James H. SpencerUrban and Regional Planning, Political Science

Globalization Research CenterUniversity of Hawai’i at Manoa

(808) 956-8835jhs@hawaii.edu

Advancing Leadership through Research: Using Secondary Data for Understanding Avian Influenza (H5N1)

Attempting to Understand the Emergence of Avian Influenza in Viet Nam: urbanization, agricultural intensification, habitat

alteration

EWC/EWCA 50th Anniversary International ConferenceHawaii Convention Center, Room 317B

Honolulu, Hawai’iJuly 5, 2010

An Empirical Spatial Data Research Agenda for Understanding Risk

• East West Center (Honolulu, HI)

• University of Hawai’i Department of Urban and Regional Planning (DURP) and Globalization Research Center (GRC)

• University of Hawai’i John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM)

SOURCE:

Kapan, Durrell D., Shannon N. Bennett, Brett Ellis, Jefferson Fox, Nancy D. Lewis, James H. Spencer, Sumeet Saksena, and Bruce A. Wilcox. 2006. “Avian Influenza (H5N1) and the Evolutionary and Social Ecology of Infectious Disease Emergence,” in EcoHealth 3( 3).

SOURCE:

Kapan, Durrell D., Shannon N. Bennett, Brett Ellis, Jefferson Fox, Nancy D. Lewis, James H. Spencer, Sumeet Saksena, and Bruce A. Wilcox. 2006. “Avian Influenza (H5N1) and the Evolutionary and Social Ecology of Infectious Disease Emergence,” in EcoHealth 3( 3).

H5N1 Risk as a Socio-Ecological “mixing bowl”

• Scientific concerns about Avian Influenza– Reassortment (ducks, chickens, pigs, humans)– Contact between wild-birds, domesticated flocks, and

humans

• Spatial Analysis– These “points of contact” occur in socio-ecologically

diverse localities– This calls for improved understanding of those

localities and an integrated medical, social, and ecological research capacity for studying them.

FAO Data: Provinces with HPAI in poultryProvinces reporting avian influenza outbreaks in poultry 12/2004 - 1/2005

FAO Data: Provinces with HPAI in humansProvinces reporting avian influenza outbreaks in humans 12/2004 - 1/2005

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Spatial analyses of risk:

1) Useful Efforts to Generalize about landscape-level risk factors at the provincial level:

E.g. Dodson, David. 2007. White Paper: Forecasting Local Outbreaks of Avian Flu in Humans. U.S. Department of State Humanitarian Information Unit, June 28.

2) Need for more refined spatial resolution such as those done for predicting spread.

Empirical Evidence and the Ecosystem Approach to Research and Control of EID:

Secondary Data Integration and Testing New Hypotheses on H5N1

• Landscape Level factors (our current focus):– H1: Disease Emergence = f(urbanization, agricultural

intensification, habitat alteration)

• Natural Community Level factors:– H2: Disease Emergence = f(opportunistic habitat expansion,

feral reservoir, vector reservoir, transport of species, domestication of species)

• “Population” Level factors: – H3: Disease Emergence = f(host-switching, breaching

pathogen persistence levels, transmission amplification, genetic exchange)

Dependent Variables: Internet-accessible data for assessing risk factors of H5N1 outbreaks

-- Declan Butler, Staff Writer, Nature

Independent Variables:Landscape Estimates of Urbanization, Habitat

Alteration/Agricultural Intensification

• Viet Nam Census, 1999: Urbanization– Population density: % households over national mean density; official urban

designation; town district or above.– Infrastructure: % of water use types, sanitation types, house construction

material types; divergence indices. – Socio-economic: Literacy, poverty, education– Demographic: Age structure, ethnicity.

• Viet Nam Land Cover Fragmentation Statistics (FragStats), 2001: Habitat Alteration/Agricultural Intensification– Intensive agricultural uses: Cropland class percentage– Conversion from natural vegetation to agricultural use: Mixed cropland and

natural vegetation class percentage– Interface (exposure) of natural and intensive-human use land: patch,

connectedness, and edge estimates of cropland and mixed land classes.

