“From Warsaw to Paris via Lima”‐ The Final Leap Towards a Global Deal on Climate Change?

Japan’s Strategic Actions on Climate Change

12th February 2014

Mr. Soichiro SEKI

Director General

Global Environment Bureau

Ministry of the Environment, JAPAN

1

AgendaAgenda

1. Background: Process of International 

Negotiation on Climate Change

2. Current Status in Japan

3. Japan’s New GHG Emission Target

4. Japan’s Actions to address Climate Change

2

1 Background: Process of International1. Background: Process of International 

N ti ti Cli t ChNegotiation on Climate Change

3

Outcome of COP19：Post‐2020 Framework

Outcome： Decision on schedule towards the 2015 agreementOutcome： Decision on schedule towards the 2015 agreement

○Elaborate elements for a draft negotiating text (mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, capacity‐building and transparency of action and support) beginning at th ADP i i M h 2014the ADP session in March 2014.

Concerning intended nationally determined contributions,○All Parties invited to initiate or intensify domestic preparations of intended contributions and○All Parties invited to initiate or intensify domestic preparations  of intended contributions and 

communicate them well in advance of COP21 (by the first quarter of 2015 by those Parties ready to do so) in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of contributions

○Identify by COP20 information that Parties will provide when putting forward contributions

Additional session of the ADP

March 10‐14 , 2014ADP

JuneADP

ADP※to be determined at March 

session1‐12 Dec. 2014

COP20（Lima, Peru）30 Nov. ‐11 Dec. 2015COP21（Paris, France）Sep. 23

Climate Summit

Elaboration of elements for draft  ・Identify information that Parties will  ・Parties communicate intended nationally determined 

negotiating text（from March） provide when putting forward contributions (by COP20)・Elaborate elements for a draft negotiating text

contributions（well in advance of COP21）【by March 2015 for those Parties ready to do so】・Make available a negotiating text（before May 2015）

4

Tasks Ahead: Post‐2020 Framework

d i i iExpected Discussions in 2014

○Elements of a draft negotiating textBegin to elaborate further at the ADP session in March 2014Begin to elaborate further at the ADP session in March 2014

<<Examples>>Mitigation (ways of putting forward intended nationally determined commitments and of considering ambition) Adaptation (exploring a global goal ways of strengthening theconsidering ambition), Adaptation (exploring a global goal, ways of strengthening the implementation of national adaptation plans), Finance, Technology, Capacity‐building, Transparency, Institutional arrangements, Differentiation

〇Information that Parties will provide when putting forward contributions・Identify by COP20 in Dec. 2014・Should facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of contributionsy, p y g

〇Ex‐ante Consultation・The proposal by developed countries including Japan to carry out ex‐ante consultations of intended contributions was not explicitly incorporated in the COP19 decision

・However, Parties are invited to communicate intended contributions well in advance of COP21 (by March 2015 by those Parties ready to do so), thus leaving room to carry out ex‐ante consultations before concluding the new framework at COP21. 

・The next step is for Parties to make suggestions and exchange views concerning the content and procedures for ex‐ante consultation. 5

Outcome of COP19：Pre‐2020 mitigation ambition

O t D i i i l di f th iti ti ti b ll

Urge developed country Parties to• Implement without delay its Cancun target and commitment for the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto

Outcome： Decision including further mitigation action by all 

• Implement without delay its Cancun target and commitment for the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (KP)

• Revisit its Cancun target and commitment for the 2nd commitment period of the KPProcedure to revisit commitments under the KP:  Parties submit by 30 April 2014, information relating to its intention to increase ambition; submitted info to be considered at high level ministerial round table in June

• Periodically evaluate the continuing application of any conditions associated with its target • Increase technology , finance and capacity‐building support to enable increased mitigation ambition by 

developing country Partiesdeveloping country Parties

• Implements its mitigation actions under the Cancun agreement and where appropriate consider further

Urge developing country Parties to

Implements its mitigation actions under the Cancun agreement and  where appropriate, consider further action

