghatabalapravrutta:
5. Kalabalapravrutta:
6. Upasargaja:
7. Swabhavabalakruta:
8.Adhyatmika:
9. Daivabalakruta:
Emeritus Professor, Department of Medicine, MGIMS, Sewagram (MS), ([email protected])
JISM1340N Received for publication: February 14, 2013;Accepted: September 10, 2013
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
3Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Gupta O P: Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda, pp 3-5
unknown cause, due to bad deeds of previous lives
How are affected due to vitiated
is well described in Ayurveda- The three
layer of heart are derived from different -
endocardium from and , myocardium
from and pericardium from . Probable
diseases of these three layers of heart due to
involvement of can be explained based on their
. [Table 1]
The Vitiated in coronary arteries may
present as angina pectoris, as inflammation of
and as hardening of arteries due to
atherosclerosis, calcification, plaque formation and
obstruction [7]. Hypertension is described in relation
to as and variety. In
hypertension, the blood pressure fluctuates and
rises with nervous tension. Patients may have
insomnia and irregularity of pulse. They are prone to
get nervous system disorder like encephalopathy, or
stroke. The patients with hypertension have
flushed faces, violent headache, photophobia,
irritability, anger and nose bleed, where as those of
hypertension are generally obese, have
persistent hypertension, edema, high end lipid levels
in blood.
The imparts movements in
and is driving force for electrical activity i.e.
impulse generation and transmission from SA node to
Purkinje fibers and to bring about the mechanical
activity. The vitiation of may be responsible
for tachyarrhythmias / brady-arrhythmias and heart
Dhatus
Tridoshas
Dhatus
Rasa Rakta
Mamsa Meda
Dosha
Vikruta Karmas
Vata
Pitta
Kapha
Doshas Vataja, Pittaja Kaphaja
Vataja
Pittaja
Kaphaja
Vyanvata Rasa
Dhatu
Vyanvata
Table 1 : Probable diseases caused by vitiationDoshic
arteritis
blocks.
Variety of symptoms experienced by the
patients have been described in Ayurvedic literature
( ) [6], like stiffness in cardiac region
( ), stabbing pain in cardiac region
( ), heaviness in heart (
, weakness of heart (
), Cutting pain in heart
( ), pericardial
discomfort (
, pain and discomfort in
heart region (
), feeling emptiness of heart ( ),
pericardial suppression ( ), heaviness of
the heart ), burning sensation ( ),
fluttering of the heart or palpitation (
), Tachycardia ( ), Precordial
twitching + tachycardia ( ) etc. Modern
medicine relates cardiac disease to changed lifestyle,
sedentary habits, type of food, smoking,
hypertension, hyper-lipidemia, increased waist-hip
ratio, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and stress
resulting in athero-sclerosis, plaque formation in the
coronary arteries and ultimately clogging. This leads
to ischemic damage to cardiac muscle and
subsequently the cardiac dysfunction.
Ayurveda puts forth -
Over eating, heavy and fatty meals, worries,
sedentary habits and over indulgence in sleep are the
causes of cardiac diseases due to . The person
desiring to be protected from the adverse effects
upon his heart, coronary blood vessels, and the
contents thereof should particularly avoid all that
causes of mental affliction [12].
Besides above mentioned causes various
other causes are mentioned in Ayurveda includes
Excessive consumption of food having heavy, dry,
frozen, bitter and astringent qualities; Excessive
physical exertion; Excessive purgation and enema;
Anxiety; Fear; Mental stress; and Side effect of
wrong medication; Suppression of natural urges;
External Injury. Ayurveda views atherosclerosis as
degeneration of the blood vessels caused by
Rugviniscaya
Hradayayama
Hradaya dirana Hradaya
Gaurava) Hradaya Kshobha,
Hradaya Klama
Hradayapatna, Hradayasphotna
Hradaya Pidana, Hradayatoda,
Hrdgraha, Hrdruk, Hrdshula
Hrdadayaruja, Hrdayavyadha,
Hrtpida Hrdsamyata
Hrdstambha
Hrtstyana Hrdadaha
Hradya
Nirmathana Hrdvega
Hrtkamp
Kapha
vR;knue~ x#fLuuX/ka] fpUrue ps”Vue~A
funzk lq[ka pkE;f/kde~ dQ g`nzksxdkj.ke~AA
Layers of
Heart
Diseases
caused by
Vata
Diseases
caused by
Pitta
Diseases
caused by
Kapha
Endocardium
Valvularabnormal-lities
BacterialEndocarditis
Endocardialfibro-elastosis
Myo-cardium
Atrophy /fibrosis anddilatation ofheart
Myo-carditis
Hypertrophy due tostoragedisorders
Pericardium Pericardialconstrictions
Pericarditis Pericardialeffusion
4 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
increased in the blood vessels, which make them
hard, thin, and rough. Deposits of lipids and calcium
represent increase in (water & earth element)
in the degenerated vessels resulting in irregular
thickening of blood vessels. Ayurveda therefore
concludes that cardiac disease is caused by an increase
of and vitiation of in the blood vessels.
In a recent study [7] of 300 subjects who
underwent angiography were diagnosed to be
suffering from CAD, it is reported that majority of
them belonged to and i.e.
(62.3%), (17%),
(15.7%) and only 5%. That suggests
individuals with and are more
prone to develop such a disease. It was also noted that
hypertension was highest in group (48.1%)
comparing the others ( - 36, 2%,
27.5%. and 26.7% the same group had strong
correlation with diabetes, hyper-lipidemia and insulin
resistance.
Ayurveda diagnosis thus depends upon
knowing the of individual along with clinical
feature and examination of pulse. The gadgets in
modern medicine are the best available tools
electrocardiograph, CT / MR angiography as non
invasive procedures and coronary angiography, Blood
tests for CK-MB and troponin which indicate damage
to the myocardium.
The first randomized Heart Trial due to lifestyle
causes by Ornish et. Al. in USA [8] and in India by
Manchanda et. al., & Satish Gupta et. al. [9] were
demonstrating usefulness of yoga and allied life-
pattern changes in reversing atherosclerosis in
patients with mild to moderate coronary artery
disease.
Despite spectacular advancement in the
knowledge, technology and devices the morbidity and
mortality in CAD remains high. Moreover after
angioplasty and even coronary bypass surgery, the
chances of recurrence remain high. There should be
integration of modern medicine; with concepts of
Vata
Kapha
Vata Kapha
Vata Kapha Prakriti
Vatakapha Vatapitta Kaphapitta
Kapha
Vata Kapha Prakrit
Vatakapha
Vatapitta Kaphapitta
Kapha
Prakriti
heart diseases and its management mentioned in
Ayurveda in order to protect the heart
.
[1] Beaglehole R, Global cardiovascular disease
prevention: time to get serious: Lancet:
2001:358:661-63
[2] Reddy KS Cardiovascular diseases in India;
WHO stat Q; 1993:46:101-7
[3] Gupta R, Gupta A: Ayurveda, Cholesterol and
coronary heart disease: S Asian J of Preventive
Cardiology: 2002: 6: 32
[4] Rig.Veda I ,35,5
[5] The system of Ayurveda; 1929: By Shiv Sharma,
Bombay, Khemraj Shrikrisnadas, Shri Vekateshwar
steam press
[6] Vorstermans J: A study of cardiovascular
diseases in Ayurveda with special emphasis on the
role of Ayurveda as a complimentary medicine in
selected cardiovascular diseases; 2007 :
http://www.ayurvedawellbeing.co.nz/pdf/ResearchP
aper- 071128.pdf
[7] ICMR-Scientific basis for Ayurvedic Therapies:
2003 Ed Mishra LC; London, Boca
Raton (ISBN 0-8493-1366-X –alk paper)
[8] Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billing J, et al: Intensive
lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart
disease. JAMA: 1998: 280: 2001-07
[9] Manchanda SC, Narang R, Reddy KS, et al
Retardation of coronary athero sclerosis with yoga
lifestyle intervention. J Assoc Physicians India:
2000: 48: 687-94
[10] Sharma RK, Bhagawan das ed., Charaka
Samhita, sutra, 6 ed, 2000, Chowkhambha Sanskrit
series, 12/8, pp 267
[11] Ibid, 12/11-12, pp268
[12] Ibid,, 30/13, pp 428
References :
f=/kkrq 'keZ ogra 'kqHkLifr&&&
losZ”kkap o'kk/khuka okrfiRr'ys”ek.k ,o ewyeA
th
and improve the
quality of life
Gupta O P: Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda, pp 3-5
5Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
ReviewArticle
Cover Story
Jayanti Veda Tridax procumbens( ) -
Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda
SRP Kethamakka , Meena S Deogade1 2
How to cite the article: SRP Kethamakka, Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 6-22
Abstract:
Key words:
Indian Traditional / folklore Medicine is source of many herbs which are not included in Ayurveda
material medica. As potential to develop new compounds and chemotherapeutic agents are found
through in vitro and vivo studies, it is right time to include new herbs in to Ayurveda pharmacopeias.
is one such multifaceted weed available throughout the continent which can be used as a
substitute for many herbs. The prime focus of scientific Ayurveda is to strengthen the herbal treasure
house through Ayurvedic concept based researches. The present endeavor embarks on analyzing the
updated information of identification, phyto-anatomy, phyto-chemical study, toxicity and
therapeutics, to fortify the knowledge of rich traditional folkore practices followed since years to the
well being of mankind.
Kotobukigiku, Coat Buttons Plant
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax, Jayantiveda, Kshudra-Shevantika,
Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM) is an
important source of potentially useful new
compounds for the development of chemotherapeutic
agents. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents
for thousands of years and an impressive number of
modern drugs have been isolated from natural
resources [1]. It has been estimated that herbal
medicines serve about 80% of the world's population
health need for millions of people in the rural areas of
developing countries and more than 65% of the global
population use traditional medicine for basic health
care [2]. WHO estimated that approximately one
fourth of the 500 million prescriptions written in US
each year contain a mention of leafy plant extracts or
active ingredients obtained from or modeled on plant
substances [3]. According to one estimate 20,000 to
35,000 species of plants are used as medicines,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and neutraceuticals by
different ethnic groups the entire world over [4].
It is necessary to convert ethno-medicine practices
into organized system either following through
scientific extractive evaluations and /or on Ayurveda
systemic approaches. In recent, herbal medicines and
extracts have gained renewed interest for several
reasons; affordability, low pricing, no side effects,
solutions for chronic diseases and disorders, time
tested remedies (folklore), preventive approaches,
etc. [5]. The present review is aimed to notice
biological and medicinal activity of and
introducing such unnoticed herbs for inclusion in
Ayurveda Materia-medica which helps in serving the
ailing mankind
L. is a common
medicinal herb called in Sanskrit [6]
belonging to family . It is best known as a
widespread weed coat buttons plant, wild daisy and
pest plant and Kotobukigiku in Japanese [7]. The
Tridax
.
Tridax procumbens
Jayanti Veda
Asteraceae
Distribution:
1 2Head, Panchakarma, , Reader, Dravyaguna, MGACH&RC, Wardha, (MS),
JISM1403H Received for publication: January 19, 2014;Accepted: February 11, 2014
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
6 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
plant is native of tropical America and naturalized in
tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and India [22].
is present throughout India (Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh [13])
and is employed as indigenous folklore medicine for
variety of ailments. It is widely distributed throughout
Indo Pak region [11, 12].
is a hardy, perennial [14], with week
straggling, hispid, procumbent herb with woody base
sometime rooting at the node, up to 60 cm high or
about 12-24cm long with few leaves 6-8cm long and
very long slender solitary peduncles a foot or more in
length. The leaves are short, hairy and arrow shaped
[17].
It's Leaf is simple, opposite, exstipulate,
ovate-lanceolate 2 to7 cm and lamina pinnatisect,
sometimes three lobed, acute with two types of
flowers such as ray-florets, disk-florets and Basal
placentation, and these flowers are small, long
peduncled heads; achenes 1.5 - 2.5 mm long x 0.5 – 1
mm in diameter and densely ascending pubescent;
persistent; bristles of disc achenes alternately longer
and shorter, 3.5 – 6 mm in length with inflorescence
capitulum. It has daisy-like yellow centered white or
yellow flowers with three toothed ray floret; [18, 19]
and it produces a hard achene cypsela [21] fruit that is
covered with stiff hairs [20]. Its widespread
distribution and importance as a weed are due to its
spreading stems and abundant seed production [22].
The leaf section shows single layered upper
epidermis consisting of polygonal tabular cells about
40-70 m by 15 to 30 m with a single layer of
cylindrical palisade cells about 18 to 30 m wide and
60 to 70 m long, spongy parenchyma 2-4 layered,
cells polyhedral or isodiametric in shape. The root
section shows composed of thin walled tangentially
elongated cells. Cortex composed of oval to
polygonal parenchymatous cell. Simple pitted vessels
are present. The stele is surrounded by a single layer of
pericycle and has xylem and phloem arranged in a
Tridax
Tridax
-
Description:
Microscopic study
μ μ
μ
μ
circle, alternating in position so that each lies on a
different radius. The stem section shows cortex
consisting of 1-2 layers of collenchyma and 6-7
layers of parenchyma. Endodermis is indistinct.
Powder microscopy of the plant showed fibers of
175 m length, and collenchyma cells of 70-115 m
diameter, glandular trichomes of stem are present,
latex cells are seen in the stem, root cortex cells of
diameter 80-120 m are present, spiral vessels are
present in the leaf, unicellular covering trichomes of
length 200 m [55].
Various methods are followed to draw the
extracts of using a soxhlet extractor from
Juice of fresh leaves dried leaves powder, air dried
whole plant is pulverized and extracts are prepared
for 72 hours and the yield found to be 6% W/V at
room temperature [25-32]. Standard solutions were
prepared in methanol for alkaloids and tannins, and
methylene chloride for phytosterols. The linearity of
the dependence of response on concentration was
verified by regression analysis [33]. The extraction
commonly carried out according to Tram method
[34], and of oil with AOAC method 999.02 [35], and
the analysis of sterols was carried out according to
AOAC method 994.10 [36]. This involved
extraction of the lipid fraction from homogenized
sample material, followed by alkaline hydrolysis
(saponification) extraction of the non-saponifiables,
clean-up of the extract, derivatisation of the sterols,
and separation and quantification of the sterol
derivatives by gas chromatography (GC) using a
capillary column [37].
The powder compound obtained from
extract of leaves was administered orally at
different doses by dissolving it in Normal saline [29,
30]. The other method is, 2% acacia suspension was
prepared by suspending 2 gram of accurately
weighed powder in 100 ml of 0.9% saline. 20
ml of vehicle was taken separately to which 2 gram
of dried extract was added and sonicated, this
μ μ
μ
μ
Extraction Procedure:
Preparation of extract dose
Tridax
,
Tridax
Tridax
7Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
produce suspension of 100 mg/ml strength. Both
ethanolic extract (TPEE) and
ethyl acetate extract (TPEAE)
suspension were prepared in such manner [38].
:
The Phyoto-chemical investigation reports
the isolation of lipid constituents, sterols, flavonoids,
and polysaccharide; and bergenin derivatives from
[39, 40]. Some of the reported chemical
constituents present in the aerial parts of the plant are
phytosterols; beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol,
campesterol [41] and a characteristic triterpene; beta-
amyrin [42]. The plant yielded interesting compounds
like luteolin, -amyrin, -amyron, lupeol, tria
contanol, fucosterol, campasterol, stigma sterol,
besides arachidic acid, lauric acid, palmatic acid,
flavones and glycosides [43, 44]. The flower yields
steroidal saponin, characterized as b-sitosterol 3-O-b-
D-xylopyranoside, which has been isolated from the
flowers of [45]. The amount of total phenolics
was expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in
milligram per gram dry plant extract using the
expression; C = c x V/m [46]
The proximate profile shows that the plant is
rich in sodium, potassium and calcium [47]. Leaf of
mainly contains crude proteins of 26%, 17% of
crude fiber, soluble carbohydrates 39%, and calcium
oxide 5%. Luteolin, glucoluteolin, quercetin and
isoquercetin have been reported from its flowers.
Whereas the fumaric acid, flsitosterol and tannin has
also been reported in the plant [48]. Flower extract has
even b-Sitosterol-3-O-b-Dxylopyranoside [49].
have a high phenolic content of 12 mg/g GAE
(gallic acid equivalent) [50]. Oleanolic acid was
obtained in good amounts and found to be a potential
anti-diabetic agent when tested against aglucosidase
[51]. The presence of flavonoid quercitin is confirmed
in the plant since the HPLC and HPTLC studies of the
ethanolic extract of the whole plant and that of
standard quercitin match each other [52].
isolations are observed with methyl 14
oxoacagaecunoate, methyl 14-oxononacosanoate, 3-
Tridax procumbens
Tridax procumbens
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Phytochemistry
β β
methyl-non adecylben-zene, heptacosanyl
cyclohexane carboxylate, 1-(2,2, dimethyl-3-
hydroxypropyl ) i sobu ty l ph tha la te , 12-
hydroxyte t racosa-15-one , 32-methy l -30-
ozotetraatriacont-31-en-1-ol along with -amyrin, -
amyrone, fucosterol and sitosterol, arachidic,
behenic, lauric, linoeic, linolenic, myristic, palmitic
and stearic acids ]53].
Twenty-three known flavonoids were
detected, consisting mainly of apigenin (29.00%),
quercetin (21.67%), kaempferol (11.20%), (-)-
epicatechin (6.38%), naringenin (4.82%), (+)-
catechin (3.28%), biochanin (3.21%), robinetin
(3.13%), diadzein (2.57%), and nobiletin (2.07%).
Compared to test control, the treatment dose
dependently significantly lowered ( <0.05) alkaline
phosphatase (54 .91-100 .52%), aspar ta te
transaminase (37.74-64.79%), and alanine
transaminase (32.96-57.82%) activities [54].
The “Staire case” method LD was
determined in rats and mice by oral and intra-
peritoneal route. The initial dosing of was
2000 mg/kg p.o. and 800 mg/kg i.p. in both the
species [56]. In acute toxicity studies with a dose of
250 mg/kg of dried extract on mice were observed for
motor reflexes for 48 h. and the study carried out for a
period of 15 days. In chronic toxicity studies in two
groups extract of 250 mg/kg was
administered daily for a period of 15 days. No
mortality was observed and the behavioral pattern
was unaffected [57].
The Ethno pharmacological and traditional
use of plants often results in the discovery of new
biologically active molecules [58]. Plants have a long
history of use in the treatment of many diseases like
cancer, etc [59]. Research is being spotlighted on
plants and their phytochemicals [61] and 74% of the
plant- derived medicines have a modern indication
that correlates with their traditional, cultural and
sometimes ancient uses [62]. Hence, traditional
β β
P
Tridax
Tridax at
Toxicity Studies
Folk & Pharmacology Practices
50
8 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
medicine is an important source for the development
of novel chemotherapeutic agents which are less toxic
and more economic [63].
In village side it is a best medicine to stop
hemorrhage from cuts and bruises as anticoagulant
[8]. It is used as an ornamental or fodder plant, and its
leaves are cooked as vegetables [23, 24]. In Nigeria
[9], is traditionally used in the treatment of
fever, typhoid fever, cough, asthma, epilepsy and
diarrhea [10]. In the West Africa sub-region and
tropical zone of the world, Traditional medical
practitioners and the native peoples of these areas use
the leaves of the as a remedy against
conjunctivitis [60]. Traditionally, is used for
the treatment of bronchial catarrh, malaria, stomach
ache, diarrhoea, epilepsy, diabetes, high blood
pressure, hemorrhage, liver problems, and as a hair
tonic [64, 65, 66, 67, 68].
