24
1 Japan Clean Air Program (JCAP) Satoshi Yamazaki Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc. Japan Clean Air Program. Preliminary Modeling Study of Vehicle Emission Impacts on Air Quality
1
Japan Clean Air Program (JCAP)
Satoshi YamazakiToyota Central R&D Labs. Inc.
Japan Clean Air Program.
Preliminary Modeling Study of Vehicle Emission Impacts on Air Quality
2
Objective of This Study
・・・・Objective of this study is to clear the effectiveness of vehicle emission reduction for the air quality improvement in Tokyo urban area.
・・・・This report focuses on influence of Diesel vehicle emissions.
Japan Clean Air Program.
3 Air Quality Study in JCAP
Emission Test Data
Motor VehicleEmission Inventory
System
Vehicles ActivityData
Meteorological Data
MeteorologicalModels
Emission Inventoryof Other Sources
Geographical Data
MonitoringStudy
PollutantsConcentration
Experimental Study Chamber Experiment etc.
Urban Air Quality ・Particulate and Aerosol Model Road side Dispersion
Japan Clean Air Program.
4
Japan Clean Air Program.
Estimation of Total Vehicle Emissions
<Total Vehicle Emissions＞＞＞＞ = Σ Σ Σ (Emission Factor(g/km) Vehicle Year Average x Travel Distance(km) ) Category Velocity
<Emission Factor> = <Basic Emission Factor> x <Deterioration Factor> x< Fuel Correction Factor> x < Temperature Correction Factor> x<Other Correction Factors>
5
Japan Clean Air Program.
Emission Factors Evaluated in JCAP
⊕
⊕ ⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕
♦
♦♦
♦♦
0
0.5
1
1.5
⊕ J-EPA Recommended♦ JCAP Data
⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕
♦♦ ♦
♦♦
0
0.2
0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100
⊕
⊕⊕
⊕ ⊕ ⊕
♦♦
♦ ♦ ♦
0
1
2
⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕
⊕♦♦ ♦
♦ ♦
0
0.2
0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100
⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕
♦
♦♦
♦ ♦
0
400
800
0 20 40 60 80 100Average Velocity (km/h)
(Diesel Passenger Car)
CO
(g/k
m)
NO
x (g
/km
)
HC
(g/k
m)
PM (g
/km
)
CO
2 (g
/km
)Average Velocity (km/h)
6
G
G G
G G GJJ J J
JH
H H H
H
B
B BB B
DD DD D
II
I I I
F
F
F F F0
1
2
3
G
J GV01H GV02B GV03D GV06(lean burn)I GV07(lean burn)F GV08
G
G
G
G G GJJ J J
JHH H H
H
B
BB B
B
DD D D D
I
I
II
I
F
FF F
F
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 20 40 60 80 100
GG G G G GJJ J J JHH
H H H
BB B B B
DD
D
D DI
I
I
I
I
F
F F F F0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
G
GG
G G G
J
JJ J J
H
HH
HH
B
BB
B B
DD
DD D
I
II
I I
F
FF
F F
0
400
800
0 20 40 60 80 100
Japan Clean Air Program.
Emission Factors Evaluated in JCAP(Gasoline Passenger Car)
CO
(g/k
m)
NO
x (g
/km
)
HC
(g/k
m)
CO
2 (g
/km
)
Average Velocity (km/h)
J-EPA Recommended
7
Vehicle Activity in Tokyo Urban Area
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 75 100
150
200
300
Trip Length km
Freq
uenc
y
%
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0-1
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9
10-1
112
-13
14-1
516
-17
18-1
920
-21
22-2
3
Hour of Day
Num
ber o
f Trip
<1h<3h<6h<12h>12h
Soak Time
(Distribution of Trip Length)(Distribution of Soak Time)
Japan Clean Air Program.
8Distribution ofNOx and PM Emission from Vehicle
0369
NOx00.20.40.60.81
PM
Japan Clean Air Program.
(Ton/Day/Grid) (Ton/Day/Grid)
9
Transportation volume：：：： Based on the growth rate recommended by Ministry of Construction and Tokyo Metropolitan Government. (increase +19.2% from year 1994)
Emission factor：：：： Considered vehicle exhaust emission controls to be taken in future.
Gasoline Vehicle (2000~2002 Regulation)Diesel Vehicle (1997~1999 Long-term target)Motor Cycles (1998~1999 Regulation)
Japan Clean Air Program.
