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January 2021 © Simon Hall

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Page 1: January 2021 © Simon Hall
Page 2: January 2021 © Simon Hall

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall

Army Lists India Edited by Richard Jeffrey-Cook. Contributions from Simon Hall, Nik Gaukroger and Lance Flint. Front image by Simon Clarke.

Contents The lists are divided into three sections, Maximus, Magna and Pacto. Within each section are the following lists:

• Anuradhapura Kingdom 161 BCE to 1070 CE • Tamil Indian 275 to 1450 CE • Gupta Indian 320 to 550 CE • Late Classical Indian 543 to 1212 CE • Empire of Harsha 555 to 647 CE • Rajput Indian 600 to 1244 CE • Chola Empire 980 to 1279 CE • Muslim Indian Sultanates 1192 to 1526 CE • Vijayanagar 1336 to 1526 CE

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Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall

Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is

taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any

bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. 6. Points are shown for troops with all mandatory characteristics applied. Points have been rounded to the nearest whole number. If quality or

shooting skill is downgraded, then the points (including the points for any optional characteristics) will need to be adjusted. 7. An army entirely of Cavalry, Chariots, Camelry or Infantry with the Dismounted characteristic may choose the No Camp option.

Where allies are allowed, they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary.

Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is enough allowance for a UG after the core army

itself has taken the minimum. For example: An army has 4-12 cavalry (UG size 4,6) and 18-32 spearmen (UG size 6,8,9) as compulsory troops with 2 internal allies. The core army must take 4 cavalry and at least 18 spearmen. The first ally must take 4 cavalry and at least 9 spearmen. The second ally must take 4 cavalry but cannot take the 9 spearmen as this would exceed the 32 spearmen limit for the army.

4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

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Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall

Poor quality TuGs in Pacto must start with 2 or 3 elements. TuGs downgraded from Average quality must start with 2 elements, except where they are already allowed 3 elements. Poor quality SuGs or Average quality downgraded to Poor may start with 1, 2 or 3 elements. As a courtesy to your opponent, when you deploy your troops you should describe it fully; type, training, quality, protection, melee weaponry, shooting skill and weaponry, characteristics, and which ally if appropriate. You should also explain how any unusual troop types in your army function and any special rules including Stakes, Caltrops, Barricades and Obstacles and troop types such as Battle Wagons.

Friendly and Scenario Games Feel free to vary the troop classifications for friendly and scenario games. An interesting aspect of scenario games can be to see what the effect is from representing troops in a different manner.

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Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall

Historical Introduction The Gupta empire dominated northern India during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The empire faced numerous invasions by a branch of the Huns in the north-west. The invasions led to the collapse of the Gupta empire and India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha, who established his empire in the first half of the 7th century. The empire of Harsha was short-lived, and the area again collapsed into regional kingdoms.

The first clash between a ruler of an Indian kingdom and the Arabs took place in 643 CE, when Arab forces defeated Rutbil, King of Zabulistan in Sistan. By 653 CE they bordered the Kingdoms of Kapisa, Zabul and Sindh in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Kabul Shahi kings and their Zunbil kinsmen blocked access to the Khyber Pass and Gomal Pass routes into India for the next 217 years. It wasn’t until 710 CE that the Arabs entered Al Hind (India) and the Indus valley through Sindh. For the next 30 years the Arabs campaigned against the Rajput kingdoms in the Indus valley, reaching the foothills of Kashmir. In 739 CE they invaded the Deccan but were decisively defeated at Navsari by the viceroy Avanijanashraya Pulakesi of the Chalukya Empire serving Vikramaditya II. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert.

The Arabs continued to control areas of Sindh and the Punjab and raided the ports of Gujarat. The Saffarid Dynasty occupied Kabul in 871 CE. A new chapter of Muslim conquests began when the Samanid Dynasty took over the Saffarid Kingdom and Sabuktigin,founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, seized Ghazni. Ghaznavid rule in North-western India lasted over 175 years, from 1010 to 1187 CE.

The Gurjara-Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River. They were involved in a three-way struggle for control of northern and central India in the 9th century. The other empires were the Pala Empire, based in Bengal and the Rashtrakuta Empire in the Deccan. The Rashtrakutas had overthrown the Chalukyas of Badami.

Further south and east were the Chalukyas of Vengi. In the 970’s the Rashtrakuta empire collapsed and much of its territory was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Both the Rashtrakuta empire and the Chalukyas of Kalyani faced threats from the Tamil kingdoms to the south and east. The Pandyas ruled much of southern India from the 6th to 9th centuries but from around 880 CE onwards they fell under the growing influence of the Chola Empire. The southern empires periodically invaded Sri Lanka which was controlled by the Anuradhapura Kingdom but were unable to establish a permanent presence on the island.

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Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall

Maximus Army Lists Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows:

Generals - Maximus

Type of generalArmy Commander Sub-general Ally general

Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 1600 1400 n/a n/a 800 700

Talented 1150 900 850 700 650 600 Competent 700 550 600 450 300 250

Mediocre 400 250 400 250 100 50

Camps Type of camp Poor Average Superior

Unfortified 126 210 294 A flexible camp is deployed as a fortified camp when defending and a mobile camp when invading. No camp deploys a poor mobile camp when defending and no camp at all when invading.