Urge Parties that have not yet communicated targets or actions to do so

Accelerate activities on enhancing mitigation ambition by• Intensifying technical examination of opportunities fro actins with high mitigation potential from • Facilitating best practices of cities and subnational authorities• Facilitating best practices of cities and subnational authorities  • Inviting Parties to promote the voluntary cancellation of CERs, without double counting• Considering further activities to be undertaken at COP20

6

Tasks Ahead: Pre‐2020 Mitigation Ambition 

Expected Discussions in 2014Expected Discussions in 2014

○Revisiting 2020 target (developed countries)・Possible discussions at ADP high‐level ministerial dialogue in June or Climate Summit in September(Concerning commitments for the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Parties will submit by 30 April 2014 information relating to its intention to increase the ambition of its commitment, and submitted information will be considered at high level ministerial round table in June)considered at high level ministerial round table in June)

○Examination of opportunities for actions with high mitigation potential ・Organize a technical expert meeting at the sessions of the ADP in 2014g p gto share policies, practices and technologies and address the necessary finance, technology and capacity‐building, with a special focus on actions with high mitigation potential

・Prepare updates of the August 2013 version of the technical paper in advance of SB40 (June 2014) and COP20 (December 2014)

※Parties invited to submit to the secretariat, by 30 March 2014, information on mitigation benefits, costs, co‐benefits and barriers etc. concerning mitigation actions

○Share best practices of cities and subnational authorities・ Convene during the ADP session in conjunction with SB40 a forum to help share among Parties the experiences and best practices in relation to adaptation and mitigation

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2 Current Status of Japan’s GHG Emission2. Current Status of Japan s GHG Emission

8

Japan’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and

Japan’s GHG emissionsJapan’s GHG emissions during 1during 1stst Commitment Period under KPCommitment Period under KP

Achievements Status for Emission Targets under the Kyoto Protocol

○ Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions (preliminary figures) in FY2012 were 1,341 Mt CO2 eq. (an increase of 6.3% compared to the base year (BY) and 2.5% compared to the previous year (PY))

○ If the forest carbon sink measures target1 is achieved and Kyoto mechanisms credits2 are taken into account, the five-year average for total 3

1,341 Mt(+6.3% from BY)

Amount to be deducted fromactual total emissions taking into account the forest carbon sink measures target ・・・②

Amount to be deducted from actual total emissions taking into account the Kyoto mechanisms credits ・・・③

emissions during the first commitment period (CP1) of the Kyoto Protocol (FY2008-FY2012) shows an 8.2%3 decrease compared to the total emissions of the base year; therefore, it is estimated that Japan will have achieved its target for the CP1 of the Kyoto Protocol (-6 % below base year level).

Emissions(Billion t-CO2 eq.)

1,261 Mt1.3

1 2

<＋2.5％ from PY＞Actual total emissions ・・①

1,257 Mt（-0.3％ from BY）

1,308 Mt（+3.7％ from BY）

Five-year average1,279 Mt

（+1.4％ from BY） Forest carbon sink measures target（3.8％ of BY）

Kyoto mechanisms

1,282 Mt(+1.6% from BY)

1,207 Mt(-4.3％ from BY）

1.1

1.2

－8.7％

－13.8％

－10.2％

－4.0％ －4.6％Kyoto Protocol ‐ CP1Reduction Target: 

‐6% from BY(1 186Mt)

ycredits

（5.9％ of BY）

1.0 Five-year average for total emissions after deduction of ②

and ③ from ①＝-8.2% from BY

(1,186 Mt)

0.9

(速報値)

2008～2012５カ年平均

1: Forest carbon sink measures target: About 3.8% (47.67 Mt CO2/yr.) of the base year emissions according to the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan.

Base Year (BY) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012(In principle, 1990) (Preliminary Figures)

Five-year (2008-2012) Average

1: Forest carbon sink measures target: About 3.8% (47.67 Mt CO2/yr.) of the base year emissions according to the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan.2: Kyoto mechanisms credits:

Acquired by the government: Total credits that were contracted as of FY2012 year-end through the Kyoto Mechanisms Credit Acquisition Program (97.528 Mt) divided by 5 (yrs.) Acquired by the private sector: The amount of credits that were acquired by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (According to the Environmental Action Plan by the

Japanese Electric Utility Industry [FY2009 to FY2013])3:Total emissions and removals for the Kyoto Protocol target will be finalized after the technical review process under the Kyoto Protocol and the Convention to be conducted in FY2014.