[69] possesses s ign i f ican t
pharmacological practices like - Wound healing [70],
anti-inflammatory [71-74], Analgesic [99],
Immunomodulatory [75,76, 77], Anti-oxidant
[78,79], Anti-hyperglycemic [80] Anti-diabetic
activity [81,82,171] hypotensive effect [83, 84],
Hepatoprotective [85-87], Anti hepatotoxic [88], etc.
The researches on its efficacy over liver injury [89]
and Lung metastasis [90] are noticeable. Its action is
found as Anti-arthritic [91], Anti fungal [92],
antibacterial action [93], Antimicrobial [94] also. The
exhibits antimicrobial activity against both
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [95] and
also found as Antileishmanial [96]. It is parasite [97]
killer and also works as insect repellent [98]. It is also
used as bio-adsorbent for chromium (VI) is one of the
highly toxic ions released into the environment
through leather processing and chrome plating
industries [99].
successfully inhibited the growth of
and
[100]. Its leaves are also used for bronchial catarrh,
dysentery, diarrhoea and also used as preventive
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tr idax
Tridax
Tridax
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia Proteus
vulgaris , Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus
measure for hair falling / promoting hair growth [102,
124, 125] noticed in 1991 [101].
The cardiovascular effects of aqueous leaf
extract (on rat) decreases the mean
arterial blood pressure and the higher dose leads to
significant reduction in heart rate where as lower dose
did not cause any changes in the same [120].
have antiplasmodial activity against
chloroquine-resistant parasites with
aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The RBC protection
started at a concentration of 100 g/ml [121]. In
another study with essential oils of steam distillation
from leaves found for its topical repellency effects
against malarial parasite in
mosquito cages [122, 123].
The n-hexane extract of the flowers showed
activity against Escherichia coli. A whole aerial part
was active against Mycobacterium smegmatis,
Escherichia coli, Salmonella group C and Salmonella
paratyphi. None of the tested extracts was active
against the yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida
tropicalis and Rhodotorula rubra; or the fungi:
Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and
Trichophyton rubrum [130].
This plant was also used as a good
bioadsorbent for the removal of highly toxic ions of
Cr (VI) from industrial wastewater. Hence
recommended for bio-remediation [126]. This plant
was also used for bronchial catarrh, dysentery,
diarrhoea and in the West Africa and for a remedy
against conjunctivitis [127, 128, 129].
The studies of Ikewuchi on the elemental
composition [107], Salahdeen on high blood pressure
and heart rate on rats [108], Ravikumar on liver
antioxidant defense system during lipo-
polysaccharide-induced hepatitis [109], weight
reducing activity [110], and analgesic activity [111],
and the protective effects of aqueous extract of the
leaves against cholesterol and salt loading (in Wistar
albino rats) [112, 113] is remarkable. It possesses
antiseptic, insecticidal, parasiticidal properties and
has marked depressant action on respiration [114,
Sprague-Dawley
Tridax
P. falciparum
Anopheles stephensi
Tridax
μ
9Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
115, 116, 117] along with nutrient/ nutraceutical
potential of the leaves [118, 119].
Some specific studies have shown that the -
pinene, along with -pinene and other terpenes are
cytotoxic on cancer cells [103]. The - and -pinenes
were strongly reported for its cytotoxic activity on
several cell lines like breast cancer and leukemic cell
lines and anti Prostate Cancer activities [104]. As the
essential oil of has revealed to have -pinene,
-pinene l-phellandrene and Sabinene as their major
bioactive compounds as identified and studies
reveled that its preventive/ chemotherapeutic effect
on experimentally induced lung cancer development.
The essential oil of was found to have 14
compounds and out of which four compounds namely
-pinene (C10H16) -pinene (C10H16) phellandrene
(C10H16) and Sabinene (C10H16) were found to be
the major compounds used for cancer treatment
[105].
The essential oil of showed a high
cytotoxicity of cancer cell death within 24 hrs for 50
g which shows the potency of essential oil on killing
B16F-10 cells in vitro. From the in vivo drug toxicity
study it is clear that the even in its highest
dosage did not show any lethal effect/ abnormality on
C57BL/6 mice, and have taken 50 g as the minimal
dose for the anti-cancer studies. It can be concluded
that the synergistic effects of essential oil of on
chemoprevention of lung cancer development in
B16F- 10 injected mice makes them potentially
valuable drug for cancer treatment [106].
Aqueous extract of the leaves of is an
effective agent in the treatment and prevention of
carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic cytotoxicity.
The data suggest that the daily oral consumption of
the extract was prophylactic to carbon tetrachloride
poisoning. This confirms the use of in
traditional health care for the treatment of liver
problems [131] also.
Human mycoses, especially in immuno-
�
�
Anti-Cancer
Anti-fungal
β
α
α β
α
β
α β
μ
μ
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
compromised patients are not always successfully
treated due to the ineffectiveness or toxicity of the
available antifungal drugs. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC), minimum fungicidal
concentrations (MFC) and total activity were
evaluated for determination of antifungal potential
of each active extract. Excellent antifungal potential
was recorded for free flavonoid of stem (IZ 12 mm,
AI 1.2, with same MIC and MFC 0.156 mg/ml),
bound flavonoid of stem (IZ 10 mm,AI 1, MIC 0.312
and MFC 0.625 mg/ml) and flower (IZ 10.2 mm, AI
1.02, with same MIC and MFC 0.312 mg/ml) against
. Study indicated that can be used as a
source of formulations of antifungal drug for
treatment of diseases caused by [132].
Plants with antimicrobial potential has
become the need of today's research [133] and
hundreds of plant species have been tested for
antimicrobial properties, the vast majority have not
been adequately evaluated [134]. The traditional
medicinal plants are emerging as potential sources of
new antimicrobial agents [135] and several workers
have reported antibacterial activities of local plants
[136, 137, 138]. The development and spread of
multi drug resistant super bugs especially in the
hospital environment, continues to be a burning
global issue due to the indiscriminate and irrational
use of antibiotics [139]. The antimicrobial potential
of this herb is tested with methanolic extract was
found to be more effective than water extract against
all bacteria. Author suggests that -amyrin found in
the leaves of this plant could be responsible for its
antimicrobial activity [140].
Various studies on the anti-bacterial activity
of revealed that the plant extract was effective
on
as well as
for fungus and
[141-147]
Antioxidants prevent the damage done to
A. niger Tridax
A. niger
Tridax
Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus
vulgaris, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
Aspergillus niger Candida albicans
�
�
Anti-bacterial
Antioxidant
β
10 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
cells by free radicals-molecules that are released
during the normal metabolic process of oxidation.
Some of these free radicals include reactive oxygen
free radicals species (ROS), reactive hydroxyl
radicals (OH.), the superoxide anion radical (O .),
hydrogen peroxides (H O ) and peroxyl (ROO.)
which generates metabolic products that attack lipids
in cell membranes or DNA and associated with
several types of biological damage [148]. Numerous
reports indicate variations in the levels of
antioxidants in the diabetic patients [149, 150].
Studies around the world have identified many new
plant constituents with antioxidant activity, among
these are the polyphenols [151]. The results of the
DPPH radical scavenging activity of against
test sample and standard (gallic and ascorbic acids
(Fluka)) shows that possesses very high
percentage antioxidant activity, 96.70% at a
concentration of 250μg/ml. It shows a reductive
potential of 0.89 nm. extracts may have
hydrogen donors thus scavenging the free radical
DPPH, with highAA% of 96.70% at 250μg/ml which
was observed to be higher than even those of the
standards (ascorbic and gallic acids) at a
concentration of 250 g/ml used [152].
plants are rich sources of natural
antioxidant. has a percentage
antioxidant activity (AA %) of 96.70 which was
observed to be higher than those of gallic (92.92%)
and ascorbic acids (94.81%) used as standards [172].
The clinically useful drugs against pain and
inflammation exhibit many adverse effects; this leads
to considerable interest in search of safer drug for
these conditions [153]. The study of plants that have
been traditionally used as pain killers should still be
seen as a fruitful and logical research strategy, in the
search for new analgesic drugs [154, 155]. has
shown significant anti-inflammatory action
influencing exudates, leucocyte migration, rat paw
edema and granuloma. The anti-inflammatory action
of may possibly be due to corticotrophic
2
2 2
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
T. procumbens
Tridax
Tridax
μ
� Anti-inflammatory (exudates)
influence as evident from increase in weight. This
adrenal corticotrophic effect might be indirectly
inhibiting the inflammation by secretion of
endogenous cortical hormones. The model of
leucocyte migration has been used as this is an
essential step in the development of inflammation
[156]. The leucocyte migration and exudate studies
done at the end of six hours [157, 158] inhibit the
accumulation of exudate and leucocyte migration
between 3 to 6 hrs after carrageenin [159], but there
is disagreement about the steroidal activity [160].
The higher doses have been used as lower doses do
not affect leucocyte migration. The results of
are comparable to NSAIAS in all respects. A study
reveals that none of the drugs tested potentiated
either exudates volume or leucocyte migration. It is
suggested that leucocyte migration will detect
weaker anti-inflammatory activity and recommend
as a good model for rapid screening [161]. It has
been reported that prostaglandins are involved in
causing gastric ulcers. A study is expressive that
does not cause ulcer indicating less
involvement of prostaglandins in anti-inflammatory
effect [162]. Formalin induced persistent pain
(Biphasic pain), Acetic acid induced writhing test
(Peripheral pain) and CFA induced hyper analgesia
in rat (Inflammatory pain) were tested with
against standard (Diclofenac Sodium).
The measurement of mechanical hyperalgesia was
done at 30, 60 and 120 min. 400mpk in
Normal Saline vehicle, Kg/10mL on Rats as dose
volume for Biphasic pain exhibits 95±09 % of
reversal. The same quantification of extract
relives peripheral pain 78±07 % Reversal and
inflammatory pain with 27±8 % Reversal. The %
reversal =100 – (AVG response of test drug/ AVG
response of vehicle*100). Oral administration of
extract of significantly reduced
mechanical hyper analgesia in CFAinjected rats. As
this anti nociceptive property of the extract may be
attributed to the presence of flavonoids and
phytosterol which are present in the plant However,
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
procumbens
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax procumbens
-
11Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
the isolated flavanoid such as procumbentin and
quercetin and sterols such as sitosterol may show
more pronounced analgesic activity compared to the
extract, particularly in the formalin – induced pain
model, acetic acid induced writhing and in the
inflammatory pain model [163].
The effects of an indigenous drug, on
developing granulation tissue in rats were studied at 4
day intervals up to 32 days of wounding. Lysyl
oxidase activity, protein content, specific activity, and
breaking strength were all increased in drug-treated
animals as compared to controls. A fall in the lysyl
oxidase activity was observed in drug-treated animals
after day 8. The drug may be having a dual role: one a
stimulatory (direct) effect in the initial phase of
wound healing and the other a depressant (indirect)
effect in the later stage [164]. antagonized anti-
epithelization and tensile strength depressing effect of
dexamethasone (a known healing suppressant agent)
without affecting anti-contraction and anti-
granulation action of dexamethasone [165]. The
effect of various extracts (whole plant extract,
aqueous extract, butanol extract and ether fraction) of
this plant has been studied in dead space wound
model [166]. The authors have reported that whole
plant extract has the greatest pro-healing activity with
increase in tensile strength and lysyl oxidase activity
among the various extracts in both normal and
immuno-compromised (steroid treated) rats in dead
space wound model. The plant increased not only
lysyl oxidase but also, protein and nucleic acid
content in the granulation tissue, probably as a result
of increase in glycosamino glycan content [167].
Kshudra-shevantika ( ) in human show not
much significant ulcer healing against standard drug
Jatyadi taila [179].
at 250 and 500 mg/kg has displayed
significant anti-arthritic activity comparable with that
of indomethacin. The ethanolic whole plant extract of
exerts an anti-arthritic activity by significantly
β
�
�
Wound healing
Anti-arthritic
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
altering the pathogenesis during FCA -induced
arthritis in female SD rats without exerting any side
effects [170].
ethanolic extract showed better
results than ethyl acetate extract at 300mg/kg
comparatively; as ethanolic extract showed
significant (P<0.001– 0.05) whereas ethyl
acetate extract was less significant (P<0.05)
comparing with various groups by One way ANOVA
followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. The
Rheumatoid factor was found negative in animals of
all groups of Rat adjuvant polyarthritis. The
migration of leucocytes into the inflamed area is
significantly suppressed by ethanolic extract
when compared to standard drug (Diclofenac
sodium, Cyclophosphamide), as seen from the
significant reduction in the total WBC count [168].
Earlier findings suggest that absorption of 14C-
glucose and 14C-leucine in rat's intestine was
reduced in the case of inflamed rats [169].
Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the
world; Diabetes is 5 in top 10, of the most significant
diseases in the developed world and is still gaining
significance [171]. The practical usage of juices of
various plants achieved the lowering of blood
glucose by 10-20% [173]. Alloxan [174, 175]
induced Experimental studies revels that the aqueous
and alcoholic extracts from leaves (200
mg/kg) orally administered for 7 days produced a
significant decrease in the blood glucose level.
Petroleum extract exhibits very weak anti-diabetic
activity [176]. can impart not only by
hypoglycemic effects but also by improving lipid
metabolism, antioxidant status, and capillary
function [177] in diabetics. The profile of
malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins in the test
rats clearly indicate cardio-protective potential and
protects against oxidative stress in ocular tissues and
support its use in traditional health care practices for
the management of diabetes mellitus [178].
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
Tridax
� Anti-diabetic
th
12 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Discussion:
Conclusion:
References :
Tridax procumbens
Tridax
Tridax
Bhringraj
Bhringaraj
Tridax
Tridax
Jayanti
Veda
leaves have been
traditionally and now experimentally used worldwide
for its versatile therapeutic properties.
At the backdrop of increasing importance of
herbal alkaloid usage in medical practice it is
necessary to identify the active alkaloids of folk use
plants for its therapeutic values. The , a weed
spread all over, being time tested and passed through
various in vivo and vitro studies, it could not make its
place in either Ayurveda or Alkaloid therapeutics. It is
far for the understanding of the common Ayurveda
practitioners' wisdom to include the local weeds in to
daily practice and the planners are under the crutches
of hypocrisy. It is found that is dispensed as
“ ”, (adulteration) which is well known
Ayurvedic medicine for liver disorders [15, 16]. It is
because of the scarcity of or not imparted
importance to .
For many,Ayurveda principles are hard nut to
crack and a simple chemical evaluation is the better
way to adopt. Thus, following the extracting methods
of alkaloid and testing on animals, which are against
to the holistic approach is being practiced at present.
, which is wildly used in folklore medicine, has
established its therapeutic uses with innumerable
studies of in vitro and vivo which recommends itself
to be placed in Ayurveda Dravyaguna and Pharmacy.
However, future researches based on Ayurveda
concept are to be initiated to potentiate the
. Ayurveda herbal treasure house is to be
expanded with new herbal species identified from
folk practice as there is restrictions or extinction of
known herbs.
[1] Ankita Jain et.al, Tridax Procumbens (L.): AWeed
With Immense Medicinal Importance: A Review,
International Journal of Pharma & Bio Sciences; Jan-
Mar 2012, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp.544.
[2] General Guidelines for Methodologies on
Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine.
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
2001, 1.
[3] C.P. Malik, Medicinal Uses, Chemical
Constituents And Micro Propagation Of Three
Potential Medicinal Plants, Int. J. of Life Science &
Pharma Resaecrh, Vol 2/Issue 3/Jul-Sept 2012, pp L-
58.
[4] Trivedi, PC. Herbal medicine: traditional
practices (Ed); Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur. 2006;
pp 322.
[5] C.P. Malik, Medicinal Uses, Chemical
Constituents And Micro Propagation Of Three
Potential Medicinal Plants, Int. J. of Life Science &
Pharma Resaecrh, Vol 2/Issue 3/Jul-Sept 2012, pp L-
57-76.
[6] Chitra Pai1, Ujjwala Kulkarni, Manjusha Borde,
Sowmya Murali, P. Mrudula1 and Yashwant
Deshmukh, Antibacterial Activity of Tridax
procumbens with Special Reference to Nosocomial
Pathogens, British Journal of Pharmaceutical
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2013, Rguhs Thesis, Bengalure, India.
[180] Jude Chigozie Ikewuchi, Alteration Of Plasma
Biochemical, Haemato-Logical And Ocular
Oxidative Indices Of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
By Aqueous Extract Of Tridax Procumbens Linn
(Asteraceae), Excli Journal 2012;11:291-308.
[181] Jude Chigozie Ikewuchi, An Aqueous Extract
of the Leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn
(Asteraceae) Protec ted Agains t Carbon
Tetrachloride Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats,
The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology,
Volume 13. Number 1, May 2012, 522 of pp 519-527
Thankful for accepting tables reproduction –
Jude Chigozie Ikewuchi, An Aqueous
Extract of the Leaves of
Linn (Asteraceae) ProtectedAgainst Carbon
Tetrachloride Induced Liver Injury in Wistar
Rats,
Volume 13. Number 1, May
2012, 522 of pp 519-527.
Jude Chigozie Ikewuchi, Alteration Of
Plasma Biochemical, Haematological And
Ocular Oxidative Indices Of Alloxan
Induced Diabetic Rats By Aqueous Extract
Of Tridax Procumbens Linn (Asteraceae),
Acknowledgements :
�
�
Tridax procumbens
The Pacific Journal of Science and
Technology,
EXCLI Journal 2012;11:291-308.
SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221
Table-1: Falconoid compositions of
aqueous extract [181]
Tridax procumbens
22 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Assistant professor, Department of Shalakya Tantra, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital & Research center,Salod, Wardha. ([email protected])JISM1358H Received for publication: December 24, 2013; Accepted: January 13, 2014
ReviewArticle
Management of Geriatric Eye disorders
with Ayurvedic Measures
Hande Minal
How to cite the article Hande Minal, Management of
Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 23-28
Abstract:
Key Words: e p
The deterioration of vision in elderly people is a major health problem. Like every part of our body, our
eyes change as we grow older.Aging of the eyes affects all ocular structures. By the age 50, one in every three has
some vision impairing eye disease. Common Geriatric eye problems are Cataract, Glaucoma, Age related
Macular degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Dry eye syndrome, Ptosis, Entropion, Ectropion, Floaters,
Blepharospasm etc. The prevalence rate of each of these ocular conditions increases with age. Three fourth of all
blindness and vision impairment are either preventable or treatable. The biggest challenge with Geriatric eye
problem is that in most of the cases the condition cannot be attributed to a single cause. Ayurveda has the
interventions those enhance physiological processes that influence metabolic and immunological status, (like
) & such interventions are significant in the context of Geriatric care. Subsequent eye
diseases were reviewed fromAyurvedic and biomedical literature and corresponding preventive strategies were
searched. The review elaborates over the concept of geriatric eye disorders and their management through
therapy , of eye and procedures. It would be
appropriate to consider these time tested ancient measures on scientific parameters so thatAyurveda can help the
sufferings in a better way.
