Japan - Renewed Opportunities
Kasumi YasukawaKasumi YasukawaNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST)(AIST)
GRC 2014, 29 September 2014
Contents1. Before the nuclear accident in 20111. Before the nuclear accident in 2011••Geothermal Power PlantsGeothermal Power Plants in Japanin Japan••Geothermal PotentialGeothermal Potential in Japanin Japan••The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan
2. Renewed opportunities2. Renewed opportunities••National ParksNational Parks••Hot SpringsHot Springs••CostsCosts••New DevelopmentsNew Developments
3. Summary3. Summary
2
1. Before the nuclear accident in 20111. Before the nuclear accident in 2011-- Why there was no geothermal development? Why there was no geothermal development? --
3
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
Ogiri1996-30MW
Otake 1967- 12.5MW
Kirishima Kokusai Htl 1996- 0.1MW
Takigami 1996- 25MW
Suginoi 1981- 3MW
Kuju 1998- 0.9MW
Geothermal Power PlantsGeothermal Power Plants in Japanin Japan17 geothermal power plants with 19 units (2000-2012)
HatchobaruHatchobaruⅠⅠ.1977.1977-- 55MW55MWⅡⅡ.2000.2000-- 55MW55MWBinary 2MWBinary 2MW 4
Yamagawa Yamagawa 1995.3 30MW1995.3 30MW
Mori GPP1982- 25MWOnuma GPP
1974- 9.5MW
Sumikawa1995- 50MW
Matsukawa GPPMatsukawa GPP19661966-- 23.5MW23.5MW
Kakkonda GPPⅠ.1978- 50MWⅡ.1996- 30MW
Onikobe GPP1975.3-12.5MW
YanaizuYanaizu--NishiyamaNishiyama19951995-- 65MW65MWHachijojima GPP
1999- 3.3MW
Uenotai1994- 28.8MW
1 MW≦
10MW≦
< 1MW
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
Japan is the world’s 3rd largest geothermal potential country,
Country No. of active volcanoes
Geothermal potential (MWe)
Geothermal Power generation on 2010 (GWeh)
USA 160 30,000 16,603 Indonesia 146 27,790 9,600 Japan 119 23,470 3,064 Philippines 47 6,000 10,311 Mexico 39 6,000 7,047 Iceland 33 5,800 4,597
New Zealand 20 3,650 4,055
Italy 13 3,270 5,520
Number of active volcanoes ＆ geothermal energy potential (Muraoka et al., 2008)
Geothermal potential in Japan Geothermal potential in Japan
but its power generation is merely No. 8 in the world……Why? Why?
Geothermal potential in this table is an estimated value from heat energy stored at a depth of geological basement or shallower.
5
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
0
2'000
4'000
6'000
8'000
10'000
12'000
14'000
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Inst
alle
d C
umul
ativ
e C
apac
ity (M
W)
Geothermal power capacity of the worldBertani (2010)
８００
６００
４００
２００
０
(10M
W)
Geothermal power in Japan
6
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
The world’s geothermal power capacity is increasing constantly.
But no new GPP in Japan this century.WHY?WHY?
All these strong points are common with nuclear power.Therefore, under the federal policy pushing nuclear power, lows and regulations which limits geothermal development had not been improved.
Low CO2 emissionHydro (11), Geothermal (13), Nuclear (20), Wind (24), PV (38), LNG (474, 599), Oil (738), Coal (943) g-CO2/kWh (CRIEPI, 2010)
Low COLow CO22 emissionemissionHydro (11), Geothermal (13), Nuclear (20), Wind (24), PV (38), LNG (474, 599), Oil (738), Coal (943) g-CO2/kWh (CRIEPI, 2010)
Stable power & High capacity factorNot depending on weather
Stable power & High capacity factorStable power & High capacity factorNot depending on weather
High energy return (generated power/used energy)Hydro (50), Geothermal（31）, Nuclear (24), Oil(21) , Coal (17)
High energy return High energy return (generated power/used energy)(generated power/used energy)Hydro (50), Geothermal（31）, Nuclear (24), Oil(21) , Coal (17)
Strong points of geothermal powerStrong points of geothermal power
The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan
7
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
3. CostThermal and nuclear power have been considered more cost effectiveso that GPP has not been attractive for electric power suppliers.
1. National Parks (no drillings, no researches)80% of the geothermal energy in Japan exist inside national parks where no exploitation has been allowed. Even scientific survey has been limited.
2. Hot springsSome hot spring owners make strong campaign against geothermal development in afraid of degradation of the springs (amount, quality).
