MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONSNo. 5s

ThePAN AMERIC ANIHEALTH ORGANIZATION

} PRESE N TS

yThePAN AMEFOOT AND'DISEASE (

RICANMOUTH:ENTER

JAL REPORT

1958

T HE PAN AMERICAN FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASECENTER was established in 1951 as an international

service operated by the Pan American Sanitary Bureau and fi-nanced under the Program of Technical Cooperation of the Orga-nization of American States. The Center is located in Sáo Bento,near Rio de Janeiro, on a site and in buildings provided by theGovernment of Brazil, which also defrays certain operating andmaintenance costs.

The Center furnishes advisory services for the prevention,control, and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease (aftosa) in thecountries and territories of the Americas. It conducts trainingcourses and provides diagnostic and consultant services togovernments. It is also engaged in research on the nature of aftosaand allied viruses and studies the development and improvementof diagnostic techniques and preparation of vaccines against thisdisease, which is an important obstacle to the progress of thelivestock industry of many countries. The Center maintainsliaison and collaboration with other agencies, institutes, or labo-ratories - national and international --- such as FAO, OIRSA,ICA, etc., interested in the development of animal husbandry niLatin America.

The advice and assistance of the Center may be obtaineJthrough the offices of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau or re-quests may be addressed directly to:

Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center

Caixa Postal 589

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cable address: PANAFTOSA - RIO (Brazil)

THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Presents The

1958 ANNUAL REPORT

Of The

PAN AMERICAN

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE CENTER

Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 56

November, 1.960

PAN AMERICAN HEALTH- ORGANIZATION

Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

1501 New Hampshire Avenue, N. W.

Washington 6, D.C., U.S.A.

To the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization

The Pan American Sanitary Bureau has the honor of presentinga descriptive report of the activities carried out and servicesrendered during 1958 by the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseCenter, which is a project operated by the Bureau as a participatingagency in the Program of Technical Cooperation of the Organizationof American States.

Respectfully yours,

Abraham HorwitzDirector

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Introduction.. .......................................... 7

II. Operational facilities ................. ................... 7

Funds ............................................. 7

Buildings .......................................... 7

Staff ............... 8.............................. 8International staff .............................. 9Local staff ................... .................. 9

Equipment and supplies ............................. 9

Laboratory animals ................................. 9

III. Operations .............................................. 10

Training .. ......................................... 11Tenth training course ......................... 11Eleventh training course ........................ 11Long-term fellowships .......................... 12Educational materials ............................ 14

Laboratory diagnosis ............................... 14Virus samples .................................. 14Serum samples .................................. 15Virus sub-types ................................. 15

Advisory services ................................... 17

Plan of action .................................. 18Colombia and Venezuela . .................. 19Colombia and Panama .......................... 19Ecuador ........................................ 20Bolivia ......................................... 20Report on the incidence and control of foot-and-

-mouth disease and other similar animal diseasesin the Americas ........................... 20

Research ........................................... 21Diagnostic procedures .......................... 21Modified live-virus vaccines ..................... 21Foot-and-mouth disease virus cultures ............ 25Tissue cultures ................................. 26Visits to other foot-and-mouth disease research

institutes ................................... 26Papers presented, 1958 .......................... 26

Aftosa Technical Advisory Group ..................... 27

IV. International relations .................................... 27Member Governments ................... ........... 28International Agencies ............................... 28

V. Conclusions ................... ............. .......... 28Training ........................................... 29Laboratory diagnosis ................................. 29Advisory and field services ......................... 29Research .......................................... 29

Appendices .............................. .......... 29

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I. INTRODUCTION

The general pattern of the Center's work in 1958 was similarto that of previous years. Points that stand out for special commentare that during the year construction was started of a new labora-tory building and two cattle-isolation stables; further evidence wasobtained of the possibility of developing a modified live virusvaccine for foot-and-mouth disease; and further precautions weretaken to deal with any introduction of infection into countries ofthe Hemisphere which are free of the disease.

The situation in the Hemisphere at the end of 1958 with regardto foot-and-mouth disease was that North America, Central Ameri-ca, and the Caribbean region were free of the disease. The mostrecent outbreaks in this large area had, with one exception, alloccurred at least five years previously, for example, the UnitedStates of America in 1929, Canada in 1952, Mexico in 1953, Marti-nique in 1953, and Aruba in 1953. The exception was a smalloutbreak of the disease in Curacao in January 1957.

In South America the situation in the north was much morefavorable than in the south. Colombia and Venezuela wvere infectedwith only two types of the virus; no positive diagnosis of the diseasehad been made in Ecuador since the beginning of 1957; BritishGuiana and Surinam were free of the disease; and one isolatedoutbreak in French Guiana had been confined to the Island ofCayenne. In the remainder of South Amercia there was norecognizable improvement to report, infection due to' three typesof the virus being relatively prevalent.

II. OPERATIONAL FACILITIES

Funds

As in previous years the operation of the Center was dependenton two sources of funds. The principal one was the contribution ofthe Program of Technical Cooperation of the Organization ofAmerican States. In 1958 this amounted to US.$ 278,308.14.

The other source of funds was the annual grant from the Minis-try of Agriculture of Brazil, the host country to the project, formaintenance of the buildings provided for the use of the Center atits headquarters at Sáo Bento, Rio de Janeiro. In 1958 this grantamounted to cruzeiros 1,745,049.30.

Buildings

The existing facilities at the Center have been fully describedin previous reports. They comprise a main building housing labo-

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ratories, administrative offices, a library and conference room, anda lunch room and kitchen; other buildings house a laboratory andsmall animal accommodation, guinea-pig and mouse-breeding colo-nies, glassware-washing and laundry equipment, a workshop,warehouse accommodation, and three houses for maintenance, labo-ratory and security personnel.

Mention 'was made in the 1957 Annual Report that funds forisolation stables and a laboratory building had been approved bythe Host Government of Brazil.

Construction of two cattle stables and the laboratory buildingwas started in July 1958, but was not completed by the end of theyear, the date of expiry of the special credit of cruzeiros ia5 millionthat had been made available for this part of the building program.

At the time the building construction commenced, a definiteallocation of land for the use of the Center was made by the Minis-try of Agriculture. This land comprises part of the site alreadybeing used by the Center and the total area consists of 45 hectares(111 acres). This provides ample space for future buildings andalso for corrals in which to quarantine cattle before and after expe-riments. This area of land and the nature of the adjoining proper-ties provides reasonable isolation from the susceptible livestock inthe neighborhood.