Fortified 288 480 672 Flexible 252 420 588 Mobile 198 330 462

No camp 486 N/A N/A

UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Magna and Pacto are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 4

Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 6

Average Unskilled 0Protected Javelin 6Superior - 0Protected - 8Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 8Average - 6

Protected - 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 16Average - 0

Protected - 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 48Poor Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 48Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 18

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Anuradhapura KingdomAny Instinctive 161 BCE to 1070 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Chariots (before 480 CE)CHARIOTS

Short Spear - 115Shoot & Charge (10), Devastating Chargers

(13)4,6

Formed Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

4,6Tribal Loose

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 - 6,8Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

6,8Formed Loose

Royal troops and mercenaries

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 86 - 6,8,9

Formed Flexible

Archers protected by pavisesINFANTRY

- Pavise 62 -

6,8Formed Loose

Southern hill tribesmenINFANTRY

- Devastating Chargers 60 - 6,8,9Tribal Loose

Mercenary archers (from 480 CE)

INFANTRY- - 54 Combat Shy (-14)

6,8Tribal Loose

Poorer militia archersINFANTRY

- - 35 Combat Shy (-9) 6,8Tribal Loose

Best militia archersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

6,9Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 -

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall

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Anuradhapura Kingdom

Troop NotesThe Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry.

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Chola Empire

Changes from last versionNone.

AlliesPallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE)

Historical NotesThe Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the succeeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 4Protected - 6Superior - 0Protected - 4Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 8Superior - 0Protected - 8Average - 12

Protected - 60Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 60Average - 0

Protected - 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 18

UG Size

Training and

Formation

Tamil IndianAny Instinctive 275 CE to 1450 CE

Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Royal elephants (not Sinhalese)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 336 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

4,6Formed Loose

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 - 6,8Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

6,8,9Tribal Loose

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 - 6,9Skirmisher

ChaversINFANTRY

- Devastating Chargers 60 -

AlliesAnuradhapura Kingdom allies (only Pallavas from 642 to 660 CE)

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Tamil Indian

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Ming Chinese; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar

Changes from last versionAdjusted end date.

Historical NotesThis list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100. The Pandyas re-emerged as the Chola empire failed from 1216 to about 1345 when they succumbed to Vijayanagar. This list also includes the Sinhalese kingdoms of Polonnaruwa, Dambadenlya, Gampola and Kotte.Kotte was invaded by forces disembarked from a Ming treasure fleet in 1410 or 1411.

Troop NotesArmies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 12Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnyAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 18Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 12Superior - 0Protected - 12Average Unskilled 9

Protected Javelin 60Average - 0

Protected - 30Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 90Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 9

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Gupta IndianAny Instinctive 320 CE to 550 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

4,6Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)4,6

Formed Loose

Horse archersCAVALRY

- - 94 -

4,6Formed Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

6,8,9Tribal Loose

Armoured lancersCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32)

6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8Tribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Short Spear - 67 Combat Shy (-22)

6,9Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 35 - 6,9Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 -

NotesThe number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a TuG of 6 or 9.

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Gupta Indian

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Kushan or Indo-Scythian; Hephthalite; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesAt the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as Alchon Huns, broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions left northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the Roman empire. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE.

Troop NotesThe Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use by this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 4Protected - 6Average - 0

Protected - 4Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 6Superior - 0Protected - 6Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 12Superior - 0Protected - 8Average - 6

Protected - 24Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 64Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 18

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Late Classical IndianAny Instinctive 543 CE to 1212 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Additional elephants (Palas only)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 240 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Royal elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 - 2,3,4Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 -

4,6Formed Loose

Guard cavalry (Gurjara-Pratiharas only)

CAVALRYCharging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4,6

Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23)

4,6Formed Loose

Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas only)

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 121 - 6,8

Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

6,8,9Tribal Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

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Late Classical IndianAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 9Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 18

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 47Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 - 6,9Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 57

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

6,9Skirmisher

AlliesRajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 25 -

NotesOnly one external ally may be taken.

Historical NotesThis list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri.The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the Sena Dynasty.The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to Alexander the Great. “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani.The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753.The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas.The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas.The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall

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Late Classical Indian

Historical EnemiesUmayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Empire of Harsha; Rajput Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates

Changes from last versionNone.

Troop NotesAccording to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 8Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - Protected - Up to halfAverage - 8

Protected - 24Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 6Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 64Average - 0

Protected - 9Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 9

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Empire of HarshaAny Instinctive 555 CE to 647 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3,4Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6Formed Loose

Upgrade elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

4,6Formed Loose

CamelsCAMELRY

Short Spear - 85 - 4,6Tribal Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32)

6,8Tribal Loose

BladesmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

6,8,9Tribal Loose

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 47Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 - 6,9Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 57

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

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Empire of HarshaAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 24Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 9

6,9Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 35 - 6,9Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 25 -

Historical EnemiesLate Classical Indian

Changes from last versionNone.

AlliesPandyas allies - Tamil Indian

Historical NotesThe Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. Its most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor.

Troop NotesDuring his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-2 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 8Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnyAverage - 8

Protected - 30Superior - Protected - Up to halfSuperior - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 12Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 64Average - 0

Protected - 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 9Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 24

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Rajput IndianAny Instinctive 600 CE to 1310 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Desert, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

4,6Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4,6Formed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23)

4Formed Loose

Camels (Bhatti only)CAMELRY

Short Spear - 85 - 4,6Tribal Loose

Upgrade best cavalry as heroic

CAVALRYCharging Lancer Fanatic 231 Melee Expert (32)

6,8Tribal Loose

BladesmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

4,6Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 57

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 47Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

6,9Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 25 - 6,9Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 -

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Rajput IndianAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 9

Average Skilled 0Unprotected Bow 8

6,9Skirmisher

Mongol contingent (from 1299 to 1301 CE)

Mongol cavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 135Melee Expert (15), Dismountable (3)

4,6

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 35 -

Historical NotesFrom the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu North India. Dynasties included:Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centred around Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the Ghaznavids which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203.Chavda (690 to 942). Centred around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire.Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centred around Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centred around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centred on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centred around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244). Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynasty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Formed Flexible

AlliesLate Classical Indian alliesTibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE)

NotesBhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies.Mongols must be commanded by a Professional ally general who, optionally, can also command other troops from the list.Mongol cavalry dismounted as equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow, infantry.Only one external ally may be taken.

