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urban lace|renda da mata local agroforestry collective engagement
networking people, food, and forests in porto alegre
jacques abelman amsterdam academy of architecture
cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.
jane jacobs
key concepts
appendix 165-177
101-163
73-99
49-71
25-47
7-13
regional and urban analysis of porto alegre
urban l.a.c.e. (local agroforestry collective engagement)
3 site designs
table of contents
brazil factscritical issues
problems and potentials
praa bernardo dreher: community food forestpraa dos aorianos: flagship botanical plaza
vila so jos: intensive orchards
creating new multifunctional green infrastructure
first built prototype: casa da mata house additional coursework certificates
project presentationsreferences
thanks | colophon
agroforestrykey native brazilian fruiting species
the urban agroforestry cycleurban lace concept
urbanization historydemographics
mapping potential for urban agricultureregional ecosystems
19-23stories of the city
four interviews with urban green practitioners
introduction
urban agriculture, if it is to become integrated into the city, needs landscape architectural thinking in order to be woven into the larger urban fabric. thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development. these overlapping frameworks are informed and perhaps even defined by the emergent field of landscape democracy. landscape democracy understands landscape as an embodiment of differing forms of energy, labor, and organization. landscape is also understood as a basic infrastructure of society.
urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces in the southern brazilian capital of porto alegre in the state of rio grande do sul. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazils atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific short-food production chain.
these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.
can you find a unifying language that cuts across age and income and culture that will help people themselves find a new way of living, see spaces around them differently, think about the resources they use differently, interact differently?
can we find that language? the answer would appear to be yes, and the language would appear to be food.
- pamela warhurst how we can eat our landscapes incredible edible in todmorden, uk
intr
oduc
tion
7
brazil
5th largest country on earth
megadiversity of plantand animal species
203.4 millionconcentrated on coasts
federal system of 26 statesfederal district (braslia)5570 municipalities
population density
rio grande do sul
mato grosso do sul
mato grosso
rondnia
amazonas
roraima
par maranho
piau
cear
rio grande do norte
paraba
pernambucoalagoassergipetocantins
amap
acre
minas gerais
bahia
brasilia
gois
espirito santo
santa catarina
rio de janeiroparan
so paulo
braz
il f
acts
9
rio grande do sul
santa catarina
parana
sao paulo
minas geraismato grosso
do sul
mato grosso goias
rio
brazilbolivia
peru
equador
columbia
venezuelafrench guiana
surinameguyana
chile
argentina
uruguay
paraguaylago dos patos
atlantic ocean
porto alegre
lago guaba
waterfront urban core periurban zone rural zone city of viamo 5km
porto alegre
dest
inat
ion porto alegre
11
bric economic growth: 6th in 2013, 5th in 2050 (goldman sachs)
in 2050 brazil will be the worlds 5th economy
2007
2050
growing middle class - earning between 6 and 30 k $ / year (goldman sachs)
millions of people entering the middle class by 2020
rapid decrease in poverty but 21% still below poverty line
percentage of population living under poverty line (world bank)
2004
31% of poulation at poverty line
27%
24%
22%
21%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
rapidly growing rates of obesity in adults and children
growing obesity (bmi > 30) (usa = 30%) (veja and who)
1974
1989
2009
braz
il i
n context: critical issues
13
urgent need for better infrastructure
extreme wealth and poverty
widespread urban poverty sterile public spaces
increasing social unrest
social inequality = spatial segregation
problems
increasing social movements
remarkable native ecosystems
urban parks of native vegetation
undesigned urban voids street food vendor tradition
popular organic food markets
potentials
prob
lmen
s and potentials
15
The economic boom in recent years in Brazil has brought with it a complex array of social and environmental challenges. Continued growth has added to the pressure on informal housing areas or favela neighbourhoods in urban areas. Although the general rate of favela formation has decreased in the last several years, cities are increasingly stratified according to wealth. Currently over 50 million people still live in urban slums. Together these urban inhabitants would form the fifth largest state in Brazil. Public space is a contested zone where the urban poor compete for resources and economic opportunity.