Continued use has been made of the very inadequate cattleaccommodation that was formerly owned by the Ministry of Agri-culture, about 10 miles from the Center. This lack of cattle stableswith adeauate facilities for isolation is one of the most serioushandicaps that the work of the Center is experiencing. The re-search group has obtained most encouraging results under verydifficult conditions in attempting to produce a modified live virusvaccine. It is regrettable that the further development of this workshould be prevented by lack of accommodation, which is one ofthe first requirements of a veterinary research institute.

Discussions have taken place during the year with the directorsof other research institutes in Brazil about the possibility of havingthe Center use their cattle accommodation in collaborative workon problems of common interest. It is anticipated that this ex-tension of the research program will begin early irn 1959.

Staff

In 1958 the only change in the International Staff was theresignation in January of the Administrative Officer, lMr. Georsvon Buch, and his replacement in June by the recruitment of Pro-

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fessor Florindo Villa-Alvarez. In the interim period the AssistantAdministrative Officer, Mr. Alexei E. Brinckman, acted as Adminis-trative Officer.

International Staff

DirectorChief of LaboratoriesChief of Field ServicesSenior Virologist

VirologistSerologistAssistant SerologistAdministrative Officer

Local Staff

Senior VeterinarianJunior VeterinarianResearch AssistantLaboratory Technicians (2)Laboratory Assistants (3)Laboratory Aides (9)Field Aides (2)Laborer Cattle Attendants (2)Laborers (10)Assistant Administrative

OfficerLibrarian

Secretaries, Bilingual (3)Clerks (3)StorekeeperJanitorGuards (7)General Maintenance OfficerAssistant Maintenance OfficerCarpenterMason/PainterLaundry OperatorChauffeurs (3)Maintenance Laborers (9)

In'addition, the budget of the Center provides the salary of two

staff members of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, one in the

Zone V Office in Rio de Janeiro and one in the Washington Office.

Equipment and Supplies

Major items of equipment purchased during the year included

replacements for three of the Center's vehicles, incubators for tissue-culture work, centrifuges, refrigeration equipment for preser-

vation of virus strains, air-conditioning equipment, office equipment,and an emergency electrical generator of sufficient capacityto provide power for the new buildings under construction. Supplieswere maintained at a level adequate for the program undertaken.

Laboratory Animals

The animals used in the diagnosis and research program of the

Center comprised cattle, horses, -Sheep, rabbits, guinea-pigs andmice, also chickens and chick embryos. In addition, a considerable

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number of tongues and kidneys of cattle and pigs were obtainedfrom local slaughterhouses to provide tissues for the culture ofvirus.

All the mice used were bred in the Center's colony and surplusadult males were supplied to other institutes with a demand for thisage of mouse. Small foundation stocks of mice were also suppliedto certain institutes to enable them to start their own breeding colo-nies.

The Center's demand for guinea-pigs exceeded the output ofthe breeding colony but plans are in hand to increase production bythe enlargement of the premises. The excess requirements wereobtained by local purchase and by purchase from the surplus stocksof two institutes in Sáo Paulo.

The following statistics for 1958 coser the'most frequently usedanimals :

Unweaned mice 70,552Adult mice 11,929Guinea-pigs 2,228

' Rabbits 820Cattle 160

The number of cattle does not include those used in field trialsof modified live virus vaccine. The large number of unweanedmice that were used is a reflexion of the importance of this animal,:in work with foot-and-mouth disease. The sera of all the cattleused in the laboratory or in the field are examined before andduring each experiment by tests involving the use of unweanedmice, without which it would be very difficult to obtain significantresults in countries in which the disease is endemic.

III. OPERATIONS

The program of the Center in its service to the countries of theAmericas includes:

1. The provision of training for field and laboratory personnelwho are responsible for the control of foot-and-mouth disease andother vesicular diseases;

2. The provision of a laboratory service for the diagnosis andvirus-typing of vesicular disease material;

3.1. The initiatioin;;of ,advisory work and the provision, of itspersonnel,.for field consultation in the prevention, diagnosis, .ontrol

ID

and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease and other vesiculardiseases;

4. The provision of the international coordination and collabo-ration necessary for íntercountry activities for the prevention, con-trol and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease;

5. The ,conduct of research.

Training

Since the Center's foundation the training of technical person-nel has been of great importance. An average of two trainingcourses have been held each year since 1953. With the completionsof the second course to be held in 1958, a total of 114 veterinariansfrom 30 countries had attended these courses on fellowships pro-vided by the Center. Eighty-three veterinarians had also attendedat their country's expense.

In addition to courses for groups of veterinarians, the Centerprovides fellowships for long-term training on an individual basis.

Tenth Training Course - This course was held at the Center.from 12 May to 20 June for participants from Argentina, Brazil,Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. A total of eightveterinarians attended and the syllabus, in addition to training in:general laboratory methods used in foot-and-mouth disease, in-cluded work on the culture of tissues for application in virology:and also information on the most recent progress in the developmentof a modified live virus vaccine. The closing ceremony of the coursewas attended by the Minister of Agriculture of Brazil, who pre-*sented the participants with diplomas of attendance.

The detailed syllabus of the course is given in Appendix 2 and.a list of those who attended, in Appendix 3.

Eleventh Training Course - This course was held in San José,Costa Rica, from 10 to 22 November and was attended by veteri-narians from Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon-duras, Nicaragua, and Panarna. In addition to those who receivedlfellowships, the Chief of the Antiaftosa Department of OIRSA (Or-ganismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria) and theChief of the United States Mission to Panama attended as observers,and the Government of Costa Rica arranged for several veteri-narians to participate in a number of the activities.

The Costa Rican authorities of the Ministry of Agricultureprovided lecture-room facilities, projection equipment, a mimeo-.graph service, and transportation for field trips in the vicinity ofSan José. The Food and yg]ipulture Organizatión of the UnitedNations (FAO) was repreS ted at some of the.,sessionas by theirveterinary expert attached to OIRSA, who al0so assit;ed the staffmnembers of the Center in the field demonstrations.

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The program consisted of Iectures and dem'onstrations on the-prevention, control, and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease atíthe University of Costa Rica and at the National Veterinary Diag-nostic Laboratory. Field trips were made to a dairy farm, a ranch,.a slaughterhouse, and a milk plant, where tlie problems that wouldarise in dealing with an outbreak of the disease were discussed.As field exercises, each of these premises were regarded as being-infected and the participants at the course were asked to prepare acomplete program to be applied for the elinimination of_ the infection.A visit was also made to the port of Puntarenas, where importcontrol problems were discussed with the customs and port authori-ties and procedures for handling ships froml foot-and-mouthdisease infected countries were demonstrated. The opening andclosing sessions of the course were attended by the Director Generalof Agriculture of Costa Rica.

The detailed syllabus of the course is given in Appendix 4 andla list of those who attended, in Appendix 5.