Assumptions for Estimating Vehicle Emissions in 2010
10
Summer Winter (Automobile NOx Law Area)
HC NOx HC SPM
Estimation of Vehicle Emissions(without Evap. Emissions)
0
125
250
375
500
625
1990
2010
Year
NO
x Em
issi
on fr
om V
ehic
les
(t/da
y)
0
100
200
300
1994
2010
Year
NO
x Em
issi
on fr
om V
ehic
les
(t/da
y)
0
100
200
30019
90
2010
Year
HC
Em
issi
on fr
om V
ehic
les
(t/da
y)
Motorcycle
DieselVehicleGasolineVehicle
0
100
200
1994
2010
Year
HC
Em
issi
on fr
om V
ehic
les
(t/da
y)
0
10
20
30
1994
2010
Year
SPM
Em
issi
on fr
om V
ehic
les
(t/da
y)
Japan Clean Air Program.
NOx
11
Ship：：：： consider growth of number, no changes of emission factors
Air Plane:consider growth of number, with limitation of airport capacity
Point Sources ・・・・Civil：：：：consider structural changes of energy consumption ・・・・Industry：：：：estimation of future trend of energy consumption ・・・・Power Plant ：：：：Consider new power plant projects, effect of low NOx combustion technology included
HC evaporation：：：：based on growth of energy consumption of industry
NH3：：：：consider agriculture and population growth
Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Other Sources
Japan Clean Air Program.
12 Estimation of Total Emissions
(Summer)
NOx HC
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1990
2010
Year
Tota
l NO
x Em
issi
on (t
/day
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1990
2010
Year
Tota
l HC
Em
issi
on (t
/day
)
Biogenic EmissionsDry CleaningOther SolventsRubber IndustriesAdhesive UseDegreasingPrintingPaintingPetro-Chemical PlantOil Refinery PlantGasoline VaporAirplaneShipIndustrial PlantPower PlantMotorcycleDiesel VehicleGasoline Vehicle Ve
hicl
esO
rgan
ic S
olve
nt E
vapo
ratio
n
0
5000
10000
1994
2010
Year
O3 fo
rmin
g R
eact
ivity
by
MIR
met
hod
(tO3)
Airplane
Ship
IndustrialPlantPower Plant
Motorcycle
DieselVehicleGasolineVehicle
Vehi
cles
Japan Clean Air Program.
13Estimation of Total Emissions
(Winter, Automobile NOx Regulation Area)
Biogenic EmissionsDry CleaningOther SolventsRubber IndustriesAdhesive UseDegreasingPrintingPaintingPetro-Chemical PlantOil Refinery PlantGasoline VaporAirplaneShipIndustrial PlantPower PlantMotorcycleDiesel VehicleGasoline Vehicle Ve
hicl
es
Org
anic
Sol
vent
Eva
pora
tion
NOx HC SPM, EC
0
200
400
600
1994
2010
Year
Tota
l NO
x Em
issi
on (t
/day
)
Airplane
Ship
IndustrialPlantPower Plant
Motorcycle
DieselVehicleGasolineVehicle
Vehi
cles
0
500
1000
1500
1994
2010
Year
Tota
l HC
Em
issi
on (t
/day
)
0
50
100
1994
(SPM
)
2010
(EC
)
Year
Tota
l SPM
and
EC
Em
issi
on (t
/day
)
Airplane
Ship
Industrial Plant
Power Plant
Tire Were
RoadResuspensionVehicle Exhaust
Japan Clean Air Program.
14
Target Pollutants : Summer season --- O3 Winter season --- NO2, SPM (as Elemental Carbon)
3D Grid Transport/Reaction Program: Based on UAM (Urban Airshed Model) CIT ( Caltech Model)
Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient were Modified
Air Quality Simulation
Japan Clean Air Program.
Meteorological input data: NIRE mesoscale model RAMS Program
15
Japan Clean Air Program.
