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CSC Statutory Reform Working Group Outcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 1 Preventing Sexual Violence: What are the facts underlying the sexoffense registry? Eric S. Janus Mitchell Hamline School of Law March 2020 DPS CSC Statutory Working Group Sex offenders: state prisons vs. on registry 2018 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 2018 Prison Registry Sources: Prison Policy Initiative (Prison); Dobbs Wire (registry)
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Page 1: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 1

Preventing Sexual Violence:  What are the facts underlying the sex‐offense registry?

Eric S. Janus

Mitchell Hamline School of Law

March 2020

DPS CSC Statutory Working Group

Sex offenders:  state prisons vs. on registry 2018

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

2018

Prison

Registry

Sources:  Prison Policy Initiative (Prison); Dobbs Wire (registry)

Page 2: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 2

Source:  Hoppe, Punishing Sex: Sex Offenders and the Missing Punitive Turn in Sexuality Studies

Page 3: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 3

Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84, 103 (2003).

• “The legislature's findings are consistent with grave concerns over the high rate of recidivism among convicted sex offenders and their dangerousness as a class.   The risk of recidivism posed by sex offenders is "frightening and high.”

• “estimated to be as high as 80%.”

Recidivism:

(Sexual) reoffense after punishment.

Usually measured by arrest or conviction.

Specified follow‐up period.

Recidivism rate:  people, not crimes.

Caveat: Measured recidivism is probably an underestimate because of unreported sexual assault.  Unknown by how much.

Distinguish absolute vs. relative measures.

Page 4: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 4

Sex offender recidivism is well below the myth.

5%

95%

Arrested for new sex crime

Arrested

Notarrested

Child molester sexual recidivism

Source:  BJS SO’s released in 1994.  3‐year recidivism.

Sex offender recidivism is well below the myth (9‐year follow‐up)

Source:  BJS SO’s released in 2005.  9‐year recidivism.

8%

92%

Arrested for new sex crime

Arrested Not arrested

Page 5: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 5

Source:  BJS SO’s released in 2005.  9‐year recidivism.

Measured recidivism rates have declined in Minnesota.

Page 6: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 6

Risk among released sex offenders is heterogenous 

Risk is below “average” for most sex offenders

8.80%

20%

71%

Risk levels ‐ CA

Well‐above average Above average Average and below

Level 156%Level 2

29%

Level 315%

Risk levels ‐MN 2017

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3Source:  Seung C. Lee, R. Karl Hanson, Nyssa Fullmer, Janet Neeley &Kerry Ramos, The Predictive Validity of Static‐99R Over 10 Yearsfor Sexual Offenders in California: 2018 Update, SARATSO 19,http://saratso.org/pdf/Lee_Hanson_Fullmer_Neeley_Ramos_2018_The_Predictive_Validity_of_S_.pdf.

Source:  Brian Collins, MN DOC, 2017

Page 7: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 7

Risk varies by age at release.

Source:  BJS SO’s released in 2005.  9‐year recidivism.

Risk declines with time offense‐free in the community

Important policy implications

Page 8: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 8

Recidivism, at all levels of risk, approaches zero over time.‐ Shorter time for low‐risk; longer for high‐risk.

Page 9: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 9

Recidivist sex offending is a small part of sexual offending.

Most imprisoned sex offenders do not have a prior conviction for a sex offense.

75%

11%

14%

Imprisoned Sex Offenders

No prior

Violent ‐ no sex

Sex offense

Source:  BJS Study of Sex Offenders released in 1994.

Page 10: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 10

Among all released prisoners, 84% of new sex offenses are committed by people whose index offense was non‐sexual. 

16%

84%

Sex offenders Non‐sex offenders

Source:  BJS SO’s released in 2005.  9‐year recidivism.

93%

7%

Criminal Sexual Conduct Convictions in Minnesota 2001‐2015

No Prior Conviction

Prior Conviction

Brian Collins (2017) (Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, 2016)

Most SO Convictions are first‐time sex offenders with no prior SO conviction.

Page 11: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 11

95%

5% Criminal Sexual Conduct Arrests in New York

No Prior Conviction

Prior Conviction

Most SO Arrests are first‐time sex offenders

Source:  Scholars’ Brief, citing Jeffrey C. Sandler et al., Doesa Watched Pot Boil? A Time‐Series Analysis of New York State’sSex Offender Registration and Notification Law. 14 PSYCHOL., PUB.POL’Y & L. 284 (2008) (In N.Y., 95% of sex‐offense arresteesbetween 1986 and 2006 were first‐time sex offenders.).

Most sexual abuse is committed by non‐strangers

Page 12: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 12

By whom:  stranger vs. other.

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

femalevictims of

rape

victims ofrapists

victims ofsexual

assaulter

victims ofchild

molesters

victims ofrape and

s/a

childrenunder 12

victims 18-29

Acquaintance/intimate Stranger

SORN ‐ Effective?

•Mixed results among studies on reduction of recidivism.

• Some deterrent effect detected on sexual violence rate.

• Some negative effect on criminal justice system behavior.

•Clear statistical evidence of perverse increase in recidivism from aggressive laws.

• Increase in recidivism may offset deterrent effect.

Page 13: Janus presentation [Read-Only]

CSC Statutory Reform Working GroupOutcomes Subcommittee – March 11, 2020 13

Notification may increase recidivism ‐

• All else equal, publicly revealing the identity and criminal history of a released offender seems to increase the likelihood of his returning to crime. These results are highly statistically significant: it is unlikely that existing notification laws are reducing recidivism among registered offenders, and it is distinctly possible that these laws are making things worse (Prescott, 2012, p. 54).


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