Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve

Annual Report 2002-03 · Stanford University

The most basic rules of the world—the ones we alllive by—are ecological rules. You can't study themor even perceive them very well in a classroom orlaboratory. Whether one is a botanist, a biologist,or an earth scientist, it's imperative to go out on themountainside, watch the rain fall over a valley, diginto the earth beneath a fallen tree, or wade acreek for cobbles with sources upstream. The bestwork in the natural disciplines all starts with ob-servations in nature.

-KENNETH S. NORRIS,Founder of the University of California

Natural Reserve System

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Growth is the goal, it is a condition we associate with success, itis viewed as a desired outcome, and it is one of our culturalmantras. But not all growth is identical, desirable, or sustain-

able. Acknowledging limits is a hard-won lesson, and in myexperience, many of our most creative accomplishments emerge fromacknowledging our limits and turning them into new opportunities.

Jasper Ridge is faced with limitsto growth and is susceptible to thestrains and stresses associated withapproaching limits. Some of thegrowth and the associatedconstraints are of our ownmaking—the growth in research,class use, tours, and other programactivities. These have raisedquestions about how much activitycan be accommodated by thePreserve without compromising thequality of Preserve activities or theunique resources that make thePreserve so invaluable. Otherpressures are external to the Preserveand come in all shapes and sizes—development and land use along ourboundaries, the political andmanagement realities of residing within an increasingly urbanizedlandscape, and the regional and global changes that confront us all.

There are numerous paths toward addressing these challenges, andmaking the right choices is a formidable task. Challenges associated withfire management, the future of Searsville Lake and Dam, and the con-tinuing problems caused by invasive species such as West Nile Virus alldemand careful attention. Staying focused on the Preserve’s mission

without being overwhelmed by the crisis du jour requires considerableclarity and discipline. In an effort to assure a continued focus on thePreserve’s future, a Strategic Planning Committee was formed inNovember of 2002, with Chris Field (Director, Department of GlobalEcology, Carnegie Institution of Washington) as its chair. Other mem-bers of the Committee include: Professors Deborah Gordon (Biological

Sciences) and David Freyberg (Civiland Environmental Engineering);graduate students Will Cornwell andLisa Moore; community membersBill Gomez, Jeanne Sedgwick, andIrene Brown; Nona Chiariello (JasperRidge Research Coordinator), as wellas myself. The charge of theCommittee is to identify policies andpriorities for addressing the broadrange of management issues faced bythe Preserve in the coming yearswhile prioritizing the major compo-nents of the Preserve’s mission.

From my perspective, one en-couraging feature of the StrategicPlanning Committee’s formation isthat it precisely follows what wasoutlined near the end of last year’s

annual report statement—the need to address the challenges ofmanaging the Preserve within the context of an urban-wildland in-terface. How well we adjust to this context without compromisingthe mission of the Preserve is the single greatest challenge to thePreserve’s continued productivity and viability.

This past year has been marked by several events that bear out thecomplexities of operating within an urban-wildland interface zone.

From the Director

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On July 26th there was a small grassland fireat the Preserve. While this event was con-tained to less than two acres, the reactionsthat it engendered from neighbors and localofficials further demonstrated the difficultiesof developing and implementing a fire man-agement plan that both protects the missionof the Preserve and reduces the risks to resi-dents near the Preserve.

In anticipation of grow-ing neighbor concerns, thePreserve is currently field-testing a highly sensitiveinfrared sensor system formonitoring fires. If success-ful, this will provide an earlywarning and response sys-tem for fires that approachor begin on the Preserve.This is one of several man-agement efforts that thePreserve is engaged in tohelp ensure that our missionis not compromised whileaddressing some of the con-cerns of the surrounding communities.

A second event is the anticipated arrival ofWest Nile Virus. Given the close proximity ofresidents to the Preserve’s wetland habitat adja-cent to Searsville Lake, San Mateo County hasexpressed concerns about managing potentialrisks. As a result, County officials are requiring

that we proactively manage mosquitoes with alarvicide spray that uses a bacterial agent,Bacillus sphaericus. Hence, while being invadedby one invasive species, we must resort tobringing in another non-native species to meetCounty public health concerns.

This is an expensive undertaking with asyet undetermined management implications

that emphasizes the permeable nature of theboundaries between the Preserve and nearbyresidential properties. I specifically mentionthese issues because it highlights what will bea continuing source of both stress and op-portunity—how to reconcile the demandsand expectations of a growing human pres-

ence with the ecosystem functions we are try-ing to understand and sustain.

While this past year has highlighted im-portant challenges, there are also importantaccomplishments on several fronts. First, wecelebrated our first year in our new build-ing, the Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station.I’m proud to note that the Sun Field Station

was the recipient of theCounty of San MateoRecycleWorks GreenBuilding Award and re-ceived a merit award fromthe San Diego Chapter ofthe American Institute ofArchitects. In addition, wehave installed a completeenergy monitoring systemto document the perform-ance of the Sun FieldStation. Data from themonitoring system can beseen on our website. Thissystem is designed not onlyto help educate others on

the sustainable features of the new building,but also to document the degree to whichwe achieve one of our original goals—annu-al energy use resulting in net zero carbonemissions. It is one thing to announce sucha goal, it is another to provide a measure ofhow close we’ve come to achieving it.