On the level of health and prosperity, growing obesity in the general population has greatly increased while malnutrition continues among the poorest. In 1974, the obesity level was 2.8% in men and 8% in women over twenty, compared with 12.4% and 16.9% respectively in 2009. Obesity rates have grown far more quickly amongst people of lower incomes although since 2003 this trend has stabilized, with the difference in obesity rates between the wealthy and lower income currently quite narrow. The Brazilian Department of Health Analysis has projected that Brazil will match the United States obesity levels by 2022.
As urban populations continue to expand, cities in Brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. New spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. Urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. UA can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. The Food and Agriculture Organization cites UA as an important factor in helping cities reach the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city.
public space: emptied / cleaned / sterile the contrast to poverty: new consumerism of the middle classes
the growing stratification of space in the city: inequality is spatialized
extreme wealth and poverty coexist side by side
braz
il i
n context: critical issues are spatial and economi
c
17
in order to propose a project built on people and place it is essential to study the city first-hand. in march and april of 2013 i lived in and conducted site research in porto alegre. my research methodology in this context was to explore the city on foot, by public transport, by bike and by car, and to observe and engage in dialogue wherever and whenever possible. i immersed myself in the processes of the city and discovered relationships and tensions present in a variety of different sites. over the course of my city explorations and while attending classes at the universidade federal do rio grande do sul (urfgs) in the rural sociology, agronomy, and urbanism departments, i met many engaging people who introduced me to their city. through them, as well as people i encountered on the street, i discovered sites and observed practices that became the foundation of urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata.
stories of the city: people and practices
stor
ies
of the city
19
oscar endres
neighborhood guardian
guerilla gardener
food expert
endresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresoscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar
oscar is an avid gardener.he lives in the ipanema barrio south of downtown. he is of german descent, from immigrants who came to porto alegre in a wave from europe in the 19th century. he owned and ran a large stall in the central market for over 57 years. the store, called banca 43, still exists and is well known to all porto alegres citizens. he imported cheeses and smoked meats, nuts and preserved fruit, preserves, cheese...now retired, oscar is busy with cultivating his food garden, which now extends into the public park in front of his house, the praa bernardo dreher. he sneaks saplings of tropical fruit trees into the park, and protects them with various contraptions until they become part of the park itself.togehter with the neighbours, food is shared while the park has become safer.
20
pedro ernesto sanhudo da cunha has been tending the medicinal plant collection for over a decade at the jardim botanico de porto alegre. the beds of native plants are strikingly beautiful, organized by plant genus. he propagates and maintains a range of south american species that have pharmacological and traditional importance.this knowledge is now held by a handful of individuals and dedicated growers, who sell herbal remedies and supplements at the farmers market in the parque de redeno on saturdays. this is also called the feira ecologica. it is a farmers market and also a knowledge network. these native medicinal species are adapted to growing with the native fruiting species.
pedro da cunha
native medicinals
endangered species
botanical garden
traditional knowledge
stor
ies
of the city
21
fabiokessler
agronomist at urfgs
agroforestry experts
mata atlntica
preservationist
Fbio da Kessler Soglio is an agronomist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre. His research includes agroforestry systems. Most of these systems rely on economic species like coffee or bananas. Here at URFGS he is helping research agroforestry systems with native species from the Mata Atlntica, or Atlantic forest, which is now threatened in Brazil. At the Agronomia campus he and a group of students are tending an experimental orchard, which contains many fruiting and medicinal species. This work relates to agroecology, which has scientific and social aspects. In addition to the scientific intersection of ecology and agriculture, it includes indigenous knowledge systems.
paulo runs the posto de saude in the vila jardim neighborhood. its one of many free clinics across the city. paulo took me to meet the people he serves in one of porto alegres favelas, situated in the narrow void between rich frontage developments. it was in the process of getting minimum infrastructure from the city, like sewage and paving. the urban poor often work as collectors of recyclables and cleaners of public space. many favela dwellers are intimately involved in the life of the city, and work extremely hard. the favela is also a repository of knowledge, as many people have left agricultural work and farms to live in the city.
pauloferreira
favela health clinic
small scale gardens
folk knowledge
stor
ies
of the city
23
key concepts:
agroforestrykey brazilian native species urban agriculture cycle
urban lace concept
key
conc
pets
25
food production globally is taking on an increasingly urban flavor, according to a new study that finds 456 million hectaresan area about the size of the European Unionis under cultivation in and around the worlds cities, challenging the rural orientation of most agriculture research and development work.