Geriatric ye roblems, vision impairment, Ayurvedic measures
Chyavanprasha,Triphala
Dincharya, Rituchary, Rasayana , Yoga Kriyakalpas Panchakarma
Introduction
The deterioration of vision in the elderly is a
major health care problem. Approximately one
person in the three has some form of vision reducing
eye disease by the age 65. [1, 2]
Functional abilities, independence (Driving
& cooking), and qualities of life issues (Reading,
watching TV, seeing grandchildren) & mental health
are of great concern to Geriatricians and their
patients. [3] Elderly people generally wish to live
independently as long as possible which requires
them to be able to engage in self-care and other day
today activities. Vision impairment is associated with
a decreased ability to perform activities of daily living
and an increased risk for depression. [4]
Often the treatment is as simple as
prescribing spectacles (as in Pressbyopia) or
operation (as in case of cataract). Three fourth of all
blindness and vision impairment are either
preventable or treatable. [5, 6]
Most of the eye ailments occurring in today's
era are unfortunately lifestyle related. Long hours of
work, travel, irregular food habits, entertainment like
television and computers including smoking &
drinking habit play their role in early stages i.e.
young adults (between 30- 45 years of age). These
causes lead to degenerative and regenerative
diseases of the eye like early Pressbyopic changes
23Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
Hande Minal, Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 23-28
(before 40 years), Age related macular degeneration,
Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, early cataract
formation, dry eye syndrome and many others.[7,8]
Even though numbers of treatment
modalities are available, unfortunately the results of
most of these have been disappointing. [9] Success of
treatment has been measured in terms of only arrest of
vision loss rather than gain in vision. [9] Which
suggests that the existing measures and technologies
are not enough to solve these problems.
Ayurveda on the other hand has interventions
those enhance physiological process and
immunological status i.e. health promoting agents.
is a method to slow down the aging process
in the human being during degenerative phase of one's
life. [10]
One of the basic human rights is the right to
see. We have to ensure that no citizen goes to blind
needlessly or being blind does not remain so, if by
reasonable development of skill and resources, sight
can be prevented from deteriorating or if already lost,
can be restored.
Science of Ayurvedic Ophthalmology goes
hand in hand with this policy.
There are four major age related eye diseases
mainly-
Age related Macular degeneration (AMD),
Glaucoma, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy
It is a leading cause of blindness in patients
over the age of 50 years. Macular degeneration is
usually of older adults that results in a loss of vision in
the center of the visual field because of damage to the
retina. At least10% of people aged between 65 and 75
will have lost some central vision due to AMD. [7] In
those older than 75 years, 30% will be affected to
some degree. The usual symptoms are- Blurred
vision, Central scotomas (shadows or missing areas of
vision in the center of visual field), Distorted vision
(i.e. metamorphopsia) – A grid of straight lines
appears wavy, Color confusions, Slow recovery of
visual function after exposure to bright light. [11, 12]
Rasayana
MATERIAL& METHODS
National Policy-
Age related Macular degeneration
(AMD)-
AMD occurs in dry (90% of cases) and wet
(10 % cases) forms. Dry AMD begins with small,
discrete, slightly elevated yellow deposits called
drusen in the macula at the posterior pole of both
fundi. [Fig-1]
Dry macular degeneration
In case of wet AMD due to abnormal new blood
vessels formation, there will be sudden haemorrhage
& loss of vision. Modern treatment modalities
available are laser photocoagulation, photodynamic
therapy, injections (for wet AMD) and formulations
of antioxidant and zinc (for dryAMD). [13,14]
According to Ayurveda , macular
degeneration is (dry AMD), (wet AMD)
predominant . So
concentrating on head and eye is necessary. For this
by oil,
etc. are beneficial. Medicine for each
of these procedures should be selected very carefully
according to the body constitution of the patient, age,
mental status of the patient. [15-17]
In wet AMD, it is very important to start the
treatment immediately otherwise persistent oedema
will make irreversible damage in retina.
and drugs are
suitable for this. Some drugs for eye
diseases are ,
(Three myrobalans),
, and
).[18,19]
The treatment procedure should be mainly
Fig-1
Vata Pitta
Vata Shamanchiki tsa
Brimhananasyam, Sirobasti, Sirodhara
Netratarpana
Pittashamana, Chakshushya Rasayan
Rasayan
Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculata)
Triphala Satavari (Asparagus
racemosus) Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis
24 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Ksheerdhara, Netrasekam, Bidalakam etc.[20,21]
it is a group of disorders which
causes glaucomatous optic nerve damage that lead to
direct vision loss as a result of increased intraocular
pressure. The most prevalent form of glaucoma is
Primary open angle glaucoma.[22]
Primary open angle glaucoma- 'Silent thief of
sight', most of the patients will be unaware of the
development of the disease. In early stages, there will
be no visual symptoms. Mild headaches, heaviness,
feeling of fullness in the eyes, decrease in distant
vision & visual field especially peripheral. [Fig-2] and
increased optic disc cupping [Fig-3] are the main
symptoms
: Decrease in distant vision &
visual field in Glaucoma
: Fundus photograph demonstrates
glaucomatous optic disc cupping and pallor
Glaucoma-
Fig-2
Fig-3
Primary angle closure glaucoma- onset is sudden. In
most of cases redness of eye, congestion of vessels,
severe pain, photophobia, headache are the main
symptoms.[22]
According to , glaucoma is best correlated
with a condition known as and is of four
basic type i.e. . [23]
Generally speaking regulates retinal nerve
function whereas nourishes the eye and
acts to drain it in context with .Ayurvedic
management of glaucoma consists of four modalities
diet regulations, treatment, oral
medicines, & meditation.
The rejuvenating medicines of ( )
give strength to the optic nerve & hence restore the
vision within limitations. Diet for prevention & cure
of glaucoma should be rich in vitamins & minerals
which include zinc, copper, antioxidant, vitamin C,
B, E, A & Selenium.[24,25] procedure
like
are of great help in
glaucoma.[26] In oral medications daily use of
in early stages of
glaucoma is very useful
etc. can be given to the patients.
[26, 27] & meditation are always beneficial &
have played a vital role in curing every eye disease. It
helps by reducing stress to reduce & prevent IOP.[24]
Apart from this Acharya Vaghbhata described para-
surgical measures like &
.[28]
it is the significant
cause of vision morbidity in the elderly population.
The prevalence of DR rises with increasing duration
of Diabetes. However significant DR may be
observed in the elderly at the time of diagnosis or
during the first few years of diabetes. It is to be
remembered that even though blood sugar level is
within normal limits, there are chances of developing
DR in a diabetic patient. Signs & symptoms: - Blurred
vision & gradual vision loss, floaters, photophobia,
scotomas in vision.[29]
Stages of DR- Non proliferative, Proliferative DR
[Fig-4] [30,31]
Ayurveda
Adhimantha
Vataj, Pittaj, Kaphaj, Raktaj
Vata
Kapha Pitta
Adhimantha
Panchakarma
Yoga
Ayurveda Rasayana
Panchakarma
Thalam, Sirodhara, Nasyam, Virechana,
Netradhara, Anjana
Triphala Churna, Haritaki Churna,
. Mahatriphala Ghrita,
Punarnawadi Kwath
Yoga
Dahan Karma
Jalaukacharan
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)-
Hande Minal, Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 23-28
25Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Fig-4 :
Cataract-
Proliferative Diabetic retinopathy
According to , the course of DR can be
classified into three stages
I n i t i a l s t a g e o f d o m i n a n c e
) - The line of treatment
etc. are more preferable
in this stage than ophthalmic application as there will
be no considerable ophthalmic symptoms.
Stage of dominance- There will be
considerable visual problems. The patient may
experience blurring of vision, sudden decrease in
vision, metamorphosia, photophobia etc
should be the line of treatment.
, etc. are
preferable. herbs not only reverse the blood
clots formed in retina & vitreous but also strengthen
the metabolic function so that further chances of blood
leakage can be minimized.All things are possible only
if there is strict control of blood sugar.
Stage of predominance or stage of
complication- the treatment varies according to
particular complication. For example if it is
detachment predominant should be considered,
if there is neovascularisation, should be
considered more. The treatment should vary
accordingly.[32,33]
It is the most commonly seen disease of old
age responsible for highest percentage of blindness
worldwide. Symptoms of cataract: - hazy vision [Fig-
5], photophobia, watering of eyes.[34]
Ayurveda
K a p h a
(Netrabhishyanda Sirodhara,
Nasyam, Gandusham, Kaval
Pitta
. Pitta
Shaman Sirodhara,
Netrasekam, Bidalaka Aschotanam,
Ayurvedic
Tridosha
Vata
Pitta
�
�
�
Fig-5 :
Fig-6 :
Pressbyopia-
Vision in cataract
Cataract in is thought to be due to
vitiation of all three i.e. .
believes that cataract can reversed if it is
diagnosed in initial stage. treatment
modalities like , &
oral medications like drugs
slow down or arrest the progression of cataract from
immature to mature stage[Fig-6].[35]
Mature cataract
Other Geriatric eye disorders are Pressbyopia, Dry
eye syndrome, Entropion, Ectropion, Ptosis, Floaters,
Blepharospasam etc.
It is a very common vision
disorder that occurs & worsens as the person grows
old. Pressbyopia results in the inability to focus up the
close objects. This can be corrected with refraction
simply.[36]
Because of our lifestyle changes, more use of
computers, watching TV and lack of exercise, the
eye's natural lens hardens and as a result, the eye is not
Ayurveda
Doshas Vata, Pitta, Kapha
Ayurveda
Ayurvedic
Virechana, Anjana, Aschotanam
Chakshushya rasayan
Hande Minal, Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 23-28
26 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
able to focus light directly on to the retina. But we
care about eyes, light yoga exercise, eye exercise, diet
regulations, doing like
regularly & some intake
drugs, we can arrest the lens hardening earlier (before
40-45 age) and also prevent further degenerative
process of the eye.[37]
Vision is the priceless gift from God, blessing
us to enjoy the beauty of this world. Eye , being the
most delicate organ in human body, need special care
and geriatric age is the phase of life that require more
and more attention to enjoy functional abilities,
independence, qualities of life and mental health.[3]
One of the basic human rights is the right to
see. We have to ensure that no citizen goes to blind
needlessly or being blind does not remain so. Science
of Ayurvedic Ophthalmology goes hand in hand with
this policy.
The diseases that affect geriatric eye sight
include Age related Macular degeneration (AMD),
Glaucoma, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy,
Pressbyopia, Dry eye syndrome, Entropion,
Ectropion, Ptosis, Floaters, Blepharospasam etc. but
treated in time with skill of experience, the sight can
be protected, at least minimize the deterioration.
Ayurveda procedures provide effective
treatment; with regards to etc
which have to be conducted under utmost medical or
aseptic conditions, to prevent untoward effects.
for eye,
, Diet regulations,
& provides significant benefits
which can slow down or arrest the aging process of
eyes in the human being during degenerative phase of
life.
The drugs used in modern medicine in the
management of Geriatric eye disorders have its own
limitation and the success rate of surgery (Glaucoma,
Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinal detachment) is very
low. For which the Indian system of medicine has a lot
to offer in the treatment of Age related Macular
degeneration (AMD), Glaucoma, Cataract, and
Netrakriyakalpas Tarpana,
Netradhawan Netrarasayan
Akshitarpana, Anjana,
Rasayana Karma Netrakriyakalpas,
Ritucharya, Dinacharya
Panchakarma Yoga
DISCUSSION :
CONCLUSION :
Diabetic Retinopathy.
A variety of systemic and local procedures were
practiced for these conditions. But today perhaps
they are absolutely of limited practice, Hence it
would be appropriate to try these time tested ancient
measures on scientific parameters so that Ayurveda
can help the sufferings in a better way.
REFERENCES :
[1] Ganley JP, Roberts J. Eds, Eye conditions and related
need for medical care among persons 1–74 years of age,
United States, 1971–72. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Dept. of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
National Center for Health Statistics. 1983; DHHS
publication no. 83:1678.
[2] David A, Quillen, Common Causes of Vision Loss in
Elderly Patients, Am Fam Physician. 1999 Jul 1; 60(1):
99-108.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatrics/ Accessed 23
Dec 2013.
[4] Shmuely-Dulitzki Y, Rovner BW, Screening for
depression in older persons with low vision, Somatic eye
symptoms and the Geriatric Depression Scale, Am J
Geriatric Psychiatry, 1997; 5: 216–20.
[5]http://health.adelaide.edu.au/ophthalmology/sfa.html/
Accessed 24 Dec 2013.
[6]http://www.who.int/topics/blindness/en/ Accessed 24
Dec 2013.
[7] Kanski JJ, Acquired macular disorder, Clinical
ophthalmology – a systematic approach, London:
Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003: 405.
[8] Ramanjit Sihota, Radhika Tandon, diseases of the
retina, Parson's diseases of the eye, Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann; 2003: 326-327.
[9] Visser L, Common eye disorders in the elderly – a short
review, SAFam Pract, 2006; 48(7): 34-38.
[10] CCRAS, Dept. Of Ayush, Govt. of India New Delhi,
Ayurvedic management of select Geriatric diseases
conditions, 2011; ISBN: 978-81-910195-4-4:11.
[11] Kanski JJ, Clinical ophthalmology – a systematic
approach, London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999: 593-
6.
[12] Kanski JJ, Clinical ophthalmology – a systematic
approach, London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999: 479-
91.
[13] Treatment ofAge-related Macular Degeneration with
Photodynamic Therapy Study Group. Photodynamic
therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-
related macular degeneration with verteporfin: one year
Hande Minal, Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 23-28
27Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
results of 2 randomized clinical trials, TAP Report 1, Arch
Ophthalmol, 1999; 117:1329-45.
[14] Kourlas H, Schiller DS. Pegaptanib sodium for the
treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration:
a review. ClinTher. 2006; 28(1): 36-44.
[15] Datta Shastri Ambika. Sushrut Samhita. Varanasi:
Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2001: p 40-48.
[16] Chaudhari Ravindra Nath. Sachitra Shalakya
Vigyan.16. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002.
[17] Bramhanand Tripathi. Ashtang Hridaya. 2003 Reprint.
Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskruit pratishthan; 2003: p 960-
964.
[18] G.S.Lavekar,S.K.Sharma.Ayurveda and geriatric care-
a broad outline.Ayurveda and Siddha for Geriatric care.4
[19] CCRAS, Dept. Of Ayush, Govt. of India New Delhi.
Ayurvedic management of select Geriatric diseases
conditions. 2011; ISBN : 978-81-910195-4-4:13.
[20]http://www.mathaonline.com/targetdiseaseareas
Accessed 22 Dec 2013.
[21] http://www.ayurprakash.com/diseases/eye-
diseases/macular-degeneration/Accessed 22 Dec 2013.
22] Ramanjit Sihota, Radhika Tandon. The Glaucomas.
Parson's diseases of the eye. 9. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann; 2003: 300-304.
[23] Datta Shastri Ambika. SushrutSamhita.12. Varanasi:
Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2001: 33-40
[24] http://www.glaucoma.org/treatment/nutrition-and-
glaucoma.php /Accessed 22 Dec 2013.
[25] Swetty Goel,Ayurveda can help you for prevention and
cure of Glaucoma. Dav's Ayurveda for holistic health. july
2008; 1( 9).
[26] Srikanth N, Management of open angle glaucoma - a
case report.Ayur Medicine. 1999; Vol. II: 96.
�
[27] Srikanth N, The potent Anti-glaucoma drug:
Mahatriphalaghrita: A Pharmacological profile.
Aryavaidyan. Jan.2001; Vol. XIV No.2: 87-94.
[28] Srikanth N, The Para surgical Approach –Leech
Application (Jalukavacharana) in Glaucomas. J.R.A.S.
July-Dec-2003; vol. XXIV No. 3-4 (2003): 1-13.
[29] A.K.Khurana, Diseases of the retina. Comprehensive
Ophthalmology 4, New Delhi: New age international
limited, publisher; 2007: 259-260.
[30] Kanski JJ, Clinical ophthalmology – a systematic
approach, London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999: 593-
6.
[31] Kanski JJ, Clinical ophthalmology – a systematic
approach. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999: 479-
91.
[32] Datta ShastriAmbika, SushrutSamhita, 12. Varanasi:
Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2001: p 40-48.
[33] Uday Shankar, Drishtigata roga, Textbook of
Shalakya tantra. 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;
2012: 555.
[34] A.K.Khurana, Diseases of the lens. Comprehensive
Ophthalmology, New Delhi: New age international
limited, publisher; 2007: 178-179.
[35] Uday Shankar, Drishtigata roga, Textbook of
Shalakya tantra. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;
2012: 578.
[36] A.K.Khurana, Optics and refraction. Comprehensive
Ophthalmology, New Delhi: New age international
limited, publisher; 2007: 41-42.
[37] Uday Shankar, Drishtigata Roga, Textbook of
Shalakya tantra. 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;
2012: 611-614.
Hande Minal, Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 23-28
28 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
1 2, 3 & 4
6
Research Officer (Scientist-3), Research Officer,
Asstt.Director I/c, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute,
Bangalore, JISM1328N Received for publication: June 19, 2013; Accepted: December 21, 2013
Research Officer (Scientist-3), RRA Podar Ayurveda
Cancer Research Institute, Worli, Mumbai.
5
Original Article
Preliminary standardization of Vasavaleha
prepared by two different methods of extraction
Venkateshwarlu G , Shantha TR , Kishore KR , Shubhashree MN , Reddy RG , Sridhar BN1 2 3 4 5 6
How to cite the article: Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Preliminary standardization of Vasavalehaprepared by two different methods of extraction, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 29-34
Abstract
Key words
Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design. carries high reputation for providing
early thoughts relating to theories and techniques of different aspects of pharmaceuticals sciences. The present
study deals with the physic-chemical analysis of prepared by two different methods of extraction
i.e., the direct squeezing method [ ] and the method. Hence in order to observe, compare and
interpret the changes that might occur during the different methods of preparation, this study was planned
incorporating the physicochemical analysis & TLC. Non reducing sugars were found more in
prepared by extraction method than the method. Successive extraction with ethyl alcohol has
shown that method yielded more organic constituents. TLC has revealed that there were two
additional Rf values observed in method using the Benxene: Ethyl acetate (6:1) as compared to the rest
seen in method. The results provide preliminary hints towards phytochemical mechanism involved in
traditional method of preparation.
– , Physico-chemical studies
Ayurveda
Vasavalehya
Swarasa Putapaka
Vasavalehya
Swarasa Putapaka
Putapaka
Putapaka
Swarasa
Vasaka Adathoda vasica, Putapaka, Vasavalehya,
Introduction
Vasaka Adhatoda vasica
A. vasica,
Vasavalehya
Vasaka
Vasaka
[ (Nees)] possesses
wide spectrum of medicinal activities [1]. It is an
ingredient of many Ayurvedic polyherbal
formulations used in the management of respiratory
ailments including cough, bronchitis [2], and asthma
[3]. It has effective mucolytic and expectorant
properties [4]. Vasicine and vasicinone are the two
major alkaloids of known to possess
interesting biological activities including respiratory,
stimulant, bronchodilator, and hypotensive activities
[3]. The principles quite akin to current day
pharmaceutical processes have been compre-
hensively described in treatise of Ayurveda known as
Bhaishajya Kalpana [4]. is a semisolid
polyherbal medicinal formulation prepared mainly
with the sap from the leaves of with the
addition of sugar candy. There are two methods of
obtaining sap, first method is to directly
express the crushed leaves (known as
method) and second method is subjecting a bolus of
crushed fresh leaf to heat followed by expressing the
sap (known as method). In Ayurveda,
prepared using sap obtained as
per first method is indicated in respiratory disorders,
whereas that prepared using sap obtained as
per second method is indicated in bleeding disorders
[5]. The differential indication is the moot research
question of this study. The changes in
physicochemical and thin layer chromatography
parameters might give useful hints in deciphering the
mechanisms involved in changes occurring in the
sap obtained with and without heat
application used in the preparation of .