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Rajput Indian

Changes from last versionReduced number of fanatics. Changed end date to 1310 CE. Added option for Mongol contingent.

Troop NotesThe Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders.

Historical EnemiesUmayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Ghurid; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 4Protected - 8Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 4Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 8Superior - 0Protected - 8Average - 12

Protected - 36Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 36Average - 0

Protected - 24Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 24Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 18

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Chola EmpireAny Professional 980 CE to 1279 CE

Any Professional Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3,4Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Melee Expert (23),

Shoot & Charge (10)4,6

Formed Loose

Royal elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

6,8Formed Flexible

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 86 - 6,8,9Formed Flexible

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 -

6,8Formed Loose

Vassal state swordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 54 Combat Shy (-14)

6,8Tribal Loose

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 - 6,9Skirmisher

Vassal state archersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

AlliesHoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE)

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Chola Empire

Historical EnemiesAnuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Indonesian or Malay

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsula.

Troop NotesThe Chola dynasty had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-1 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 4Average -

Fully Armoured - AnySuperior Experienced 4Protected Bow 16

Average Experienced 8Unprotected Bow 36

Average Skilled Unprotected Bow Up to half

Average Unskilled 0Protected Javelin 6

Average Experienced 8Protected Bow 36Average Experienced

Protected Bow Up to half

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Muslim Indian SultanatesAny Professional 1192 CE to 1526 CE

Any Professional Standard, Plains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Rathor) Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Additional elephants (from 1206 CE)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 240 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3,4Tribal Loose

MamluksCAVALRY

Short Spear - 175 Melee Expert (32) 4,6Drilled Loose

Upgrade elephants with armour

ELEPHANTS- Shove 324 -

Before 1220 CE

ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalryCAVALRY

- - 94 Melee Expert (15) 4,6Formed Flexible

4,6Formed Flexible

ex-Ghurid cavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 85 - 4,6Tribal Loose

Upgrade Turkish cavalryCAVALRY

- - 129 Melee Expert (15)

From 1220 CE

JagirdarsCAVALRY

Short Spear - 125 - 4,6Formed Loose

4,6Formed Loose

-----

Upgrade jagirdars CAVALRY

Short Spear Melee Expert 148 -

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Muslim Indian SultanatesAverage Skilled 0

Unprotected Bow 8

Superior - 0Protected - 6Average - 0

Protected - 24Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 16Average Unskilled 9

Protected Javelin 36Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 64Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 9Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 9Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 9Average Unskilled 0

Unprotected Firearm 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Firearm 6

Average - 0Protected - 8

Formed Flexible

Hindu paik or Habashi bodyguards (from 1266 CE)

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 121

Neo-Muslims (Delhi Sultanate from 1294 to 1311 CE)

CAVALRYShort Spear - 135

Melee Expert (15), Dismountable (3)

4,6

Tribal Flexible

Archers (before 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- - 48

- 4,6Formed Flexible

Swordsmen (from 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9

Tribal Flexible

Archers (from 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- - 48

Combat Shy (-14) 6,8Tribal Loose

Spearmen (before 1206 CE)INFANTRY

Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 6,8,9

Tribal Flexible

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 47

Combat Shy (-14) 6,8Tribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 6,8,9

Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 57

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6

SkirmisherGunpowder skirmishers (from 1340 CE)

INFANTRY- - 28

- 6,9Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 25 - 6,9

- 6Skirmisher

Handgunners (from 1470 CE)

INFANTRY- - 34 - 6

Skirmisher

Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6Formed Loose

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Muslim Indian Sultanates

Historical EnemiesGhurid; Mongol Conquest; Chagatai Khanate; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar; Bamarised Shan Kingdoms; Timurid

Changes from last versionAdded neo-Muslims.

NotesBefore 1220 CE this army may use Feigned Flight.Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken.From 1340 CE, Elephants may be given Unskilled Firearms shooting characteristic.Neo-Muslims dismount as the equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow infanry.

Historical NotesIn 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assassination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire which lasted until 1857.

Troop NotesUnlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. In the Zafar-Náma by Sharaf-ud-dín ‘Ali Yazdi there is the following description "The enemy's great reliance was on his enormous war elephants, 120 in number. They were covered with armour, and on their backs was a kind of litter or cage, in which crossbowmen and discus-throwers were concealed. Sharp poisoned points were fastened firmly to their tusks. Rocket-men (takhsh-afgan) and grenade-throwers (ra'd-andáz) marched by their sides."Neo-Muslims were Mongols who had converted to Islam.The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Gunpowder skirmishers include "grenade" throwers (ra'd-andaz), firework throwers (atash-baz) and those using hand-held rockets (taksh-andaz).

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 1-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 4Protected - 8Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 4Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 8Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 12Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 6Average - 12

Protected - 36Average Experienced 12

Unprotected Bow 60Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 18Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 9

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

VijayanagarAny Instinctive 1336 CE to 1526 CE

Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

2,3,4Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3,4

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3,4Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Melee Expert (23),

Shoot & Charge (10)4,6

Formed Loose

Upgrade elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

4,6Formed Loose

Upgrade Muslim trained cavalry as mercenaries

CAVALRYShort Spear Melee Expert 148 - 4,6

Formed Loose

Muslim trained cavalry (from 1400 CE)

CAVALRYShort Spear - 125 -

6,8,9Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

6,8,9Tribal Loose

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 47Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

SpearmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 40 - 6,9Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 57

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

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VijayanagarAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 18Average Unskilled 0

Unprotected Firearm 12

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Vijayanagara Empire dominated the Deccan from 1336 until approximately 1660, with the last century being a period of weakened influence. It was founded by Harihara or Hakka, and his brother Bukka Raya. Its capital city was Vijayanagara, which they founded in 1336. For two centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of southern India. The empire also acted as the main opponent to blunt the advances of the five main Muslim Sultanates from the north and fought a series of wars with the Bahmani Sultanate for control of the Deccan. The Empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century.