We see this dichotomy where urban farming in wealthy countries is praised for reducing emissions and enhancing a green economy while in developing countries, it can be regarded as an inconvenient vestige of rural life that stands in the way of modernization, Drechsel said. Thats an attitude that needs to change.
Drechsel and his colleagues note that urban agriculture, in addition to contributing to food security, puts marginal lands into productive use, assists in flood control, increases income opportunities for the poor, and strengthens urban biodiversity.
Overall, the researchers found that 456 million hectares of landabout 1.1 billion acresis being farmed in urban proximity. Most of that land lies just outside the city properwithin 20 kilometersbut 67 million hectares (about 166 million acres) is being farmed in open spaces in the urban core. These findings buttress previous studies documenting that up to 70 percent of households in developing countries are engaged in some type of farming and food production.
the growing importance of urban farming
CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystemshttp://wle.cgiar.org/blog/2014/11/13/shining-spotlight-urban-farming
the
impo
rtance of urban agriculture
27
orchard
forest
two essential typologies of agroforestry
1. canopy / tall tree layer2. sub-canopy / large shrub layer3. shrub layer4. herbaceous layer5. groundcover / creeper layer
6. underground layer7. vertical / climber layer
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
agro
fore
stry: 7 layer native species food forest structure
29
aguai
Chrysophyllum viride, Sapotaceae
20 - 30
NAME HEIGHT USES TYPE FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD
TYPE OF HABITAT
TYPE OF SOIL URBAN AGRO-FORESTRY
10 - 20
30 - 45
3 - 6
5 - 10
5 - 10
max 5
4 - 10
dec - febmay - jul
sept - novaug - oct
sept - janjan - jul
sept - jandez - mar
oct - jan
nov - janjun - aug
jun - decsept - mar
oct - novjan - mai
Valley bottomsSlopes
Valley bottomsSlopes
restingaslopes
altitudescrub
alluvial plainsriparian forest
slopesclearing
clearingriparian forest
plainsRestingadry areas
fertile plainsslopeswet area
dense forest
Wet
Wet
Wet,poor,compact
clay
drained
sandyrocky
wethigh humus
Wet
evergreen
evergreen
evergreen
semi-deciduous
semi-deciduous
deciduous
deciduous
deciduous/evergreen
aguai amarelo
Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Sapotaceae
Araticum
rollinia rugulosa,Annonaceae
Aroeira Vermelha
Schinus terebinthifolius,Anacard.
Buti-da-Praia
Butia capitata,Arecaceae
Cambuc
Marlierea edulis,Myrtaceae
Ara-Amarelo
psidium cattleyanum,Myrtaceae
Angico-Vermlho
parapiptadenia rigida,Fabaceae
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
over
138
species of highly useful native trees in southern
brazi
l
31
Cerejeira-do-Mato
Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae
Goiabeira-da-Serra
Acca sellowiana, Myrtaceae
Guabiju
Myrcianthes pungens, Myrtaceae
Jabotica
Plinia trunciflora, Myrtaceae
Mamaozinho-do-Mato
Jacaratia spinosa, Caracaceae
Palmito, Jussara
Euterpe edulis, Aracaceae
Pitanga
Eugenia unifora, Myrtaceae
Sete-Capotes
Campomanesia guazumifolia, Myrtaceae
12 - 15
3 - 4
15 - 20
8 - 10
10 - 20
8 - 15
6 - 10
max 5
NAME HEIGHT USES TYPE FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD
TYPE OF HABITAT
TYPE OF SOIL
sept - novoct - dec
sept - novjan - mar
oct - novjan - feb
sept - octjan - mar
sept - decapr - aug
jul - novoct - jan
oct - novmar - mai
aug - sept
dense forestunderstory
forest edgeclearing
slopesplateau
riparian forest
alluvial plainsunderstoryslopes
clearingForest edge
alluvial plain
wet forest
understoryforest edge
riparian forest
forest edgeriparian forest
draineddeep
fertile
drained
wetfertile
clayfertilehumus
wet
wetdrained
wethumus
wetrocky
deciduous
deciduous
deciduous
semi-deciduous
semi-deciduous
deciduous/evergreen
evergreen
evergreen
URBAN AGRO-FORESTRY
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
Taruma preto
Vitex megapotamica,Lamiaceae
Araticum-do-mato
Rollinia sylvatica,Annonaceae
Araucaria
Araucaria angustifolia,Araucariaceae
Bacupari
Garcinia gardneriana,Clusiaceae
Inga-banana
Inga uruguensis,Fabaceae
Inga macaco
Inga sessillis,Fabaceae
Inga-feijao
Inga marginata,Fabaceae
Mata-Olho
Pouteria gardneriana,sapotaceae
10 - 12
max 10
20 - 40
12 - 16
5 - 10
12 - 20
5 - 15
8 - 14
NAME HEIGHT USES TYPE FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD
TYPE OF HABITAT
TYPE OF SOIL
oct - decjan - mar
oct - decfeb - mar
sept - octapr - mai
apr - novdec - jan
oct - novdec - feb
sept - fevjul - jan
oct - fevmar - mai
