OCCURRENCE OF PCBs IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC.
BIODEGRADATION OF BIPHENYL AS A MODEL STUDY FOR BIODEGRADATION
OF ITS CHLORINATED DERIVATIVES.
Jan TřískaGlobal Change Research Centre
AS CR
České Budějovice
PRODUCTION OF PCBs
AROCLOR (MONSANTO,
USA, UK)
CLOPHEN (BAYER, FRG)
PYRALEN, PHENOCLOR
(PRODELAC, FRANCE)
FLIX (SPAIN)
SOVOL, SOVTOL (USSR)
FENCLOR (ITALY)
KANECLOR (JAPAN)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
DELOR 103 (AROCLOR 1242)
DELOR 104 (AROCLOR 1248)
DELOR 105 (AROCLOR 1254)
DELOR 106 (AROCLOR 1260)
HYDELOR
DELOTHERM
PRODUCTION OF PCBs
DISTRIBUTION OF PCBs
CAPACITORS 36%
PLASTICIZERS 27%
TRANSFORMERS 19%
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 10%
HEAT CARRIERS 6%
DIFFERENT USAGE 2%
(paint additives, additives for pesticides, polishing waxes,
carbon copy papers, printing inks and pastes, roofing felts,
motor oils etc.)
PRODUCTION IN THE CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CHEMKO STRÁŽSKE ( ca. 20 000 t)
MAIN CUSTOMERSBARVY A LAKY PRAHA (PAINTS)
VŘESOVÁ (MINING INDUSTRY)
ČKD PRAHA (TRANSFORMERS)
PETROCHEMA DUBOVÁ (HYDRAULIC FLUIDS)
ZEZ ŽAMBERK (CAPACITORS)
CHZJD BRATISLAVA (PESTICIDES)
ROAD BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION FIRMS
*
ESTIMATED LOSS ca. 4 000 t (20%)
!!! 30 mg/m2 !!!
THE SAMPLING SITES AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS
THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THELONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF POPs
IN MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEM
Holoubek I., Čáslavský J., Vančura R., Kočan A., Chovancová J., Petrík J., Drobná B., Cudlín P., Tříska J.: Project Tocoen: The fate of selected organic pollutants in the environment. Part XXIV. The contents of PCBs and PCDDs/Fs in high-mountain soils, Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 45, 189-197 (1994)
Blais J.M., Schindler D.W., Muir D.C.G., Kimpe L.E., Donald D.B., Rosenberg B.: Accumulation of persistent organic compounds in mountains of western Canada, Nature 395, 585-588 (1998)
STARTING POINTS OF THE PROJECT
• ca. 72% of the forests in the CR are damaged
• chemical factors could play an important role (long-range transport of POPs)
• spruce forests cover ca. 75% of the total surface of the CR
• impact of pollution to the spruce forest is higher
(leaf surface index and wax)
• ILE AS CR has permanent research plots in the
high mountain around the whole CR
BASIC DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH PLOTS
1
2
3 45 6 7
8
THE MAIN GOALS OF THE PROJECT
• DETERMINATION OF THE PATTERN OF OCCURRENCE AND THE UPTAKE WAYS OF POPs PHYTOTOXICALLY IMPORTANT FOR MONTANE SPRUCE POPULATION
• DETERMINATION OF IMPORTANT POPs IN THE NEEDLES AND HUMUS LAYER
• BIODEGRADATION OF LOW CHLORINATED PCBs BY BACTERIA AND/OR PLANTS
1
24
5
8
1
2 4 5
8
1
24 5
8
The contribution of PCBs and PCDDs/Fs to total TEQ
Contents of Cl-PEST and PCBs in the soil
BIODEGRADATION OF PCBsBIODEGRADATION OF PCBs
• AEROBICALLY AS A GROWTH AEROBICALLY AS A GROWTH SUBSTRATE SUBSTRATE ((bacterial, less chlorinated faster)bacterial, less chlorinated faster)
• AEROBICALLY BY COMETABOLISM AEROBICALLY BY COMETABOLISM ((bacteria or white-rot fungi „bacteria or white-rot fungi „Phanerochaete Phanerochaete
chrysosporium“chrysosporium“))• ANAEROBICALLY BY REDUCTIVE ANAEROBICALLY BY REDUCTIVE
DEHALOGENATION (DEHALOGENATION (unknown mechanism)unknown mechanism)
MAJOR METABOLIC SEQUENCE OF PCBs DEGRADATION BY AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS
Clx Clx
OHH
HOH( A ) ( B )
OH
OH ( C )O
OH
COOH
Clx Clx
COOH
Clx
( D )
UNUSUAL BIODEGRADATION PRODUCTS
D.AHMAD, M.SYLVESTRE, M.SONDOSSI, R.MASSÉ:Journal of General Microbiology (1991), 137, 1375-1385
UNUSUAL BIODEGRADATION PRODUCTS
G.KÖLLER, M.MÖDER, K.CZIHAL:Chemosphere (2000), 41, 1827-1834
UNUSUAL BIODEGRADATION PRODUCTS
G.KUNCOVÁ, J.TŘÍSKA, N.VRCHOTOVÁ, O.PODRAZKÝ:Materials Science and Engineering C 21 (2002), 195-201
water in(25°C)
water out
cooler
air supply
porous glass Siran withimmobilized cells
mineral medium
fritted glass
temperaturecontrol bath
MONITORING OF THE ORANGE COLOUR DEVELOPMENT
Wav elength (nm)200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Abso
rban
ce (A
U)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Solanum nigrum
Cl Cl
OH
Cl
OH+
Cl
OH
Cl
OH
Cl
+
Cl OHCl