How these things have been improved after the nuclear accident in 2011?
8
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan
2. Renewed Opportunities2. Renewed Opportunities-- Recent movement after 3.11, 2011Recent movement after 3.11, 2011
9
Renewed Opportunities
1. National ParksThe cabinet decided to mitigate restrictions on geothermal development in national parks, as a low CO2 emission energy source (June, 2010). Ministry of Environment (MOE) changed ordinance on national park in 2012.
Ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment1) Special Protection zone and Class 1 Special zone (SP and S1)The development is not admitted but the gravity or MT survey will be admitted,
which covers wide area. A deviated well drilling is not admitted.2) Class 2 and 3 Special zones (S2 and S3)The development is basically not admitted. Only deviated well drilling from
outside will be admitted if there is no effect on the surface. (November 2011)
The development is basically not admitted but it may be allowed if environmental consideration is well treated. (March 2012)
10
Renewed Opportunities
Never enter!Never enter!(Even survey is prohibited)(Even survey is prohibited)
Surface Surface survey and survey and
small small scale scale
developmedevelopment may be nt may be allowedallowed
Special Protection zones
Class 1 Special zones
Class 2 Special zones
Class 3 Special zones
Ordinary Zones
Outside parks
11
Renewed Opportunities
1. National Parks It has been…
Special Protection zones
Class 1 Special zones
Class 2 Special zones
Class 3 Special zones
Ordinary Zones
Outside parks
Surface Surface survey survey
may be may be allowedallowed
Small scale Small scale development development may be may be allowedallowed
Higher protection
12
DevelopDevelop--ment ment allowedallowed
Renewed Opportunities
1. National Parks Since March 2012 if enough environmental consideration is made,
2. Hot springsThe only social problem that cannot be solved by laws and regulation. But...
The Ministry of Environment (MoE) made a new guideline on permission of geothermal drilling in March 2012, to be referred by local (prefecture) government, in order to avoid delay in giving permission.
Procedure for permission shown in the guideline
yes no
May geothermal development affect on shallow hot spring aquifer?
No information on their relation
Model exists on their relation
Monitoring data on their relation
Judgment by basic geo-scientific info.
Judgment based on the Model
Judgment based on Monitoring data
Existing information on relation between Geothermal Reservoir and hot spring
13
Renewed Opportunities
3. CostThe Energy Agency of METI supports domestic geothermal businesses by :
●Financial support1.Drilling•Government’s support for geothermal drilling was to be abolished in FY2011. But after the big earthquake, government increased the budget from ~USD 15 to 90 million in FY2012. It covers up to 50 % of exploration well drilling costs.2. Public Acceptance•New budget for PA covers 100 % of PA activities by private sectors.3. RD&D (EGS, etc.)
●Feed in Tarif (FIT)FIT law for geothermal power was enacted and price is fixed in 2012.1.15 MW or bigger: 27.3 yen/kWh for 15 years 2. Smaller than 15 MW: 42 yen/kWh for 15 years.
Geothermal projects get double financial incentives from the government (drilling support and FIT).
14
Renewed Opportunities
4. New developments
Private sectors (Industries)• Japan Geothermal Association (JGA) was established in Dec. 2012.
It consists of 49 companies and 3 organizations (dated May 2013), including metal developers, oil and gas developers, power supplier, trading companies, construction companies, turbine makers, plantmakers, geothermal consultants, drillings companies, and banks.
• Kawasaki Heavy Industry, KOBELCO, IHI, etc., began production of50-100 kW generator for small binary plants. Many local groups (municipal or hotel owners) show interests in such small GPP.
• Currently 44 or more exploration and/or development projects arerun by geothermal developers and local groups (see next page).
15
Renewed Opportunities
Current projects (Explorations, evaluations and installations)
16
Map made by JGA
Activity Index
• 19 prospects over 10MW• 7 prospects 1MW-10MW• 18 prospects less than 1MW
(as of July 2014)
Higher number indicates higher subsurface temperature (expected).
Preceding projects (began before 2011)•TOHGEC group began exploration drilling in 2013 in Hachimantai, aiming at 10 MW GPP.•Yuzawa-Chinetsu Co. Ltd. (J-Power, MMC and Mitsubishi Gas) began environmental assessment in Wasabizawa geothermal field, aiming at 42 MW GPP in 2020.
Renewed Opportunities
4. New developments
Higher number indicates higher subsurface temperature (expected).