Also, the Kyoto mechanisms credits will be finalized after the true-up period for the first commitment period (expected to be completed in the second half of 2015 or later). 9

3 Japan’s New GHG Emission Target3. Japan s New GHG Emission Target

10

Japan’s New Emissions Reduction Target for 2020 

New Target:3.8% reduction compared to 2005 level

Thi h b f l dThis target has been formulated as: a target at this pointdetermined without taking into account the emissions reductiondetermined without taking into account the emissions reduction 

effect by nuclear power, given that the energy policy and energy mix is still under consideration. 

Japan will come up with a firm target based on further review in line ith th f id ti f th li dwith the progress of consideration of the energy policy and energy 

mix. 

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If these targets are compared without the assumed emission reduction by nuclear power…✩New Target vs. Past Targets 

★+13.5%

+4.0% +2.1% New Target

△3.8%w/o Nuclear

★

★

★Nuclear

+7% ★w/o Nuclear

w/o 

△12%

Nuclear

△15%(domestic) from FY2005 level

+

from FY2005 level△6%

From FY1990 

FY1990 FY2005 New TargetMid‐Term Target 

△2.8% (forest)

Kyoto Target ～～～～～～ level

～～Nuclear Power 

Ratio27% (Record)

Nuclear Power Ratio

31% (Record)

[FY2020]Developed in 2009[FY2020]

Nuclear Power Ratio42%

w/o Nuclear

[FY2008 – 2012]

Nuclear Power Ratio36%

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4. Japan’s Actions to address Climate Change4. Japan s Actions to address Climate Change

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ＡＣＥ：ＡＣＥ： ＡｃｔｉｏｎｓＡｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｆｏｒｆｏｒ ＣｏｏｌＣｏｏｌ ＥａｒｔｈＥａｒｔｈ

B i C t

Japan’s Diplomatic Strategy for Countering Global Warming Japan’s Diplomatic Strategy for Countering Global Warming 

Current Situation IndiaBasic ConceptWarming of the climate system is unequivocal. (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report)

China USEU

Others

Current Situation

Russia

India

Japan

Assessment Report)

Concrete actions are needed for: ・50% reduction of global GHG emissions

Innovation

Applicationg

・80% reduction for developed countries by 2050

A i f “C l E h”

Application

PartnershipActions for “Cool Earth” are:・Innovation of Low Carbon Technologies・Application of existing technologies

50% Reduction of annual GHG

Year 2050

Application of existing technologies・Partnership with various stakeholders

Overcoming the aftermath of the Great East Japan 

of annual GHG emissions

Contributing to realizing Cool Earth

Earthquake and the nuclear accident.Cool Earth 

by technologies

OVERVIEW: November 2013,   Ministry of Foreign Affairs,   Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,   Ministry of Environment, JAPAN 

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Action1 : InnovationCarbon Fiber Filament and its application

Endeavor to invest USD110 billion of both public and private p pfinance over five years for research and development in energy and environment.

Implement the Low Carbon Technology Plan. → approx 80% cover of the reduction to halve global GHG→ approx. 80% cover of the reduction to halve global GHG emissions by 2050. 

(e.g., CCS, innovative structural materials, locally appropriate technology )( g , , , y pp p gy )

Host “Global Energy and Environment Innovation Forum” annually with the participation of leading persons. 

15

Action2: Application

Exterior view of GOSAT (@JAXA)

Double the number of partner countries to the Joint Crediting Mechanisms (JCM) over the next three years.S j f l i h h JCM S i l Fi i S h (JSF) dSupport project formulation through JCM Special Financing Scheme (JSF) and “Leapfrog” fund.