Physicochemical evaluation of the two
samples of prepared by different
methods prescribed inAyurveda- (fresh
Swarasa
Putapaka
Vasavaleha Vasaka
Vasaka
Vasaka
Vasavaleha
Vasavalehya
Swarasa
Aim and Objective
29Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Extraction standardization of Vasavaleha, pp 29-34
expressed sap) and method (sap extraction
after heat application) and to compare the changes in
the physicochemical parameters of above samples.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics
in Ayurveda is explained in terms of certain attributes
of an ingredient used as medicine or food. The
description in brief are as follows; [tastes viz.,
(sweet), (sour) (saline),
(pungent) and (astringent)].
[properties (effect it has on the body after ingestion
and assimilation including the nature of its interaction
with digestive juices), viz., (light for
digestion), guru (heavy for digestion).
(dryness) and so on]. [potencies (release or
conservation of energy during digestion and
metabolism) viz., (releases energy
during digestion and metabolism) and
(conserves energy during digestion and metabolism)].
[post digestive effect on metabolism viz.,
(sweet), (sour), (pungent)].
Based on these the probable action of a drug or food
can be predicted and understood in terms of action on
a ( or ) known as
. is systemic action
or is specific action on a
particular disease. has (bitter),
(astringent) with . It is
and in with
action. It is indicated in
, [6, 7]. The antitussive activity
of is similar to codeine against coughing
induced by irritant aerosols [8] possess a wide
spectrum of medicinal properties including positive
effects on inflammatory diseases [5]. also has
(Pungent) is in
with attaining
. It has action [5], thereby
has a synergistic effect along with in the
treatment of . It is an expectorant, useful
in asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory ailments.
leaves were procured from the Survey
of Medicinal Plants Unit (SMPU), NationalAyurveda
Dietetics Research Institute, Bangalore (NADRI-B).
After cleansing them of physical impurities the sap
Putapaka
Rasa
Madhura Amla Lavana Katu
Kashaya Guna
Laghu
Ruksha
Veerya
Ushna Veerya
Sheeta Veerya
Vipaka
Madhura Amla Katu
Dosha Vata, Pitta Kapha
Doshaghnata Karma
Vyadhiharatva Prabhava
Vasaka Tikta
Kashaya Rasa Katu Vipaka
Laghu, Ruksha Sheeta Guna
Kaphapittashamaka Kasa,
Shwasa Rajayakshma
Vasaka
Vasaka
Pippali
Katu Rasa, Laghu, Snigdha, Tikshna
Guna Anushna Sheeta Veerya Madhura
Vipaka Kaphavatashamaka
Vasaka
Kasa, Shwasa
Vasaka
Ayurvedic description of leaves
Materials & Methods
Extraction of sap:
Vasaka
Vasaka
from the leaves of was extracted in two
different methods as follows [9]:
method (SM): the leaves were crushed
and fresh expressed sap was collected
separately.
method (PM): separate set of crushed
leaves were subjected to heat and then the sap
was collected.
Equipments used were mortar and pestle, sieve, tray
for drying, mixer, and cooker, stove.
The was prepared in the Drug
Standardization Research Unit of NADRI-B. The
details of the ingredients used are given tables 1 & 2
and Figures.1-5. sap is prepared as per two
different methods as mentioned above.
(Ing. 3) and (Ing.5) were powdered
separately.
The was prepared in the same
method as above by using sap of
method in place of method [10-13], (Fig.6).
Both samples of SMV and PMV were used
for the analysis. Physico-chemical & preliminary
phytochemical analysis of two samples were carried
out employing standard procedures and using GPR
grade reagen t s [ (WHO, 1996) Br i t i sh
Pharmacopoea, Indian Pharmacopoea].
Vasaka
1) Swarasa
2) Putapaka
Vasavaleha
Vasaka
Sharkara
Pippali
Vasavaleha
Vasaka Putapaka
Swarasa
Method of Preparation of
-SM (SMV)
-PM (PMV)
Methodology of PhysicochemicalAnalysis
Vasavalehya
Vasavalehya
Vasavalehya
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Vasavalehya-SM (SMV) Step 1: Vasaka sap is
mixed with Sharkara (sugar) and syrup is formed.
The preparation at this state is known as and is
examined by the following markers; when a small drop of
the preparation is put between pressed opposing fingers, a
thread like consistency connects the separating fingers;
When a drop of the said preparation is put into water (of
room temperature) in a glass beaker, the drop sinks to the
bottom. These are as per ayurvedic principles of
preparation
After separating the preparation from fire, fine
powder of (Ing. 5) was added and stirred
vigorously to form a homogenous mixture.
The hot mixture was mixed completely with
clarified butter (ghee; Ing. 4).
After the mixture cooled to room temperature it
was again mixed completely with honey [10-13]
The final homogenous semisolid mixture was then kept in
an airtight container and labeled.
Vasaka
Paka
Pippali
30 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Soxhlet Extraction
Thin Layer Chromatography
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION
Physicochemical analysis
: Solvents like Petroleum ether,
benzene, chloroform and alcohol were used for
extraction. The resin powder of sample 1 was filled in
the thimble of soxhlet apparatus. The material was
exhaustively extracted with petroleum ether (40°C)
for about 48 hours. The solvent was distilled off at low
temperature and under vacuum and concentrated on
water bath to get semisolid liquid. After extracting
with petroleum ether, the material was refluxed with
other solvents like benzene, chloroform and alcohol
[2]. The same procedure was repeated for sample 2.
Benzene: Ethyl acetate (6:1) ; Benzene: Ethyl
acetate (4:1) Benzene:Ethyl acetate (1:1)
Comparative TLC was done using three different
concentrations of Benzene: Ethyl acetate solvent
system at 6:1, 4:1 & 1:1 (Igon & Stahl, 1969). The
iodine vapor and long wave length (365 nm) ultra
violet images were evaluated.
is a preparation produced by
application of heat per se. the difference between the
two samples of used in the study is, the use
of cold extract of in SMV and heat extract of
in PMV. The following discussion will highlight
the differences between the two samples rendering
their distinct usage.
The results of the preliminary analysis are
given in the table 2. The preliminary physicochemical
parameters were compared between SMV and PMV.
Both the samples were very dark brown in colour with
the smell of ghee and were aromatic. Both had bitter
taste and were oily and sticky. Results of loss on
drying at 105 C, pH of 10% w/v aqueous solutions,
ash values, extractive values are given in (table 2) Non
reducing sugars were found more in with
the extraction (VS=13.89 %) than the
Vasavaleha
Vasavaleha
Vasa
Vasa
Vasavalehya
Swarasa
o
Putapaka
Vasavalehya Putapaka
Vasava lehya Swarasa
Putapaka
Putapaka
Vasavalehya Swarasa
method (VP=4.59%).
S o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n o f
by
method, with the petroleum ether
(0.28%), chloroform (1.31%)
and ethyl alcohol (78.21%)
revealed extractives as indicated
in brackets under each fraction.
S o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n s o f
by
method, with the petroleum ether
(1.69%), chloroform (3.53%) and ethyl alcohol
(38.30%) revealed extractives. Successive extraction
with ethyl alcohol has shown that method
(VP) yielded 78.21% which indicates that the organic
constituents were more in method than the
with method (VS) which
yielded 38.3%. Increase in petroleum ether extracts is
indicative restructuring of steroids. Increased ethyl
alcohol extracts is suggestive of increased
glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Increased
chloroform extracts points towards increase in
steroids, triterpenes and alkaloids.
Samples of SMV and PMV were subjected to
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) (Table-3).
Petroleum-ether extracts of both the samples were
subjected to TLC in Benzene: Ethyl acetate (6:1)
solvent system which is specific among others, for
poly-phenols. Compounds corresponding to 0.41,
0.66, and 0.81 were common to both the samples.
Two Rf values (0.04, 0.24) were unique to the PMV
and one Rf value 0.31 was unique to SMV, suggesting
that presence of unique additional polyphenols
because of the use of cold and heat extracts. Similarly
Chloroform extracts of both the samples were
subjected to TLC in Benzene: Ethyl acetate (4:1).
Compounds corresponding to 0.06, 0.23, 0.45 &
0.66, were common to both the samples. Two Rf
values (0.78, 0.90) were unique to the SMV. This
suggests presence of unique additional polyphenols
in SMV. Ethanol extracts of both samples were
subjected to TLC in Ethyl acetate mobile phase which
is specific principally to glycosides and oils.
Interestingly only one Rf value 0.92 was common to
both samples and the PMV sample had four unique Rf
values 0.21, 0.57, 0.64, 0.74, 0.84. This indicates that
presence of certain specific glycosides might be
Thin Layer Chromatography Studies
Sl.
No.
Name of the drug Botanical /English name Parts used Quantity in
gms
1. Vasaka sap (Swarasa/
Putapaka )
Adhatoda vasica Nees. Fresh Leaf 384
3. Sita/Sharkara Sugar candy As it is 192
4. Sarpi/Ghrita Clarified Butter As it is 48
5. Pippali Piper longum Fruit 48
6. Madhu Honey As it is 192
Table -1 Ingredients of Vasavalehya (Swarasa & Putapakamethod)
Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Extraction standardization of Vasavaleha, pp 29-34
31Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
contributing to discrete therapeutic property.Asimilar
study conducted for the validation of different
methods of preparations of leaf juice
reveals that steaming of fresh leaves under 15 lb
pressure yielded same quantity of juice as the
traditional method and its total alkaloid content and
content (4.05+/-0.12 and 3.46+/-0.06 mg/ml,
respectively) were very high, though the traditional
method was found to give the best quality juice with
highest amount of total alkaloids (5.93+/-0.55 mg/ml)
and (5.64+/-0.10 mg/ml) content
It has been therefore evidenced that the
discrete therapeutic action of prepared
out of and is due to available
compounds corresponding to Rf values as elucidated
above. The authors of Ayurveda have observed
change of pharmacological action by the application
of heat known as and the process by
which change in the action of the drug can be brought
about is known as . Many such processing
techniques find mentioned in age old texts of
Ayurveda which can stand the modern test of
reasoning. The attempt is to document the
phytochemical modulation that is accompanied with
these processes to give a lucid corroboration and
validation to distinctive therapeutic properties of
pharmaceutical preparations.
is an important herbal ingredient of
wide range of medicinal formulations used in
Ayurveda. Its properties and action according to
ayurvedic principles have been described in detail but
reports of phyto-chemistry and pharmacological
rationale in terms of Modern scientific methods are
inadequate. Hence, this study was undertaken to
document properties as per modern scientific methods
and attempt to give an interpretation of Ayurvedic
descriptions. From the above observations, it can be
concluded that these parameters can be utilized as
marker parameters for monitoring the quality of the
formulation. The physicochemical parameters,
quantitative analysis may be used for qualitative
evaluation and the standardization of .
This was a preliminary study and provides significant
leads to undertake future endeavors. Further studies
with HPLC will strengthen the above views.
Although, differences observed in the two
Adhatoda vasica
vasicine
vasicine
Vasavalehya
Swaraa Putapaka
Agni Sannikarsha
Samskara
Vasaka
Vasavalehya
11.
12
Conclusion
preparations are minute, some of these differences
might be the basis for change in the action of the two
preparation viz., SMV being haemostatic and PMV
antitussive and useful in respiratory disorders. It is a
matter of admiration that ancient Ayurvedic scientists
could decipher this subtle difference in property
without advanced techniques differences. Based
upon these findings further studies with advanced
phytochemical techniques and randomized double
blind clinical studies could be initiated to evaluate
these differential properties clinically.
REFERENCES
[1] Sayeed Ahmad, Madhukar Garg
[3]
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phyto-pharmacological overview on Adhatoda zeylanica
Medic.syn.A.vasica(Linn) Nees a review paper” Natural
product radiance Vol 8(5) , 2009, pp 549-554
[2] Basavarajaiah.C.R, D.S.Lucas et al “Fundamentals of
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K. P. Sampath Kumar, Debjit Bhowmik, Chiranjib
Pankaj Tiwari ,Rakesh Kharel Indian traditional herbs
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adhatoda
vasica
th
th
Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Extraction standardization of Vasavaleha, pp 29-34
32 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Fig.1 to 6: Ingredients of Vasavalehya
Fig.1. (Leaf) -Adhatoda vasica NeesVasaka
Fig.3. ( )Sita Sarkara
Fig.5. (Honey)Madhu
Fig.2. P (Fruit)-Piper longum Linnippali
Fig.4. (Ghee)Ghritha
Fig.6. Vasavalehya
Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Extraction standardization of Vasavaleha, pp 29-34
[11] Soni S, Anandjiwala S, Patel G, Rajani M, “Validation
of Different Methods of Preparation ofAdhatoda vasica Leaf
Juice by Quantification of Total Alkaloids and Vasicine”.
Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jan; 70(1):36-42.
[12] Agnivesha,Charaka Samhitha edited by Sri.Bhagwan
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Kalpastana 1/2
[13] Anonymous TheAyurvedic Formulary of India, Part I
second revised English Edition Published by the controller
of Publications, (2003) Delhi-54, p.82-83
33Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
*Table-2.Physico-chemical Analysis
Table 3: TLC findings of ( Method)Vasavalehya Swarasa/ Putapaka
Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Extraction standardization of Vasavaleha, pp 29-34
Parameters Results of
Putapaka method
Results of
Swarasa method
1) Description
� Colour
� Odour
� Taste
� Touch
� Very dark brown
� Smell of ghee &
aromatic
� Sweet and bitter
� Oily &sticky
� Very dark brown
� Smell of ghee & aromatic
� Sweet and bitter
� Oily & sticky
2) Loss on drying at 105?C 12.48 % 12.53 %
3) Total ash 1.8 % 1.27 %
4) Acid insoluble ash 0.17 % 0.26 %
5) pH 6.3 6.6
6)Specific gravity at 25?C 1.21 1.27
7) Total solids 87.52 % 87.47 %
8) Fat content 1.09 % 1.69 %
9) Total sugars
� Reducing sugars
� Non reducing sugars
41.58 %
36.99 %
4.59 %
53.92 %
40.03 %
13.89 %
10) Successive extraction
� Petroleum ether 60-80°C
� Chloroform
� Ethyl alcohol
0.28%
1.31%
78.21%
1.69%
3.53%
38.30 %
Sl.
No
Extractives Adsorbent Solvent system Viewing
medium
Rf. Values
Putapaka
method
Rf. Values
Swarasa
method
1 Petroleum-
ether
60-80°C
Silica gel 60 F
254 pre coated
sheets
Benzene:
Ethyl acetate (6:1)
Iodine
vapour
0.04, 0.24,
0.41, 0.66,
0.81.
0.31,0.41,
0.66,0.81
2
Chloroform
Silica gel 60 F
254 pre coated
sheets
Benzene:
Ethyl acetate (4:1)
Iodine
vapour
0.06,0.23,
0.45,0.66.
0.06,0.23,
0.45,0.66,
0.78,0.90
3
Ethanol
Silica gel 60 F
254 pre coated
sheets
Benzene:
Ethyl acetate (1:1)
Iodine
vapour
0.21,0.57,
0.64,0.74,
0.84,0.92.
0.92.
34 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Professor & Head Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Mahatma GandhiAyurved College, Hospital & Research
Centre Salod (H) Wardha-442004,JISM1342H Received for publication: January 19, 2014;Accepted: February 11, 2014
Original Article
Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study onPanaviraladi KsharaBharat Rathi
How to cite the article: Bharat Rathi, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Studyon Panaviraladi Kshara, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 35-38
Abstract
–
Bhaishajya Kalpana
Kshara
Kalpana Ksharas
Panaviraladi Bhasma
Yogam
Sotha
Bhasma Kshara
Kshara Panaviral, Kokilaksha, Apamarga
Kadalikanda Samanya Kshara Nirman Vidhi
Panaviraladi Kshara
Panaviraladi Kshara, Kshara Kalpana, Panaviraladi Kshara
is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with the source, descriptions and the art of
producing various pharmaceutical preparations by following several processes by which it becomes easily
digestible, therapeutically more effective and stable for a long period. Among all these preparations
enjoys due respect in the Ayurvedic pharmacy. are the ashes of herbal drugs or derivatives of
such ashes in the form of solutions or crystals and used in many disorders. The present study is concerned with
the formulation mentioned in Sahasrayogam and Chikitsamanjiri, the traditional
Malayalam publications. Some of the Folk practioners &Ayurvedic Physicians of Kerala use this to treat
the (bodily swelling). However till now no scientific studies have been carried outwith respect to its
preparation and analysis. Hence special emphasis was given to convert the form into form
according to standard preparation methods and was analyzed. s of &
were prepared individually by taking ash water proportion as 1:6
and mixed together in equal proportion to prepare the .The organoleptic properties of the
drugs revealed that the colour of the drug to be white, having metallic smell,pungent & salty taste and smooth
touch. Ion exchange chromatography, Conventional titrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry study
showed the presence of sodium (8.01%), potassium (13.5%), chloride (13.4%) sulphate (10.9%) carbonate
(21.9%) phosphate (0.14%) and iron (0.006 %) respectively. The values which have been obtained through this
analysis may serve as the standard parameters for genuine preparation of the .Pharmaceutical Study , Analytical StudyKey words
Introduction:
Ksharas
Drava Kshara Choorna KsharaKsharas
Ksharas
KsharaAntaparimarjan Bahyaparimarjan Paneeya
Pratisarneeya Kshara. PratisarneeyaKshara Kustha,Kitibha, Shwitra Nadivrana Bhagandara, Arsha,Arbuda, Dusta Vrana , Mashaka, Mukharoga
Paneeya Kshara
are the ashes of herbal drugs orderivative of such ashes in the form of solutions orcrystals. All of which have the basic quality of beingalkaline .According to their state, liquid or solid theyare called as or [1].
can be used internally as well asexternally. WhereAcharya Charaka has usedinternally, Acharya Susruta and Vagbhata have givenwide account of & divided it into
and orand The
was applied externally in cases of,
whereas was applied used internally
in cases ofinternal piles
successfully [2,3]. Since the variety of substances isused for the preparation of it is
. Owing to their white colour they areincluded in the group. Even thoughit is in nature, it is capable of carrying outcauterization ( ), digestion ( ), splitting( ) etc, as it is mainly made up of the drugspredominantly having But on prolongedadministration they destroy the sexual potency.
have considered to be superior toothers due to following reasons [4].
I) The are superior tobecause of the capability to
perform excision ( ), Incision ( )
Gulma, Udara, Ajirna, Agnimandya,Ashmari, Abhyantara Vidradhi,
KsharaTridoshaghna
Saumya DravyaSaumya
Dahan PachanDaran
Agni Guna.