Long-term Fello7oships - Dr. Julio Monteagudo from the~National Antiaftosa Institute, Lima, Peru, compl.eted. his. period often months training at the Center on methods of virus culture for'vaccine production. Before returning to Lima in September on the,termination of his fellowship, Dr. Monteagudo visited the Colombian.Zooprophylactic Institute in Bogotá, where he studied the use ofthese methods of vaccine production on a commerciaI scale.

Dr. Carlos de Mello Bettencourt, of the Animal Biology Insti-tute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, began a period of eleven months training:on a Center's' fellowship by attending the Tenth Training Coursein May. After this. period of general training, Dr. Bettencouitspecialized in the culture of tissue an-d on the use of tissue cultures.for the growth of virus, the-titration of virus, and the detection ofviral antibodies.

Dr. Carmelo Caballero Contreras and Dr. Mrario Zambrana Bar -bery of the Ministry of Agriculture, La Paz, Bolivia, spent six:months at the Center at their Government's expense in order toreceive general training in laboratory methods prior to. their being.,appointed to their National Institute.

Dr. Sergio Bogado of the Ministry of Agriculture's RegionalLaboratory in Castro, Paraná, Brazil received. five- weeks`' training,at the Center in general laboratory methods. Dr.. Bogado attendedat his Government's expense.

Dr. Gamal El Din Zahran, a recipient of arr André MeyerFeilowship of FAO, arrived at the Center from Egyp-t in Novemberto begin a special investigation on the adaptation of the' virus offoot-and-mouth disease to day-old chicks and to chick embryos withia view to the production of strains of modified, virus. fox use as livevirus vaccines.

:12

Participants in the XIth Training Course which took place at San José, Costa

Rica, practise disinfection orocedures under the guidance of ? techunician of

the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center.

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Educational materials - Three thousand copies of the bookletA Febre Aftosa were supplied to the headquarters of the Inter-national Cooperation Administration in Brazil for distribution inconnection with their agricultural extension program.. Fifty copiesof the same booklet were supplied for distributionr to the Secre-tariat of Agriculture of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Three hundred sets of posters were supplied to Ecuador for usein connection with their program on the investigation of outbreaksof vesicular disease.

Laboratory Diagnosis

Virus samples - There was a slight decrease in the number ofvirus samples received for examination, the total being 457, com-pared with 521 in 1957. The number of samples received from Bra-zil still far exceeds that sent by the other countries. One of the,objectives of the Center's training program is to make each affectedcountry independent of the, services of the Center for routine virustyping. It is.the intention, however, that materia from all out-breaks of vesicular disease in those countries which are free of foot--and-mouth disease should continue to be sent to the Center fordifferential diagnosis; that National Institutes and otlier labora-tories in affected countries should periodically send their stock typestrains to the Center for confirmation of identity; and that any ma-terial giving equivocal results should be. sent to the Center forfurther examination.

The following table gives a sumnmary of the results of theexamination of material received during 1958.

Results of the Examination of Samples Received forDiagnosis and Typing During 1958

Positive for foot- Pos;tive for-and-moutn disease vesicular stomatitis

Nega-Countries Types Types N e Total

O | A eC ¡ MSd New IndianaI ;:e Jersey

Chile ---------------------------- -2 2Colombia ............................ 2 10Costa Rica .- 1El Salvador ,,,,, - -, 2 2French Guiana, .......... 3...... . . 3Guateme¡a ........... ........... 1. 1 2Nicara£ua .1- ------------------- .. 1Peru, ............................... 2 2Uruguay ....- ..- 6-------- - 6 4 5 1 16Venezuela...... 3 7 2 12

TOTAL ,.13 ,, 12 82 42 4 69 457

6 8OA, 1 OC. 33 AC

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The Center has continued to supply stock strains of virus andtype-specific sera for use in diagnostic tests. In 1.958 supplies ofthese products were distributed to 13 laboratories in South America.

Serum samples - Following an outbreak of foot-and-mouthdisease in Paraguay during which it had not been possible to collectvirus material, an attempt was made to discover the type of virusresponsible for the outbreak by examining the serum of cattlearriving at the slaughterhouse in Asunción from the area that hadbeen affected. Twenty-six samples of serunm were tested at theCenter for the presence of antibodies against the O, A and C virustypes, using the serum protection method in unweaned mice. Thefollowing table summarizes the results.

Results of the Ezamination of Cattle Serum Following an Outbreakof Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Paraguay in 1958

Serum protection Distribution of the nrotectior indcxindex according to virus type

0 A C

0 to 1,0 15 16 41.1 to 2.0 6 6 /

2.1 or higher 5 4 18

A protection index of less than 1 is of no significance, between1 and 2 probably indicates previous infection, and an index higherthan 2 is indicative of previous infection. The possible influence ofvaccination on the antibody picture can be discounted because ofthe small amount of vaccine being used in Paraguay at that time.

These results confirm that these three virus types exist in Pa-raguay and the high proportion of samples with a high level ofC-type antibodies indicates that the last outbreak was probablydue to that type of virus.

Virus sub-types - In connection with the use of the presentinactivated virus vaccine, it is important to recognrize the possibleexistence of sub-types of virus. The significance of this is that,although a vaccine may give good protection against infection withthe strain of virus from which it was prepared, it may give onlypoor protection against another strain of the same immunologicaltype. Such strains of virus are frequently called "variant" strainsbut it is more correct and becoming more usual to refer to l;hem assub-types. Sub-types have been recognized and examined for a

15

number of years in Europe but there is little information abouttheir incidence and importance in South America. The inves-tigation of this is now part of the Center's program.

Considerable confusion exists in the identification of sub-types.A system of numeral subscripts has been adopted, namely A", A-, A:,,etc., but as this was done independently in various laboratories,there is no reason to believe that all strains identified with the samenumeral are identical. This disorder will be avoided by the establish-ment in 1958, under the auspices of FAO, of the World ReferenceLaboratory on Foot-and-Mouth Disease at the Research Institute(Animrnal Virus Diseases), Pirbright, Great Britain. This labora-tory will have the sole responsibility of allocating a number to asub-type, having checked that it is different from those alreadyidentified. It is not the responsibility; of the World ReferenceLaboratory to carry out the initial examination of virus samplesfor strain differences, unless it is impossible for such work to bedone in the country of origin. The Center provides this serviceof examination of strains for the identification of sub-types and itacts as the channel of communication for the countries of LatiirAmerica with the World Reference Laboratory.