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
BBBBBBB
B
BB
B
BB
BB
BB
BBBBBB
BBB
BB
BBBB
BBBB
B
BBBBBBB
BBBB
BB
BBBBBBBBBB
BBB
B
BBBBBBB
BB
BBBBBBBB
BBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBB
BBBBB
BBBBBB
BB
BBBB
BBB
B
B
B
B
BB
B
B
XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX X XXX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXX XX XX XX XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XXXXXX X X XX XX X XXXXXX X X X XXXX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX XX X X X
X
X X X X XXX X X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX XXX XX X XX X XX X XX X XXXX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XXXX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XXX X X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XXXX X XX X XXXXXX X XXXXXX X XXXX X XXX X X XXXX X XX X XX X XXX XXX X XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXX XX XXX XXXX X XX XX X XX XX X XX XX X XX XX X XX XX X XX X XX XX X XX XX X XXX XX XX XXX XX XXX XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
X
XX
XXX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
X
XX
X
XXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
XX
XXXXX
XX
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
XXXXXX
X
XX
XXXX
XXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
X
XX
XX
XXXX
X
XXXXXXXX
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
XXX
XX
X
XX
XXX
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXXXXXX
XX
XX
X
XX
XX
XXX
XXXX
XX
XX
XXX
X
XXXXXXXXX
XX
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
X
XX
XX
XXX
X
XX
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XX
X
XXXXXX
X
XXXXXX
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XX
X
XX
XX
XXXXX
XX
X
XXXX
XX
X
XX
X
X
X
XXXX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXXX
XXXX
300 m
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
ObservedCalculated(interpolated boundary condition)Calculated(measured boundary condition)
Evaluation of Model Performance(O3, Summer)
16
Evaluation of Model Performance
BBBBBBBBB
BBB
BBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBB
BBBBBBB
BBBBB
BBBBBB
BBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBB
BB
BBBBBB
BBBBBB
B
B
B
B
B
XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXX XX XX XX XX XX XXXX XX XX X XXX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXX XX XX XX XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XXXX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XXXXXX X X XX XX X XXXXXX X X X XXXX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX XX X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX XX X X X XX X X X XXX X X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX XXX XX X XX X XX X XX X XXXX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XXXX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XXX X X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XX X XXXX X XX X XXXXXX X XXXXXX X XXXX X XXX X X XXXX X XX X XX X XXX XXX X XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XX XXX XXXXXXXX XXX XX XXX XXXXX XX XX X XX XX X XX XX X XX XX X XX XX X XX X XX XX X XX XX X XXX XX XX XXX XX XXX XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
X
XX
XXX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
X
XX
X
XXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
XX
XXXXX
XX
X
XX
X
XXX
X
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
XXXXXX
X
XX
XXXX
XXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
X
XX
XX
XXXX
X
XXXXXXXX
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXX
XX
X
XX
XXX
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXXXXXX
XX
XX
X
XX
XX
XXX
XXXX
XX
XX
XXX
X
XXXXXXXXX
XX
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
X
XX
XX
XXX
X
XX
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XXXX
X
XXXXXX
X
XXXXXX
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
XX
X
XX
XX
XXXXX
XX
X
XXXX
XX
X
XX
X
X
X
XXXX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXXXXXXXXX
J Observed concentrationObserved concentrationObserved concentrationObserved concentrationPredicted concentrationPredicted concentrationPredicted concentrationPredicted concentration
JJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJ
J
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJ
J
JJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJ
J
J
J
JJJJJJJ
JJJJJJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
UrawaUrawaUrawaUrawaJJJJJJ
JJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJ
JJ
JJ
JJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
20
40
60
80
100
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
UrawaUrawaUrawaUrawaJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJ
J
JJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJ
J
JJJJJJ
J
J
JJJJJJJ
J
JJ
J
JJJJJJJJJJJ
J
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
TokyoTokyoTokyoTokyo
JJ
JJJJJJ
JJ
JJ
JJJJJJ
JJ
JJJJJJ
JJJJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJJJ
JJ
JJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
20
40
60
80
100
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
TokyoTokyoTokyoTokyo
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJ
JJJJJJJ
JJJJJJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
HachioujiHachioujiHachioujiHachiouji
JJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJ
J
JJJJJJ
J
J
JJJJJJJJ
J
J
J
JJJJJJ
JJJJJJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
YokohamaYokohamaYokohamaYokohama
JJJJ
JJJJ
JJ
JJ
JJJJ
JJJJJJ
J JJJJJJJJJ
JJ
JJ
JJJJ
JJJJJJJJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
20
40
60
80
100
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
FuchuFuchuFuchuFuchu
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJ
J
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
J
J
J
JJJJJJ
JJJJJJ
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)Time (h)
ChibaChibaChibaChiba
NONONONO2222 ←→ ←→ ←→ ←→ ECECECEC
Automobile NOx LawAutomobile NOx LawAutomobile NOx LawAutomobile NOx Lawspecified Areaspecified Areaspecified Areaspecified Area
Japan Clean Air Program.