Acharyas Kshara
Ksharas Shastras &Anushastras
Chedan Bhedan
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
35Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
& scrapping ( )is a treatment of choice
where surgical procedures become crucial suchas where surgicaltreatment fails and in non-healing ulcers( )
Considering these factsis converted into form bypreparation method.
The formula selected for the study isfrom the reference found in Chikitsa Manjiri [5] andSahasrayogam [6] as and itsuse is mentioned in form. The aim was toconvert the form into form and toconduct its analytical study. Panaviraladi is acompound formulation containing
in equal proportion.The drugs of
genuine variety were collected from the raw drugsun i t , Government Ayurved ic Pharmacy,Thiruvananthapuram.
An iron vessel forincinerating the drugs, glass vessel, a piece of cloth,measuring glass, stirrer, heater, weighing balance.
The useful part ofeach drug from which the was to be prepared,was collected and washed with water, cut into smallpieces, dried well and cleaned to remove extraneousmaterials. These pieces were put in an iron vessel andburnt into ash. The ash was allowed to cool andfiltered through sieve. Distilled water was added tothe ash in the ratio of 6:1 [7] and stirred well andallowed to stand undisturbed for 24 hours. The nextday, the supernatant liquid was decanted out andstrained through a clean piece of cloth 21 timessuccessively to get a clear liquid. This liquid (
) was then taken in a glass vessel andheated over a mild fire till the water evaporatedcompletely. The residue obtained known as ,was then collected by scratching the surface of glassvessel with knife and stored in a glass bottle. Theweight of the was taken by using a commonbalance.
Thus the were prepared individuallyof all four drugs. For each , a sample of 100 gmash was taken and the process was repeated 3 to 4times [7, 8].
II. Analytical study wasconducted to elucidate the composition & thestructure of the drug. A complete chemical analysis of
included identification of the
Lekhanii) Kshara Karma
Nasarsha , Nasarbuda
DustaVranaPanviraladi Bhasma
Kshara Kshara
Panaviraladi BhasmaBhasma
Bhasma KsharaKshara
Panaviral Kshara,Kokilaksha Kshara, Apamarga Kshara, &Kadalikanda Kshara
Kshara
Ksharodaka
Kshara
Kshara
KsharasKshara
Panviraladi Kshara
Materials and Methods:
Aim:
a) Collection of the drugs:
b) Equipments required:
c) Method of Preparation:
Analytical study:
constituents by the qualitative analysis & thedetermination of their relative amounts present byquantitative analysis.
is compoundformulation containing
in equal proportion. The namegiven to it combination is based on the first drug
in it. It is the Malayalam name whichmeans inflorescence; its Sanskrit name is Tala.
P.K. iswhite in colour in the form of crystals. It is havingmetallic smell, pungent and salty taste and smoothtouch. When exposed to the atmosphere, becomesmoist and therefore it should be stored in air tightglass bottle. It can be last indefinitely without losingits potency.
Distilled water was used for thepreparation to avoid any impurities in the
.
Care was taken to avoid loss ofwhile straining and boiling.
Heat given was throughout theprocess and kept as constant.
Analyticalstudy revealed the followingvarious properties of the drug [13]
1. Organoleptic properties :a. Colour - Dull whiteb. Odour - Metallicc. Taste - Pungentd. Touch - Smooth
2. Litmus paper showed that the drug isalkaline in nature
3. Digital pH meter showed that the pH ofP.K. is 10.8.
4. Loss on drying of P.K = 2.48%5. Quantitative analysis by Ion exchange
chromatography study showed the presence ofsodium (8.01%) and potassium (13.5%)
6. Quantitative analysis by conventionaltitrometry showed the presence of Chloride (13.4%)sulphate (10.9%) and Carbonate (21.9%).
7. Quantitative analysis by atomicAbsorption Spectophotometry study showed thepresence of phosphate (0.14%) and Iron (0.006 %).
There are two varieties of used inKerala. In place of Ness,
Formulation of Panaviraladikashara
(P.K.):
Observations:
Characteristics and Preservation:
Precautions:
Analytical study:
Discussion:
Panaviraladi KasharaPanaviral Kshara,
Kokilaksha Kshara, Apamarga Kshara andKadalikanda Kshara
Panaviral
Kshara
Kshara
Ksharodak
Mandagni
KokilakshaAstercantha longifolia
�
�
�
36 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Bharat Rathi, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study on Panaviraladi Kshara, pp 35-38
another plant named is foundto be in practice. It is having the same local name
or . But the plant differs intheir morphological characters, especially the sharpsix thorns present at the nodes. This indicates that theplant is essentially having thorns, thethorn less variety seen in the market may be anadulterant or a substitute owing to its similarcharacters. For the study Nessvariety was used for the preparation of Toavoid any contamination, distilled water was used forthe preparation. However, practically it isadvisable to use rain water which is free fromcontamination and cheaper than distilled water to get
with least impurities.Under the pharmaceutical study
were prepared individual ly bytaking ash water proportion as
1:6. The % of obtained per 100 gm ash wasnearly same forie. 20 gm/100 gm ash, where as it is more in
may be was used for the formerthree drugs and only was used for . It ishowever advisable to identify and use single part ofthe drug for the preparation of . As theis hygroscopic in nature, it should always be kept in anair tight glass container.
Pharmaceutical advantages of overmay be explained as –
I. Processing could be done on bulkquantities with the aid of proper equipments as thedrug is stable for long duration.
ii. No need of preservatives.iii. Pharmaceutically elegant.iv. Ingredients are widely available and
economicv. Drug potentiation and dose minimization.
Pungent and saline taste of the drug whichcan be masked by using proper adjuvant.
The rationality of any drug which is useful toour body will remain incomplete if the constituents ofthe drug are not known by the physician. This thoughtmotivated to find out the chief constituents of
through analytical study. Thestudy revealed the various properties of the drug. Thevarious parametric values which have been obtainedthrough this study may serve as the standardparameters of a genuine preparation of the
. The qualitative and
Hygrifolia angustifolia
Vayalchulli Karachully
Kokilaksha
Astercantha longifoliaKshara.
Kshara
KsharaKsharas of
Panavirala, Kokilaksha, Apamarga & KadalikandaSamanya
Ksharanirman VidhiKshara
Panaviral, Kokilaksha & ApamargaKadali
Kanda PanchangaKanda Kadali
Kshara Kshara
KsharaBhasma
Panaviraladi Kshara
Panaviraladi Kshara
Disadvantages:
Analytical Study:
quantitative analysis proved the presence of variouscomponents in the drug and its percentage quantitywithin the drug.
The pH of the drug solution was 10.8 whichmean that the drug was alkaline in nature.
is prepared by mixing theof
in equal proportion. Due to itspharmaceutical advantage it is advisable to use
in place of .
Conclusion:
References:
Panaviral KsharaKshara Panaviral, Kokilaksha, Apamarga &Kadali Kanda
Kshara Bhasma
[1] R.K. Sharma Vidya Bhagavan Dash, Charaka Samhitarevised by Charaka and Drudhabala, English commentary,
2 adition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series office , Varanasi1983.[ 2 ] S u b h a s h R a n a d e , A s t a n g a S a n g r a h a ,Ksharpakvidhiadyaya,Anmol Prakashan, Pune Sept 1975[3] Atrideo Gupta, Astanga hridaya, Vidyotini tika,Sutras thana Ksharagnikarma vidhi adhyaya,Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 1996[4] Yadavji trikamji Acharya, Susruta Samhita with
Dalhana commentary 5 edition, ChaukhambhaOrientalia,Varanasi, India, 1992[5] Chikitsa Manjiri, Mahodara Chikitsa Prakaranam[6] Ramniwas Sharma, Sahasrayogam Hindi translationSotha Chikitsa Prakaranam Chaukhambha SanskritPratisthana, Varanasi, India, 1996.[7] Sarngadhara, Sarangadhara Samhita, with commentary
by Adhamalla & kanshiram, 3 edition, edited byParshuram Shastra Vidyasagar Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, India, 1983[8] Govt. of India, The Ayurvedic formularly of India, PartI, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department ofIndian System of Medicine & Homeopathy NewDelhi:1978[9] Nadkarni KM, India Materia medica, Vol 1 revised &enlarged by AK Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai,1996[10] Bhavmishra, Bhava Prakash, Hindi commentaryChaukhambha Sanskrit Series office, Varanasi 1989.[11] Dharmi S.V.D, Effect of diuretic action of KokilakshaKshara on nijashotha and mootrakrichhra, A.P. University,Vijaywada, 1989[12] Tyagi VP, Apamarga Ksharaevam Apamarga kikatipaya kalpanaoka nirmanatmak evam prabhavatmakaadhyayan, NIA, Jaipur 1992[13] Susheela K, A clinical study in the management ofdarunaka w.s.r. to Kadali Kanda Kshara taila as externalapllication, Govt.Ayurveda College, Trivandrum 1992.[14] CCRAS, Pharmacopeial Standards of AyurvedicFormulations
nd
th
rd
37Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Bharat Rathi, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study on Panaviraladi Kshara, pp 35-38
Bharat Rathi, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study on Panaviraladi Kshara, pp 35-38
S.N
.
Name of the Drug Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka
1. Tala Madhura Snigdha,Guru Seeta Madhura
2. Kokilaksha Madhura Guru,Snigdha Seeta Madhura
3. Apamarga Katu, Tikta Laghu,Ruksha,Teekshna Ushna Katu
4. Kadali Kashaya ,
Madhura
Guru Seeta Madhura
S.N. Sanskrit name Botanical name Family English name
1. Tala Borassus flabellier Linn Palmaceae Palm,Brab tree
2. Kokilaksha Astercantha longifoliaNess Acanthaceae
3. Apamarga Achyranthus aspera Linn Amaranthaceae Prickly chaff flower
4. Kadali Musa paradisiaca Linn Musaceae Banana, Plantain
S.N. Drug name Part used Weight of
wet drug
Weight
after
drying
Gained ash
(Bhasma)
Wet. Of
ash/ kg
Kshara
obtained
/100 g ash
1. Tala Talapushpa -- 9 kg 405 g 45 g 20.33 g
2. Kokilaksha Whole plant 20 kg 6.3 kg 470 g 66.6 g 20.62 g
3. Apamarga Whole plant 10 kg 3.5 kg 307 g 87.71 g 19.66 g
4. Kadali Kadali Kanda 20 kg 2.75 kg 320 g 116.36 g 31.66 g
Table I: Showing the pharmacological properties of ingredients of [8]Panaviraladi Kshara
Table II: Showing the pharmacological properties of ingredients of [9]Panaviraladi Kshara
Table III: Showing the prepartion of individual drug [10-12]Kshara
Panavirala (Borassus flabellifer)
Kokilaksha (Astercantha longifolia)
Apamarga (Acaranthus aspera)
Kadali (Musa paradisiaca)
38 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
1 2Professor, Dept. of Swasthavritta, Professor, Dept. of Rasshastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Shree SaptashrungiAyurved
Mahavidyalaya & Hospital, Nashik (Maharashtra) India.
Original Article
Applied with special referenceto Health Problems of BPO employees
Swasthavritta
Archana R. Belge , Raman S. Belge1 2
How to cite the article: Archana R. Belge, Raman S. Belge, Applied Swasthavritta wsr to Health Problems of BPO employees,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 39-42
Abstract:
Keywords:
Indian Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry accounts for 34% of the Global BPO market of
2010. It has offered an employment to over 4.5 million Indian people with 50% of employees below 25 years. A
good work environment, decent emoluments and financial incentives offered in the BPO industry has a dark side
that leads to physical, psychological, behavioral and interpersonal problems. The stressful working conditions
affect the body, mind and soul of the BPO personnel. The present article deals with the Applied
with special reference to the health problems of Indian BPO employees
BPO Health hazards
Swasthavritta
.
, Dinacharya, , Pranayama, Ratricharya, Swasthavritta
Introduction
BPOs in India-
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the
delegation of one or more information technology
intensive business process to an external provider that
in turn administers and manages the selected process.
The Indian Government, especially after
1990 had adopted the liberalization and the
globalization policy. The growth of Information,
Communication and Technology (ICT) sector
worldwide and the availability of large number of
English speaking people and low cost labor in India,
led to a sharp rise in the field of BPO. Today, India
provides assistance to Transnational Corporation and
their clients in North America and Europe. BPO
industry in India is growing at the rate of 35% [1].
These are both domestic and International,
but the prominence arises in Transnational BPOs,
where the clients or owners are from USA or UK. In
the transnational BPOs, due to the difference in time-
zones between India and the UK or USA (time gap of
approximate 6 to 12 hours), working is mostly
performed during night hours. The voice based sector
(Call Centre) need to work at night whereas the non-
voice service workers are able to do their work in day
time. Work environment schedule in the BPO sector
is highly pressurized, closely monitored and
monotonous. The employees are given Call Quotas
for both inbound and outbound services, as much as
400 calls a night. The employees cannot disclose
their true nationality and even their names. This leads
to a dual identity conflict, i.e. westerners by evening
and Indians by day. A strict time and motion regime
with limited time (2-3 minutes) for making and
answering call of customers, limited breaks and no
interaction with colleagues while at work. Married
employees have a dual burden of work and home. In
nutshell, these BPO employees suffer from the
Physical, psychological and Behavioral problems.
They also suffer from the Interpersonal conflicts.
India is the most preferred location for BPO
& it is having certain threads on the lives of the
Indian educated youth. Increased level of stress &
increased health problems made us think about the
current review article. Also, Ayurveda & especially
could be the most proper solution to
these problems.
As the word suggests, it is
composed of two words, (healthy) &
(ideal way of living). This science deals with the
Swasthavritta
Swasthavritta
Swastha Vritta
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
39Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
balanced diet & ideal way of living, through
which one can attain a healthy life.
is an integral part of Ayurveda
which states the measures to maintain the health of a
person. This health is attained through
(Balanced Diet), (Proper environment),
(Behavioral Ethics), and
Naturopathy.
Although a variety of texts have discussed the
remedial measures for the health problems of BPO
employees, no texts have so far mentioned the
applied for overcoming these
problems. This article therefore is an attempt to
discuss the Applied with special
reference to Health Problems of BPO employees.
This article will discuss the problems faced
by the BPO employees on various fronts (especially
regarding the physical & mental health). This article is
aimed at studying the problems faced by the BPO
employees in the following respect-
Physical problems
Psychological problems
Behavioral problems
Interpersonal conflicts
To discuss the applied for
overcoming the aforesaid problems
The motto of Ayurveda is “
(maintenance of health in
healthy individuals),
(to get relief from the various ailments of the diseased
persons). Here will discuss the concepts of
that will provide us a solution for these
problems to a greater extent.
The aforesaid problems were studied with
reference to the various systems. For this study the
literary sources like books, journals and websites and
study reports were referred as a secondary source of
data. However no clinical trials, surveys or focused
group discussion was carried out.
:
Hearing problems, earache and tinnitus
Strain, discharge, redness, blurred vision, dry
eyes, double vision.
- Dry, itchy throat, hoarseness of voice.
Irregular eating patterns, unhealthy/ junk/ ready
to eat food consumption, Disturbed digestion.
- Disruption of natural sleep-wakefulness cycle,
Swasthavritta
Ahara
Vihara
Achara Rasayana Yoga
Swasthavritta
Swasthavritta
Swasthavritta
Swasthasya
Swasthya rakshanam
Aturasya Vikara prashamanam
Swasthavritta
Aims & Objectives
Materials & Methods
I) Physical problems [2]
Ears:
Eyes:
Voice
Diet:
Sleep
�
�
�
�
�
insomnia, lack of proper sleep during daytime.
: aches - Pain in neck, shoulder, back, wrist; leg
cramps, spondylitis, High blood-pressure,
Menstrual irregularities, Hormonal imbalance,
Cough, cold, and Increased incidence of breast and
colon cancer- observed in night and rotating shift
workers.
- Chronic fatigue,
insomnia and complete alteration of the 24 hour
biological rhythm which affects the sleep and proper
functioning of the heart.
High attrition rate gives them a sense of
insecurity, Nervousness, anxiety, restlessness,
irritability, depression.
Due to high disposable income, employees
tend to resort to smoking, drinking and a western
lifestyle, risky sexual behavior, excessive drug and
alcohol use. BPO employees are at rest during
daytime, when the others are at work, resulting in
being cut-off from their social life.
: 8% of women (Age- 20-25 years).
Smoking leads to reproduction hazards like low-
birth weight, lower gestation periods and higher rate
of stillborn apart from cardiovascular risks.
Inability to socialize with family and
relations and addicted for drugs.
Dual identity (non- disclosure of true name
and nationality).
Tendency to become irritable.
Degradation of moral and social values.
, basically acts at two levels-
Personal & Social. The rules laid down to maintain
proper well being of the physique are twofold-
1. Consumption of proper diet
2. Observance of personal, moral, seasonal
and spiritual conduct.
The code of conducts are further classified
into five types viz. good mental conduct, good social
conduct, good religious conduct, good personal
conduct and good moral conduct.
Properly observed (Daily
Regimen), (Night Regimen), and
(Seasonal Regimen), help to achieve a
sound state of body and mind. The
Body
Burnout stress syndrome
II) Psychological problems [3]:
III) Behavioral Problems:
Smoking
Drug abuse:
IV) Interpersonal Conflicts:
Applied with reference to Health
problems of BPO employees:
�
�
�
Swasthavritta
Swasthavritta
Dinacharya
Ratricharya
Rutucharya
Rasayana
40 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Archana R. Belge et.al. Applied Swasthavritta wsr to Health Problems of BPO employees, pp 39-42
Chikitsa
Swasthavritta
Asanas
Asanas Shavasana Makarasana
Asanas
S u r y a n a m a s k a r a P a s c h i m o t t a n a s a n a
sarvangasana Chakrasana Bhujangasana, etc
Trataka
Yoga-nidra
Pranayama Sheetali Nadishodhana,
Bhramari, sahit kumbhaka, Anuloma-
Viloma, Ujjayi Pranayama.
Asanas Padmasana, Siddhasana,
Swastikasana
Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi.
Strotopathana, Dhyana, Atma-
Chintana
Indriya Swasthya
Swasthavritta
Anjana karma
Sauviranjana
(Rejuvenation therapy) is further
suggested by the ancient Ayurvedic Texts. The health
tips offered by the can be summarized
as below-
Note- The procedures suggested here should be
performed strictly under medical supervision.
(Stretching exercises) – The Relaxative
viz. and are
suggested for the BPO employees.
The stretching body- exercises includes the of
the standing, sitting, inverted, twisting and balancing
types. Hence, the BPO employees are suggested to do
, ,
, and .
Also the neck rotation, eyeball rotation and
wrist-joint rotation exercises should be done at
frequent intervals. For computer vision syndrome,
should be performed.
can also be practiced to achieve
optimum relaxation within a short span at workplace.
: ,
Meditative :
Sleep [5]- it must be completed during day
time as the employees have to remain awake
and alert during nighttime.
Defecation [6]- To get relief from
constipation and for proper defecation, 2-3
glasses of water stored in properly cleaned
copper vessel should be drunk.
Chanting [7]-
etc. imparts calmness to the mind
and body.
(Health of Sensory
organs)- Now a days, it is not practically
possible to perform all the
Procedures daily. But one must perform them
at least weekly.
