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James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

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1. What is happening in this picture? 2. What makes the water so brown? . James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge. Belle Isle is on the right, November 1985. . http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/interactive/examples/flood.html. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee b Belle Isle is on the right, November 1985. 1. What is happening in this picture? 2. What makes the water so brown? serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/interactive/examples/flood.html
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Page 1: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.Belle Isle is on the right, November 1985.

1. What is happening in this picture?

2. What makes the water so brown?

http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/interactive/examples/flood.html

Page 2: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

James River in Richmond, Virginia. The Robert E. Lee bridge and the bridge in the previous photo are in the background.

3. Estimate the height of the river during the flood shown in the previous image.4. How could we obtain or estimate past flooding? 5. How can we predict the future flood potential?

http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/interactive/examples/flood.html

Page 3: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Potholes along the James River at Belle Isle, the same location as previous images.

6. Describe the shape of the bedrock river channel. 7. How were those holes formed?

http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/interactive/examples/flood.html

Page 4: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://www.usgs.gov/hazards/images/maps/flood_hires.jpg

Presidential disaster declarations related to flooding in the United States, shown by county, between June 1, 1965, and June 1, 2003

Green: 1 declaration Yellow: 2 declarations Orange: 3 declarations Red: ≥4 declarations

Map not to scale. Sources: FEMA, Michael Baker Jr., Inc., the National Atlas, and the USGS

Floods are common and costly natural disasters

Page 5: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/fact-sheets/fs.024-00.html

Hurricane Katrina- largely from flood [rain and storm surge] damage$105 Billion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina

Floods are common and costly natural disasters

Page 6: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Drainage Basin

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/390600_dyn.jpg

http://www.lpb.org/education/tah/Workshop111905_files/slide0034_image009.jpg

Page 7: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Flood plains normally are dry

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/OFR93-641/ http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/uwsp_lectures/lecture_fluvial_processes.html

Meandering river carve out the flood plain

http://www.uwm.edu/Course/geosci697/rivers-deltas/

Page 8: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Map of real-time streamflow compared to historical streamflow for the day of the year

http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/index.php?map_type=real&state=nj

Page 9: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Q = A X V

Stream Discharge (Q)Hydrograph

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/uwsp_lectures/lecture_fluvial_processes.html

Lag time

Page 10: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Weather patterns can determine when floods occur

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/OFR93-641/

Page 11: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

steep topography + intense rain = short lag time = “Upstream” (flash flood) flood

7.5 inches of rain in 70 minutes flood water velocity of 23 ft/secThe Big Thompson Canyon flood killed 145 people, destroyed 418 houses and damaged another 138, destroyed 152 businesses and caused more than $40 million in damages.

August 1, 1976

http://www.super70s.com/Super70s/Tech/Nature/Disasters/Floods/76July31-Big_Thompson.asp

Page 12: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.
Page 13: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Streamflow in Mercer Creek, an urban stream in western Washington, increases more quickly, reaches a higher peak discharge, and has a larger volume during a one-day storm on February 1, 2000, than streamflow in Newaukum Creek, a nearby rural stream. Streamflow during the following week, however, was greater in Newaukum Creek.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/

Affect of Urbanization on Flooding

What is it about urbanization that is problematic?

http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/bight/chap9.html

Page 14: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.
Page 15: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

What parameters influence flooding?

•Weather patterns – precipitation, snow melt

•Topography (steep or flat)

•Properties of the soil (porous and permeable)

•Land use (impervious covers, channalization)

All come down to: surface runoff >> infiltration increase flood potential

Page 16: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Flood Fequency Curve for Raging River at Wetsfield

100

1000

10000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Recurrence Interval (yrs)

Disc

harg

e (c

fs)

Page 17: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/floods.html

The extrapolations of recurrence intervals are used to forecast the future probability of a flood of a given discharge.

The probability (P) of an flood with recurrence interval T is P = 1/T

“The 100 year flood”A flood discharge that has a 100-year recurrence interval has a 1% chance of occurring or being exceeded in a given year.

Very large floods happen very seldom

Flood Frequency Diagram

Page 18: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/Dis_Svy/RedR_Apr97/graphics/Fig2.gif

The stage of such a flood can be back-calculated using the rating curve for the river. Once the stage is known, a topographic map can be consulted to examine inundation

Page 19: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.
Page 20: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Wetlands (veg.) can reduce floods Retention ponds can reduce floods

http://www.dnr.wa.gov/htdocs/lm/field_guides/recognizing/functions.html

Page 21: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Zoning restrictions limit flood damage

Dams and levees can reduce the risk of floods

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/OFR93-641/

Floodwalls along Willow Creek in Rosemont, Illinois. Source: Kevin D. Richards, U.S. Geological Survey.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/

Page 22: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://www.macchuck.com/KATRINA/GALLERIES/info/ElevationMap.html

Page 23: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

A map from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers sets out areas of flooding in New Orleans following Katrina, Sept. 2.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4826934

Page 24: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

Levees (and channalization) can constrict a river, increasing flow velocities and causing flooding upstream and downstream

http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/Publications/BeyondFloodControl/no6.html

Page 25: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/Publications/BeyondFloodControl/no8.html

Page 26: James River in Richmond, Virginia looking upriver from the Robert E. Lee bridge.

http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/fact-sheets/fs.024-00.html


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