Troop NotesVijayanagar was unusual amongst southern Indian armies in that it paid more attention to its cavalry arm, importing large numbers of horses at vast expense. They also bought in Muslim mercenary cavalry and trained some of its own cavalry in Muslim tactics.

Historical EnemiesTamil Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar

6,9Skirmisher

Gunpowder skirmishers (from 1340 CE)

INFANTRY- - 28 - 6

Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 25 -

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Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall

Magna Army Lists Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows:

Generals - Magna

Type of generalArmy Commander Sub-general Ally general

Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 1280 1120 n/a n/a 640 560

Talented 920 720 680 560 520 480 Competent 560 440 480 360 240 200

Mediocre 320 200 320 200 80 40

Camps Type of camp Poor Average Superior

Unfortified 126 210 294 A flexible camp is deployed as a fortified camp when defending and a mobile camp when invading. No camp deploys a poor mobile camp when defending and no camp at all when invading.

Fortified 288 480 672 Flexible 252 420 588 Mobile 198 330 462

No camp 486 N/A N/A

UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Magna are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 3

Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 4

Average Unskilled 0Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4Average - 4

Protected - 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 12Average - 0

Protected - 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 32Poor Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 32Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 124,6

SkirmisherSkirmishing archers

INFANTRY- Combat Shy 50 -

4Tribal Loose

Poorer militia archersINFANTRY

- - 35 Combat Shy (-9) 4Tribal Loose

Best militia archersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

4Formed Loose

Southern hill tribesmenINFANTRY

- Devastating Chargers 60 - 4,6Tribal Loose

Mercenary archers (from 480 CE)

INFANTRY- - 54 Combat Shy (-14)

4Formed Loose

Royal troops and mercenaries

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 86 - 4,6

Formed Flexible

Archers protected by pavisesINFANTRY

- Pavise 62 -

4Tribal Loose

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 - 4Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

2,3Tribal Loose

Chariots (before 480 CE)CHARIOTS

Short Spear - 115Shoot & Charge (10), Devastating Chargers

(13)4

Formed Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Anuradhapura KingdomAny Instinctive 161 BCE to 1070 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

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Anuradhapura Kingdom

Troop NotesThe Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry.

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Chola Empire

Changes from last versionNone.

AlliesPallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE)

Historical NotesThe Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the succeeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 4Superior - 0Protected - 3Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 8

Protected - 40Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 40Average - 0

Protected - 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 12

AlliesAnuradhapura Kingdom allies (only Pallavas from 642 to 660 CE)

4,6Tribal Loose

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 4,6Skirmisher

ChaversINFANTRY

- Devastating Chargers 60 -

4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

4Formed Loose

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 - 4Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

2,3Tribal Loose

Royal elephants (not Sinhalese)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 336 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

UG Size

Training and

Formation

Tamil IndianAny Instinctive 275 CE to 1450 CE

Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

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Tamil Indian

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Ming Chinese; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar

Changes from last versionAdjusted end date.

Historical NotesThis list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100. The Pandyas re-emerged as the Chola empire failed from 1216 to about 1345 when they succumbed to Vijayanagar. This list also includes the Sinhalese kingdoms of Polonnaruwa, Dambadenlya, Gampola and Kotte.Kotte was invaded by forces disembarked from a Ming treasure fleet in 1410 or 1411.

Troop NotesArmies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 8Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnyAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 12Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 8Superior - 0Protected - 8Average Unskilled 6

Protected Javelin 40Average - 0

Protected - 20Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 60Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 6

NotesThe number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a TuG of 6.

4,6Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 43 - 4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 -

4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4Tribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Short Spear - 67 Combat Shy (-22)

4Formed Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

4,6Tribal Loose

Armoured lancersCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32)

4Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)4

Formed Loose

Horse archersCAVALRY

- - 94 -

2,3Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Gupta IndianAny Instinctive 320 CE to 550 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

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Gupta Indian

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Kushan or Indo-Scythian; Hephthalite; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesAt the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as Alchon Huns, broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions left northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the Roman empire. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE.

Troop NotesThe Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use by this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 3Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 3Average - 0

Protected - 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 8Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 4

Protected - 16Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 44Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 12

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Late Classical IndianAny Instinctive 543 CE to 1212 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3Tribal Loose

Additional elephants (Palas only)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 240 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3Tribal Loose

Royal elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 - 2,3Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 -

4Formed Loose

Guard cavalry (Gurjara-Pratiharas only)

CAVALRYCharging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4

Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23)

4Formed Loose

Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas only)

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 121 - 4

Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

4,6Tribal Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

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Late Classical IndianAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 4Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 12

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4Skirmisher

4Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 4,6Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

AlliesRajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 -

NotesOnly one external ally may be taken.

Historical NotesThis list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri.The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the Sena Dynasty.The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to Alexander the Great. “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani.The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753.The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas.The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas.The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the Delhi Sultanate.

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Late Classical Indian

Historical EnemiesUmayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Empire of Harsha; Rajput Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates

Changes from last versionNone.