Eyes [8]- (Application of
Kajala) is must for all BPO employees as they
have to work in front of computers all the
time. Application of daily,
1. Physical exercises:-
2. Breathing exercises [4]:
3. Miscellaneous:-
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
are must. (Oleation of eyes) can be
done once in a month. Employees should be
made aware about the
(Less, improper or
excessive use of organs).
Ears: Oil application in ears - once in a week.
At least once in a month
(Oleation of ears-) is to be done.
Nose (Nasal medication) is an
important karma. Simply application of 2
drops of (Cow- Ghee) or
(Sesame oil), in each nostril, before
going out of the house and after coming in the
house will help to a greater extent.
Mouth- Gargling with lukewarm salty water
or (Sesame oil) will protect from the
diseases of teeth, hoarseness of voice, nausea
etc.
(Oleation of Body)- It is of utmost
importance. Especially
(Oleation of Head) and
(Oleation of feet) will help a lot.
will ultimately lead to prevention
of ageing process.
[10] (Rules for consumption
of food): Consumption of food just before
sleeping should be avoided. Food should be
taken at least 2 hours before going to bed.
Concept of a food should be
implemented. Junk food or ready-to-eat food
should be avoided.
The urges for urine & stool impulses should
not be held unnecessarily for a longer time.
4. –The concept of
(Good Social Conduct) be followed. This will
promote abstinence from smoking alcohol, drug
abuse and risky sexual behavior.
TheYoga offers multidimensional benefits to
the body, mind and soul. The Yoga helps in achieving
integrated and coordinated development of all
potentialities of man. The neuromuscular systems are
reconditioned. Yoga enables withstand greater stress
and cultivation of correct attitude.
After having the literary research, it was
observed that the Indian BPO employees mostly
suffer from the physical, psychological & behavioral
problems. They also suffer from the interpersonal
Netratarpana
Heena, Mithya and
Ati-Yog of Indriyas
Karnapurana
Nasya
Go-Ghruta Tila
taila
Tilataila
Abhyanga
Shirobhyanga
Padabhyanga
Vata-
shamana
Bhojana Vidhi
Satvik
Achara Rasayana
�
�
�
�
�
�
[9]:
Social Health
Observations
41Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Archana R. Belge et.al. Applied Swasthavritta wsr to Health Problems of BPO employees, pp 39-42
conflicts. , the Ayurvedic Science
related to physical, social and spiritual health;
provides a cost effective and suitable solution to these
Indian BPO employees, in the form of physical
exercises ( ), breathing exercises
( ), chanting ( , ). The
observance of daily and social regimen will treat the
health problems faced by the Indian BPO employees.
WHO has described Health as a state of
complete physical, mental, social & spiritual well-
being and but not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity. The health is linked with various factors like
physical/social environments, employment/working
conditions, social support networks, lifestyles etc. the
maintenance and promotion of health is achieved
through Health Triangle (combination of Physical,
Mental and Social well-being).
has a definite solution to the
health problems of BPO employees. The Health
Triangle described in the Ayurvedic texts has offered
Panacea to the ailments of the sufferers. The
implementation of these health tips will help the
society esp. the BPO employees to relieve them from
their health problems. It is further to be noted that the
BPO employees need not give up their job for
adopting these measures as a part of
their lifestyle.
The average working life time of an Indian
worker is about 35 years (Age 25-60 years). The
Indian job scenario is of a competitive market, over
population and scarcity of good jobs. No profession is
said to be stress-free as 'Survival of the Fittest Rule' is
applied in every working sector. The occupational
stress affects physical, psychological, behavioral
balances of both employer and the employee. The
Information technology and the Business Process
Outsourcing fields are more competitive and stressful.
The measures to overcome these stresses are offered
Swasthavritta
Yogasanas
Pranayama Mantra Strotopathana
Swasthavritta
Swasthavritta
Discussion
Conclusion
by . The cost effective, easy to
implement remedies suggested by and
create an internal environment that promotes the
dynamic balance of health. Hence, the BPO
employees can definitely be benefitted by adopting
measures to overcome their physical,
psychological , behavioral problems and
interpersonal conflicts.
[1] Amruta Gupta, 'Health, Social & Psychological
problems of Women employees in BPO, A Study in
India', paa 2012, Princeton.edu/papers/121676
[2] Nidhi Gupta, Shweta Khera et al, 'Effect of Yoga
based lifestyle intervention on state & trait anxiety',
.; 50(1); pp. 41-47, 2006
[3] P. Bhuyar et al, 'Mental, physical & social health
problems of call centre workers',
vol. 17(1), pp. 21-25, 2008
[4] Sao, Akhileshwar et al, 'Yogic management of
psychological disorders related to BPO sector',
2(4), pp. 32-40, 2011
[5] , in Sutrasthana 2, Ganesh
Garde, Gajendra Raghuvanshi, Pune, 8 ed., 1996,
pp.7
[6] , in Sutrasthana
3/3, P.G.Athavale, Godavari Publishers, Nagpur, 2
ed., 2001, pp.18
[7] , in part 1, Datto Ballal
Borkar, Shri Gajanan Publishers, Mumbai, 1 ed.,
1984, pp. 108
[8] Charak, in Sutrasthana 5/15;
Brahamnanda Tripathi, Chaukhamba Surbharati
Prakashan, Varanasi, 7 ed.,2000, pp. 115
[9] Sushruta, in Chikitsasthanam
40/21-22; Anantaram Sharma; Chowkhamba
Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 1 ed.,2004,pp. 495
[10] Vagbhata, in Sutrasthana
2/19, Tripathi Brahmananda; Chaukhamba Sanskrit
Pratishthan, Delhi, 1 ed., 2003, pp.33
Swasthavritta
Yogas Asanas
Swasthavritta
Indian J. Physiol
Industrial
Psychiatry Journal,
Applied research & development institute journal,
Sartha Vagbhata
Drushtartha Ashtangasangraha
Sartha Yogratnakara
Charak Samhita ,
Sushruta Samhita,
Ashtanga Hridayam,
References
th
th
st
st
st
st
Archana R. Belge et.al. Applied Swasthavritta wsr to Health Problems of BPO employees, pp 39-42
42 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra. C.S.M.S.S.Ayurved College,Kanchanwadi,Aurangabad: [email protected] Received for publication: December 24, 2013;Accepted: January 10, 2014
Original Article
Pharmaceutical study of ‘Rasasindoora’
Vanmala Bapurao Wakode
How to cite the article:, Vanmala BW, Pharmaceutical study of 'Rasasindoora,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 43-45
Abstract
Keywords:
Rasashastra Rasa
Dravya Nirendriya Sendriya Rashaushadhi
Kupipakwa, Kharaliya, Parpati and Pottali. Kupipakwa
Pottali Rasayana
Rasasindoora
Rasasindoora
Rasasindoora Kupipakwa, Kharaliya, Parpati, Pottali
is a branch of Ayurveda including the study of metallic and mineral preparations.
is processed with herbs as such to convert from and . prepared from
mercury are divided into four categories: Out of these
and are more potent and fast acting. Present study aimed to study the pharmaceutical process
involved in the preparation of and to decide the Regulation of heat and record of temperature
changes while preparing .
,
Introduction
Rasasindoora
Ras
sindura
Rasasindoora Kupipakwa
rasayana Kacha Kupi
Swami Harisarananda
Kupipakwa Rasayan
Rasasindoora
Rasa Prakash Sudhakar Acharya Yashodhara [2]
Rasashastra
'Rasa Dravya'
nirendriya sendriya
shodhana marana Ras aushadhi
Kupipakwa Rasayan
Kharaliya Rasayan
Parpati Rasayan
Pottali Rasayan
(Red sulphide of mercury) –as
this medicine is prepared with (mercury) and the
outcome is in colour, thus it is named as
. This is also known as
, since it is prepared in (glass
bottle). According to who
made an extensive study in this direction [1] states
that the method has come into
being since 10 century A.D. First recordings of
preparation mentioned in his book
by .
Ayurveda is science of life and is
branch of it including the study of metallic and
mineral preparations. Here the metal and minerals
termed as are processed with herbs, as
such to convert from and .
Although this is hypothetical, it is worth mentioning
the process of and .
prepared from mercury are classified into four
categories:
th
�
�
�
�
Kupipakwa Rasayan:
Kupi Kacha Kupi
Pakwa Agni Paka
Kupipakwa Pottali
Rasayana
Kupipakwa Rasayana
Kushtha, Vajikaran, Yakshma, Gulma,
Prameha, Shula, Pandu, Agnimandya
Rasasindoora
Rasasindoora,
Rasatarangini
Praman Agni
Rasasindoora
'Rasasindoora'
'Rastarangini' -
Shuddha Parad
Shuddha Gandhak
Vatankur Swaras
Ratti (125-250mg)
means (glass bottle) and
the means (subjecting for fire).
Out of this medicines
are more potent and fast acting.As it is one
of the important and due to its
actions on and
useful in etc, it
is passionate to prepare [3].
To study the pharmaceutical process
involved in the preparation of the as
per the selected reference of .
To decide the of that is
Regulation of heat and record of temperature
changes while preparing .
The preparation of was done
as mentioned in
Ingredients:
- 100 gm
- 100 gm
- q.s
Dose: 1 to 2
Aim and Objectives
Materials and Methods
�
�
�
�
�
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
43Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Vanmala BW, Pharmaceutical study of 'Rasasindoora,pp43-45
Procedure
OBSERVATION
The following are the stages of
preparation.
1 : Purification of
mercury and sulphur.
2. : Preparation of .
3. : - Grinding of along
with herb juices like .
4 : - Filling of into the glass
bottle that is already enwrapped with clay
smeared cloth.
5 : - Arranging the bottle
amidst sand in an Iron through which is kept in the
kiln.
6. : -
Giving heat .
7 : -
Giving heat -
8. : -
Closing and sealing of the bottle.
9 : -
Giving heat
10 : -
Breaking the glass bottle
11 : - Collection and
preservation of the medicine [4].
Rasasindoora
. Rasa Gandhak Shodhana
Kajjali Nirmana Kajjali
Kajjali Bhavana Kajjali
Vatankur Swaras
. Kupi Bhavana Kajjali
. Valuka Yantra Sthapana
Paka Vidhi Prathama
- Mrudu Agni
. Paka Vidhi Dvitiya
Madhyam Agni
Kupi Mukha Mudrana
. Paka Vidhi Trtiya
– Tivra Agni
. Kupi Bhagna Vidhi
. Ausadha Sangrahana
Results:
PHASE 1
A) Process of of raw material
B )
C
D) Filling of material in :
E) Firing of in
All stages of preparation are
divided into three phases.
1) Pre-heating phase
2) Heating phase
3) Post heating phase
1) (R.T.5/31)
Mercury is processed with decoction of
, ,
and .
2) (R.T.8/7-11)
Sulphur is processed ( in
(Cow's Ghee) and in . There
after the (washing) with hot water.
and are
added in the ratio of 1:1.
is added to and
is done till comes back to dry
Powder stage.
1/3 rd of the
bottle is filled.
Rasasindoor
Parad Shodhana
Triphala Kumari Swaras Brihati Panchang, Rakta
Sarshap Chitrakmula
Gandhaka Shodhan
Bharjana) Goghrut
Nirvapan Godugdha
Prakshalan
Shuddha Parad Shuddha Gandhak
Vatankura Swarasa Kajjali
Bhavana Kajjali
Shodhana
Kajjali Nirman
) Kajjali –bhavana
Kupi
Kupi Valuka Yantra
Time Temp Observation
06:00 am 0 0c Corking of bottle was done
09:00 am 450c Corking was removed.
No change in material.
10:00 am 980c White coloured fumes coming out Kajjali-moist
12:00 pm 1320c Dense yellow coloured fumes coming out, Kajjali-moist, Shalaka Chalan
done .
02:00 pm 1500c Dark yellow coloured fumes diminished,Kajjali like Avaleha.
04:00 pm 2000c White coloured fumes coming out. Kajjali-Ardra-Shushka
06:00 pm 2700c White coloured fumes coming only after Shalaka Chalan & blue
Flames were taking place at the tip of Shalaka due to Gandhak Kajjali-
slightly hard
08:00 pm 3500c After Shalaka Chalan very few fumes were present.
10:00 pm 4600c No fumes after insertion of Shalaka, bluish flame of Gandhak was also not
present, corking of bottle was done, filling of Chulhika with coal &
Swangashitikaran.
44 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
PHASE 2
Heating
3) Post Heating Phase
Organoleptic parameters:
B) Other tests:
Heating plays an important role as the
maintained throughout procedure should be
sequentially and .
- upto 230 c.
- 230 C - 450 c.
– 450 C -550 c.
is done intermittently.
Corking of bottle
Filling of with coal
for 24 hours
Breaking of bottle
Separation of final product and storage
For the taken amounts of and
60.460 gms of is obtained.
A)
– Sindoor varna ,shiny (Reddish
brown)
- Odorless
– Soft on touch
– Tasteless ( )
-
Red colored line mark on white
paper.
Powder enters in the
finger crease of index finger and thumb.
: no luster
Agni
Mrudu, Madhyam Tivra Agni
Mrudu Agni
Madhyam Agni
Tivra Agni
Paka Pariksha
Chulhika
Swangashiti Karan
Rasa Gandhaka
Rasasindoora
Varna
Gandhak
Sparsha
Rasa Niswadu
Shabda Shabdhahin
Rekha:
Rekhapoornatva:
Nishchandratva
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
0
0
0
Conclusions:
References
Rasasindoora Kupipakwa Rasayan
Valukayantra
Mrudu Madhyam
Tivra Agni
Valukayantra
Valukayantra Kupies
Rasashastra
Hingulottha Parada
is which
has different method of Preparation. For pollution
control, time saving and fuel saving proper
instrument or should be maintained. In
phase I, II and III all Agni like and
should be maintained with the help of
Pyrometer.
Accuracy & Continuity in the heat regulation
with the help of modified instrument like Portable
which is made from cost iron (Portable
heater) is helpful. When we will use modified
then 3 to 4 can be placed.
[1] Himasagara Murthy, the Mercurial
system, Chapter , 2 edition-
2011, Choukhambha Sanskrit series office varanasi,
P-192,194.
[2] Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini, Chapter
Murcchanavidnyaniya, edition 11th 1979,
Choukhambha Sanskrit sansthan Varanasi, P-135.
[3] Siddhinandana Mishra, Ayurvediya Rasashastra,
Chapter Parad, edition 13th 2003, Choukhambha
orientalia Varanasi, P-285.
[4] Hariprapanna Sharma, Rasayogasagar volume
II,Chapter Yakaradirasa, edition second 1983,
Choukhambha sanskrit sansthan varanasi, P-251.
nd
Vanmala BW, Pharmaceutical study of 'Rasasindoora,pp43-45
45Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Case Report
Bilateral Variation of Divisions of
The Sciatic Nerve - A Case Study
Giridhar M Kanthi ,1
2
Akhil H S; Jithesh C; Pradeep GAkki;Archana Radhakrishnan;
Jisha R John
How to cite the article:Kanthi GM et.al., Bilateral Variation Of Divisions Of The Sciatic Nerve - A Case Study,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 46-49
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the lower limb, which is formed by lumbo sacral plexus. It is having
two components Common peroneal and tibial nerve. Commonly the Sciatic Nerve takes bifurcation at the upper
angle of the popliteal fossa. It may variable at different levels. During the routine dissection a significant
variation of bifurcation of the sciatic nerve was observed. The bifurcation was within the Pelvic region. The aim
of this case study is to provide and define the variation of sciatic nerve bifurcation and its anatomical relation
obtained from human cadaver. The dissimilarity in Sciatic nerve bifurcation is very important in surgical and
clinical practice.
: Sciatic Nerve, Common Peroneal nerve, Tibial Nerve.
Introduction
The branches of the lumbo sacral plexus are
supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs. The
sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the body situated
in the Gluteal region and is formed by the sacral
plexus (L4 to S3 spinal segments). The Sciatic is
Greek word derived from “Ischiadichus”. It is also
called as ischiadic nerve [1] Normally nerve passes
from pelvic to gluteal region through greater sciatic
foramen leaving the lower border of Piriformis
muscle, to enter the gluteal region, deep to the gluteus
maximum muscle. Here it lies superficial to other
muscles. The tibial and common peroneal nerves
bound together by a common sheath of connective
tissue to form a sciatic nerve. As it descends through
the thigh it sends branches to the posterior
compartment of the thigh and leg. The sciatic nerve
usually ends half-way down the back of the thigh
dividing into common peroneal and tibial nerve. The
position of this division of sciatic nerve is variable.
The variation of bifurcation of the sciatic
nerve was explained by the different authors. In this
particular case, there is a bilateral variation in
division of the sciatic nerve was observed. On both
the sides the division of sciatic nerve was within the
Pelvis [2] & [3].
The observation of variation was done
during the routine dissection of gluteal region, for
second year anatomy P G students at Alva's
Ayurvedic Medical College Moodabidri. The
cadaver was 60 year old female body without any
deformity and well preserved. With proper incision
of the skin, facia and fat were removed. The Gluteus
Maximus muscle was removed and exposed the
piriformis and sciatic nerve. After proper exposure,
of the piriformis muscle, exit of the sciatic nerve and
its course and bifurcation level on both sides were
observed and identified.
Case-Study
46 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
Observation
Left side of Gluteal Region -
Right side of the Gluteal Region:-
Discussion
During the routine dissection the variation of
sciatic nerve bifurcation was observed bilaterally in
the gluteal region of the female cadaver.
On left side gluteal
region, the Sciatic nerve bifurcation occurred within
the pelvis. The common peroneal nerve (CPN)
emerged deep through the piriformis muscle by
dividing the muscle in to two parts and tibial nerve
(TN) emerged below the inferior border of piriformis
muscle. Both the components then run together
parallel with each other up to the popliteal fossa.
(Figure no 2). The branches are almost normal.
Here also the
Sciatic Nerve bifurcation occurs within the Pelvis.
But the common peroneal nerve emerges at superior
border of the Piriformis muscle and tibial nerve
emerges to the inferior border of the Piriformis
muscle. (Figure no 4) there is no bifurcation of the
piriformis muscle in this side.
Most of the text books of anatomy, orthopedic
and surgery state that the sciatic nerve bifurcation
levels are most important in clinical treatment and
surgical point of view. Normally, the sciatic nerve
passes out through the greater sciatic foramen below
the piriformis muscles and divides at the upper angle
of the popliteal fossa. But there are chances of
variation in bifurcation at different level, which may
cause different clinical presentations of Sciatica and
piriformis syndrome etc [4 & 5].
The sciatic nerve divides into common
peroneal and tibial nerves with in the pelvis and
comes out through greater sciatic foramen by dividing
or either superior or inferior to the piriformis muscle
as separate rout type of variation was explained is
some text books. According to a study conducted by
Dr J.C.B. Grant, in 640 specimens, he confirmed that
the common peroneal nerve passed through piriformis
muscle and tibial nerve passed inferior to Piriformis
muscle is in 12.2 %. The common peroneal nerve
passed through superior border of piriformis muscle
and tibial nerve passed inferior to piriformis muscle is
in 0.5% cases. [5]
Many anatomists have tried to classify the
variations in division of sciatic nerve. According to
the L E. Beaton and Anson B. J who were conducted a
detailed study about the sciatic nerve variation and
relation to the Piriformis muscle in 120 specimens in
1937 and in 240 specimens in 1938, have given a
well noted classifications. Their classification is
known as Beaton andAnson classifications, which is
as follows.
