János Fügedi
Comparing Methods of
Digitizing 16 mm Archive Films
Traditional Dance Archive
of the
Institute for Musicology
approx. 240.000 m 16 mm films= approx. 450 hours
meter hour
mute 125.000
265
sound 115.000
175
(8 mm) 10.000
Digitizing films
against for
- durability of digital media is uncertain(that of film is unknown either)
- quality loss at analog/digital conversion
- (extreme) high costs
- huge storage capacity needed
- enhance security(films deteriorate by time
stretch brake acetic fermentation)
- strong social pressure for availability - „forbidden” reverse films, films only in negative get available
- fast access
- possibility of on-line databases
- extra registry
Standardised Practices for Audiovisual Contents in Europe
How to digitize films?
PrestoSpace (BBC, ORF, Ina France, RAI, ... 36 members)
A survey on
High expectations from the part of Film Archives
Expected quality
Formats
SD SDI = Standard Definition Serial Digital Interface
270 Mbit/s (Digital Beta)143 Mbit/s (NTSC - 480i)177 Mbit/s (PAL - 576i)
bitrates
frame: 720x576 pixels
color space: 4:2:2 - representing RGB
Y - brightness (luma)Cb, Cr - color difference
color depth: 8 - bit/pixel/space component
(„uncompressed”)
How to digitize films?
1 frame = 1.2 MB
Formats
HD SDI = High Definition Serial Digital Interface
1.485 Gbit/s - HDTV (720p, 1080i)bitrates
3G SDI2.9705 Gbit/s - „true HD” (1080p)bitrate
s
1920x1080 pixel4:4:4 color space
10 bit color depth
1 frame = 7.8 MB
How to digitize films?
however...
Film Scanning frame by frame
2k 2048x1536 pixels 1 frame = 12 MB 1 frame = 47 MB 1 frame = 106 MB 1 frame = 188 MB
suitable for 16 mm
Formats How to digitize films?
Dynamic range of film (even 16 mm) is still wider than that of SDI representation
4k 4096x3072 6k 6144x46088k 8192x6144
result can be written back to film
Film industry introduced
Methods, equipments
Easy ”home” solution: shooting the screen of the editing
table
How to digitize films?
Advance ”home” solutions: video camera and film projector
assembled
projection directly to CCD
How to digitize films?
Methods, equipments
Advance ”home” solutions: film projector assembled to a 45o mirror
system (+ Fresnel lense)
How to digitize films?
Methods, equipments
CCD scanner
Flying spot scannerscanning lines
inverted CRT concept of scanning
Professional solution: telecine
“white” light through film a prism separates the image into the three primary colorscolored light is projected at a different CCDCCD converts the light into electrical impulses
dichroic mirrors
red green
blueCRT
photon beam
How to digitize films?
Methods, equipments
transferring motion picture film into video form (SD SDI, HD SDI)
= tele(vision) + cine(ma)
„Easy”, half-professional solution: small telecine machines
(Tobin Cinema system)
How to digitize films?
Methods, equipments
Professional solution: telecine
machinesda Vinci system
color correction for
telecine
Methods, equipments
How to digitize films?
MTV Archiving Department
Beta SPDigital Beta
Methods, equipments
Professional solution: film scanners
Single frame intermitten pull down
approx. 1 fps
Continuous motion scanning2-30 fps
Northlight Lasergraphics ThomsonThomson Cintel
How to digitize films?
Comparing methods
Comparing methods
shooting the the editing table’s screen
DV AVI from a JVC 3x1/2” CCD camera (presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods camera and projector assembled – „directly” to CCD
DV AVI from Panasonic 3x1/3” CCD handycam(presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
editing table recording compared to CCD
DV AVI from cameras(presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
telecine – MTV
telecined DV AVI via da Vinci (presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
telecine – Filmlabor
telecined DV AVI via da Vinci(presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
telecine – MTV–Filmlabor compared
telecined DV AVI via da Vinci(presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
telecine – Filmlabor TARGA sequence
DV AVI from animated TARGA sequence(presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
Filmlabor TARGA – „projected to CCD” compared
different source DV AVI (presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
Oberon 2k scanned TARGA sequence
DV AVI from scanned TARGA sequence(presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
Filmlabor TARGA – Oberon 2k scanned compared
DV AVI (presentation WMV)
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
Comparing methods
DV AVI (presentation WMV)
Filmlabor TARGA – Oberon 2k scanned compared
(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.
2k scanned single frame
SD Telecine TGA single frame
detail compared
Comparing methods
SD Telecine TGA single frame 2k scanned single frame
(1600%) (880%)
price 0.01 Eur/frame 0.10 Eur/frame
storage 1.2 MB/frame 12 MB/frame
Comparing methods
Thank you for
your attention!