Build basis for international diffusion of technologies.  Promote international standardization (e.g., LED lighting)

Launch a new satellite to observe GHGs in FY2017.M it ti b ti it b it GHG i i l l →Monitor nation‐by‐nation or megacity‐by‐megacity GHG emission levels → verify and propose countermeasures.

16

Action3: Partnership

1,600 billion yen (approx. USD 16 billion) of both public and private finance to developing countries over the 3 years since 20 32013

Focus on disaster risk reduction and utilize new schemes e.g., Stand‐By Emergency Credit for Urgent Recovery (SECURE) etc.

Promote the substantial scale‐up of private climate finance by utilizing public financial instrumentspublic financial instruments.

Japan will lead the discussion to develop a newi i l f k f li h b d 2020international framework for climate change beyond 2020.

17

ili i diff i f l di l b h l i d i d

Basic Concept of the JCM

Facilitating diffusion of leading low carbon technologies, products, systems, services, and infrastructure as well as implementation of mitigation actions, and contributing to sustainable development of developing countries.

Appropriately evaluating contributions to GHG emission reductions or removals from Japan in a quantitative manner, by applying measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) methodologies, and use them to achieve Japan’s emission reduction target.( ) g , p g

Contributing to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC by facilitating global actions for GHG emission reductions or removals, complementing the CDM.

JAPANHost Country

Leading low carbon technologies, etc, JAPAN ead g o ca bo tec o og es, etc,and implementation of mitigation

actions JCMProjects

MRV MethodologiesMRV

GHG emission

MRV Methodologieswill be developed

by the Joint Committee

Used to achieve J ’ i i reductions/

removalsJapan’s emission reduction target

Credits

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Japan has held consultations for the JCM with developing countries since 2011 and 

Countries with which Japan has signed on bilateral documents p p g

signed the bilateral document for the JCM with Mongolia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Maldives, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Indonesia, Costa Rica and Palau. 

Mongolia On January 8, 2013（ l b ）

BangladeshOn March 19, 2013

EthiopiaOn May 27, 2013

Kenya On June 12,2013 (N i bi)

MaldivesOn June 29, 2013(Oki )（Ulaanbaatar） (Dhaka) (Addis  Ababa) (Nairobi) (Okinawa)

Viet Nam Lao PDR Indonesia Costa Rica PalauViet Nam On July 2, 2013 (Hanoi)

h ld h i i i h li l d h hi i i

Lao PDR On August 7, 2013(Vientiane)

Indonesia On August 26, 2013(Jakarta)

Costa Rica On December 9, 2013(Tokyo)

Palau On January 13, 2014(Ngerulmud)

Japan held the 1st Joint Committee with Mongolia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya,  Viet Nam and Indonesia respectively.

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‐ Implementation of JCM Demonstration Projects and Financing Program for JCM Model Projects

Approaches for promoting JCM project formulationp j g g j

‐ Establishment of the JCM Special Financing Scheme (JSF) in collaboration with JBIC and NEXI ‐ Establishment of a fund to assist emission reduction projects which cooperate with projects assisted by JICA, etc.‐ Assistance to cities and islands as a whole‐ Assistance to cities and islands as a whole‐ Utilization of the consultative meetings of relevant ministries, agencies, and organizations.

Mongolia Viet Nam:Bangladesh:

Example of JCM Feasibility Studies/Model Projects /Demonstration Projects (2010 to 2013)Mongolia:•Upgrading and Installation of Centralized Control System of High- Efficiency Heat Only Boiler •Energy-saving power transmission system•Highly Efficient Transmission and Coal Power Plant•Wind-Power Generation

Viet Nam:•Integrated Energy Efficiency Improvement at Beer Factory•Highly Efficient Coal Power Plants (Ultra Super Critical)•Highly Efficient Air Conditioning•Highly Efficient Transformer•Water purification and sludge emission reduction

Bangladesh:•Brick Production based on Non-Firing Solidification Technology•CCGT Power Generation•High-efficiency rice husk based cogeneration

Red: JCM Model ProjectsGreen: JCM Demonstration ProjectsBlack : JCM Feasibility Studies