: Undivided sciatic nerve below undivided
muscle
: Divisions of nerve between and below
undivided muscle
: Divisions above and below undivided
piriformis muscle
: Undivided nerve between heads of bifid
piriformis
: Divisions between and above heads of bifid
piriformis
: Undivided nerve above undivided muscle
[6]
In the present Case we have obtained
bilateral variation of sciatic nerve, in which on left
gluteal region we had Type 3 variation. But on right
gluteal region the variation is different from above 6
types. That is - Sciatic nerve already divided in pelvis
and its two divisions comes out differently from
pelvis, one (common peroneal nerve) comes out in
between the two heads of bifid piriformis& the other
(tibial nerve) comes out below the piriformis. That is
shown in the figure no 5 b and c type variations.
This kind of bilateral variations of Sciatic
Nerve in relation to piriformis muscle even though
very rarely reported, but it has to be considered.
These variations of Sciatic Nerve bifurcation at
different level may results in nerve injury (during
deep intramuscular injections in the gluteal region),
piriformis syndrome, injury during the surgical
procedures of posterior aspect of hip operations etc.
So the knowledge regarding anatomical variations
about the level of division of the sciatic nerve and the
location where it leaves the pelvis is of great
importance for surgeons and physicians, to take care
during surgery and to plan accordingly during
various surgical interventions of this region, as well
as for general practitioners in differentiating the
clinical case of sciatica.
[1] M. Prives, N. L ysenkov, V. bushkovich, Human
Anatomy, 3 printing, MIR Publication, vol 2; P
272 & 273
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
Type 6
Conclusion
REFERENCES
rd
47Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Kanthi GM et.al., Bilateral Variation Of Divisions Of The Sciatic Nerve, pp 49-49
Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, P1384.
[5] Moore K. C., A. F. Palley, A. M. R. Agur, Clinical
orientedAnatomy, 6 Edition, P575 & 582.
[6] Beaton L E, Anson B J. The relation of the sciatic
nerve and of its subdivisions to the piriformis
muscle.Anat Rec. 1937;70(1):1-5
th
Fig no 1: Bilateral variation of sciatic nerve posterior aspect
Fig no 2 - Left Sciatic nerve exit and relation to the Piriformis muscle
48 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Kanthi GM et.al., Bilateral Variation Of Divisions Of The Sciatic Nerve, pp 49-49
Kanthi GM et.al., Bilateral Variation Of Divisions Of The Sciatic Nerve, pp 49-49
Fig no 3 - Left side divided
Piriformis muscle and two divisions
of Sciatic Nerve
Fig no 4 - Right Sciatic nerve
exit and relation to Piriformis
Figure no 5 - Diagram showing the variations in the exit of Sciatic nerve
49Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
1
2
Research Scholar,
Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa,Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Hubli, Karnataka
JISM1402N Received for publication: January 10, 2014;Accepted: January 21, 2014
Short Communication
Practical application of Ksheera Dhuma
Belavadi S.N , Prashanth A.S1 2
How to cite the article: Belavadi S.N et.al. Practical application of Ksheera Dhuma
J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 50-52
Abstract
Key words:
KsheeraDhuma Vatavyadhi Ardita Acharya
Nadisweda KsheeraDhuma
Snehana, Swedana Brumhana Nadisweda is indicated in Ardita Vyadhi by
Sushruta and Charaka. The modified form of the same is KsheeraDhuma. In this Article the practical
application of KsheeraDhuma, Indications, and its action has been discussed.
KsheeraDhuma, Sweda, Balamula, Jihwanirlekhana, Taladharana, Ardita
traditional treatment practiced in Kerala in different especially in .
Charaka and Sushruta mentioned and this comes under this category. This treatment
acts mainly acts as and effect.
IIntroduction:
:
Ksheera Dhuma
Chikitsa Ardita Ksheera
Dhuma
Swedana Nadisweda Bashpa
sweda Snehana
Swedana
Vatavikaras. Ksheera Dhuma
Snehana Swedana
Snehayukta Sweda
Snigdha Sweda.
Swedana Vata,
Kapha Vatakaphaja. Swedana
Mruduta, Twak prasada,
Srotashodhaka, Stabdhata Sandhis
Chesta (movement)
[1]. Ksheera Dhuma
Ksheera Dhuma
Ksheera Dhuma
Ksheera Ksheera Dhuma
is traditional Keraliya
method widely practiced in .
is treatment modality modified form of
holds good under or
explained as per our classics. and
are the first line of treatments mentioned in
classics for all Here in
procedure both and i.e.
is undertaken. Thus it falls under
the category of
is useful in all diseases of
or By we can induce
the effects like
in and /are
relieved and becomes easy for
The term consists of two words
i.e. and .
is the milk and the is Vapour,
smoke, mist [2]. In general application of Medicated
that is , as the name
indicates, is a special treatment procedure where the
KsheeraDhuma
patient is treated with the / steam generated
from the heated milk through a tube.
have mentioned
and for treating
in general and in particular. The
modified form of the same is
which is mentioned in and
a Malayalam book for the treatment of
is the other name used for
This gives and
simultaneously and acquires
procedure is discussed under following
headings i.e., and
-100 grams
(Water) 1.5 lit
(Milk)-500 ml
(Lotus petals)-2 numbers
• Medicated oil-30 ml,
with
• Bandage cloth, Blanket, Cotton pad, Pressure
cooker (3litres), Rubber tube-1.5 meter,
vessel, stool, bath towel.
Dhuma
Charaka and Sushruta
Nadisweda Sneha Dhuma
Vatavyadhis Ardita
"Ksheera Dhuma"
Keraliya Chikitsa
Yogamrita
Ardita. Palpuka Ksheera
Dhuma. Snehana Swedana
Shamana. Ksheera
Dhuma
Poorva, Pradhana Paschat
Karma.
Balamoola Kwath Churna
• Jala
• Dugdha
• Kamala
• Thalam Amalaki churna
Ingredients:
•
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
50 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Belavadi S.N et.al. Practical application of Ksheeradhuma, pp50-52
Poorvakarma
Atura Siddhata:
Jihwa pratisarana
Tala Dharana:
Ksheera Dhuma
:
Preparation of
The above mentioned materials are required
for are collected accordingly.
Initially is done and
applied on the head. Using the
bandage cloth the tala is tied. Any
is applied on the face.
and are used for
Woolen is used for blanketing and covering the face
during the procedure.
After proper evacuation of natural urges,
patient with empty stomach is made ready for
following procedures in the morning.
is the first procedure to be done at
affected region i.e., the so that the
part should be anointed by suitable oil such as
The is done over the
and should be done
along the facial muscular attachment with passive
force along the muscle movement, as the mouth is
dragged to the normal side. This should be done for
15 to 20 minutes. The whole procedure should be
done gently and carefully.
In our classics
mentioned 3 types of But in case
of few used with
occurs
which takes out the
So the
takes place.
is to be done later to
(head) is protected from high
temperature by applying which is
mixed with either This mixture
is applied over and it is
bandaged. is done by covering both
the eyes by using Lotus petals.
- 100 grams
Water- 1.5 litre
Milk- 500 ml
100 grams of added to 1.5 liters of water
and cooked on low fire till it is to 500 ml. The
is added with 500 ml of and used for
Ksheera Dhuma
Amalaki Churna Tala Dharana
Pichu (Plotha)
Vatahara Taila
(Ksheerabala) Nimbuka
swarasa Madhu Jihwa Pratisarana.
Abhyanga
Mukha Pradesha,
Ksheerabala Taila. Abhyanga
Shiras, Karna, Lalata, Chibuka, Nasa, Gala, Bhru
Greeva Pradesha. Abhyanga
Sushruta and Vagbhata
Jihwa pratisarana.
Ardita vaidyas Nimbuka Swarasa
Madhu for Jihwa Pratisarana. Lala Praseka
by Jihwa Pratisarana, Utkleshita
Kapha. Jihwa Supti and Galashrita Dosha
Nirharana
Taladharana Jihwa
Pratisarana. Mastishka
Amalaka Churna
Sheeta Taila or Jala.
Brahma Randhra (Vertex)
Netra Rakshana
Karpasa Pichu/
Balamula Kwath Churna
Balamoola
Kashaya
Ksheera Ksheera
�
�
�
Dhuma
Blalamula
Samyak Swedana Sweda
Pradurbhava
Blalamula Kwatha Kseera
Nadiyantra
Ksheera Dhuma, Netra Bandhana
Sweda Pravritti Lalata Mukha
Samyak Sweda Lakshana
Taladharana
Ksheera Dhuma Snigdha Sweda.
Abhyanga Snigdha Sweda i
Ksheera Dhuma Stabdhata Ushna Guna,
Rukshata Snigdha Guna, Sthanika Srotovikasana
Ushna Guna Mrudutva Balya
Bhaspa Ksheera
Balamoola Kwatha. Akshi
Nimeshadhi Prakrita Chesta.
Sida cordifolia
: Laghu, Snigdha, Picchila, Madhura
Rasa, Madhura Vipaka Sheeta Veerya
Tridoshashamaka, Vatashamaka
Snigdha Madhura, Pittashamaka
Sheetaveerya
Vedhanasthapana, Shothahara, Balya,
Vatahara Brumhana
Ardhanagavata, Ardita, Gridharasi
.
Equal quantity of Milk is added is
taken in a wide mouthed vessel. The vessel content is
kept for boiling. As the vapors are coming out the
patient is advised to take the medicated vapors by
covering the woolen blanket over his head
completely. The patient is instructed to inhale the
vapors through mouth, so that the tongue is exposed
to the vapors. This procedure is continued for 15-20
min or till like
over forehead and face takes place.
Second method is also followed commonly
in practice. In this the and
is taken in (cooker) and it is heated until
vapors come out of the connected tube. Prior to the
application of
(Bandaging the eyes) is done to prevent
complication. The Face and tongue are exposed to
the vapor which is coming out of tube for stipulated
time or until over and .
After are appeared
the blanket is removed and the contents of the vessel
are discarded. The perspired sweat over the patients
face is wiped off. The eye coverings and
are removed and patient is advised not
to expose to cold wind. The above procedure can be
carried out daily or on alternate days till the desired
effect is witnessed.
is a type of
followed by n the form of
relieves by
by
by and and properties
produced by of mixture of and
This results in
Malvaceae)
and
because of
because of
and
:
Pradhana Karma:
Paschat Karma:
Procedural Effect:
Bala:
Qualities
Doshaghnata:
Karma-
(
Indication
51Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Pakshaghata, Manyastambha, Avabahuka,
Shirashoola Vatavikara
: Madhura Rasa, Madhura Vipaka, Sheeta
Veerya
: Snigdha, Balya, Brumhana, Ayuvardhaka,
Rasayana Vajeekara
Vatapit ta, Raktavikarahara,
Sarvarogahara [7].
Tikta, Kashaya, Madhurarasa, Vipaka:
Madhura, Veerya: Ushna
Vatakaphahara.
Brumhana, Medhya, Vrushya, Chakshushya,
Shrotra, Shirashoola nashanam.
Sarvarogahara [7].
Ksheera Dhuma Swedana
Swedana
Ksheera Dhuma.
sneha sweda Jihwa Pratisarana
Ksheera Dhuma
-
.
Ksheera Dhuma Ksheera
Balamoola, Snigdha Guru Guna,
Vata. Balamoola
Vata Shamaka Kwatha
Swedana, Ksheera Snigdha Guna
Rooksha Guna Vata. Bhaspa Balamoola Kwatha
Ksheera
Pathya Sukhoshna Jalasnana
Apathya
20-30 min, or Swedapradurbava
Hanugraha, Manyagraha, Avabahuka,
Viswachi, Ardita, Jihwastambha, Pakshaghata
Krichronmeelanam [8,9,10].
and [3,4,5,6].
and
The same moist heat is indicated in
Bell's palsy by modern medicine. This effect is
ensured by procedure.
done properly has the quality of exciting nerve center
powerfully. It also increases the tactile sensibility.
Primarily dilatation of capillary vessels is seen due to
vasomotor nerve influence. also has the
quality of exciting and improving the energy of
striated voluntary muscles. The same effect is also
observed by doing Along with
here added effect of
also obtained. makes the
vasodilatation that occurs with due to vaso
constriction in paralysis
In drugs include
and both have and
these are opposite to that of has best
properties and by using for
helps to relieve
of of
and probably absorb from buccal mucosa and
nourishes, stimulate the local sensory nerve endings
which include taste buds.
: Bed rest- Next 1hour,
: Avoid sunlight, Breeze, Sexual intercourse,
Excess talking.
Time: until
Duration: 7-14-21 days according to need.
Indication:
and
Ksheera:
Qualities
Karma
Rogaghnata:
Tila taila:
Rasa:
Doshaghnata:
Karma:
Rogaghnata:
Ardita:
Drug Effect:
Cow Milk
In case of
Discussion:
Conclusion:
References
In , procedure
are optional for better
efficacy. If followed may get better and faster results.
To justify its action all steps viz.
,
GMP , and are
necessary.
is a type of Keraliya
widely practiced in like
etc. This is a pacifies
and results effect. The mode of action is
based mainly on the Medicine taken for the treatment
along with procedural effect. The and
are best in all and acts as
by pacifying . Research works
are invited on with reference to
.
KsheeraDhuma Jihwa
Nirlekhana, Taladharana
Sthanik Mukha
Abhyanga, Jihwa Nirlekhana, Amalaki taladharana
Balamoola Kwatha Pathya apthya
Ksheera Dhuma Nadi
Sweda Vata Vyadhi Ardita,
Hanugraha Snigdha Sweda Vata
Brumhana
Balamoola
Ksheera Vatavyadhi Ksheera
Brumhana Vatadosha
Ksheera Dhuma
Ardita and vatavyadhi
[1] Pravana J. and Manoj Shankaranarayan, Dhanyamla
dhara Chapter, Keraliya chikitsa paddati, 2008, Padmasri
Dr. Rajagopalan Ayurveda Granthamala Samithi, Thrisur,
Kerala pp. 68-69.
[2] Taranath Bhattacharya, Shabda Sthoma Mahanidhi, 3
ed, 1967, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.
[3] Sharma P.V., Dravyaguna vignana, Reprint 1999,
Chowkambha BharatiAcademy, Varanasi. pp 734-736.
[4] Brahma Shankar Mishra, Bhavamishra- Bhava
prakasha, Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chowkambha
Sanskrit Series Varanasi. Vol- 1.
[5] Kashinath shastry, Vaidya Yadavatrikamaji Acharya,
ed.. Charaka samhita, 1 ed. Chowkambha Sanskrit
samsthana, Varanasi.
[6] Sharma P.V. and Guruprasad Sharma, Dhanvavantari
nighantu 3 ed. Chowkambha Orientalia, Varanasi. - 2002.
[7] Brahma Shankar Mishra, Bhavamishra- Bhava
prakasha, Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chowkambha
Sanskrit Series Varanasi. Vol- 1.
[8] Pravana J. and Manoj Shankaranarayan, Dhanyamla
dhara Chapter, Keraliya chikitsa paddati, 2008, Padmasri
Dr. Rajagopalan Ayurveda Granthamala Samithi, Thrisur,
Kerala pp. 68-69.
[9] Surendran E., Panchakarma A guide to treatment
procedures in Ayurveda, 1 ed. 2006, Vaidyaratnam P.S.
VarierAyurveda College, Kottakal, Kerala. pp74-75
[10] Shreeman Namboodari, Vidyarambham Yogamrita,
Government. Press, Trivendrum, Kerala
rd
st
rd
st
Belavadi S.N et.al. Practical application of Ksheeradhuma, pp50-52
52 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
1 2S.R &Ph.D scholar, Professor & Head, Department of Rachana Sharir, Faculty of
Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi.
JISM1333N Received for publication: June 30, 2013; Accepted: January 14, 2014
Short Communication
A unique and holistic concept of Ayurveda to
Understand Human body: “Purushoeyam Loka samitam”
Ashutosh Kumar Pathak , Awasthi H.H.1 2
How to cite the article: Pathak AK et.al, concept of Purushoeyam lok samitam,
J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 53-55
Abstract
Key words:
Ayurveda is holistic medical science and it is with established theories and principles. Out of all
” i.e. individual is the epitome of the universe, is a unique theory of Ayurvedic
holistic approach. This concept not only explains the understanding of human body in coherence with nature but
also illustrates the evolution of theory, which is based on a fundamental and
centralized concept ofAyurveda.
,
“Purushoeyam Lok Samitam
Tridosha Pancha Mahabuta,
Panchamahabuta Purusha, Dhatu, Tridosha, Samhita.
Introduction
Purusha
Upanishads.
Purusha Sarirasthana.
Cakrapani
Purusha
mahabhutas.
Purusha
Adhyatmika
Ahamkara Bhautika m rti
kleda Purusha
Punarvasu
Mahabhutas.
bhutas
principle is found in crude form in
Vedic literature and First time its
presentation as a fundamental principle in systematic
form is found in Caraka-Samhita. Caraka has
described the concept as a similarity in the
constituents of the universe and the constituents of the
in He elaborated this premise
with details. clarifies that the identity
between the universe and the is stated on the
basis of the derivation of the body from the on
physical basis i.e.
The identity between the universe and the
on the basis of spiritual entities is preached.
From this it is implied that whatever the entities be
they, (spiritual) like soul, mind,
, etc. or (physical) like ,
etc. found in the are similar in the
universe also [1]. preaches the identity
between universe and the individual, after
enumerating the constituents of the body derived
from the five As understanding this
derivation of body from the known in the view
ū
of identity of universe and the becomes
cause of the most desired salvation [2] and
summarised is as whatever entities that possesses
form in the universe are also established in the
and vice versa.
The factors of are derived from the
five viz. - (sound) ears, buoyancy,
minuteness and distinctness from the . The
factors derived from are touch, skin, roughness,
initiation, formation and the transportation of
and different kind of activities of body. The
factors present in body are sight, the organ of vision,
luminosity, digestion and the heat. Factors which are
derived from the are taste, gustatory organ,
coldness, softness, unction and moistening. Factors
derived from in the body are smell, olfactory
organ, heaviness, stability and mass [3]. Even the
factors which are derived from the mother, father etc.
are also derivations of the [4].
Caraka elaborated the principle laying and
more emphasis on spiritual entity but the picture
becomes clearer if the clarification of the
Purusha
Purusha
Purusha
mahabhutas sabda
akasa
vayu
dhatus
taijas
apa
prithivi
bhutas
Similarity between individual and nature
53Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
Pathak AK et.al, concept of Purushoeyam lok samitam, pp53-55
commentators Gangadhara and Cakrapani are being
taken in account. As Caraka states that Universe is the
aggregate of six viz. , , , ,
and the un-manifest . The combination
of the same six is called as the [5].
Gangadhara explains the derivation of the universe
from these six too. The which is ten times
of the in measure exists, by surrounding the
from its all sides. , ten times the in
measure then surrounds the from all the sides.
Similarly the which is ten times the ,
surrounds it from all the sides. then in its turn get
surrounded by which is ten times greater than it.
which is ten times greater than
surrounds this from all the sides. Ten times
greater surrounds the from all its
sides which in its turn gets surrounded by the un-
manifest which is again ten times greater than
it. Here and is included in the
unmanifest and as such combination of these
six gets the name of (universe) [6].
