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Feasibility Study of Reusing Glass
AggregateFrom Crushed Cathode-Ray Tubes
In Concrete Structures
Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-20091
College of Engineering
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Env. Engineering
Jacqueline P. James, Ph.D., P.E.
Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D., P. Eng.
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Background
Proposal: To study the feasibility to reuse CRTs as fine
aggregates &/or cement replacements in concrete.
Premisse: concrete encapsulates CRT metals &
reduces leachability to below regulatory limits @ POC Benefits to the construction industry, to waste
disposers &, most importantly, the environment:
Less hazardous wastes
going to landfills
Reduced use of raw materials
for construction
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Metals in CRTs
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Research Hypothesis
CRT-Concrete, monolithic & crushed,can immobilize CRT contaminants toreduce their short & long termconcentration at POC to acceptablelevels.
Under worst-case conditions,technically & economically viablemeasures can be adopted to mitigatethe impact of contaminants at POC.
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Previous Work: Concrete Metal Encapsulation
Cover two opposite scenarios:
TCLP & similar methods conclude:
Concrete alone cannot encapsulate CRT metals
Biopolymers improve bonding & reduce leaching to below
regulatory limits
Tank methods conclude:
Monolithic concrete encapsulates CRT metals
But we dont want to transfer the problem to future generations
Critical issues: Represent realistic concrete life-cycleutilization scenarios
Dual relationship: CRT-leaching & concrete durability
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Life-Cycle Exposure/Utilization Scenarios
Production &
ManufacturingService life Disposal
Water
Cement / CRT powder
Additives
Raw aggregates
CRT fine aggregatesRecycled
CRT-concrete aggregates
Mix/ Cast in Place/ Prefab.
Seawall
Pipe / container
Foundation
Pavement: previous/impervious
Faade
Building structure
Loads/ cracking/ erosion/ abrasion/ corrosion
High
LowStockpiling, handling,
cylinder testing, curing,
concrete waste
Crush
Crush / reuse (
10% concrete aggregate)
C&D landfill
Exposure
Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-2009
Structure demolition(46%)
Road work
(32%)
Road base / sub-base: 70%
compactedFill: 10%
backfill, enbankment fill,
drainage, flowable fill, etc.
Crush / reuse
( 80%)
EoL
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The Most Likely Scenario
By weight, concrete makes the largest portion ofthe solid waste stream. However, the single most
recycled material in the world is asphalt
The physical properties of coarse aggregatesmade from crushed demolition concrete make it
the preferred material for applications such as
road base and sub-base. This is because recycled
aggregates often have better compactionproperties and require less cement for sub-base
uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to
obtain than virgin material.
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Research Methodology
Determination of required
properties of concrete
Determination of
materials management& utilization scenarios
Selection of leaching
tests
Determination of relevant
variables to test
Analysis, feasible?
Within regulatory limitsConcrete structural
testing, adequate?
Viable mitigation
measures?No
Phase II
Yes Yes
Need further testing? Yes
CRT metals availability
testing (reference 1)Concrete mix design Sampling
pH
Percolation
Diffussion
CRT-concrete metals
availability testing
(reference 2)
Testing
Benchmark Tests (SPLP)
Testing stage I
Testing stage II
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Environment
Material
LoadsProperties
Deterioration
Solid WasteCrushed material
C&D waste
Waste properties
Soilgroundwatersurface waterdrinking water
Contaminant:
concentration
AttenuationDilution
Materials Management & Utilization
Release
Performance-based Approach
Contaminant:
Maximum Potential
release?
Concentration-based
Approach
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Release flux &
Long-term
cumulative release?
Performance-based
Approach
Extrapolate
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Sampling & Testing
Supplementary Tests
Benchmark leaching compliance
CRT-glass composition / leaching
Concrete structural properties
ASR
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Leaching Characterization
Tests
pH dependence
Percolation tests
Diffusion short tests
Diffusion long tests
Sampling Measure intrinsic leaching parameters for the material.
From previous work, select the most likely material parameters that
affect leaching within the specified structural limits.
Select extrinsic parameters for release that simluate environmental
conditions found in the field (e.g. landfill).
Determine a representative number of samples for analysis.