oct - novjan - apr
pioneer, secondary,
climax environment
capoeiras
Altitude forest
Valley bottomsalluvial plainsRiparian forest
alluvial plainsriparian forest
slopesaltitude forest
slopesRiparian forest
riparian forest
indifferent
clayhigh humus
clayhigh humus
wet
claywet
clay
clayfertilehumus
wet
fertiledeep
deciduous
semi-deciduous
semi-deciduous
deciduous
evergreen
evergreen
evergreen
evergreen
URBAN AGRO-FORESTRY
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa bernardo dreher
praa aorianos
praa bernardo dreher
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa aorianos
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
praa bernardo dreher
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
vila so jos
30 s
peci
es of edible fruiting trees analysed and selected
33
Sete-CapotesCampomanesia guazumifolia
PitangaEugenia unifora
GuabijuMyrcianthes pungens
Goiabeira-da-SerraAcca sellowiana
Cerejeira-do-MatoEugenia involucrata
CambucMarlierea edulis
Ara-Amarelopsidium cattleyanum
Buti-da-PraiaButia capitata
Inga-feijaoInga marginata
UvaiaEugenia pyriformis
JaboticaPlinia trunciflora
AraucariaAraucaria angustifolia
praa dos aorianos tree legend
agro
fore
stry design paelette
35
the practice of landscape architecture in this context moves from fieldwork and analysis to normative illustration of spatial change. the images and scenarios created through the design process are boundary objects, what susan star defines as entities that enhance the capacity of an idea, theory or practice to translate across culturally defined boundaries, for example, between communities of knowledge or practice.
the intention of the project is to frame the landscape architecture project as creative research endeavor that understands an urban context and makes a projection,through design, about best-practice scenarios. large scale urban and landscape analysis create a framework for establishing the structure and linkages of the network. the network relies and reacts to the ecological as well as human capacity found within it. the project works on not only one sites potential but on many sites potential, and how these differing assemblages of site and actors could be linked together in one system.
the principles of the emergent field of landscape democracy allow us to see urban space as a field of negotiation between people, places, and power. within this field, finding the every day practices that link people and place make it possible to augment and connect these practices into a larger strategy. in this way the project has the potential to catalyze processes of urban evolution, with the landscape architect acting as a mediator. based on dialogue, design, and the democratic ideal of inclusion, cultivating the city works toward this vision for change as one piece of a complex process.
6 step cycle of urban agriculture / agroforestry developing potential sites in the urban agroforestry system
seed bank botanical garden native forest patches
CYCLE OF URBAN AGROFORESTRY:
SITES IN THE SYSTEM
backyard gardensbotanical gardencommercial nurserymunicipal nurseryry
orchards typologies: small scale urban orchard large scale peri-urban orchard
food forests: urban park neighborhood park municipal plantings infrastructure
home production neighborhood workshop local food cooperative
street vendorlocal food cooperativelocal outdoor marketfarmers marketsmall shopfood banksupermarket
beachstreet stall parkpublic kitchensnack shoprestauranthome
SOURCE
PRODUCE
TRANSFORM
DISTRIBUTE
CONSUME
PREPARE
small shopfood bank public kitchenrestaurantprocessing facilitydeveloping potential sites in the urban agroforestry system th
e ur
ban
agriculture cycle
39
$neighborhood families andvolunteers
neighborhoodcoalition
municipal work program
street sellers
street beach park festival
individual consumersfamilies
restaurantsfoodbankscatererssmall scale artisanal products
distribution network wholesalers
farmers co-operative
local storefarmers market
who produces? who distributes? who consumes and where?
short food production chain: the network in action
shor
t fo
od production chain: alternatives of food producti
on and
dis
trib
utio
n
short food supply chain (sfscs) is a term that describes a broad range of food production-distribution-consumption configurations, such as farmers markets, farm shops, collective farmers shops, community-supported agriculture, solidarity purchase groups. more in general, a food supply chain can be defined as short when it is characterized by short distance or few intermediaries between producers and consumers.