The work of the Center in this connection has already providedresults of practical importance. For example, in late 1957 outbreaksof foot-and-mouth disease were occurring in recently vaccinatedcattle in the Department of Cauca, Colombia. The virus strainisolated from the field outbreaks was of Vallée A type. It and theA-type strain used for vaccine production were sent to the Centerfor exarnination. This showed that the vaccine production strain(N.O 338) was unlikely to provide vaccine giving good protectionagainst the field strain (N. ° 1433), whereas the field strain was,apparently, of a wider antigenic spectrum and could be expectedto protect against both strains. It was tlicrefore recommended thai.strain N.° 1433 be used for vaccine production.

The results of the complement fixation tests that were obtainedin the examination of these strains are given in the followingtable. It can be seen that strain 338 serum, although giving good

fixation with the homologous antigen, fixes poorly withl strain1433 antigen. On the other hand, sitrain 1433 serum fixes equailywell with both antigens.

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Resulls of (Gross Conmplement-Fixation Tests Comparing the ColonmbianVaccine Produclion Strain n.o 338 and Field Strain n.a 1433,

Both of Type Vallée A

| Percentage of comnplenment-fixation

Antigen 338Dilutions

Antigen 1433

Dilutions

1/4 1/8 1/16 i/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 | 1/32

Serum 338 1/5 86 e8 80 76 55 63 22 3

1/10 72 75 71 64 42 28 9 -Dilutions 1/20 63 67 55 34 25 11 3 4

1/40 44 50 30 21 13 - - -1/80 22 20 18 3 6 -

Serum 1433 1/5 82 79 75 52 90 89 79 55

1/101 70 65 58 30 78 78 67 35Dilutionrs 1/20 59 57 49 11 70 73 50 24

1/40 41 35 34 48 40 33 20

1/80 17 11 10 - 22 18 12 -

Advisory Services

The advisory services of the Center involve ihe travel of staffmembers to the various countries of North, Central and SouthAmerica, as well as the work involved in dealing with inquiries sentdirectly to the Center.

The countries in the Americas visited during 1958 were Bolivia,Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,Peru, Trinidad, and Venezuela.

The inQuiries received included many from countries free offoot-and-mouth disease and almost all related to the risk of the in-troduction of infection by the importation of certain products fromcountries in which the disease exists. Examples referred to the useof hay and straw as packing material, to cured sausages, hides.sacks, cheese, flower bulbs, onions, horse semen, fighting bulls, anda number of general questions about the importation of livestock.

Worthy of special mention regarding the work that has in-volved much of the travel of the senior members of the staff are: thepresentation of a "Plan of Action" for the countries free of foot--and-mouth disease, the foot-and-mouth disease situation. in Colom-bia and Venezuela and its relationship to the situation in Panamaand Ecuador, and the provision of technical assistance to Bolivia.These items, described in detail, give an indication of the type ofwork being performed by the Center in provicling coordination andcollaboration.

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IPlan of Action

The countries and islands of Central America and the Caribbeanhave, with very few exceptions, remained free of foot-and-mouthdisease for many years. No matter how stringent the measures maybe that are adopted to prevent the introduction of infection, theycan never guarantee absolute protection. In dealing with theintroduction of the disease to an area previously free, rapidity ofaction is the key to successful control and eradication. Any delayin investigating a suspected outbreak, in obtaining laboratory diag-nosis, and in instituting appropriate measures may give the diseasea chance to spread beyond the limits of immediate control. Thisgreatly increases the costs and difficulties of eradication.

The situation is complicated where, as in Central America forexample, vesicular stomatitis exists. This disease is very similarin its clinical appearance to foot-and-rnouth disease and a differ-ential diagnosis can be made only on the results of a laboratoryexamination of material collected frorn affected cattle.

The Center provides this diagnostic service and, fortunately,the samples received for examination have all been from outbreaksof vesicular stomatitis. In order, however, that the countries whichare free of foot-and-mouth disease rnay be fully prepared for imme-diate action in the case of an outbreak, the Center has prepared a"Plan of Action" in the event of an outbreak of foot-and-mouthdisease.

This Plan lays down, in order, the steps that should be taken:

(1) by the affected country following a clinical diagnosis ofvesicular disease;

(2) by the Center, by the affected counitry, and by the neighbor-ing countries following a provisional diagnosis of foot--and-mouth disease as a result of the laboratory tests madeat the Center;

(3) by tile Center, by the affected country, and by the neighbor-ing countries when the diagnosis is confirrned; and,

(4) by the affected country, by the Center, and by the neighbor-ing countries in order that the affected country may bedeclared free of foot-and-mouth disease.

These steps involve the application of a policy of quarantine,restriction of animal movement, slaughter, and disinfection.

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Before presentation of the plan to the countries concerned, itwas first discussed with the Chief of the Antiaftosa Departmentof OIRSA in Panama and, with his support, was presented by theDirector of the Center at the Sixth Meeting of OIRSA in Managua,Nicaragua. As a result, that meeting recommended that the mem-ber countries, i.e., Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama, should ensure that their legislationmake provision for the implementation of the Plan.

The Plan was also discussed personally by the Director or bythe Chief of Field Services of the Center with the interested officialsconcerned during visits to Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti,Jamaica, and Trinidad, and the Chief of Field Services discussedit with representatives of many of the other countries and islandsof the Caribbean during the Third Meeting of the British CaribbeanVeterinary Association.

As a result of these discussions a revised text of the Plan wasprepared, printed in Spanish, English and French, and distributed teAntigua, Bahamas, Barbados, British Guiana, British Honduras, Ca-nada, Curaqao, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic,El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala,Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Surinam, Trinidad,United States of America, Virgin Islands, the West Indies Feder-ation, the headquarters of OIRSA, and the Zone Offices of the PanAmerican Sanitary Bureau.

Colombia and Venezuela - As a follow-up of the investigationsof the foot-and-mouth disease situation in Colombia and Venezuelamade by the Center during 1957 in colaboration with the officialsof the Ministry of Agriculture of both countries, a plan was pre-sented, early in 1958, for a joint program for the two countriesalong their frontier areas. This plan included a review of theexisting situation in the border areas with detailed recommen-dations for collaborative action.

(Colombia and Panama - Since the appearance of foot-and--mouth disease in Colombia in 1950, Panama, as the nearest of theneighboring countries free of the disease, has feared a spread of theinfection across the frontier. The absence of roads in this area andthe mountainous and wooded terrain of the country have provedan effective barrier. The planned extension of the Pan AmericanHighway southward through Darien to Colombia will, however,provide an easy means of transport between the two countries.

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The assistance of the Center was requested in preparing asuitable collaborative program for Colombia and Panama with theobjective of preventing any spread of foot-and-mouth disease frorraffected areas to clean areas.

The progress made by the end of the year, made it possible toplan for a meeting between Colombia and her neighbors Panama,Venezuela and Ecuador at which the problems common to the fourcountries would be discussed at a technical level. (This meetingtook place in Bogota, Colombia, in April 1959; an account of themeeting will be given in the Report of the Center for 1959.)