•10MW-scale solar power generation for stable power supply•Energy conservation at cement plant•Improvement of thermal installation and water cleaning/air purge at power plants Mexico:

•CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)

•Vehicle-mounted terminal (digital tachograph)•Energy saving glass windows for buildings•Small-scale biomass power generation

•Solar power generation with long-life storage battery in non-electrified regions

Laos:•Energy saving at beer plant

Kenya:•Expansion of geothermal project•Dissemination of Solar Lantern

Myanmar:•Run-of-river Micro Hydro Power Generation

( p g )

Indonesia:•Energy Efficient Refrigerants to Cold Chain Industry•Energy Saving for Air-Conditioning and Process Cooling at Textile Factory

Thailand:•Energy saving in industrial park•Energy Savings through Building Energy

•Forest conservation measures (REDD+)•Promotion of use of electric vehicles

Run of river Micro Hydro Power Generation•Geothermal binary power generation

Textile Factory•Energy Savings at Convenience Stores•Mega-Solar Power Plants Using Thin-Film Solar Cells•Optimum Control of Plant Equipment•Wind-Power Generation•Energy-saving stores based on CO2 refrigerant

Management System •Bagasse-based Cogeneration at Sugar Mill

Sri Lanka:

Maldives:• Air conditioners by using deep sea water Cambodia:

•Small-scale Biomass Power Generation by Using Stirling Engines

India:•Energy Efficient Technologies for Integrated steel works•Efficient Air Conditioners

Djibouti / Rwanda:•Geothermal Power Generation

•Forest conservation measures (REDD+)•Anaerobic treatment for wastewater from rubber plants•Solar power system at off-grid cell towers•Improvement of REDD+ implementation using IC technology

・Sustainable biomass-based power generation Efficient Air Conditioners

•Utilization of LED Lights at Office Buildings•High-Performance Industrial Furnaces to AluminiumIndustry•Bagasse-based Power Generation including Waste Heat Utilization 20

Monitoring of the effects of the introduction of low GHG and low‐carbon technology with satellite observation

1.  Absorption/emission in 64 regions across the globe, estimated with outputfrom the observation network on the ground and the from "IBUKI" (left)

1.  Utilize CO2 concentration data from satellite observation to makequantitative estimates of the CO2 concentration balance for the entire globe

The role of a new state‐of‐the‐art GHG observing satellite “GOSAT"

quantitative estimates of the CO2 concentration balance for the entire globe2.  Verify the useability of satellite CO2 concentration data

Development of the " GOSAT‐2",2.  Averaged annual reduction in the uncertainty of assumed CO2 balance (%) in64 regions across the globe, by combining observation data gathered by "IBUKI" with ground‐based observation data (right)

aiming for launch in FY 2017

The advantage of "GOSAT‐2"

1.  Perform comprehensive measurement of black carbon (BC) in addition to CO2, etc.2.  Analyze the energy‐oriented CO2 emission and its reduction potential, by country3 Analyze CO2 emissions by major cities or large point sources

4. industrial symbiosis‐type regional energy network system (Left: Example in Indonesia)Balancing the use of distributed renewable energy and sustainable grazing (Right: Example in Mongolia)

3.  Analyze CO2 emissions by major cities or large point sources4.  Verify the CO2 emission reduction effects achieved through introduction of low‐carbon systems using data from “GOSAT‐2”

Utilize this technology in the future to promote the shift to low‐carbon societies in other Asian countries under JCM.2./3. Low‐carbon society building‐GOSAT's ongoing challenges‐

1.Air pollution reduction, aerosols, etc.‐New challenges for GOSAT's successor‐ Balancing the use of distributed renewable energy and sustainable grazing (Right: Example in Mongolia)

Turbidity of the atmosphere due to small particles

SatelliteObservation

CO2 (GOSAT L4B)Thermal power plant

Industrial symbiosis type housing

Location of new environmental industry・Environmental industry / 

Energy industryGreen material production industry

Heat conduit

AEMS"Adjustment of electricity and heat 

demand and supply""Adjustmentof demand ineventof a

Electricity system

Regional energy management center

Freezer Freezer

Thermal power plant

Proposed district: About 200Ha

System power

System power

(can preserve items other than meat) (can preserve items other than meat)

Subterranean cold/heat utilization Subterranean cold/heat utilization

Solar power Solar power

g

Refrigeration storage system using distributed renewable energy, etc.