41
EDUCATIONAL
biodiversity biodiversity
indigenous species preservation
medicinal garden
native food garden
incubator garden (gardener training)
food preservation
food production
nutrition
bike pathbike path
pocket parks
running paths
slow paths for horse carts
food production for marketfood production for market
food products for sale
flower production
maintenance jobs
work program
city identitycity identity
social solidarity
education
neighbourhood identity
civic pride
RECREATIONAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL/POLITICAL
ESCOLA
RR$
kcal
the programmatic potential of the network for the city
pote
ntia
l functions of urban agriculture in the city
43
how to introduce a coherent new spatial network?
how to introduce a coherent new spatial network?
lace
met
aphor: many small and fine handmade connections
45
sket
chin
g the lace concept in plan
47
porto alegreregional and urban analysis
regi
onal
and urban analysis
49
historical urbanization in guaba delta: a city evolving against the water
1736
1837
1888
1914 50
flooding as a permanent threat: 1941
canalizing the arroio diluvio in the 1950s
building new land in the lago guiaba in the 1950s the arroio diluvio before canalization
hist
ory
of urbanization
51
porto alegre metropolitan area
70 neighborhoods are part of the city and two-thirds of the population are concentrated in the zona norte, where most of the economic activity, including the city centers governmental and financial center, takes place.
JUN2011
Lami
Lageado
Restinga
Hpica
Belm Novo
rea sem denominao
Arquiplago
Lomba do Pinheiro
Sarandi
Agronomia
Vila Nova
rea sem denominao
Cascata
Ponta Grossa
Arquiplago
Belm Velho
Partenon
Nonoai
Rubem Berta
Arquiplago
So Joo
Humait
Cristal
rea sem denominao
Mrio Quintana
Serraria
Ipanema
Chapu do Sol
Campo Novo
Santa Tereza
Arquiplago
Tristeza
Petrpolis
Cavalhada
Centro
Terespolis
Jardim It-Sabar
Camaqu
So Jos
Floresta
Arquiplago
Jardim Carvalho
Vila Ipiranga
Santana
Praia de Belas
Glria
Farrapos
Arquiplago
Bom Jesus
Menino Deus
Azenha
Arquiplago
Passo da Areia
Navegantes
Boa Vista
Guaruj
Medianeira
Vila Jardim
Rio Branco
rea sem denominao
Cel. Aparcio Borges
So Geraldo
Jardim Botnico
Esprito Santo
Anchieta
Santo Antnio
Vila Assuno
Bela Vista Trs Figueiras
Cristo Redentor
Higienpolis
Auxiliadora
Mont' Serrat
Cidade Baixa
Farroupilha
Santa Ceclia
Bom Fim
Santa Maria Goretti
rea sem denominao
Marclio Dias
Vila Joo Pessoa
Jardim do Salso
Jardim Lindia
Jardim So Pedro
Chcara das Pedras
So Sebastio
Moinhos de Vento
Jardim Floresta
Pedra RedondaJardim Isabel
Independncia
Vila Conceio
RUA 8
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AV. G R C IA
AV. DIVIS A
AV.