Present geothermal power stations
17
Activity Index
• 12 areas, 14 units 10MW or bigger
• 3 + 1 units 1MW-10MW• 9 units less than 1MW
(6 are installed in 2014 and Abo Tunnel was in 2013)as of July 2014
Mori 25MW
Onuma 9.5MW
Sumikawa 50MWMatsukawa
23.5MW
Kakkonda50+30MW
Yanaizu-Nishiyama 65MW
Hachijojima 3.3MW
Uenotai 28.8MW
Yamagawa 30MW
Ogiri 30MW
Otake 12.5MW
Kirishima Kokusai Htl 0.1MW
Takigami 25MW
Suginoi 3MW
Kuju 0.9MWHatchobaru 55+55+2MW
Shichimi Spring 0.02MW
Abo Tunnel 0.003MWYumura Spring 0.03MW
Beppu Spring 0.5MWGoto-en 0.09MW
Hagenoyu 2MWOguni Matsuya 0.06 MW
LEGEND
(map made by JGA)
1 MW≦
10MW≦
< 1MW
Onikobe12.5MW
Ongoing projects•Some of these small plants have plans to enlarge capacity.•Abo Tunnel will have additional 2MW in 2015.•Goto-en will have additional 0.05MW by 2015.
Renewed Opportunities
4. New developments
3. Summary• Renewable preference after the nuclear power plant accident
in March 2011 pushed Japanese government to support geothermal development.
• Financial incentives for geothermal developments, drilling support and FIT system are given by METI.
• New RD&D has begun supported mainly by METI (also by MOE and Reconstruction Agency).
• MOE released constrains for national parks. MOE made a new guideline on giving geothermal drilling permission to speed-up the process.
• Industries have moved forward to accelerate domestic geothermal developments. Currently 44 or more exploration and/or development projects are running.
18
Summary
Geothermal study by AIST
• National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) opened Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute (FREA) in April 2014.
• Geothermal studies by AIST, which used be done by geo-scientific units, would be mainly conducted in FREA.
19
Shallow Geothermal and Hydrogeology Team (SGHT)
Shallow Geothermal Shallow Geothermal and Hydrogeology and Hydrogeology Team (SGHT)Team (SGHT)
Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team
Renewable Energy Research Center (RERC)
Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Research Center (RERC)Research Center (RERC)
Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute AIST (FREA)Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute AIST (FREA)Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute AIST (FREA)
Solar Cell Technology Team
Wind Power Team
Energy Integration Team
Administration offices
Administration offices Universities
Institutes
Industries
Overseas
Universities
Institutes
Industries
Overseas
Collaboration
Other organizationsOther organizations
Geothermal Energy Team (GET)
Geothermal Geothermal Energy Energy Team Team (GET)(GET)
Renewed Opportunities
Major projects by Geothermal Energy Team in FREA
BUDGET for FY2014 (April 2014- March 2015)＊JOGMEC Project (Sponsored by METI)
AE monitoring in Yanaizu-Nishiyama (AE Mapping, Risk evaluation), ~USD 100,000＊Japan-US collaboration project (Sponsored by METI)
Development of decision tree for hydro-fracturing process, ~USD 720,000＊ ERIA project (Sponsored by METI)
Sustainability Assessment of Utilizing Conventional and New-Type Geothermal Resources in East Asia, USD 65,000
＊ Local FS (Sponsored by Reconstruction Agency) 1-year projects to support FS by local firms in
area struck (Fukushima, Miyagi and Iwate prefectures), Max ~USD 300,000.
4 projects are currently conducted by Geothermal Energy Team.
Renewed Opportunities
5. Geothermal study by AIST
Reference
21Map by JGA
Activity Index by Hayashi (1982)
Updated by Muraoka et al. (2008)
Activity Index
• What is Activity Index?
Higher number indicates higher subsurface temperature (expected).
““Harmonious utilization of geothermal Harmonious utilization of geothermal energy with hot spring resourcesenergy with hot spring resources””- to avoid conflicts between hot spring owners and
geothermal developers -AIST had conducted a 3-year research project from FY2010 sponsored by MoE, consists of modeling, monitoring, and data integration for a whole subsurface system including hot spring aquifer.
22
Renewed Opportunities
2. Hot springs
A Kalina cycle enables power generation by ~85 C water. GERD and AIST have been conducting a demonstration project in Niigata sponsored by MoE.Many hot spring owners have interest in such small plants for their own use.
Hot spring source
To spa (bath)
To power line
Heat exchanger
turbineCooling tower
condenser
23
Low temperature binary systemLow temperature binary system
For utilizing local energy and reducing “geothermal allergy”of hot spring owners,
““Hot spring power plantHot spring power plant”” projectproject
Renewed Opportunities
2. Hot springs