Ecuador - Foot-and-mouth disease occurred in the Littoral ofEcuador in 1956 and early 1957. Because of the occurrence of oc-casional outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in this same area, it wasessential that a thorough investigation be made of all outbreaks ofvesicular disease, if a decision was to be taken as to whether Ecua-dor was once more free of foot-and-mouth disease.

A plan for such an investigation was submitted by the Centerto Ecuador early in 1958, and during visits to the country by theChief of Field Services of the Center, this plan was discussedwith the officials of the Department of Livestock Production andalso with the officials of the International Cooperation Adminis-tration Mission (ICA) in Ecuador. On the basis of the plan providedby the Center, an agreement was reached between Ecuador and ICAfor the latter to provide material assistance in conducting the in-vestigation of this disease.

Bolivia - Although the Ministry of Agriculture of Bolivia, in1958, had no laboratory facilities for working with foot-and-mouthdisease, an Institute for this purpose was under construction at thattime. The Center's assistance was sought with regard to theequipment necessary for the work of virus typing and vaccineproduction, and also for the training of veterinarians to be appointedto the senior posts in the Institute. The Chief of Laboratories ofthe Center visited La Paz, Bolivia, to advise on the services andequipment necessary for the initiation of work in the Institute and,as noted under "Training", two veterinarians from Bolivia spent sixmonths at the Center.

Report on the Incidence and Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease andOther Similar Animal Diseases in the Americas

The Field Services Section of the Center completed a surveyof the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease and the methods of con-trol in use in the various countries for the period October 1954 to

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September 1957. This survey was prepared from the travel re:.ports of staff members of the Center and also from informationsupplied by governments in answer to questionnaires distributedby the Center.

A new survey was initiated for the period October 1957 toSeptember 1958. Federal, state, and private laboratories in SouthAmerica were asked to supply lists of the field sarnples of virusthat they have received, giving place and date of collection and theresult of tests for type determination. By correlation of these datawith information about the main routes of livestock movement, it ishoped that more accurate knowledge will be obtained about thespread of foot-and-mouth disease.

Research

During 1958, as in previous years, the ernphasis of the researchprogram has been on the production of a better irnmunity in cattleby the use of vaccine. The encouraging results obtained at theCenter on the possibility of developing a modified live virus vaccinehave led to a continuation of this line of research, using the verylimited facilities available to the maximurr advantage.

Work has also continued with the culture of virus in tongueepithelium by the Frenkel method, and the work initiated in 1957on the use of tissue culture methods has been greatly expanded ini1958.

Diagnostic Procedures

Reference was made in the 1957 Annual Report to the use ofthe agar diffusion test in the determination of the immunologica]type of the viruses of foot-and-mouth disease and of vesicular stoma-ti.is. This test has applications in the laboratory investigationof certain characteristics of the viruses. It is unlikely, however, tohave any practicable application as a field test, which possibilitywas one important reason for including a study of it in the researchprogram.

Modified Live Virus Vaccines

One important feature of this work in 1958 was the preparationand submission for publication of two papers describing the resultsthat had been obtained to date.

The first paper was entitled "Studies on rabbit-adapted foot--and-mouth disease virus. I: Propagation and pathogenicity", byCunha, R. G., and Eichhorn, E . (American Journal of VeterinaryResearch, 20 (74): 133-137, 1959). A description was given of theadaptation of one strain of each of the O, A, and C types of the virus

21.

to the young rabbit by serial passage. This work was reportedup to the time that the 137th, the 40th and the 40th passages,respectively, had been reached.

Initially, i- to 2-day-old rabbits were used but, by graduallyincreasing the age of the rabbits used during the course of passagingthe virus, it was possible to infect 51-day-old rabbits with the O-typestrain from the 112th passage on. With this amount of passagingof the O-type strain, it was observed that there was a markedreduction in the pathogenicity for cattlie.

This work had been startedc originally in an attempt to de-termine whether infective rabbit tissue could be used as a source ofvirus for production of the Schmidt-Waldmann type of inactivatedvirus vaccine. The discovery that high serial passage was .accompa-nied by a loss of pathogenicity for catt]e suggested the even morevaluable application of the modified strain as a live virus vaccine.

The second paper was entitled "Studies on rabbit-adapted foot--and-mouth disease virus. II: Immunogenicity", by Cunha, R. G.,Torturella, I., and Serrao, U. M. (American Journal of VeterinaryResearch, 20 (74): 138-144, 1959). The paper described the results ofattempts to immunize cattle, using the rabbit-adapted virus forpreparation of inactivated virus vaccine and also as a modified livevirus vaccine.

Although the experiments on the use of infective rabbit tissuefor preparation of the Schmidt-Waldmann type of vaccine werenot extensive, the results did not indicate that the rabbit-passagedvirus would be likely to be of any value in this connection.

Type-O virus of the 111th serial passage in rabbits was used incontrolled experiments and in small-scale field trials as a modifiedlive virus vaccine. The virus of this passage retained a low degreeof pathogenicity for cattle. Seven of 17 inoculated intradermailyon the tongue, and 2 of 21 inoculated intracutaneously in controllecexperiments became clinically infected, as did 2 of 142 cattle in-oculated intracutaneously in field trials. The disease did not appearin cattle that had been in contact with the inoculated cattle.Seventy-nine per cent of the non-reactors in the controlled experi-ments resisted challenge with bovine virus three weeks after vacci-nation. In the field trials, a high antibody titer was produced inone third of the cattle susceptible initially which persisted at alevel adequate for protection throughout a six months' period ofobservation. There was also an increase in antibody titer in thoseanimals in the field that were immune initially. These constitutedabout one third of the total vaccinated.

22

The hypothesis was presentecl that the production of imrnmunityto foot-and-mouth disease, following the use of a modified livevirus vaccine, was probably dependent on the establishment ofinfection with multiplication of the modified virus - multiplication,however, that is not necessarily cytopathogenic.

During 1958 the experimental work with the modification ofvirus strains was mostly with types A and C in order to obtainexamples of those types with as little pathogenicity for cattle asthe O-type strain.

The A-type strain passaged in rabbits was brought to a stageat which it was possible to infect rabbits 30 day-s old, but no oppor-tunity occurred to test the pathogenicity of this strain in cattle.

The C-type strain was also passaged more times, and by theyear's end it had reached a stage of modification when it wascapable of infecting rabbits 40 days old. This strain was also nowof low pathogenicity for cattle and a series of experiments wereperformed using virus of the 54th rabbit passage.

The percentage of animals protected following administratiorof this particular strain of virus by the intramuscular or intra-cutaneous routes was relatively low, but muc' better results wereobtained when it was inoculated intradermally into the tongue.