Troop NotesAccording to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 6Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - Protected - Up to halfAverage - 4

Protected - 16Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 4Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 44Average - 0

Protected - 6Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 4Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Empire of HarshaAny Instinctive 555 CE to 647 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4Formed Loose

Upgrade elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

4Formed Loose

CamelsCAMELRY

Short Spear - 85 - 4Tribal Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32)

4Tribal Loose

BladesmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

4,6Tribal Loose

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4Skirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

4Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 4,6Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

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Empire of HarshaAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 16Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 6

4,6Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 43 - 4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 -

Historical EnemiesLate Classical Indian

Changes from last versionNone.

AlliesPandyas allies - Tamil Indian

Historical NotesThe Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. Its most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor.

Troop NotesDuring his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-2 Terrain

0-2 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 6Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnyAverage - 4

Protected - 20Superior - Protected - Up to halfSuperior - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 8Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 44Average - 0

Protected - 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 4Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 16

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Rajput IndianAny Instinctive 600 CE to 1310 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Desert, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

2,3Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

4Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4Formed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23)

4Formed Loose

Camels (Bhatti only)CAMELRY

Short Spear - 85 - 4Tribal Loose

Upgrade best cavalry as heroic

CAVALRYCharging Lancer Fanatic 231 Melee Expert (32)

4Tribal Loose

BladesmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

4Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4Skirmisher

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 - 4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 -

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Rajput IndianAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 6

Average Skilled 0Unprotected Bow 4

4,6Skirmisher

Mongol contingent (from 1299 to 1301 CE)

Mongol cavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 135Melee Expert (15), Dismountable (3)

4

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 43 -

Historical NotesFrom the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu North India. Dynasties included:Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centred around Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the Ghaznavids which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203.Chavda (690 to 942). Centred around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire.Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centred around Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centred around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centred on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centred around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244). Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynasty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Formed Flexible

AlliesLate Classical Indian alliesTibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE)

NotesBhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies.Mongols must be commanded by a Professional ally general who, optionally, can also command other troops from the list.Mongol cavalry dismounted as equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow, infantry.Only one external ally may be taken.

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Rajput Indian

Changes from last versionReduced number of fanatics. Changed end date to 1310 CE. Added option for Mongol contingent.

Troop NotesThe Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders.

Historical EnemiesUmayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Ghurid; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 6Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 3Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 8

Protected - 24Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 24Average - 0

Protected - 16Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 16Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 12

AlliesHoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE)

4Tribal Loose

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 4,6Skirmisher

Vassal state archersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

4Formed Loose

Vassal state swordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 54 Combat Shy (-14)

4Formed Flexible

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 86 - 4,6Formed Flexible

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 -

2,3Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Melee Expert (23),

Shoot & Charge (10)4

Formed Loose

Royal elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

2,3Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Chola EmpireAny Professional 980 CE to 1279 CE

Any Professional Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

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Chola Empire

Historical EnemiesAnuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Indonesian or Malay

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsula.

Troop NotesThe Chola dynasty had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-1 Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 3Average - 0

Protected - 3Average -

Fully Armoured - AnySuperior Experienced 4Protected Bow 12

Average Experienced 4Unprotected Bow 24

Average Skilled Unprotected Bow Up to half

Average Unskilled 0Protected Javelin 4

Average Experienced 4Protected Bow 24Average Experienced

Protected Bow Up to half

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Muslim Indian SultanatesAny Professional 1192 CE to 1526 CE

Any Professional Standard, Plains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Rathor) Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

2,3Tribal Loose

Additional elephants (from 1206 CE)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 240 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3Tribal Loose

MamluksCAVALRY

Short Spear - 175 Melee Expert (32) 4Drilled Loose

Upgrade elephants with armour

ELEPHANTS- Shove 324 -

Before 1220 CE

ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalryCAVALRY

- - 94 Melee Expert (15) 4Formed Flexible

4Formed Flexible

ex-Ghurid cavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 85 - 4Tribal Loose

Upgrade Turkish cavalryCAVALRY

- - 129 Melee Expert (15)

From 1220 CE

JagirdarsCAVALRY

Short Spear - 125 - 4Formed Loose

4Formed Loose

-----

Upgrade jagirdars CAVALRY

Short Spear Melee Expert 148 -

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Muslim Indian SultanatesAverage Skilled 0

Unprotected Bow 4

Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 0

Protected - 16Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 12Average Unskilled 6

Protected Javelin 24Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 44Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 4Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Unskilled 0

Unprotected Firearm 8Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Firearm 4

Average - 0Protected - 4

Formed Flexible

Hindu paik or Habashi bodyguards (from 1266 CE)

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 121

Neo-Muslims (Delhi Sultanate from 1294 to 1311 CE)

CAVALRYShort Spear - 135

Melee Expert (15), Dismountable (3)

4

Tribal Flexible

Archers (before 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- - 48

- 4Formed Flexible

Swordsmen (from 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 4,6

Tribal Flexible

Archers (from 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- - 48

Combat Shy (-14) 4Tribal Loose

Spearmen (before 1206 CE)INFANTRY

Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 4,6

Tribal Flexible

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55

Combat Shy (-14) 4Tribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 4,6

Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4

SkirmisherGunpowder skirmishers (from 1340 CE)

INFANTRY- - 30

- 4,6Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 - 4,6

- 4Skirmisher

Handgunners (from 1470 CE)

INFANTRY- - 39 - 4

Skirmisher

Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4Formed Loose

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Muslim Indian Sultanates

Historical EnemiesGhurid; Mongol Conquest; Chagatai Khanate; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar; Bamarised Shan Kingdoms; Timurid

Changes from last versionAdded neo-Muslims.