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When I first proposed a new facility forthe Preserve, my concern was the growingneeds of Jasper Ridge programs. One of the“fuzzier” goals of the new facility noted in theNational Science Foundation grant proposalsubmitted in support of the project was to“capitalize on the synergy between the re-search, teaching, and volunteer programs.”This first year in the Sun Field Station hasproven the truth of that statement. One suc-cessful program made possible by theexpanded and improved space in the SunField Station is monthly luncheon roundtablepresentations by researchers on topics of in-terest to the JRBP community. This program,initiated almost entirely by docents, has fea-tured topics ranging from yellow star thistleinvasion and management to chemical com-munication and animal behavior.Roundtables planned for the coming yearrange from the future of Searsville Lake to thescience of global climate change. It is precise-ly this kind of synergistic activityamong all the diverse members ofthe JRBP community that we lookforward to promoting in the SunField Station.

This past year has also beenmarked by the amazing productiv-ity of researchers at Jasper Ridge. Iencourage you to review the re-search highlights, especially the

recent work of the labs of David Ackerly andDeborah Gordon. In addition, this past yearis marked by major publications emergingfrom the Jasper Ridge Global ChangeExperiment. These publications (seeAppendix 2) appearing in the journalsScience and the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, have brought into ques-tion several assumptions about howgrassland ecosystems are likely to respond toglobal climate change. The body of workthat has emerged from this past year is a tan-gible example of why biological field stationssuch as Jasper Ridge are so important.

This annual report is the ninth iteration.When I first started this tradition, it was withthe intent that it would become a vehicle forcommunicating the importance of thePreserve to Stanford and neighboring com-munities, as well as a yearly reminder tosupporters and the JRBP community of howtheir efforts fit into a larger context. As we

produce this report each year, I find myselfcomparing the present with the past. Lastyear’s annual report was acknowledged with aGold Award for superb craftmanship in theEast Bay and Diablo Craftsmen’s ClubCompetition, a testament to the publicationskills and talents of Rebecca Young, formerGIS and Data Manager. This year we hope tocontinue this tradition of excellence.

I encourage you to page through thisdocument and read it closely. You will see aremarkable pool of talent and commitmentfrom volunteers, researchers, faculty, stu-dents, and committee members. This year, Iwant to close by acknowledging the staff atJasper Ridge. Their continued good sprits,commitment, and professionalism are vital toprotecting and supporting so much that wecelebrateat JRBP.

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Research at JRBP this year continued itsgrowing focus on environmental andbiotic change. Whereas much of the

Preserve’s research in the past focused onmechanisms and processes underlying adap-tations to the Jasper Ridge environment, acommon thread of much current research ishow ecosystems function in a changingworld. Longtime observers of the Preservewill detect in this annual report a sharpeningcontrast with the Preserve’s history.

Recent discoveries suggest the extent andmagnitude of change facing JRBP. ProfessorDeborah Gordon’s research group discoveredthat Argentine ants invading JRBP not onlydisplace some native species but also disrupt in-teractions among those that remain. Studieswithin the multi-investigator Global ChangeExperiment found that levels of atmosphericCO2, nitrogen deposition, temperature, andprecipitation expected in the next century canalter both plant communities and microbialcommunities in the soil. And Professor PaulEhrlich’s long-term studies of Bay checkerspotbutterflies have linked the butterfly’s extinctionat JRBP to weather variation associated withclimate change. These findings, together withmany of the year’s publications, point to majorchanges in the biotic communities of JasperRidge. That such a coherent theme emergesfrom diverse and independent research pro-grams is perhaps the strongest message of all.

The importance of change at JRBP—bothrealized and anticipated—underscores the val-ue of long-term studies. For example, becauseof the long duration of the Gordon lab’s stud-ies of invasion by Argentine ants, researchershave been able to compare many individualsurvey points pre- and post-invasion, in addi-tion to using the short-term approach ofsnapshot comparisons between invaded anduninvaded points. A study organized by formerStanford Ph.D. student Nathan Sanders usedboth types of comparisons to analyze the spatialdistribution of native ant species that withstandinvasion. The team found that before invasion,native ant species tend to have more organizedcommunities (with reduced spatial overlapamong species), but they change to more ran-dom communities (with greater overlap) soonafter invasion, a process the researchers term“community disassembly.” Had the team usedonly short-term comparisons of invaded anduninvaded sites, they wouldn’t have been ableto rule out the possibility that the pattern wasdue to intrinsic differences between sites thatwere invaded and those that were not.