In addition to modification of the virus by passage :in rabbit;s,work was also done on passage in adult mice and in day-old chicks.The use of chicks was continuation of the investigation to whichreference was made in the 1957 Annual Report. At that time thiswork was done by one of the Center's long-term fellows, and itwas being continued in 1958 by Dr. Gamal El Din Zahran, the FAOAndré Meyer Fellow. Dr. Zahran had previously being doing thissame work on day-old chicks in Europe and he was thus able tobring the benefit of previous experience to the investigation andto its expansion to include the use of chick embryos.

Although steady and encouraging progress has been made inatternpting to develop a modified live virus vaccine, there are stilla number of questions that have to be investigated and to whiclha satisfactory answer must be found before such vaccines could beemployed on a practicable scale without very close supervision fromthe laboratory.

The newborn calf is susceptible to the pathogenic action ofmodified virus of foot-and-mouth disease in the same way as is theunweaned mouse or rabbit. It is necessary, therefore, to determineat what age the calf loses this susceptibility and thus can be vacci-nated with safety. It is also necessary to discover if pregnant cowscan be vaccinated without prejudice to the foetus.

23

The collection of infective tissue from day-old chicks is one part of ihework of the development of modified live virus vaccines in

foot-and,-moutli disease.

In most countries of South America it is necessary to protectcattle against three types of the virus. This is at present done bythe repeated application of trivalent inactivated virus vaccines. Noinformation is at present available on whether more than one strainof modified live virus can be inoculated simultaneously with sub-sequent development of immunity to each. The. work alreadypublished by the Center on "Experimental mixed infection of cattlewith foot-and-mouth disease viruses" (Cunha, R. G. et al.: Amer.J. vet. Res., 19 (70): 78-83, 1958) was done in this connection. Fromthe results obtained it would not be surprising if only one of two orthree modified strains, inoculated together, established an infectionsufficient for the stimulation of a high level of immunity.

24

The stability of the modification requires study and it mustalso be determined whether the modified strains will survive Iyo-philization.

The Center does not have adequate facilities for obtaininganswers to these questions sufficiently rapidly. Discussions havetherefore been initiated with other institutes, and there is a goodprospect that during 1959 a number of investigations will be startedelsewhere in the form of collaborative experinients.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Cultures

The Frenkel technique of virus culture, in which the virusmultiplies in the surviving cells of portions of cattle tongueepithelium, has been continued. A number of new strains were

A partial view of the incubation room of the tissue culture laboratory. T'hestudies on multiplication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell monolayercultures have been extended during the year and tile practice of the methods

used formed p.rt of the program of the Xth Training Course.

25

adapted to culture in order to augment the Center's collection of O;.A, and C type strains for supply to other laboratories wishing to.produce virus for vaccine preparation by this method.

In addition to adaptation to the Frenkel lmethod of culture,.inactivated virus vaccines were prepared from the culture viruses so,produced in order to determine whether the strains were of the re-quired standard of immunogenicity. Unfortunatelxy, owing to theshortage of cattle accommodation, it was not posslble to test the,potency of all these vaccines.

Tissue Cultures

The tissue culture work commenced in 1957 was continued il.1958 on a much larger scale. The production of monoiayers ofbovine or pig-kidney cells was made a routine matter, althoughconsiderable difficulty has continued to be experienced in obtaininga regular supply of kidneys in sufficiently good condition for thiswork.

The subjects studied for which these monolayer cultures havcbeen used have included the production of virus for the preparationof inactivated virus vaccines, the storage of cultures at various;temperatures in order to build up a stock of monolayers ready foruse at one time, the serial passage of cell lines in an attempt to over-come the difficulty of obtaining fresh kidneys, the comparison ofbovine and pig-kidney cells in titrations of the virus, and the studyof virus multiplication.

Demonstration of, and instruction in, these techniques was.given during the Tenth Training Course.

Visits to Other Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Institutes

In addition to institutes in South America working on foot-,-and-mouth disease problems visited during 1958 by staff members,of the Center, the Director, while on home leave in Europe, visitedthe State Veterinary Research Institute, Lindholm, Denmark; the.Research Institute (Animal Virus Diseases) and the World Refer-ence Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Pirbright, England;,and the State Veterinary Research Institute, Amsterdam, Holiand.

Papers Presented, 1958

(1) Plan de acción a seguir en caso de un brote de fiebre aftosa,by the Director, VI OIRSA Meeting, Managua, Nicaragua.

(2) The veterinary activities of the Pan American SanitaryBureau, by Dr. Peter R. Ellis, III Meeting British CaribbealnVeterinary Association, Port of Spain. Trinidad; (Vet. Record,.71: 237-239, 1959).

26

(3) Thle activities of the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Dis.ease Center by the Director, IV Inter-American Meeting ofLivestock Production, Kingston, Jamaica.

(4) Studies on rabbit-adapted foot-and-mouth disease virus.I: Propagation and pathogenicit*, by Drs. Raymundo G. Cunha andErvin A. Eichhorn; Amer. J. vet. Res., 20: 1.33-137, 1959).

(5) Studies on rabbit.adapted foot-and-mouth disease virus.II: Immunogenicity, by Drs. Raymundo G. Cunha, Ivo Torturellaand Ubiratan M. Serráo; (Amer. J. vet. Res., 20: 138-144, 1959).

Aftosa Technical Advisory Group

In 1958 the Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureauappointed an Aftosa Technical Advisory Group to advise him onmatters concerning foot-and-mouth disease in the Americas andon the program and activities of the Center. The niembers of thisgroup were: Dr. Karl F. Meyer, the George Williams HooperFoundation, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco;Dr. Ramón Rodríguez, Instituto Bacteriológico de Chile, Santiago;and Dr. Richard E. Shope, Rockefeller Institute, New- York. Thegroup spent approximately one week at the Center in November,1958, the individual members having paid brief visits to Argentina,Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

A report prepared subsequently by the group containec manyuseful suggestions and recommendations, one of which stated: "Weare of the opinion that the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseCenter is playing a vitally important role in the controi and eventualeradication of aftosa and earnestly urge, as our final recommen-dation, that its training, field consultation, and research effort becontinued at an increasingly high level of excellence."

IV. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The Center, believing that the control and eradication of foot--and-mouth disease must be organized on an intercountry basis, isworking with the aim of establishing international programs cfcollaboration.

Progress in this field is slow as, obviously, adequate nationalprograms must be organized before international ones are likelyto succeed. Examples of the Center's work, however, are the presen-tation of detailed proposals to Colombia and Venezuela for a jointprogram in the frontier region; support of intercountry collabo-ration to prevent the spread of foot-and-inouth disease from SouthAmerica into the countries north of the Colombia/Panama border;and presentation to the countries free of the disease of a detailed"Plan of Action" for the Center and these countries to follow inthe event of an outbreak.