NotesBefore 1220 CE this army may use Feigned Flight.Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken.From 1340 CE, Elephants may be given Unskilled Firearms shooting characteristic.Neo-Muslims dismount as the equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow infanry.

Historical NotesIn 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assassination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire which lasted until 1857.

Troop NotesUnlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. In the Zafar-Náma by Sharaf-ud-dín ‘Ali Yazdi there is the following description "The enemy's great reliance was on his enormous war elephants, 120 in number. They were covered with armour, and on their backs was a kind of litter or cage, in which crossbowmen and discus-throwers were concealed. Sharp poisoned points were fastened firmly to their tusks. Rocket-men (takhsh-afgan) and grenade-throwers (ra'd-andáz) marched by their sides."Neo-Muslims were Mongols who had converted to Islam.The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Gunpowder skirmishers include "grenade" throwers (ra'd-andaz), firework throwers (atash-baz) and those using hand-held rockets (taksh-andaz).

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 1-3 Terrain

Camp

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 2Protected - 6Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 3Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 8Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 4Average - 8

Protected - 24Average Experienced 8

Unprotected Bow 40Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 12Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 4Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

VijayanagarAny Instinctive 1336 CE to 1526 CE

Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

2,3Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 2,3

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

2,3Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Melee Expert (23),

Shoot & Charge (10)4

Formed Loose

Upgrade elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

4Formed Loose

Upgrade Muslim trained cavalry as mercenaries

CAVALRYShort Spear Melee Expert 148 - 4

Formed Loose

Muslim trained cavalry (from 1400 CE)

CAVALRYShort Spear - 125 -

4,6Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

4,6Tribal Loose

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

4Skirmisher

SpearmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

4Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 4,6Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

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VijayanagarAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 12Average Unskilled 0

Unprotected Firearm 8

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Vijayanagara Empire dominated the Deccan from 1336 until approximately 1660, with the last century being a period of weakened influence. It was founded by Harihara or Hakka, and his brother Bukka Raya. Its capital city was Vijayanagara, which they founded in 1336. For two centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of southern India. The empire also acted as the main opponent to blunt the advances of the five main Muslim Sultanates from the north and fought a series of wars with the Bahmani Sultanate for control of the Deccan. The Empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century.

Troop NotesVijayanagar was unusual amongst southern Indian armies in that it paid more attention to its cavalry arm, importing large numbers of horses at vast expense. They also bought in Muslim mercenary cavalry and trained some of its own cavalry in Muslim tactics.

Historical EnemiesTamil Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar

4,6Skirmisher

Gunpowder skirmishers (from 1340 CE)

INFANTRY- - 30 - 4

Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 -

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Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall

Pacto Army Lists Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows:

Generals - Pacto

Type of generalArmy Commander Sub-general Ally general

Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 640 560 n/a n/a 320 280

Talented 460 360 340 280 260 240 Competent 280 220 240 180 120 100

Mediocre 160 100 160 100 40 20

Camps Camps are not included in Pacto games.

UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Pacto are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 1Protected - 2

Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 2

Average Unskilled 0Protected Javelin 2Superior - 0Protected - 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4Average - 2

Protected - 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average - 0

Protected - 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 16Poor Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 16Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Anuradhapura KingdomAny Instinctive 161 BCE to 1070 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals

1,2Tribal Loose

Chariots (before 480 CE)CHARIOTS

Short Spear - 115Shoot & Charge (10), Devastating Chargers

(13)1,2

Formed Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 - 1,2Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

1,2Formed Loose

Royal troops and mercenaries

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 86 - 1,2

Formed Flexible

Archers protected by pavisesINFANTRY

- Pavise 62 -

1,2Formed Loose

Southern hill tribesmenINFANTRY

- Devastating Chargers 60 - 1,2Tribal Loose

Mercenary archers (from 480 CE)

INFANTRY- - 54 Combat Shy (-14)

1,2Tribal Loose

Poorer militia archersINFANTRY

- - 35 Combat Shy (-9) 2,3Tribal Loose

Best militia archersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 -

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Anuradhapura Kingdom

Troop NotesThe Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry.

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Chola Empire

Changes from last versionNone.

AlliesPallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE)

Historical NotesThe Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the succeeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 1Protected - 2Superior - 0Protected - 2Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 4

Protected - 20Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 20Average - 0

Protected - 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6

UG Size

Training and

Formation

Tamil IndianAny Instinctive 275 CE to 1450 CE

Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

1,2Tribal Loose

Royal elephants (not Sinhalese)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 336 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

1,2Formed Loose

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 - 1,2Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 1,2Skirmisher

ChaversINFANTRY

- Devastating Chargers 60 -

AlliesAnuradhapura Kingdom allies (only Pallavas from 642 to 660 CE)

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Tamil Indian

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Ming Chinese; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar

Changes from last versionAdjusted end date.

Historical NotesThis list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100. The Pandyas re-emerged as the Chola empire failed from 1216 to about 1345 when they succumbed to Vijayanagar. This list also includes the Sinhalese kingdoms of Polonnaruwa, Dambadenlya, Gampola and Kotte.Kotte was invaded by forces disembarked from a Ming treasure fleet in 1410 or 1411.

Troop NotesArmies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 4Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnyAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average Unskilled 4

Protected Javelin 20Average - 0

Protected - 10Average Experienced 2

Unprotected Bow 30Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 4

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Gupta IndianAny Instinctive 320 CE to 550 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive

1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

1,2Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)1,2

Formed Loose

Horse archersCAVALRY

- - 94 -

1,2Formed Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

1,2Tribal Loose

Armoured lancersCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32)

1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2Tribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Short Spear - 67 Combat Shy (-22)

1,2Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 43 - 1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 -

NotesThe number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a TuG of 3 if Poor, or 1/2 spearmen and 1/2

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Gupta Indian

Historical EnemiesClassical Indian; Kushan or Indo-Scythian; Hephthalite; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesAt the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as Alchon Huns, broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions left northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the Roman empire. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE.