The Global Change Experiment, now inits sixth year of studying the response of nat-ural grassland to anticipated environmentalchanges, experienced change of another sort.In July, a wildfire spread into the experimentand burned a quarter of the study plots. As re-searchers grappled with the impact, Professor

Chris Field proposed a way of moving for-ward: continuing the main experiment withsix replicates of each treatment, and repairingthe burned plots so the effects of the fire couldbe studied with a modified experimental de-sign. After two months of replacing devicesthat monitor or apply treatments in the

Research Highlights

Sixty-six studies were active thisyear, nearly half of them associatedwith long-term studies led by inves-tigators from Stanford and theCarnegie Institution. Among re-searchers from the Stanford campus,three Schools and nine departmentsor programs were represented. Adozen new studies, including five byvisiting investigators, were started ingeology, ecology, and phylogeography(topics at the interface of phyloge-netics and geography). Principalinvestigators included 30 facultyand senior scientists, 10 postdoctor-al fellows, 12 graduate students, andthree undergraduates who produced38 publications, dissertations, andtheses. See Appendices 1 and 2 fordetails.

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burned plots, the experiment was ready forthe current growing season and the opportu-nity to study the interaction between fire andother environmental changes. Because the fireoccurred within a long-term experiment, itseffects will be interpreted in relation to sixyears of pre-burn measurements, as well as toongoing studies of unburned plots.

Of the many aspects of ecosystem changeinvestigated at Jasper Ridge, none is more chal-lenging than freshwater dynamics. With a damnearing the end of its ‘useful’ lifespan, a water-shed fundamentally altered by the dam, andexpected changes in the rainfall regime, thePreserve faces challenges in understanding andmanaging water resources that affect a largelandscape. The remainder of this overview ofresearch examines a diverse set of studies thatbear on many water-related issues. UNESCO’sdesignation of 2003 as the International Yearof Freshwater Resources is a reminder that suchchallenges are globally important.

Dynamics of Water Resources

A common theme across diverse studies atJRBP is the importance of annual variation inprecipitation. For example, several recent stud-ies have found lasting signatures of extremerainfall years. One such year was “water year1998,” the twelve month period beginning inOctober, 1997 and ending in September,1998, which coincided with the setup of the

Global Change Experiment. Researchers madepre-treatment measurements on experimentalplots during 1998 so they could later makepre- and post-treatment comparisons, in addi-tion to comparisons across treatments. Whilethe record-setting rainfall of 1998 did not pro-duce the pre-treatment baseline the researchersexpected, it allowed them to capture processesthat may be equally important. For example,postdoctoral fellow Jeff Dukes found thataboveground plant growth in 1998 was greaterthan control plots have produced in any yearsince. Even more importantly, the record rain-fall facilitated widespread establishment ofperennial grasses and forbs. These perennialswere dwarfed by faster-growing annuals in1998, but their foothold was secured. Dukesfound that by 2002, well-established perenni-als were co-dominant with annuals in a fifthof all study plots, independent of the experi-mental treatments. Production data for 2003are the first to suggest a reversal in the expan-sion of perennials.

Research at Stanford’s Center forConservation Biology now attributes the Baycheckerspot butterfly extinction at JRBP tochanges in the frequency of extreme wateryears. In two papers authored by former CCBresearchers John McLaughlin and JessicaHellmann, CCB Director Carol Boggs, andProfessor Paul Ehrlich, a nearly 40-year recordof the butterfly’s population size is analyzed

alongside an even longer record of total precip-itation during each growing season. Bystatistically comparing 20-year intervals alongthe rainfall record, they found that precipita-tion totals were more variable after 1971 thanbefore. Mathematical relationships betweenannual rainfall and butterfly population sizesuggest that population crashes were very like-ly after 1971, as indeed occurred, leading toextinction of two independent sub-populationsof the Bay checkerspot in 1991 and 1998. Themodel predicts that if rainfall variability hadcontinued at pre-1971 levels, the butterflywould have persisted at JRBP for centurieslonger. Previous studies by Professor Ehrlich’sgroup have shown that drought years threatenthe butterfly by prematurely drying up food-plants consumed by larvae, while very wet yearstend to be too cold for larvae to grow ade-quately. Thus, either kind of extreme in localclimate conditions can threaten the butterfly.

Habitat Comparisons

Other studies are asking how site-to-sitedifferences in water availability affect the varia-tion in physiological characteristics withinplant communities. Such studies may help re-searchers predict how biotic communities willshift in response to climate change. WillCornwell, a Ph.D. student working withStanford Professor David Ackerly, is studyingwoody species along gradients in water re-

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sources, such as from ridgelines to ravines, andfrom south- to north-facing slopes. He hasfound that towards the dry end of the gradi-ents, there are opposite patterns in twoimportant indicators of adaptive physiology.The density of wood in stems is more uniformin dry sites than would be expected from a ran-dom assemblage of species, while the size ofleaves is more variable than expected. Thesefindings suggest that high levels of water stressimpose tight constraints on wood density butallow alternative leaf adaptations, such as de-ciduousness or reduced physiological activity.