(NOx,EC, Winter)
17
0.3530.0),(
),(),(11 1
～<−
∑∑= =
N
i
H
j obs
calobs
jiCjiCjiC
NTNGE : Normalized Gross Error =
0.15)05.0(),(
),(),(11 1
～±<−∑∑= =
N
i
H
j obs
calobs
jiCjiCjiC
NTNGB : Normalized Gross Bias =
0.20)15.0(max,
max,max,～±<−
obs
calobs
CCCHPA : unpaired Highest-Prediction Accuracy =
NO2 (Winter)
UAMUAMUAMUAM CIT NIES model CITCITCITCIT
NGE < 0.3 ～ 0. 35 0.2400.2400.2400.240 0.235 0.261 0.3020.3020.3020.302
NGB < ± ( 0. 05 ～ 0. 15 0.0670.0670.0670.067 0.049 0.049 -0.006-0.006-0.006-0.006
HPA < ± ( 0. 15 ～ 0.2 0.0460.0460.0460.046 0.119 0.144 0.1570.1570.1570.157
EPA RecommendedRanges
O3 (Summer)
Japan Clean Air Program.
Quantitative Evaluation of Model Performance
18
Japan Clean Air Program.
Peak O3Concentration
0 15010050
0
20
40
60
80
100
1990 20100
20
40
60
80
100
1990 2010
Red
uctio
n of
Pea
k O
3
Red
uctio
n of
“G
rids
x H
ours
”
N
umbe
r ove
r 120
ppb
Improvement of Air Quality in 2010
(ppb)
(Summer O3, Under Current Regulation)
19
Japan Clean Air Program.
0 150100 (ppb)50
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 2010
Red
uctio
n of
24h
Ave
rage
d N
O2
1994 2010
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 2010Red
uctio
n of
“G
rids
x H
ours
”
N
umbe
r ove
r 60p
pb
Red
uctio
n of
24h
Ave
rage
d E
.C.
24h Averaged NO2 Concentration
Improvement of Air Quality in 2010(Winter NO2, EC Under Current Regulation)
20
NO
x Em
issi
on R
educ
tion
Rat
e (%
)
Contour Map for O3 Improvement byTotal NOx/HC Emission Reduction
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
100
80
60
40
20
100 80 60 40 20 0
0
0
50100
150200
100
80
60
40
20
0
100 80 60 40 20 0
Number of Grids over 120ppb x Hours
HC Emission Reduction Rate (%)
BiogenicHC
BiogenicHC
Reduction Rate of Peak O3 Concentration (%)
HC Emission Reduction Rate (%)
NO
x Em
issi
on R
educ
tion
Rat
e (%
)
Japan Clean Air Program.
2500
Improvement by Diesel EmissionReduction
0
Improvement by Vehicle EmissionReduction
21
HC Emission Reduction Rate (%)
NO
x Em
issi
on R
educ
tion
Rat
e (%
)
0
5
1015 20
25
100
80
60
40
20
0
100 80 60 40 20 0
NO2
Reduction Rate of24-hour Averaged
EC Concentration (%)
SPM
Em
issi
on R
educ
tion
Rat
e (%
)
0 -20 -40 -60 -80-100
0
-30
-50
-70
-100
Reduction Rate (%)
0
30
50
70
100
Reduction Rate of24-hour Averaged
NO2 Concentration (%)
Ratio of Grids overNO2 Environmental
Quality Standard (%)
-70-60-50-40
-30
-20
-10
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100 80 60 40 20 0 NO
x Em
issi
on R
educ
tion
Rat
e (%
)
HC Emission Reduction Rate (%)
Contour Map for NO2 and EC Improvement byTotal NOx/HC Emission Reduction
Japan Clean Air Program.
E.C
22
Conclusion -1-
1. Sources of Total Mass Emissions1) 50% of NOx and 10% of HC to total mass Emissions are caused by vehicles including motorcycles.
2) 70% of the NOx Emission from vehicles is caused by Diesel.
3) more than 50% to total HC emissions is caused by Painting.
4)For the reduction of NOx emissions, reduction of emissions from Industrial plants is also effective.
Japan Clean Air Program.
Air quality simulation study was conducted for Tokyo urban area in 2010, and followings were cleared
23
2. Effect of Diesel Emissions Reduction on Air Quality 1) Reduction of both HC and NOx from Diesel vehicle is effective to reduce peak O3 concentrations in summer.
2) Reduction of NOx from Diesel is effective to reduce 24-hour averaged NO2 concentration in winter, while, reduction of HC shows little effect.
3) SPM concentration in winter shows proportional changes to the reduction of Diesel vehicle emission. (Only elemental carbon was considered in this study. It should be extended to secondary particles in future study.)
Conclusion -2-
Japan Clean Air Program.
24
Future Studies1. Study for air quality along urban main roads Development of new models, Construction of input data
2. Extension to secondary particle matters Development of secondary particle models, Construction of input data
3. Study of evaluation methodology of air quality Evaluation by exposure population, etc.
4. Improvement of reliability of air quality simulation Atmospheric observation study as validation of simulation models Improvement of accuracy of emission inventory
Japan Clean Air Program.