Vietnam District GIS Layer Obtained

• based on 1999 Census• 611 admin units delineated• with unique district codes• with district and province names• used as master district ID list• IDs link AI, Census, & LC datasets

Provincial Analysis of Kuznets Relationship between Disease Outbreak and Urban Transition

ExploringLandscape Factors of H5N1 Outbreak Occurrence and Outbreak Intensity, 2004, 2005

• n = 611 districts with complete data

• Of the 96 tests on Urbanization/socio-economic/demographic factors and H5N1 outbreak intensity, 17 significant correlations (expected 5 by chance)

• Of the 30 tests on agricultural intensification/habitat alteration and H5N1 outbreak intensity, 5 significant correlations (expected 1.5 by chance)

HHBIG =proportion of households with 6 persons or more; HHDENSE1 = proportion of households with hh density of 8.39 sq meters (the overall mean density) or greater; W3 = Proportion with an “other clean water source” [note: W1 is piped; w2 is rain; W4 is any other source]; B1 =% HH with permanent materials; B2=% HH with semi-permanent materials; B4 =% HH with simple construction [note: B3 is wood frame or durable leaf roof construction]; TALT = Toilet Disparity index (alternative); BALT = Building Disparity index.

LITERATE = % of district population which “can read and write”; EDLEVEL8 =Proportion of district population which has completed education level 8; TV = % HH with TV; RADIO = % HH with Radio; MINORITY =% Total population non-Kinh; P04 = # of population between 0 and 4 years; P59 = # of pop between 5 an 9 years; P1024 = # of pop between 10 and 24 years; P2544 = # of pop between 25 and 44 years

PLAND – PERCENT LANDSCAPE; NP – NUMBER OF PATCHES; ED – EDGE DENSITY;LSI – LANDSCAPE SHAPE INDEX;PARA_MN – PERIMETER-AREA RATIO DISTRIBUTION;PARA_AM –area-weighted mean of PERIMETER-AREA RATIO DISTRIBUTION;SHAPE_MN – SHAPE INDEX;SHAPE_AM - area-weighted mean of SHAPE INDEX;FRAC_MN – FRACTAL INDEX DISTRIBUTION;FRAC_AM - area-weighted mean of FRACTAL INDEX DISTRIBUTION;ENN_MN – EUCLIDEAN NEAREST NEIGBOR DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION;ENN_AM - area-weighted mean of EUCLIDEAN NEAREST NEIGBOR DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION;IJI – INTERSPERSION AND JUXTOPASITION INDEX;MESH – EFFECTIVE MESH SIZE;COHESION – PATCH COHESION INDEX

PLAND – PERCENT LANDSCAPE; NP – NUMBER OF PATCHES; ED – EDGE DENSITY;LSI – LANDSCAPE SHAPE INDEX;PARA_MN – PERIMETER-AREA RATIO DISTRIBUTION;PARA_AM –area-weighted mean of PERIMETER-AREA RATIO DISTRIBUTION;SHAPE_MN – SHAPE INDEX;SHAPE_AM - area-weighted mean of SHAPE INDEX;FRAC_MN – FRACTAL INDEX DISTRIBUTION;FRAC_AM - area-weighted mean of FRACTAL INDEX DISTRIBUTION;ENN_MN – EUCLIDEAN NEAREST NEIGBOR DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION;ENN_AM - area-weighted mean of EUCLIDEAN NEAREST NEIGBOR DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION;IJI – INTERSPERSION AND JUXTOPASITION INDEX;MESH – EFFECTIVE MESH SIZE;COHESION – PATCH COHESION INDEX

Next Steps: Existing data

• Reconcile updated geography for poultry data (2005)– Preliminary analysis of 525 records suggests our

current controls are accurate

• Multivariate analyses: OLS, Logistic– Preliminary analysis suggests some of the results are

likely to hold.

• Collect same variables at commune level and replicate analysis

Alternative Secondary Data

• Many other secondary data sources exist at the commune and district level– Monthly human health statistics collected by

Community Health Workers.– Livestock statistics– Viet Nam Living Standards Survey– Others