Katherine Preston, a researcher and lectur-er from the Ackerly lab, has been studyingextremes of water availability from an evolu-tionary perspective. She is comparing leaf andstem properties across pairs of related speciesfrom contrasting climates, and has found par-allel evolutionary divergence across multiplepairs. Species of dry habitats have propertiesthat mitigate the risk of losing water throughtheir leaves faster than it can be moved throughtheir stems. For example, such species have areduced total surface area of leaves for stems ofa given thickness. These and other traits reducethe likelihood that the threadlike columns ofwater in the stem will rupture, leaving plantsfacing a pump-priming dilemma.

In his recently completed Ph.D. disserta-tion, Nishanta Rajakaruna (University ofBritish Columbia) took an approach that

combines elements of both Cornwell’s andPreston’s work. Rajakaruna asked whethersimilar patterns of evolutionary divergenceoccur along gradients of water availabilityboth within sites and across regions.Rajakaruna studied goldfields, Lasthenia cali-fornica, and found that plants in well-drainedridgetop areas of JRBP were genetically dis-tinct from plants in the soggier swales. Thedetails of their adaptations reflect the complexrole of water in ecosystems. Although plantsfrom ridgetops are better adapted to drought,swale plants are better adapted to salt stress, acondition typical of swales, where ions collectafter leaching from the slope. These ridge andswale habitats are so common in serpentinegrasslands that Rajakaruna considers JRBP amicrocosm of conditions and responses acrossthe species’ range.

Soil chemistry has another important di-mension in serpentine grasslands because ofthe presence of potentially toxic elements,such as chromium. Chris Oze studied thesesoils for his Ph.D. dissertation as a model forwhat to expect in soils contaminated bychromium-laden industrial waste. Oze foundthat hexavalent chromium—the toxicform—was undetectable in rocks, soils, andclays, but when he turned to the soil solution,he found the opposite—a majority was thetoxic form. Experimenting with soil samplesin the lab, Oze discovered that the chemical

conversion between toxic and benign formsof chromium depends on how long the soilstays wet and how much organic matter andother minerals are present. In the field,groundwater samples from the bedrock ser-pentinite contained concentrations thatexceed limits set by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, a result with importantimplications for managing waste sites.

Global Change Experiment

Many of the complex physiological andevolutionary patterns that will affect responsesto future environmental change are being stud-ied in the Jasper Ridge Global ChangeExperiment, directed by Professor Chris Field(Carnegie Instit.) together with ProfessorsBrendan Bohannan, Harold Mooney, andPeter Vitousek (Stanford), Shauna Somerville(Carnegie Instit.) and James Tiedje (MichiganState Univ.). Added precipitation, applied viasprinkler irrigation after each major rainfall andtwice after the season’s final rainfall, is includedin eight of the experiment’s sixteen differenttreatment combinations, making it possible tostudy how future increases in precipitation mayinteract with other environmental changes.

One hypothesis that researchers are testingin the Global Change Experiment is thatecosystem responses to global changes, includ-ing increased precipitation, are likely to beshaped by changes in the availability of soil nu-

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Using a Sunfleck Ceptometer, Kris Hulvey measures light levels in a grasslandmicrocosm. She and Dr. Erika Zavaleta will use the data to determine the effect ofspecies diversity change on grassland susceptibility to yellow starthistle invasion.

Jean Knops of the University of Nebraska and Walt Koenig of U.C. Berkeleycount acorns in September, 2003 as part of their statewide survey of acornproduction by California oaks.

Ph.D. student Nicole Heller finds and marks an Argentine ant nest as part of athree-year study measuring the survival and growth of individual ant nests.

Undergraduate Kenny Dixon measures leaf area as part of a study relating plantfunctional traits and ecological distribution, led by graduate student WillCornwell and postdoctoral researcher Katherine Preston.

Grace Hsu, a senior at Saratoga High School, positions a meter-long rod of lightsensors at various heights above the ground to study the penetration of lightthrough standing litter to germinating seedlings.

The Center for Conservation Biology’s Jennie Kluse measures vegetative cover witha laser-pointer pin-board sampler.

Postdoctoral researcher Katherine Preston prepares shoots for a study comparingbiomass of leaves and stems in 55 species across light and moisture gradients.

Ph.D. student Lisa Moore positions a chamber for measuring the rate of soilrespiration in a grassland plot.

Graduate student Virginia Matzek preserves oak leaves in liquid nitrogen for aphysiological study of fast and slow growth in plants.

Duncan Menge, Stanford Class of 2003, takes a soil core from the Jasper RidgeGlobal Change Experiment for his undergraduate honors thesis work onphosphorus limitation under global change manipulations.

Center for Conservation Biology research staff Paulo Oliveira collects seedbanksamples at a Jasper Ridge reference site for the Stanford Foothills grasslandrestoration project.

