James Madison

4th President 1809-1817

 

Physical Appearance

        Stood 5’4” and weighed 100lbs.

        Careful in his appearance and usually dressed in black

        Modest, soft spoken and shy

Other Images

Marriage         Married the

widow, Dolley Payne Todd

        He was 43 when met her

She was vivacious and made up for her husband’s social inadequacy.

American Statesman Acutely Intelligent Served in Continental

Congress “Father of the

Constitution”

Served 4 terms in House of Representatives

Introduced the “Bill of Rights”

Secretary of State under Jefferson

The Presidency of James Madison Defined by the War of 1812

“America’s 2nd War for Independence “The Forgotten War” Finally…”Mr. Madison’s War”

War of 1812

Causes Of War

Impressment (British locked in war with Napoleon and needed sailors)

British restraint on neutral trade

British support for Native attacks on the frontier

The War Hawks Newly elected

Congressman who pushed for war.

Many from the West Including Henry Clay

of Kentucky

War Hawks

John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

Felix Grundy of Tennessee

Readings Reasons to Go to

War Madison’s War

Message to Congress

War Should be Declared

Reasons NOT to Go to War

War! An Address to the

People of the Eastern United States

President asks for War

June 1, 1812 he asks for a “Declaration of War.”

The Votes are In. War! House votes 79 to 49 on June 4 Senate votes 19 to 13 on June 18 Not one Federalist in either house

votes for war! Irony: Britain repealed “Orders in Council”

which had prohibited trade with France. Word got to Madison too late!

The Federalist’s Role or Lack Thereof… Federalist’s ships were being harassed,

but they didn’t support war! The War Hawks didn’t suffer from

impressment, yet they cried for war! Federalist's Pro-British position and hatred

of anything Republican decided their vote They neither funded nor sent troops to the

effort

Fighting the WarThe war was conducted in four theatres of

operations: The Atlantic Ocean The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier The coast of the United States The Southern States

Famous People and Engagements

The USS Constitution defeats the British HMS Guerriere

The Constitution was nicknamed “Old Ironsides”

Oliver Hazard Perry Battle of Lake Erie "We have met the

enemy and they are ours."

1813 victory gave US control of the lake

Burning of Washington August 24, 1814 British wanted to hold

President’s House for ransom

No one was home so they burned it.

Gilbert Stuart Painting

Saved by Dolley Madison

Washington Burning

Library of Congress burned

Jefferson sold his library to Government to help replace the losses

$23,950 for his 6,487 books,

A hurricane and tornado hit the city

This helped to limit damage

Our National AnthemBaltimore Leaving Washington

British head for Baltimore

Repulsed Unable to take Ft.

McHenry Star Spangled Banner By Francis Scott Key

Battle for Baltimore

Battle of Lake Champlain

Lake Champlain The American victory

at the Battle of Lake Champlain was a significant turning point in the War of 1812.

Despite superior enemy firepower, an American naval force was able to defeat a British squadron in September 1814 at Plattsburgh Bay in Lake Champlain.

Battle of New Orleans Occurred 2 weeks

after the war was over British took 2000

casualties to Americans 100

Made Andrew Jackson a national hero and rides it to the Presidency

Jackson’s force was composed of

US Army Troops Militia Pirates Free Blacks Native Americans

Image of the Battle

Treaty of Ghent Signed on Christmas

Eve 1814 and marked the end of the war.

Didn’t settle the issue of impressment

Neither side lost or gained territory

Result was status quo

Results of the War No clear cut victor Earned America Respect. In the future

Europe would negotiate rather than go to war

In the Ohio Valley hostile Indian Tribes were defeated

More of a victory over Native Americans

Results Politically Marked the end of Federalist influence A sense and spirit of Nationalism and pride

prevailed Ushered in the “Era of Good Feeling” 1820 Monroe would run unopposed

Long Term Results America became enamored with military

glory and heroes. 5 veterans of the war would become

President Psychologically it prepared the nation to

use power. Turned Republican Policies on its ear.

The Hartford Convention The War deeply

divided the nation The Federalist Party,

centered in New England ridiculed “Mr. Madison’s War”

Delegates from the region met in Hartford in December of 1814

Some talked of secession and a separate peace with England

3 commissioners were set to Washington with grievances

But the issue of nullification reared it’s ugly head again.

Internal Struggles Native American

Resistance Thought they were

loosing way of life Oft aided by British

who supplied them with guns

Tecumseh didn’t want more landed negotiated away

Tecumseh Leader of the Native

American Resistance Bother, The Prophet

was a shaman, centered in Prophetstown

Tecumseh Stressed strength

in Unity Stressed “Red People”

1st then tribes See his speech: Sleep

not Longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws

Summarize his argument. Composition Book

Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry

Harrison Governor and military

commander of Indian Territory

Harrison disturbed by organizing Genius of the brothers.

Given regular troops to be used only for defense

Harrison marched his troops to Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River

A Fabricated “Defensive” Counteroffensive Camped near the town on November

7, 1811 Left camp without early morning

sentries, despite knowing this is when Indians typically attacked.

They did, inflicted and took heavy casualties

Tippecanoe Unchallenged Harrison attacks

Prophetstown Tecumseh and the

Prophet not present Harrison rushed

reports to Washington calling it a victory

Reports later contradict his account

Secretary of War, Eustis thought it mad for troop moral to investigate

Madison distrusts Harrison who rides his legend to the White House

The Prophet

Images