Ultravioletrays

Aerosol monitoring

Local data Carbon monoxide (model) Reduction of power consumption in the city

Electricity

Heat conduitCommunication network

Ishinomaki port

Resource recycling centers Green Energy Park

Adjustment of demand in event of a power failure"

Gas engine

Large storage batteriesMega solar

GaSafe supply ofpowers engine

Freezer

Subterranean cold/heat utilization

(can preserve items other than meat)

System power

Subterranean cold/heat utilization Subterranean cold/heat utilization

Solar power

Seafood processing area 21

Japan is a marine nation with the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. Wind turbines have more introduction 

Floating Offshore Wind Turbinep g

potential offshore than on land.With higher wind speed, the ocean promises stable and efficient power generation. Having not much in the way of shallow sea areas, Japan expects much from floating turbines that can be introduced to deep sea areas (50m or deeper)( p )Verification project of floating wind turbines started in FY2010. Demonstration machines at the pilot scale and commercial scale were installed and operated in FY2012 and FY2013 respectively. Associated technologies and systems will be established by FY2015 toward practical application.Through these demonstrations, Japan aims to expand offshore wind power to more than one million kW by 2020.

Construction, installation, operation and evaluation of Japan’s first commercial‐scale floating offshore wind turbines 

Full‐fledged demonstration off the coast of Kabashima, Goto City, NagasakiThe world’s first hybrid spar model

[Significant cost reduction taking advantage of Japanese technologies]

2MW demonstrator

Design and construction of a floating structure resistant to typhoons, etc.

[Significant cost reduction taking advantage of Japanese technologies]

In FY2014, gather information concerning full‐fledged operation and power generation using the 2000kW

Coordination with the fishing industry/system in harmony with fisheries

Environmental assessment method

In addition, demonstrate technologies and systems to produce operation and power generation using the 2000kW commercial‐scale equipment, its environmental impact, adaptation to weather conditions, safety, etc. to obtain knowledge toward practical application. 

In addition, demonstrate technologies and systems to produce hydrogen using surplus electricity in the process of power generation to supply energy for local production for local consumption

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Floating Offshore Wind TurbinefResults of Pilot‐scale Test

i h i ffi iHigh generating efficiencyMore efficient than on landMore efficient than on landwith steadier and stronger wind

Achieved a capacity factor of 35%(standard is 20% for wind turbines on land)

(10%‐ for photovoltaic solar)

(*)capacity factor 

= ratio of actual output to potential output 

Floating Offshore Wind TurbinefResults of Pilot‐scale Test

Resistant to typhoonsResistant to typhoonsEncountered a typhoon for the first timefirst time

•• September 16September 16‐‐17, 201217, 2012•• TyphoonTyphoon SanbaSanba one of the strongest typhoonsone of the strongest typhoonsTyphoon Typhoon SanbaSanba,, one of the strongest typhoons    one of the strongest typhoons    for the last 70 yearsfor the last 70 years, passed the region, passed the region

•• Max. instantaneous Max. instantaneous wind wind speed: 53.5m/sspeed: 53.5m/s•• Max. wave height: 16.9mMax. wave height: 16.9m•• No damageNo damage to floating  structure and turbineto floating  structure and turbineC fi d t i t f d i th d dC fi d t i t f d i th d d•• Confirmed certainty of design methods and Confirmed certainty of design methods and high safetyhigh safety

•• Applicable to the Asia Pacific Region whichApplicable to the Asia Pacific Region which

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Applicable to the Asia Pacific Region which Applicable to the Asia Pacific Region which experiences frequent typhoonsexperiences frequent typhoons

Just after the typhoonJust after the typhoon

Thank you for your kind attentionThank you for your kind attention.

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