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trients that are essential to plants. DuncanMenge, a Stanford undergraduate, designed hisHonors thesis project to find out whether glob-al change factors that relieve limits to plantgrowth by one nutrient lead to limitation byanother. He was particularly interested in rela-tive limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus,two of the most common nutrient limitationsto plant growth. He found that added water re-duces the amount of an enzyme that freesphosphate ions from organic compounds in thesoil, a key step in making those ions availablefor uptake by plants. From this and other re-sults from his thesis, Menge concluded thatadded water reduces phosphorus availabilitybut reduces nitrogen availability even more.Studies by postdoctoral fellows Peter Horz andAdrian Barbrook, working with ProfessorBrendan Bohannan, identify one mechanismbehind the altered nitrogen availability. Theyhave found that with added precipitation, thereis a decrease in the abundance of bacteria thatoxidize ammonium to nitrite, a key step regu-lating the amount of nitrate available to plants.

Although plants might be expected tocompensate for reduced nutrient availability bygrowing more or deeper roots, Ph.D. studentLisa Moore has found that plots of the GlobalChange Experiment receiving added moisturehave shallower root systems instead. Mooreconsiders this a potentially short-sighted re-sponse by the plants because it allows greater

growth of shoots early in the season but leavesplants shortchanged later on when drying soilsdemand more extensive root systems. Thistrade-off may help explain an important re-sponse of annual primary productiondiscovered by postdoctoral fellow Jeff Dukes:increases in the length of the growing season(determined by the dates of the first and lastsignificant rains) tend to produce increases inprimary production, whereas augmenting wa-ter within a naturally triggered growing seasondoes not. Added moisture does, however, shiftthe seasonal impact of natural herbivory bysnails and slugs. Ph.D. students Halton Petersand Elsa Cleland, together with high schoolsenior Grace Hsu, found that in the treatmentswith added water, herbivory was diminished infall and increased in spring, a shift that appearsto have significant effects on the compositionof the plant community. All of these findingsunderscore the need for more detailed predic-tions of the timing of precipitation in regionalmodels of future climate change.

Watershed Studies

Both the timing and amount of precipi-tation affect the movement of water throughecosystems. Surface runoff and groundwatertransport from roughly half the Preserve feedinto Searsville Lake, which also drains anoth-er 14 square miles of forested slopes on highlyerodable geologic formations in the Coast

Range. Runoff from the watershed washessoil, rocks, and plant debris into SearsvilleLake, which traps roughly ninety percent ofthe sediment. A century of deposition in thelake has drastically reduced both its area anddepth. This year, Stanford Professor DavidFreyberg began studying how the groundwa-ter in vegetated alluvial areas interacts withthe active waterways. His studies have alreadyshown that the summer drawdown of the laketriggers a parallel but delayed decline ingroundwater energy. These studies will be im-portant for predicting what will happen tobiotically sensitive wetlands in the future.

Groundwater dynamics also affect the ex-tent to which Searsville Lake is storing carbonthat would otherwise contribute to increases inatmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.Ph.D. student Asmeret Asefaw Berhe (U.C.Berkeley) is working with a team of scientistsfrom the U.S. Geological Survey who havebeen studying 40-foot cores of sediment theyremoved from the lake. Berhe joined them toanalyze the fate of carbon that had been carrieddown from the watershed as plant litter and or-ganic matter in soil. They have found thatburied sediments in the deepest area of the lakecontain organic carbon that has been largelypreserved and will remain so for a thousandyears or more if left in place. By contrast, sedi-ment in periodically drained alluvium near thelake’s main tributary may be subject to more

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rapid decomposition and/or less effective bur-ial. The lake is preserving less and lessadditional carbon, however, because of its de-creasing capacity to store sediment.

The dam not only withholds sedimentfrom its outflow creek, San Francisquito, butalso alters the seasonal flow characteristics ofthat creek. At various times since 1996,Jonathan Owens, Chris White, andBarry Hecht of Balance Hydrologicshave studied how these changes in out-flow might affect native strains ofsteelhead trout and other streamdwellers. Currently they are measuringflow over the dam and are setting up astation for monitoring water quality inBear Creek, a major tributary of SanFrancisquito. Their studies are spon-sored by Stanford Utilities and are partof the cooperative Long-TermMonitoring and Assessment Program(LTMAP) for San Francisquito Creek.

Researchers Gordon Holtgrieve andScott Loarie and Stanford ConservationBiologist Alan Launer have continued theirmonitoring of San Francisquito Creek for sen-sitive species such as steelhead and Californiared-legged frogs, both federally protectedspecies. This year they completed an analysisthat suggested that the distribution of red-legged frogs may be constrained to the middlereaches of the creek by both urban develop-

ment and non-native crustaceans in down-stream areas and by invasive species in theupper reaches, especially predatory bullfrogsand bass carried by Searsville Lake’s outflow.The team also discovered marked fluctuationsin one of the Creek’s potentially most disrup-tive invaders, mitten crabs, which migrate

upstream from San Francisco Bay. In 1999and 2000, the team observed hundreds ofcrabs as far as two kilometers into JRBP, but in2002, they saw none. Because crab migrationrequires moderate streamflow, the researcherssuspect that population declines may becaused by either very dry years or wet yearswith very high streamflow.