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Member Governments

iThe relations between the Center and the Ministry of Agri-,culture officials of the member governinents have remainedexcellent as in previous years.

lnternational Agencies

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization -- Excellent.collaboration has continued with the Animal Health Consultants of:FAO. In July the Center was visited by Dr. K. V. L. Kesteven,Chief, Animal Production Branch; Dr. John Hancock, RegionalLivestock Adviser, Latin America; and by Dr. J. N. Ritchie, ChiefVeterinary Officer of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries andFood of Great Britain, who was visiting South America as a FAOConsultant on behalf of the European Commission for the Control,of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. This visit was prior to. the IV Inter--American Meeting of Livestock Production in Jamaica, which was.convened by FAO and at which the Center was represented by theDirector and the Chief of Field Services.

Office International des Epizooties - The Chief of FieldServices represented the Center and presented an account of theprogress being made on the development of a modified live virusvaccine, at the VII Conference to study problems relating toimmunization in foot-and-mouth disease.

The International Association of iicrobiological Societies -

The Director, in coniunction with home leave travel to Europe,attended the VII International Congress for Microbiology inStockholm.

International Cooperation Administration -- Contact wasmaintained with the officials of ICA in a number of countries, pa.-,ticularly, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador.

V. CONCLUSIONS

One of the most noteworthy events of the year was the.commencement of the construction of the new laboratory and oftwo cattle-isolation stables at the headquarters of the Center atSáo Bento, Rio de Janeiro. It is regrettable to have to record that,at the end of the year, the appearance of new difficulties was goingto delay the completion of this phase of the building prograni.

The other parts of the Center's work may be assessed asfollows:

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Training. In a number of cases the effort spent on traininghas been largely lost by failure of governments to provide the fa-cilities required by the trainee to put into practice the techniquesthat he has been taught. In such circumstances it is difficult to seewhat can be gained by the offer of more fellowships. The root ofthe problem is the restricted assistance given to agriculture in manynational budgets. The Center is studying possible ways in whichthe training program may be made more effective under thesecircumstances.

Laboratory Diagnosis. The inclusion in the Center's prograniof the examination of virus strains in connection with their sub-typeidentity is of great importance, as is the Center's role as coordinatorbetween the Latin American countries and the newly-created WorldReference Laboratory in England.

Advisory and Field Services. Very much more could be donein this respect, and there is an urgent need to increase the numberof field officers on the Center's staff.

Research. The absence of cattle isolation stables at the Centerhas continued to delay the rate of progress of the research progranl.Although it is hoped to start collaborative work with other insti-tutes, which will greatly assist in the development of a new vaccine,this will be no substitute for the cattle accommodation that is soessential for the full functioning of the research group.

APPENDIX 1

Personnel of the Professional Staff during 1958

Dr. Wm. MacGregor Henderson

Dr. Raymundo G. Cunha

Dr. Peter R. Ellis

Dr. Miguel A. Norambuena

Dr. Iris Abreu Martins

Dr. Karl E. Federer

Dr. Janos Ladislao Saile

Dr. Ivo Torturella

Dr. Ubiratan M. Serrao

Dr. Moyses Natan Honigman

Prof. Florindo Villa-Alvarez

(G. Brit.) Director

(Brazil) Chief of Laboratories

(G. Brit.) Chief of Field Services

(Chile) Senior Virologist

(Brazil) Virologist

(Germ.) Serologist

(Hung.) Assistant Serologist

(Brazil) Senior Veterinarian

(Brazil) Junior Veterinarian

(Brazil)

(Brazil>

Research Assistant

Administrative Officer

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APPENDIX 2

TENTH TRAINING COURSE

12 May - 20 June 1958

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Program of Work

First week:

;May 12

Opening ceremony; tour of Center; issuance of equipment;administrative matters.Introduction to vesicular diseases and their control.

VMay 13

Status of vesicular diseases throughout the world.Breeding and care of laboratory animals.

May 14

Status of vesicular diseases in the Americas.Collection of field samples; virus isolation; inoculation of labo-ratory animals.

-May 15

Recent advances in virology, with special reference to the ve-sicular diseases.Quantitative methods in the study of viruses. Examinationof laboratory animals, collection of material.

-May 16

Introduction to the study of immunity and to serologicalmethods, their application in diagnosis.Examination of laboratory animals.Titration of virus.

Second week:

-May 19

Introduction to the complement-fixation test for the determi-nationof virus types.Preparation of antisera, complement and haemolysin.Preparation of the haemoltic system.

30

May 20

Preparation of antigen of various origins.Use of the spectrophotometer.Titration of complement.

May 21

Titration of antigen and antiserum.The complement-fixation test.

May 22

The complement-fixation test.

May 23

The complement-fixation test.The detection of virus sub-types.

Third week:

May 26

Introduction to tissue culture.Introduction to diffusion in agar gels.Type determination and titration ofdiffusion test.

May 27

Culture of bovine and guinea-pig kidney cells.Reading of agar diffusion tests.

May 28

Examination of tissue cultures.Reading of agar diffusion tests.

May 29

sera using the agar

Repetition of tissue cultures.Concentration of antigens for agar difusion tests.

May 30

Repetition of tissue cultures.Tissue culture solutions and media.The application of tissue cu:ture methods.'

31

Fourth week:

June 2

The Frenkel method of virus culture.Collection of normal tongue epithelium.The preparation and titration of seed virus.The starting of the virus culture.

June 3

The collection of culture virus and its titration.The applications of the Frenkel method.

June 4

Repetition of work with the Frenkel method.

June 5

Serum protection and serum neutralization tests for thedetection and titration of antibody.The serum protection test in unweaned mice.

June 6

The serum neutralization test in unweaned mice and in-tissueculture.Discussion of results obtained with the different t;echniques.

Fifth week:

June 9

Vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease.Titration of the virus in cattle.

June 10

The preparation of the Schmidt-Waldmann type of vaccine..Examination of cattle used for virus titration.

June 11

Tests of the inocuity and of the potency of vaccines.Examination of cattle used for virus titration.

June 12

Modified'live virus vaccines.The possibility of the development of a modified live virusvaccine in foot-and-mouth disease.

June 13

The inoculation of embryonated eggs, day-old chicks ancdrabbits.

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Sixth week:

June 16

Review.Visit to the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz of the Ministry of Ilealth.

June 17

Review.Visit to the Instituto de Biologia Animal of the Ministry cfAgriculture.

June 18

Review.

June 19

Review.

June 20

General Discussion.Closing ceremony in the Ministry of Agriculture in the presenceof the Minister and of representatives from the Embassies inRio de Janeiro of the participating countries.