Troop NotesThe Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use by this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-2

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 1Protected - 2Average - 0

Protected - 2Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 2Average - 0

Protected - 2Superior - 0Protected - 2Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 2

Protected - 8Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 22Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 61,2

Tribal LooseJavelinmen

INFANTRY- - 53

Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

1,2Formed Loose

Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas only)

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 121 - 1,2

Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Shoot & Charge (10),

Combat Shy (-28)

1,2Formed Loose

Guard cavalry (Gurjara-Pratiharas only)

CAVALRYCharging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 1,2

Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23)

1,2Tribal Loose

Royal elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 - 1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Additional elephants (Palas only)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 240 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Late Classical IndianAny Instinctive 543 CE to 1212 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive

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Late Classical IndianAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 2Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6

NotesOnly one external ally may be taken.

Historical NotesThis list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri.The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the Sena Dynasty.The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to Alexander the Great. “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani.The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753.The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas.The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas.The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the Delhi Sultanate.

1,2Skirmisher

AlliesRajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE)

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 -

1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 1,2Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Skirmisher

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Late Classical Indian

Historical EnemiesUmayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Empire of Harsha; Rajput Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates

Changes from last versionNone.

Troop NotesAccording to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 1Protected - 3Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - Protected - Up to halfAverage - 2

Protected - 8Superior - 0Protected - 2Average - 0

Protected - 2Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 22Average - 0

Protected - 4Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 2Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4

1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 1,2Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Tribal Loose

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Skirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

1,2Tribal Loose

BladesmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

1,2Formed Loose

CamelsCAMELRY

Short Spear - 85 - 1,2Tribal Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32)

1,2Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2Formed Loose

Upgrade elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Empire of HarshaAny Instinctive 555 CE to 647 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals

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Empire of HarshaAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 8Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 4

Historical EnemiesLate Classical Indian

Changes from last versionNone.

AlliesPandyas allies - Tamil Indian

Historical NotesThe Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. Its most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor.

Troop NotesDuring his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants.

1,2Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 43 - 1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 -

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-2 Terrain

0-2

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 3Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnyAverage - 2

Protected - 10Superior - Protected - Up to halfSuperior - 0Protected - 2Average - 0

Protected - 4Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 22Average - 0

Protected - 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 2Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 8

1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 - 1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 -

1,2Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Skirmisher

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Tribal Loose

BladesmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

1,2Formed Loose

Camels (Bhatti only)CAMELRY

Short Spear - 85 - 1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade best cavalry as heroic

CAVALRYCharging Lancer Fanatic 231 Melee Expert (32)

1,2Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 1,2Formed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23)

1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Rajput IndianAny Instinctive 600 CE to 1310 CE

Any Instinctive Standard, Desert, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive

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Rajput IndianAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Sling 4

Average Skilled 0Unprotected Bow 4

Historical NotesFrom the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu North India. Dynasties included:Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centred around Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the Ghaznavids which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203.Chavda (690 to 942). Centred around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire.Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centred around Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centred around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centred on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centred around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244). Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynasty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Formed Flexible

AlliesLate Classical Indian alliesTibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE)

NotesBhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies.Mongols must be commanded by a Professional ally general who, optionally, can also command other troops from the list.Mongol cavalry dismounted as equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow, infantry.Only one external ally may be taken.

1,2Skirmisher

Mongol contingent (from 1299 to 1301 CE)

Mongol cavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 135Melee Expert (15), Dismountable (3)

1,2

SlingersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 43 -

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Rajput Indian

Changes from last versionReduced number of fanatics. Changed end date to 1310 CE. Added option for Mongol contingent.

Troop NotesThe Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders.

Historical EnemiesUmayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Ghurid; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 1Protected - 3Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 2Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Superior - 0Protected - 4Average - 4

Protected - 12Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 12Average - 0

Protected - 8Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 8Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6

AlliesHoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE)

1,2Tribal Loose

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 1,2Skirmisher

Vassal state archersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14)

1,2Formed Loose

Vassal state swordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 54 Combat Shy (-14)

1,2Formed Flexible

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 86 - 1,2Formed Flexible

Guard infantryINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 121 -

1,2Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Melee Expert (23),

Shoot & Charge (10)1,2

Formed Loose

Royal elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Chola EmpireAny Professional 980 CE to 1279 CE

Any Professional Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals

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Chola Empire

Historical EnemiesAnuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Indonesian or Malay

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsula.

Troop NotesThe Chola dynasty had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants.

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 0-3 Terrain

0-1

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 0Protected - 2Average - 0

Protected - 2Average -

Fully Armoured - AnySuperior Experienced 2Protected Bow 6

Average Experienced 2Unprotected Bow 12

Average Skilled Unprotected Bow Up to half

Average Unskilled 0Protected Javelin 2

Average Experienced 2Protected Bow 12Average Experienced

Protected Bow Up to half1,2

Formed Loose

-----

Upgrade jagirdars CAVALRY

Short Spear Melee Expert 148 -

From 1220 CE

JagirdarsCAVALRY

Short Spear - 125 - 1,2Formed Loose

1,2Formed Flexible

ex-Ghurid cavalryCAVALRY

Short Spear - 85 - 1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade Turkish cavalryCAVALRY

- - 129 Melee Expert (15)