Hydrologic changes occurring at JRBP arecritical to the local watershed and representa-tive of broader—sometimes global—challenges.Although research programs at Jasper Ridge arediverse and independent, often they intersectalong common themes. For example, several re-cent studies at JRBP underscore the importance

of the hydrologic regime in the evolutionof the flora and the composition of com-munities, while other studies considerprocesses by which predicted changes inrainfall may alter species and ecosystemsin the future. Results from the GlobalChange Experiment emphasize that theconsequences of these changes will de-pend on other environmental changesand their effects on soil nutrients. Incoming years, Searsville Dam and Lakewill be an important focal point in localfreshwater resources. The dam truncateda steelhead spawning run that once ex-tended from the Bay into the upperreaches of the watershed, and also inter-rupted the natural flux of sediment from

the Coast Range to the Bay. Studies of these im-pacts, together with monitoring andexperimental studies of biotic communities,groundwater, dissolved nutrients, surface flow,and water quality, all provide a growing sourceof scientific input for managing freshwater re-sources and contributing to the health of thisand other watersheds.

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Docent / Educational Highlights

In academic year 2002-03, the new JeanLane Environmental Education classroomsof the Leslie Shao-Ming Sun Field Station

housed a stimulating and diverse range ofclasses, lectures, workshops, and discussions.Stanford University classes included CoreExperimental Laboratory for Ecology(Biology 44Y), Field Studies in EarthSystems (Earth Systems 189), Botany(Biology 120), Jasper Ridge DocentTraining (Biology 96), as well as theQuest Scholars Program.Additionally, workshop classes wereheld quarterly in collaboration withthe Stanford Teacher EducationProgram (STEP) and the StanfordEcology and Environmental Sciencesretreat filled the building withstudents and faculty in March.During spring quarter, the EastsideCollege Preparatory School’s (ECP)Field Studies class collected andstudied their ecosystem data with thehelp of Stanford undergraduates, andin June, Jasper Ridge hosted aweeklong field trip for Ecological Society ofAmerica (ESA) students representing collegesand universities from throughout the UnitedStates. For a complete list of instructional use,see Appendix 3.

Biology 44Y brought 250 students to thePreserve for ecology labs during spring quarter.

The students collected and analyzed samples ofaquatic systems in Corte Madera and SanFrancisquito Creeks to explore relationshipsbetween abiotic factors and macroinvertebratediversity and abundance. A series of Hester-Dendy sampling plates were placed at various

sites in the creeks. These devices, composed ofmultiple masonite plates divided by nylonspacers, provided artificial substrates formacroinvertebrates and were disassembled bystudents for specimen examination. The stu-dents measured the effects of five abiotic

factors: dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ve-locity, and conductivity, on the populations ofmacroinvertebrates that settled on the plates.

Earth Systems 189 students heard class-room lectures by Stanford faculty members andparticipated in field studies in the rapidly

changing delta region where CorteMadera Creek enters Searsville Lake,a site that is marked by gradients ofsoil saturation and a pronounced pat-tern of vegetation succession.Students learned and applied fieldand laboratory methods in geology,soils, biogeochemistry, and plantecology as they studied the funda-mental workings of this ecosystem.The course emphasized questionsand study methods relating to thelandforms and rock types resultingfrom California tectonics, processesinvolved in soil formation, and nitro-gen cycling. Structure, distribution,and the functional properties of thesuccessional plant communities werealso investigated by the class.

Spring 2003 marked the fifth year of theEastside College Preparatory School JRBPField Studies class. For ten weeks, 15 ECP sixthgraders collected data in their ecosystem sitesfor three hours each Wednesday morning asthey worked alongside Stanford undergradu-ates Laura McClendon, Simha Reddy, and

The Jasper Ridge docent class of 2003.

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Docent and Eastside College Preparatory School mentor Britt Sandlerexplains the finer details of Jasper Ridge geology in a hands-on class.

Kim Carlson and Alvin Chin, 2003 docent trainees, test the waterpotential of a variety of plants using a pressure chamber.

Biology 44Y students Stephanie Hu, Amrit Rao, Camille Palma,and Lisa Yoshimi pose in their waders with teaching assistant BerryBrosi (holding flow meter) after returning from takingmeasurements of dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, velocity, andconductivity in San Francisquito Creek.

Students from the Ecological Society of America SEEDS (Strategiesfor Ecology Education, Development, and Sustainability) fieldtripcollect fish traps in the San Francisquito creek with Dr. AlanLauner.