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APPENDIX 3

TENTH TRAINING COURSE

12 May - 20 June 1958

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

(Names and addresses of participants)

ARGENTINA

Dr. Carlos Hugo CaggianoInstituto Nacional de la FiebreAftosaBuenlos Aires

BRAZIL

Dr. Adálvio Fernandez Amo-rimDivisáo de Defesa SanitáriaAnimalFortaleza, Ceará

Dr. Carlos de Moraes AndradeInstituto de Biologia AnimalDivisao de Defesa SanitáriaAnimalRecife, Pernambuco

Dr. Moacyr Rossi NilssonInstituto de Biologia AnimalKm 47, Rio de Janeiro

Dr. Carlos de Mello Betten-court Filho(attended Course at start oflong-term fellowship)Instituto de Biologia AnimalKma 47, Rio de Janeiro

COLOMBIA

Dr. Lilly Plazas de StillichInstituto Zooprofiláctico Co-lombianoBogotá

PARAGUAY

Dr. Pedro Tomás Romero OrtízDirección de GanaderíaMinisterio de AgriculturaAsunción

URUGUAY

Dr. Antonio Mario GranielloLaboratorio de Biología Ani-malDirección de GanaderíaMinisterio de GanaderíaAgriculturaMontevideo

y

VENEZUELA

Dr. Jesús Castañeda GarcíaDivisión de InvestigacionesVeterinariasMinisterio de Agricultura yCríaMaracay

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APPENDIX 4

ELEVENTH TRAINING COURSE

10 - 22 Noveinber 1958

San José - Costa Rica

Program of Work

First week:

November 10

Opening ceremony, Ministry of Agriculture.Introduction to foot-and-mouth disease, clinical characteristics,,epizootiology, pathology, virology and immunology.Dangers and economic consequences of foot-and-mouth disease.The necessity for preventive measures.

November 11

Visit to the seaport of Puntarenas for demonstrations of"inspection procedures.

November 12

The control of imports, legislation and inspection.Education of the public.Introduction to vesicular stomatitis and vesicular exanthema.

November 13

Introduction to rinderpest.Reports by the participants of the conditions, legislation, veter--inary services, etc. in their own countries.

November 14

Reports by participants (continued).Visit to the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,.Turrialba.

November 15

The world status of the vesicular diseases.

Second week:

November 17

The control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease.The "Plan of Action" in the event of an outbreak.The organization and administration of a program of eradi-cation.

35

_November 18

The investigation of an outbreak of vesicular disease.Methods of quarantine and the application of the slaughterpolicy.Disinfectants and disinfection.

lNovember 19

Field Exercise, actions to be taken in a suspected outbreak offoot-and-mouth disease in a dairying area.

November 20

Field exercise, actions to be taken in a suspected outbreak offoot-and-mouth disease in a ranching area.

November 21

Critical examination of the actions proposed by the participantsin the above exercises.Review and general discussion.

INovember 22

Closing ceremony, Ministry of Agriculture.

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APPENDIX 5

ELEVENTH TRAINING COURSE

10 - 22 Novemlber 1958

San José - Costa Rica

(Names and addresses of participants)

CUBA GUATEMALA

Dr. José EstradaDirección de 'VeterinariaMinisterio de AgriculturaHabana

COSTA RICA

Dr. Roger Briceño CastilloDirección de Agricultura v Ga-naderíaMinisterio de Agricultura e In-dustriaSan José

Dr. Jayme Dei Valle LeandroDirección de Agricultura y Ga-naderiaMinisterio de Agricultura e In-dustriaSan Jose

EL SALVADOR

Dr. Carlos Elvidio AyalaDepartamento de Sanidad Ani-malMinisterio de Agricultara yGanaderíaSan Salvador

Dr. Eladio ChaverriLaboratorio de Patología Ani-malMinisterio de AgriculturaGanaderíaSan Salvador

y

Dr. José Francisco Marín DíasLaboratorio de Sanidad Ani-malMinisterio de AgriculturaGuatemala

Dr. Juan de Dios Moscoso Na-jarroDirección de GanaderíaMinisterio de AgriculturaGuatemala

NICARAGUA

Dr. Angel Mallona RamírezDirección de GanaderíaMinisterio de Agricultura yGanaderíaManagua

Dr. Juan Lorenzo Eguarás Al-daveLaboratorio de VeterinariaMinisterio de Agricultura yGanaderíaManagua

HAITI

Dr. E!ysée EustacheSection de Médecine Vétéri-naire et BacteriologieDépartement de l'Agriculture,.des Ressources Naturelles etdu Développement RuralDamien

HONDURAS

Dr. Francisco Madrid TáboraDepartamento de Sanidad Ani-malMinisterio de Recursos Natu-ralesTegucigalpa

Dr. Héctor Oswaldo ChacónDepartamento de Sanidad Ani-malMinisterio de Recursos Nalu-ralesTegucigalpa

PANAMA

IDr. Hatuey Castro BaronaDepartamento de Sanidad Ani--malMinisterio de Agricultura, Co-mercio e IndustriasPanama

Dr. Otto Samuel AlvarezDepartamento de Sanidad Ani-malMinisterio de Agricultura, Co-Panamamercio e Industrias

The following attended asobservers:

Dr. Rafael La CasaChief, Antiaftosa Departmentof OIRSAPanama

Lt. Colonel Arthur HoggeUnited States of AmericaVeterinaryAdviser to the G(overmnent ofPanamaPanama

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APPENDIX 6

Long-term fellows

October 1957 - September 1958

Dr. Julio Monteagudo Salas, PASB/OAS FellowshipInstituto Nacional AntiaftosaMinisterio de AgriculturaLima, Peru

May 1958

Dr. Carlos de Mello Bettencourt Filho, PASB/'OAS FellowshipInstituto de Biologia AnimalMinistério da AgriculturaKm 47, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

July 1958 - December 1958

Dr. Carmelo Caballero Contreras (*)Dirección de GanaderíaMinisterio de Agricultura, Ganadería y ColonizaciónLa Paz, Bolivia

July 1958 - December 1958

Dr. Mario Zambrana Barbery (*)Dirección de GanaderíaMinisterio de Agricultura, Ganadería y ColonizaciónLa Paz, Bolivia

November 1958

Dr. Gamal El Din Zahran, FAO André Meyer FellowshipVeterinary Research LaboratoriesMinistry of AgricultureDokki, Cairo, Egypt

December 1958

Dr. Sergio Coube Bogado (*)Laboratório de Fabricacáo de Produtos VeterináriosDepartamento de Produçáo AnimalMinistério da AgriculturaCastro, Paraná, Brazil

(*) Travel and stipend provided at country's expense.

39