Before 1220 CE

ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalryCAVALRY

- - 94 Melee Expert (15) 1,2Formed Flexible

1,2Tribal Loose

MamluksCAVALRY

Short Spear - 175 Melee Expert (32) 1,2Drilled Loose

Upgrade elephants with armour

ELEPHANTS- Shove 324 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Additional elephants (from 1206 CE)

ELEPHANTS- Shove 240 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

Muslim Indian SultanatesAny Professional 1192 CE to 1526 CE

Any Professional Standard, Plains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Rathor)

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Muslim Indian SultanatesAverage Skilled 0

Unprotected Bow 4

Superior - 0Protected - 2Average - 0

Protected - 8Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 6Average Unskilled 4

Protected Javelin 12Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 22Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 2Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 4Average Unskilled 0

Unprotected Firearm 4Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Firearm 2

Average - 0Protected - 4

CavalryCAVALRY

Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2Formed Loose

Handgunners (from 1470 CE)

INFANTRY- - 39 - 1,2

Skirmisher

Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE

SkirmisherGunpowder skirmishers (from 1340 CE)

INFANTRY- - 30

- 1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 - 1,2

- 1,2Skirmisher

Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2

Tribal Flexible

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55

Combat Shy (-14) 1,2Tribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 1,2

Tribal Flexible

Archers (from 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- - 48

Combat Shy (-14) 1,2Tribal Loose

Spearmen (before 1206 CE)INFANTRY

Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 1,2

Tribal Flexible

Archers (before 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- - 48

- 1,2Formed Flexible

Swordsmen (from 1206 CE)INFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 - 1,2

Formed Flexible

Hindu paik or Habashi bodyguards (from 1266 CE)

INFANTRY- Melee Expert 121

Neo-Muslims (Delhi Sultanate from 1294 to 1311 CE)

CAVALRYShort Spear - 135

Melee Expert (15), Dismountable (3)

1,2

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Muslim Indian Sultanates

Ghurid; Mongol Conquest; Chagatai Khanate; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar; Bamarised Shan Kingdoms; Timurid

Changes from last versionAdded neo-Muslims.

NotesBefore 1220 CE this army may use Feigned Flight.Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken.From 1340 CE, Elephants may be given Unskilled Firearms shooting characteristic.Neo-Muslims dismount as the equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow infanry.

Historical NotesIn 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assassination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire which lasted until 1857.

Troop NotesUnlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. In the Zafar-Náma by Sharaf-ud-dín ‘Ali Yazdi there is the following description "The enemy's great reliance was on his enormous war elephants, 120 in number. They were covered with armour, and on their backs was a kind of litter or cage, in which crossbowmen and discus-throwers were concealed. Sharp poisoned points were fastened firmly to their tusks. Rocket-men (takhsh-afgan) and grenade-throwers (ra'd-andáz) marched by their sides."Neo-Muslims were Mongols who had converted to Islam.The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Gunpowder skirmishers include "grenade" throwers (ra'd-andaz), firework throwers (atash-baz) and those using hand-held rockets (taksh-andaz).

Historical Enemies

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Army Commander 1 Dates

Sub-Generals 1-3 Terrain

Mandatory

Characteristics

Base

PTS

Optional

Characteristics

Min

Max

Average - 1Protected - 3Average Experienced

Protected Bow AnySuperior - 0Protected - 2Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 4Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 4Average Experienced 0

Protected Bow 2Average - 4

Protected - 12Average Experienced 4

Unprotected Bow 20Average Unskilled 0

Protected Javelin 6Average Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 2Average Experienced

Unprotected Bow All or noneAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Bow 4

1,2Skirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 50 - 1,2Skirmisher

Replace light cavalry with horse archers

CAVALRY- - 70

Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Tribal Loose

Light cavalryCAVALRY

- - 55Cantabrian (16), Combat Shy (-4)

1,2Skirmisher

SpearmenINFANTRY

- - 53Shoot & Charge (6), Combat Shy (-22)

1,2Tribal Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

- - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2Tribal Loose

SwordsmenINFANTRY

- Melee Expert 76 -

1,2Formed Loose

Upgrade Muslim trained cavalry as mercenaries

CAVALRYShort Spear Melee Expert 148 - 1,2

Formed Loose

Muslim trained cavalry (from 1400 CE)

CAVALRYShort Spear - 125 -

1,2Tribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

- - 85Melee Expert (23),

Shoot & Charge (10)1,2

Formed Loose

Upgrade elephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 336 -

1,2Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTS- Shove 270 - 1,2

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

- Shove 240 -

Name

Type

Quality

Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry UG Size

Training and

Formation

VijayanagarAny Instinctive 1336 CE to 1526 CE

Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains, Jungle

Internal Allied Generals

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VijayanagarAverage Experienced 0

Unprotected Javelin 6Average Unskilled 0

Unprotected Firearm 4

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Vijayanagara Empire dominated the Deccan from 1336 until approximately 1660, with the last century being a period of weakened influence. It was founded by Harihara or Hakka, and his brother Bukka Raya. Its capital city was Vijayanagara, which they founded in 1336. For two centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of southern India. The empire also acted as the main opponent to blunt the advances of the five main Muslim Sultanates from the north and fought a series of wars with the Bahmani Sultanate for control of the Deccan. The Empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century.

Troop NotesVijayanagar was unusual amongst southern Indian armies in that it paid more attention to its cavalry arm, importing large numbers of horses at vast expense. They also bought in Muslim mercenary cavalry and trained some of its own cavalry in Muslim tactics.

Historical EnemiesTamil Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar

1,2Skirmisher

Gunpowder skirmishers (from 1340 CE)

INFANTRY- - 30 - 1,2

Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY

- Combat Shy 28 -

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall


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