Local high school science teachers participate in one of a series ofworkshops sponsored by the Stanford Teacher Education Program(STEP) and JRBP.

Resident Ranger and local mycologist Brooke Fabricant teachesdocents Carol Hake and Betsy Clebsch how to key a specimen.

Abby Hall and David Martinez inventory what they have caught aspart of their Biology 96 terrestrial invertebrate class.

As part of a field exercise in Earth Systems 189, Alicia Aponte andJohn Juarez access the upper canopy of a willow stand from the bucketof a lift truck in order to monitor light levels and sample leaves.

Two Eastside College Preparatory School students carefully examinea field specimen with a hand lens before recording their data.

Mike Greene, postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Deborah Gordon's lab,explains harvester ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus behavior toJasper Ridge docents during the 2002 Docent Field Trip to theAmerican Museum of Natural History’s Southwest ResearchStation in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona.

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Britt Sandler. In addition to collecting data onair and soil temperatures, relative humidity,and plant growth, the students explored spe-cial topics including adaptations (plant andanimal), insects, botany, geology, and tracking.Students presented their work to peers andECP faculty at the end of the quarter.

The ESA Strategies for EcologyEducation, Development, and Sustainability(SEEDS) Program began in 1996 as a col-laborative effort to work towards increasingthe number of minorities in the field of ecol-ogy. Student field trips are an importantcomponent of the program and aim to fos-ter greater student identification withecology through direct field experience. InJune of 2003, JRBP hosted the SEEDS fieldtrip to Northern California which includedtwo days of field work at Jasper Ridge, a vis-it to Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey,and other sites in the Bay Area. Attendeesincluded 17 students from ten schools, threeSEEDS faculty, three staff members fromthe Ecological Society of America, and oneparticipant from the All Nations LouisStokes Alliance for Minority Participation(ANLSAMP). More information about theSEEDS program is available athttp://esa.org/seeds/.

In academic year 2002-2003, JRBP col-laborated with faculty and staff of the StanfordTeacher Education Program (STEP) and held

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quarterly teacher training workshops for localmiddle and high school teachers. Participantsgained experience working with new technol-ogy for data collection and curriculum design.Utilizing soil temperature probes and special-ized software from Vernier, workshop teacherswill collaborate during academic year 2003-2004 in a multi-school soil temperatureexperiment. Students at collaborating schoolswill have the opportunity to do hands-on fieldscience at their own campus and will developvaluable skills in quantitative analysis as theycompare the results of the various locations.These data, which will represent several micro-climates in the Bay Area, including soiltemperature data from the Jasper Ridge GlobalChange Experiment (JRGCE), will be enteredinto a web-based data set and accessible by allparticipants. The JRBP/STEP/local schoolsenvironmental education model provides anopportunity for thousands of students to en-gage in meaningful scientific activity each yearwithout excessively increasing human use ofthe Preserve.

The 2003 docent class (Biology 96) wasthe first to use the new Jean LaneEnvironmental classroom for lectures and in-door work. Stanford faculty, JRBP staff,docents, and local experts taught classes onsubjects such as valuing ecosystem services, ge-ology, soils, hydrology, botany, tracking,terrestrial invertebrates, and global climate

18

change. The class also spent many wetThursday afternoons in the field, learning first-hand the intricacies of natural history, ecology,and environmental science at the Preserve. InJune, these 19 new docents were officially grad-uated into the JRBP docent community.

Bio 96 and the Jasper Ridge communi-ty exemplify the efforts of instructors andstudents to provide oppor-tunities for inquiry-basededucation in ecology andprovide a bridge betweeneducation (both formal andinformal) and the volun-teer base of the Preserve.

Looking to the futureand the consistent increasein demand for meaningfulenvironmental education,new collaborations at thePreserve are aimed at teachereducation and intensivefield classes for selectedschools. Docent participa-tion is key to the success ofthese new models. TheJRBP/STEP liaison reflectsthe efforts and expertise of docents MargaretKrebs, Rosa Navarro, Monya Baker, MistySato and Bill Gomez. Eastside CollegePreparatory School’s field classes involve aquarter-long mentoring commitment by

Stanford docents each year, and docents con-tribute to the success of Biology 44Y andother classes annually.

Educational opportunities for the JRBPcommunity also continue to increase—manythe direct result of docent efforts. Two notableexamples of docent-generated education in2002-03 were the monthly lunch time round-

table discussions and the remarkable JR chatlist which has provided amazingly broad in-formation to docents via e-mail. Both of theseefforts were initially made possible by the gen-erous investment of energy by John Kriewall

and Bill Gomez and have been supported en-thusiastically by the community.

Increasingly, docents have providedvaluable contributions to the JRBP researchcommunity. In 2002-03 docents con-tributed to research in many areas includingglobal climate change, ant research, bat re-search, water quality testing, bird censuses

and more. Over a quarterof the docent communityparticipated in these ef-forts.