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Short-term Research ObjectivesPhase I
1. Characterize the dominant leachingmechanisms of contaminants from CRT-
concrete under critical life-cycle utilization
scenarios. To determine:
a) Release amountsb) How contaminants reach a certain POC
c) Peak concentrations at POC
2. Verify if the concentrations at POC are withinregulatory limits.
3. Verify that CRT aggregates are not detrimental
to the performance of concrete
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Long-Term Research ObjectivesPhase II
4. Develop & Validate a model of the leachingbehavior: release & transport of contaminantsto the POC
5. Establish a relationship between thelaboratory testing results & the actual release& concentration of the contaminant in theenvironment.
6. Develop a correlation betweencharacterization leaching results &
compliance & field verification test results.7. Establish risk-management protocols with
material/waste management scenarios, &impact mitigation measures for CRT-concrete.
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Analysis
Lead leaching characterization analyses compared to the un-immobilized Pb leaching from CRT glass, as a function of: Time (time-dependent): initial wash-off, short term, and long-term
leaching.
The intrinsic properties of the CRT-concrete mix.
The lifecycle exposure scenarios that simulate diffusion, percolation,
and environment pH variabilty. Regulatory analysis
The analysis should determine the maximum CRT proportion in a mixto comply with the maximum allowable release rates, and themaximum allowable concentrations at specified points of compliance.
Characteristic CRT-concrete properties Evaluate the properties of CRT-concrete in terms of structuralperformance (strength, strain), workabilty, and durability (i.e.expansion and cracking due to ARS), and compare these to theconcrete mix designs.
Environmental life-cycle cost analysis
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Deliverables
A feasibility study will be produced addressingthe objectives and scope of the proposal under
the conditions described in the methodology.
Mitigation measures will need to be proposed to
minimize risks
The study will also include guidelines for
further testing & research.
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Further Work
If the outcome is positive, as expected from the previous
work:
Mathematical modeling of the leaching behavior will be proposed
to relate lab. tests data to actual field conditions & better predict
the leaching process to POC.
Further testing to validate the leaching models will be conducted.
If the outcome is not positive for some exposure scenarios:
Further modeling & testing will be required with mitigation
strategies.
CRT-product identification & other materials management
strategies will be studied along with maintenance & monitoring
plans.
Correlations with compliance & on-site verification methods willneed to be developed.Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-2009
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Acknowledgement
TECHNICAL AWARENESS GROUP
Name:James D. Englehardt, Ph.D., P.E. , University of Miami
Research/Specialty:Water Quality Engineering Laboratory, Investigation of options forleachate and wastewater management
Name:David S. Kosson, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Research/Specialty:Contaminant Behavior in Soils, Sediments, Wastes and AquaticSystems, Applications for Contaminated Site Restoration, Beneficial use of by-productMaterials, and Environmental Policy.
Name:Fabian Montenegro, Department of Transportation
Research/Specialty:Roadway Construction
Name:Helena Solo-Gabriele, Ph.D., P.E., University of Miami
Research/Specialty:Environmental measurements: 1) microbes in water, 2) water flowswithin the Everglades watershed, and 3) metals in pressure treated wood.
Name:Ronald Zollo, Ph.D., P.E., University of Miami /Engineering Analytics
Research/Specialty:Construction, Construction Materials Development, MaterialsTesting, Structural Design and Analysis, Building Code and Standards Development.
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Bibliography
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[2] Dillon, Patricia S. (1998). Potential Markets for CRTs and Plastics from Electronics Demanufacturing: An Initial Scoping Report, Chelsea
Center for Recycling and Economic Development Technical Research Program.
[3] Caudill, R. J., Thomas M.V., Kirchoff, B, Kliokis, J., Johnathon, L. (2005). Lifecycle Analysis of CRTs,http://www.njit.edu/old/merc/research/reports/lca_CRT.html. Accessed: January 31, 2005.
[4] Kim, D., Quinlan, M., Yen, T.F. (2008). Encapsulation of Lead from Harzardous CRT Glass using Biopolymer Crossed-Linked Concrete
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[5] E-Waste Tsunami in News Briefs (2004). Environmental Science and Techn., 38 (7), 125A
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[7] Morrison C. (2004). Reuse of CRT Glass as Aggregate in Concrete, Glass Waste, ed. Mukesh C. Limbachiya, Jhon J. Roberts. ThomasTelford Publishing, Kingston. pp. 91-98.
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[17] van Zomeren A. (2009). Personal communication, April 13, 2009.Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-2009
http://www.njit.edu/old/merc/research/reports/lca_CRT.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.njit.edu/old/merc/research/reports/lca_CRT.html