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Bairros Vigentes
Escala 1:35.000
52
waterfront city core urban periurban rural
5km
urb
an z
ones of porto alegre metropolitan area
53
growth 1772- 1820
population: 12,000
colonizers from the azores establish a port for the ex-portation of wheat from their farms.
growth 1890-1945
population: 272,000
continued strong industrial and agricultural growth. inhabitants quadruple.
growth 1820-1890
population: 52,000
waves of german and italian immigrants settle in porto alegre. consolidation of administrative, economic, and military power.
growth 1945-2014
population: 1,509,939
urbanization of metropolitan area.world social forum 01-10world cup 2014
hist
oric
al evolution
55
JUN2011
Lami
Lageado
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rea sem denominao
Arquiplago
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Bairros Vigentes
Escala 1:35.000
> 20.000
10.001 > 20.000
5.001 > 10.000
1.001 > 5.000
> 1.000
population density / km2bairros / neighborhoods neig
hbor
hoods and population density
57
spontaneous occupation is the term used to qualify urban slums in brazil. cities are their own ecosystem; whatever niche that can support life is soon filled by an individual or family whose concern is food, shelter, and the business of survival. the pressure on empty urban land is great; spaces are quickly claimed by those arriving to the city who cannot afford conventional housing. however, over time favela areas can come to be thriving neighborhoods of ingenious architectures as residents climb the economic ladder out of poverty. temporary shelters solidify into lower middle or middle class housing made of brick and masonry. tiny manicured gardens are attached to many houses, often with similar plantings of medicinal, culinary, and religious plants. for example, espada de so jorge, sanseveria, is thought to protect houses from evil spirits. mature fruit trees planted intentionally or as remnants of natural areas pepper the housing areas, and were carefully maintained as sources of extra food. in other favelas in peri-urban areas on the outskirts of the city the favela housing transitions into farmland or natural areas or aggregates along infrastructures such as highways. the residents rely on free sources of food such as fruit trees. across the city the locations of mature fruit trees are known, for instance many of the trees of the university campus in the downtown area.
wages
the maps reflect 2000 census data, when the minimum wage was 151 reais or 56 euros. because of huge economic growthin 2013 the minimum wage has risen to 674 rs per month, still only about 250 euros.
a sp
atia
l analysis of poverty
mean income
up to 600 reais600- 1200 rs1200-1800 rs1800-2400 rs2400 up
the wealthiest
10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month
90% of households belong to the income group
the poorest
10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month
90% of households belong to the income group
59
vege
tate
d and built surfaces
61
favela stand alone houses and villas
suburban middle class villas (dark purple) and wealthy urban villas (light purple)
high rise and apartment buildings
urban center multi-story buildings (pink) warehouses and industrial zones (grey)
built / constructed surfaces
native forest
managed grassed zones / fields, lawns, pasture
native grassland
agriculture
vegetated surfaces
buil
t vs
vegetated surface
63
high density urban core
urban core:street foodrestaurantsfood storesinstitutions schools
suburban neighborhoods
detached houses
villas
favelas
peri-urban zone
N
2000m1: 25.000
housing
maintained grassland / lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
swamp
water
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
N
2000m1: 25.000
housing
maintained grassland / lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
swamp
water
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
64
N2000m1: 25.000
housing
maintained grassland / lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
swamp
water
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
comp
arai
son of built and vegetated surfaces: potential for
urban
agr
icul
ture
N
2000m1: 25.000
housing
maintained grassland / lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
swamp
water
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
65
large-scalehardscapes
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squrespocket parks
urban parks
informal settlementsurban periphery
roadsidesinfrastructure
8 relevant urban typlogies with potential for new green infrastructure 66
urban spatial typology
agroforestry type
plant sources maintenance
harvesting products food system endpoints
top downvs
bottom up
urban plazaslarge-scalehardscapes
intitiated by
municipality
intitiated by
municipality
intitiated by
municipality
intitiated by
municipalitywith local residents
intitiated by localresidents
with municipal support
intitiated by residents in
partnership with entrepreneurs
intitiated by
municipality
intitiated by
municipality
botanical garden
+municipal greenhouse
municipal greenhouse
+seedling center
botanical garden
+municipal greenhouse
botanical garden
+municipal greenhouse
botanical garden
+families
university+
community nursery
botanical garden
+municipal greenhouse
botanical garden
+municipal greenhouse
municipal workers/locals/
gardening clubs/
volunteers
local
residents +
support from municipal workers
local
residents
municipal workers
municipal workers
municipal workers
municipal workers
municipal workers
municipal workers
local residents+
gardening clubs
favela inhabitants
+municipal worker support
favela inha-bitants with municipal worker support
fresh food for
immediate consumption or resale
fresh food for
immediate consumption
fruit for processing
fresh fruit/juices
fresh fruit for
processing
fresh fruit for
processing
fresh fruit and artisinal
products
kitchen table/exchange