The said six which constitute the
(universe) are also the constituents the . The
found in the (universe) is in the form of
(form) in the . (moisture) present
in the is the in the universe. The heat
found in the is similar to the present in
the universe. in the universe is ( )
in the . of the universe is present in the
form of voids in the . present in the
universe is inner self ( ) in the [7].
After indicating the identity between the six
constituting the (universe) and
again enumerates other entities which are in
identity in (universe) and the are shown
in table-1 [8].
The above stated entities are some examples
just for illustration of the theme of identity between
the (universe) and (individual). Those
entities that share identity between these two should
also be known with the help of inference [9].
Susruta also supports above said principle
and he states that “ just as soma (moon /water),
dhatus prithivi apa tejas vayu
akasa brahma
dhatus Purusha
dhatus apa
Tejas apa
apa
vayu tejas
Vayu
akasa
Ahank ra akasa
akasa
mah n ahank ra
brahma
ahank ra mah n
brhma
dhatus loka
dhatus loka
Purusha
prithivi loka
m rti Purusha Kleda
Purusha apa
Purusha tejas
Vayu elan vital prana
Purusha Ak a
Purusha Brahma
atma Purusha
dhatus loka Purusha
Acharya
loka Purusha
loka Purusha
surya
prithivi
prithivi
ā
ā ā
ā ā
ū
āś
Evolution of concept of tridosha –
(sun/fire) and (air) supports this world by
functions (releasing of strength),
(withdrawing strength) and (initiating all
action/providing momentum) respectively similarly
and supports the human body with
their functions.”
From this verse it can be concluded that the
central principle of the Ayurveda, “ ” were
evolved after the proper understanding of the
“ ” which can be
apprehended in the l ight of theory of
Punarvasu states that seeing the entire
universe in the Self and the Self in entire universe
gives rise to (true knowledge). On
seeing entire universe in one realises that the
alone is the cause of the miseries and
happiness and none else. Being directed by the
(past deeds), the atman who is associated with
the (causes of rebirth), after knowing the entire
universe as Himself rises along with the knowledge
in the quest of salvation [10]. When one aspects the
presence of all the entities in all the conditions, he
becomes one with the , theAbsolute [11].
1. The proper understanding of these concepts
enables to understand the changes in body according
to environment physically, mentally and spiritually
and let one to adapt accordingly which is of great
importance from medical point of view.
2. Upcoming diseases can be predicted and proper
measures can be taken accordingly as described in
classics in form of and
Helpful in understanding of disease and its
treatment as theory is part of it.
4. Understanding the concept enlightens individual
and helps one to attain salvation.
It is evident from the applied aspect that the
principle of Ayurveda “ ”
is of holistic approach as it explains the similarity
between individual and the nature both on
materialistic and spiritual level. Understanding of
this concept enables us to be more nearer to nature
anila
visarga adana
viksepa
kapha, pitta vata
tridosha
purushoeyam lok samitam
panchamahabhuta.
saty buddhi
atman
atman
karma
hetu
Brahman
ritucharya dincharya.
3.
tridosha
Purushoeyam Lok Samitam
Spiritual aspect –
Applied aspects –
Conclusion –
ā
54 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
along with to our body and soul which can be applied
for "treatment of disease to the attainment of
salvation."
[
References :
1],[2]. Dutta , Sharir sthan 4/12,
Sa hit edited by
Yadavaji Trikamji, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan,
Varanasi, reprint, 1992.
[3].[4]. Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,
Goswami Dr. P.K., Sharir sthan 4/12, Sa hit ,
with Hindi translation of text and
Dutta's yurveda Dip k k along with Tattva Prak in
Hindi k on Dutta's yurveda Dip k k ,
Chaukhamba,
[5].[6]. Sharma P.V, . Sharir sthan 5/4, Samhit text
with English translation, with critical notes incorporating
the commentaries of Jejja a, , and
Yogindranatha Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Fifth
edition, 2003
Cakrapani
Caraka , Acarya
Caraka
Cakrapani
Cakrapani
Caraka
Cakrapani Gangadhara
.
Āyurveda
Dipīkā t m
m
t
t ?
?
īkā on ā
ā
Ā ī ā ī ā āś ī
ī ā Ā ī ā ī ā
ā
[7].[8].[9].[ Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,
Goswami Dr. P.K., Sharir sthan 5/5, Sa hit , with
Hindi translation of text and Dutta's yurveda
Dip k t k along with Tattva Prak in Hindi t k on
Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k , Chaukhamba,
[10]. Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,
Goswami Dr. P.K., , Sharir sthan 5/6 Sa hit , with
Hindi translation of text and Dutta's yurveda
Dip k t k along with Tattva Prak in Hindi t k on
Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k , Chaukhamba
[11]. Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,
Goswami Dr. P.K., Sharir sthan 5/21, Sa hit ,
with Hindi translation of text and
Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k along with Tattva Prak in
Hindi t k on Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k ,
Chaukhamba
Caraka m
Cakrapani
Cakrapani
, Caraka m
Cakrapani
Cakrapani
Caraka m
Cakrapani
Cakrapani
ā
Ā
ī ā ī ā āś ī ī ā
Ā ī ā ī ā
ā
Ā
ī ā ī ā āś ī ī ā
Ā ī ā ī ā
ā
Ā ī ā ī ā āś ī
ī ā Ā ī ā ī ā
Pathak AK et.al, concept of Purushoeyam lok samitam, pp53-55
55Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
No Entity found
in Universe
Entity found in
Purusha
No. Entity found in
Universe
Entity found in
Purusha
1. Pruthvi Murti 13. Vasu Sukha
2. Apa Kleda 14. Asvinau Kanti
3. Teja Abhisantapa 15. Marut Utsaha
4. Vayu Prana 16. Visvadevah Indriya and Indriyartha
5. Akasa Susirani 17. Tama Moha
6. Brahma Antaratma 18. Jyoti Jnana
7. Brahmi vibhuti Antaratmiki vibhuti 19. Sarga Garbhadana
8. Prajapati Sattva 20. Krtayuga Balya
9. Indra Ahankara 21. Tretayuga Yauvana
10. Aditya Adana 22. Dvaparayuga Sthavirya
11. Rudra Rosa 23. Kaliyuga Aturya
12. Soma Prasada 24. Yuganta Marana
Table1: Entity found in Purusha (individual ) and Loka (universe)
Lecturer, Dept. of Agadatantra & Vyavahar Ayurved, Shri Gurudeo Ayrved College, Gurukunja
ashram, Email- [email protected],
JISM1331N Received for publication: June 06, 2013; Accepted: January 10, 2014
Short Communication
Conceptual Study of Chronic Poisoning
With Special Reference to Dooshi Visha
Laxmikant S. Paymalle
How to cite the article:
Paymalle LS, Chronic Poisoning – DooshiVisha, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp56-58
Abstract:
People are exposed to several kinds of toxins in our day to day life. Air pollution, Water pollution,
exposure to Pesticides, Chemicals, and Fertilizers etc is a small part of the toxicity story. These poisons may not
be potent enough to cause acute illness, but can cause ill effects even after a long period. These toxins are
deposited in the body in a concealed form without being eliminated timely and properly. Such toxins are of
latent toxicity is named as in Ayurveda and it causes many diseases in the body. Application of
concept for the diagnosis and treatment can give rise better results in present scenario. In general
sense the vitiates inside the body with its ' is not a type
of poison rather it is a transformed state or latent stage which can be attained by any type of poison. It elucidate
that any poison can become , when it is subjected to time, denaturized by antidotes, dried by fire.
Poisons which are naturally weak in potency are also fall under this category. an important
contribution ofAyurveda to the world not yet explored to its final extent.
Keywords- , Insecticide, Pesticide, Latent Toxicity,Antidote
Dooshi Visha
Dooshi Visha
Dooshi Visha Dhatus Dooshan Swabhava'. Dooshi Visha
Dooshi Visha
Dooshi Visha
Dooshi Visha, Dhatu
Introduction
Effect of on body [2], [3]
According to Sushruta means
“a part of or ,
which cannot be removed from the body but instead
becomes less potent after digestion or the counter
action of antidotes stays in the body for a long period
and vitiating it slowly is called [1].
1. Diarrhea
2. Discoloration of the skin
3. Becomes a patient of vitiated blood
4. Thirst
5.Anorexia
6. Vomiting
7. Fainting
8. Delusion
9. Diseases of Digestive system
10. Infertility
Dooshi Visha
Sthaawara, Jaangama Krtrim Visha
Dooshivisha
DooshiVisha
The Poisons Found In Our Food and Drinking
Water:-
The country's regulators have failed to check
the flow of pesticides into the food chain, suggests a
monitoring report of the Department of Agriculture
and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the
country's premier institute. Fruits, vegetables,
poultry and milk are all laced with high pesticide
residues —much above the maximum residue limit
(MRL) set by the Prevention of Food Adulteration
Act of 1954. The report, which analyzed sample food
items from 13 states in 20 laboratories across the
country between 2008 and 2009, also found several
foods had residues of pesticides that are either
banned in the country or are recommended for
restricted use. DDT, for instance, is not
recommended for vegetables [4].
Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine
56 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Paymalle LS, Chronic Poisoning – Dooshivisha, pp 58-60
The study, "Analysis of pesticide residues in
bottled water (Delhi region)," released in February by
the CSE, surveyed 17 brands of bottled water in and
around Delhi and 13 brands in the Mumbai region
including such popular brands as Pure Life by Nestle,
Aquafina by PepsiCo and Kinley by Coca Cola.
Pesticide residues were found in all the samples,
except the imported Evian. The pesticide residues
found included organochlorine, gamma-Hexachloro-
cyclohexane and DDT, which were the most prevalent
[5].
Delhi-based NGO Centre for Science and
Environment (CSE) tested brands of market leaders
Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. It found that Coke contained
30 times and Pepsi Co 36 times the amount of
pesticides considered acceptable by the European
Economic Commission (EEC) [6].
This type of food was taken as meal by our
society for long time. The pesticides and insecticides
presents in the food accumulates in the body of human
being for long period without showing any hazardous
effect on the body. The possible reaction due this type
of slow poisoning (chronic poisoning) is as fallows
1. (Organochlorine) :-
Probable human carcinogen, damages the
liver, temporarily damages the nervous system,
Reduces reproductive success, can cause liver cancer,
damages reproductive system.
2.
Nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory
paralysis, body weight loss, decreased food
consumption, liver, kidney and adrenal pathology.
3. (Organophosphate)
It induces difficulty breathing, chest
tightness, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, watery eyes,
blurred vision, salivation, sweating, headache,
dizziness, loss of consciousness, cancer in humans.
4. (organochlorine)
It induces Headache, dizziness, irritability,
vomiting, and uncontrolled muscle movements.
Chemicals may damage the sperm.
All these reactions are very much similar to
sign and symptoms given in poisoning so
we can apply the principle of treatment
given in Ayurved for treating these types of poisoning
cases.
The patient of should be
DDT
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
Malathion
Dieldrin
Treatment of [7]:-
dooshiVisha
dooshiVisha
DooshiVisha
DooshiVisha
administered sudation, upward and down ward
purification (Emesis and Purgation) and then made
to consume added with honey.
Dooshi ri agada [8]
TankanYog [9]
Srkaradileha [10]
Krutrim gruha doom tail [11]
The concept of is gaining
importance in present era. This may be the cause for
the decreasing health status of the society. The
holistic approach of Ayurveda and its unique
fundamental principles on one hand and the
neutraceutical remedies of Ayurveda on the other if
pooled to the main stream of world medicine of
today, it can bring a big positive revolution to the
quality of health care for the suffering humanity
world over. Hence applying these basic principles of
Ayurveda for the treatment aspect as well as for the
preventive aspect by enhancing the immunity, the
main goal ofAyurveda can be achieved.
[1]Ambikadatta Shastri: Sthawaar Vidnyaniy,
Sushrut Samhita, Twelth
edition,2001,Chaukhambha Publication, New
Delhi,25
[2] Vaidya Y.G Joshi: Chikitsa, Charak
Samhita, Second edition, 2005, M.Vaidyamitra
Publication,Pune,508
[3] Ambikadatta Shastri: Sthawaar Vidnyaniy,
S u s h r u t S a m h i t a , Tw e l t h e d i t i o n , 2
001,Chaukhambha Publication, New Delhi,26
[4] Savvy Soumya Misra, Pesticide-rich food, 2011-
2 - 1 5 ( h t t p : / / w w w .
downtoearth.org.in)
[5] Anonymous, The study, "Analysis of pesticide
residues in bottled water (Delhi region)," released in
February2003 by the CSE. (
[7] Ambikadatta Shastri: Sthawaar Vidnyaniy,
Sushrut Samhita, 12th edition, 2001,Chaukhambha
Publication, New Delhi,29
Dooshivisari Agada
Visha
Visha
dooshiVisha
Visha
Visha
Visha
D o w n To E a r t h
Hindustan
Times
Visha
The Drug witch used in :-
Conclusion
References
DooshiVisha chikitsa
•
•
•
•
kalp sthan 2/25-26,
Centre for Science and
Environment)
[6] Poison in your soft drink, says study
By: Sutirtho Patranobis New Delhi, the
(India) 6 March 2013
57Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
[8] Ambikadatta Shastri: Sthawaar Vidnyaniy,
Sushrut Samhita, Twelth edition,2001,Chaukhambha
Publication, New Delhi,29
[9] Dattaram Mathur: rog Adhyaay, Bruhad
Nighantu ratnaakar, first edition,1996, Khemraj Shri
Krushndas Publication, Mumbai
Visha
Visha
[10] Dattaram Mathur: rog Adhyaay,Bruhad
Nighantu ratnaakar, first edition,1996, Khemraj Shri
Krushndas Publication, Mumbai
[11] Dattaram Mathur: rog Adhyaay, Bruhad
Nighantu ratnaakar, first edition,1996, Khemraj Shri
Krushndas Publication, Mumbai
.
Visha
Visha
Paymalle LS, Chronic Poisoning – Dooshivisha, pp 58-60
58 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Book Review - Practical Handbook of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana
Book Review
Practical Handbook of Rasashastra
and Bhaishajya Kalpana
ISBN: 978-81608-10-4
Bharat J. Rathi
Ayurveda, the science of life is having many
branches to serve the humanity. Treatment to the
diseased person depends upon Chikitsa chatushpada
i.e. Bhishak (Physician), Dravya (Drug) , Upasthata
(Author) and Rogi (Patient) Medicine is a tool by
which diseases are eradicated. Genuine and
standard medicines can only serve this purpose.
Training in drug manufacturing is imparted to
BAMS curriculum during their study period to
make them confident in drug manufacturing, so
that they may successfully treat their patients
with genuine and standard medicines. Students
learn a total 100 practicals in their tenure by
conventional methods. These includes various
processes such as washing , pounding, grinding ,
squeezing ,powdering , heating, melting, boiling,
dehydrating, filtering , lavigation , puta ,
sublimation , distillation to convert the drug into
suitable forms . Practical knowledge also
includes the material identification, collection,
preservation, storage, processing, physico
chemical characterization, quality assessment,
safety & efficacy evaluation, dose determination,
new drug developments, packing, dispensing,
and even to evaluate therapeutic uses. Thus it is a
complete science and skillful area of drug
manufacturing.
The book “Practical handbook of
Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana” written by
Dr. Bharat Rathi read by me recently and found
that it is very useful to the students for learning
and performing the practicals in the subject of
Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana. The salient
features of the book can be highlighted as-
�
�
�
�
�
The book is written in a simple and lucid
manner explaining each preparation step by step.
Reference is given for each practical
Observations are given to understand the
organoleptic characters of each formulation
Additional examples are enlisted with their
reference, dose and therapeutic uses.
MCQ's given in annexure will be helpful to the
students preparing for competitive exams.
The book covers almost C.C.I.M. new
practical syllabus of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya
Kalpana except a very few omission. This book
will be of great help not only to the 2 year
BAMS students but also to researchers, teachers,
practicing physicians and the people interested in
Ayurveda. I appreciate the author's efforts for this
valuable work
nd
Review by: (Author of Selected
Ayurvedic Formulation) Professor, Head, Dept. of
Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Dr.BRKR Govt.
Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad -38, (AP)
Anil Kumar A.
59Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Announcements
Details of Event Contact info:
“A National Level CME”RecentAdvances in Diagnosis of Sandhivata
On April 7 , 2014
National Workshop“Ayurvedic Interventions in the Management of
Cerebral palsy”
: Scope of Ayurvedic intervention inmanagement of cerebral palsy with newer
approaches and management trends
th
AtMahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and
Research Centre, Wardha, Maharashtra
On June 28 , 2014
AtMahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and
Research Centre, Wardha, Maharashtra
th
Theme
“National Level CAME ““Standardization and Research in Panchakarma”
“Standardization and Research provisionsin Panchakarma”
On June 7 , 2014
AtMahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and
Research Centre, Wardha, Maharashtra
:
th
Theme
Details can be obtained from:
Department of Roganidan Vikriti Vignan
Dr. IlaTanna9158777229Dr. Neha Sahare9970664785
Details can be obtained from:
Organising Chairman,Prof and Head Department of Kaumarabhritya,MGACH & RC, WardhaMob: +91 901 10 58302Email: [email protected]
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Details can be obtained from:
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Mob: +91 9503227966
Organising Secretary,Mob: +91 9403142270Email: [email protected]
Dr. Renu B Rathi
Dr. Srihari S
Dr. K S R Prasad
Dr. Shweta Parwe
Chief editor, JISM
60 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Author's Instructions
“Journal of Indian System of Medicine
Original research articles:
2500 words
Review articles:
2500 words
Case studies:
1000 words
Short communications:
500 words
Announcements:
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words
Book reviews:
” is
Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal
of research in Ayurveda published from
Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital &
Research Centre, a Constituent College under
Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, (DU)
Nagpur. It offers the publication of -
· Randomized
controlled trials, interventions studied,
studies of screening and diagnostic test,
outcome studies, cost effectiveness analyses,
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( )
· Announcements of
conferences, meetings, courses, awards, and
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readers should be submitted with the name
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· Books submitted to the
editorial board are reviewed by the selected
reviwers.
Authors should follow the following
specifications of the Journal.
Abstract
Keywords (
Introduction – Methods – Observations &
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References
(Authors / Editors: Name of chapter,
Name of book, Publisher, Place, year,
inclusive page numbers)
· Authorship is limited to two authors and
third may be accepted with permissions.
Provide authors academic (e.g. M.D.) and
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and Email address.
· Provide a statement / undertaking verifying
that –
(1) The manuscript is original,
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· Pagination isA4, Times New Roman font 12
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· All Ayurveda terms should be in italics with
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(appropriative tables / statistics/
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Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014
(e.g.: [13]) in running text and also at the
references place.
e.g. [1] Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala,
Chakrapanidutta,
,
18/32. In: edited by Vaidya Jadavaji
Trikamji Aacharya, 5th ed. New Delhi:
Munshiram Mohanlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.;
1992. p.541.
[2] Choudhury P, Prajapati NC, Puri RK,
Sachdev HP. Impact of nat ional
immunization schedule on vaccine
preventable diseases: A hospital based
study. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29: 33-38.
· All articles are asked for resubmission after
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Disease is the cause of discomfort / agony and the
medicine is to console / comfort. Judicious utility
of medicine acts as ambrosia and differently it
becomes poison.