+neighborhood
markets
kitchen table+
street stall/ public market
kitchen table+
local markets
municipal workers
+ volunteers
municipal work program
fresh fruitand
fruits/products publicmarket
food banksfood coop/ processing plants
sale in park+
food banks
commercial networks
processing plants
commercial networks
processing plants
changing identity of the city
+work program
orchard
forest/orchard
forest/orchard
forest/orchard
forest
forest
intensivefood plots
city image+
improving urban neigh-borhoods
improving urban quality
+ soft transport
portential
improving urban quality
+ soft transport
portential
improving neighborhood greenspaces and social networks
multifunctional park space/education/ recreation
intensivecommercial production`
entrepreneurs and paid workers
paid workers from favelas
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
squaressmall plazas
streetsgreen avenues
neighborhood squares
pocket parks
large scale urban parks
informal settlements
urban periphery
roadsidesinfrastructure
project type/goal
orchard
orchard
analysis matrix of urban typologies for urban agriculture potential
anal
ysis
matrix of urban typologies for urban agriculture
67
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
2000m1: 20.000
N
/swamp
ecos
yste
m zones within city
69
mata aluvialalluvial plans forest
mata com figueiraslowland shady forest
mosaicolowland forest and swamp mosaic
ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - low areas
mata dos morrosmountainside forests
campo altohigh steppe
ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - high areas ecos
yste
m zones
71
72
local agroforestrycollective engagement:
networking people, place, and food
l.a.
c.e.
73
as urban populations continue to expand, cities in brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. new spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. ua can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. the food and agriculture organization cites ua as an important factor in helping cities reach the millennium development goals. at the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city.
thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development.
urban l.a.c.e. explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazils atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific short-food production chain. these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.
l.a.
c.e.
75
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential native ecosystems
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
+
map
of p
otential for new green infrastructure
77
urban green
existing urban parks and green spaces they stay green and are augmented with native food species.
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructureurban parks
existing native forest and grassland zones are enhanced and managed for production.
native ecosystems
native ecosystem
favela typology
new urban agriculture systems in favelas and peri-urban areas
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
favela
medium density urban typology
new urban agriculture systems in medium density neighborhoods:
suburban parkssmall plazaspocket parkstree lines streets
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
neighborhood parks and squares
streets
new urban agriculture systems in high density neighborhoods:
apartmentshigh risesdowntown plazas urban voidsdense infrastructure
high density urban typology
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large scale urban space
dense infrastructure
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
aluvial plains forestmata aluvial
lowland shady forestmata com figueira
lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico
mountainside forestmata dos morros
high steppecampo
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential
native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry
urban green
high density urban typology
medium density urban typology
favela typology
agriculture systems
housing
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
park
favela
high rises apartments buildings
warehousesindustrial spaces
native forest
native shrubland
degraded forestexposed soil / rock
native grassland
map
of p
otential with typologies
79
native forestnative grasslandsshrubland and steppe
favela zones existing parkspublic green areasagricultural zones
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
urban voidsexposed soildegraded forest areas
linear infrastructurenew green avenuesmain avenue bisecting the citynew tree lined streets
semiprivate green areasprivate gardens
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
creating a new urban agroforestry landscape layer in the city depends on networking exisitng spaces, and building on the spatial potential of the city. careful analysis of the urban fabric yields maps of all spaces, classified in realtion to urban typology, which could be used to build the network over time.
81
existing parkspublic green areasagricultural zones
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
buil
ding
l.a.c.e.
83
native forestnative grasslandsshrubland and steppe
buil
ding
l.a.c.e.
85
urban voidsexposed soildegraded forest areas
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
buil
ding
l.a.c.e.
87
favela zones
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
buil
ding
l.a.c.e.
89
semiprivate green areasprivate gardens
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
buil
ding
l.a.c.e.
91
linear infrastructurenew green avenuesmain avenue bisecting the citynew tree lined streets
large-scalehardscapesplazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban interstices
roadsinfrastructure
large-scalehardscapes
plazas
urban typologies
large-scale parking lotsurban voids
urban squaressmall plazas
parkwaysgreen avenues
linear urban spaces
neighborhood squarespocket parks parks
informal settlementsurban int