The work of docentTom Mudd was particular-ly impressive this year.Tom observed enormousand unaccountable varia-tion in bat activity fromnight to night at the per-manent bat station atSearsville Lake and con-sulted with emeritiprofessors of statistics,Lincoln Moses (docent)and Bill Brown (JRBPbirder). Analysis of the batdata began with the assis-

tance of Stanford graduate student SamHui. After consulting with entomologistPaul Arnaud of the California Academy ofSciences and JRBP researcher, Irene Brown,insect abundance was added as a variable.

Malaise insect traps were used to collect insects nightly at the JRBP permanent bat stationat Searsville Lake between June and September 2003.

19

With the help of docents Patrick Hsieh,Bill Gomez, Dexter Hake, and JohnWorking, high school senior Tim Sun,and Preserve staff, insects were collectednightly using Malaise traps at the bat sta-tion between June and September 2003to investigate the relationship betweeninsect abundance and bat activity. The re-sults of this study, entitled TheRelationship Between Bat Activity, InsectAbundance, and Weather Conditions werepresented at the North AmericanSymposium on Bat Research in October2003 in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Visitors to the new Sun Field Stationare often awed by the energy-saving attrib-utes of this "green" facility and leavehaving learned substantial lessons aboutenergy conservation and sustainability.Much less obvious, but just as central tothe operations of the Preserve, is the ener-gy contributed by the Preserve'sphenomenal docent community.

Docent efforts are the hidden energysource that fuels considerable and signifi-cant work often without acknowledgment.In 2002-03, this inexhaustible energysource generously supported the Preservein efforts that ranged from teaching andtours to data collection, physical labor, anda multitude of other tasks.

We thank you.

20

Appendix 1: Research Projects

Project Principal Investigator(s) Department or Division InstitutionComparative ecology and life history of chaparral shrub species Ackerly, David Biological Sciences Stanford University

Functional diversity of California woody plant communities Cornwell, Will Biological Sciences Stanford University

Stem-allometry and hydraulic conductivity in chaparral plants Preston, Katherine Biological Sciences Stanford University

Community assembly on serpentine chaparral Rajakaruna, Nishanta Biological Sciences Stanford University

Reference surveys for Stanford Foothills Restoration Project Anderson, Sean; Oliveira, Paulo Center for Conservation Biology Stanford University

Annual grassland responses to litter manipulation Amatangelo, Kathryn Biological Sciences & Global Ecology Stanford Univ. & Carnegie Inst.

Biosystematics of Hilara, Medetera, and parasitoids of Tachinidae Arnaud, Paul Entomology Cal. Academy of Sciences

Carbon burial and preservation in Searsville and other lake environments Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw Environ. Sci., Policy & Mgmt. Univ. of California, Berkeley

Variation in heavy metal tolerance in Lasthenia californica Rajakaruna, Nishanta Botany Univ. of British Columbia

Population biology of the butterfly Euphydryas chalcedona Brown, Irene JRBP

San Francisquito watershed mapping Cohen, Brian GreenInfo Network

Magnesium cycles in California serpentine areas: Edgewood Park and JRBP Coleman, Robert; Oze, Christopher; Geological & Environmental Sciences Stanford University

Skinner, Catherine Geology & Geophysics Yale University

Mammalian herbivores as mediators of community structure and soil fertility Cushman, Hall Biology Sonoma State University

Functional trait comparison among different grass floras Diaz, Sandra Instituto Multidisciplinario de Universidad Nacional de

Biologia Vegetal Cordoba, Argentina

Long-term studies of Euphydryas editha bayensis Ehrlich, Paul; Boggs, Carol Biological Sciences & CCB Stanford University

Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment Field, Christopher; Global Ecology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Bohannan, Brendan; Mooney, Harold; Biological Sciences Stanford University

Vitousek, Peter

Somerville, Shauna Plant Biology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Spectral measurements of biomass and vegetation structure Asner, Greg Global Ecology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Global change, potential nitrification and denitrification Barnard, Romain Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University

Effects of global change on methane oxidation Blankinship, Joey Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University

Spectral measurement of aboveground vegetation dynamics Chiariello, Nona Biological Sciences Stanford University

Population and species effects on biogeochemistry Cleland, Elsa Biological Sciences & Global Ecology Stanford Univ. & Carnegie Inst.

Responses of grassland productivity to global change Dukes, Jeff Global Ecology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Plant organic compounds and microbial functional diversity Henry, Hugh Biological Sciences Stanford University

Response of soil bacterial communities to elevated CO2 Horz, Peter Biological Sciences Stanford University

Effects of global change on soil nitrogen cycling Hungate, Bruce Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University

Dynamics of slug populations Hsu, Grace Saratoga High School

Responses of soil carbon to global change Juarez, John Biological Sciences & Global Ecology Stanford Univ. & Carnegie Inst.

Phosphorus limitation under global change manipulations Menge, Duncan Biological Sciences & Global Ecology Stanford Univ. & Carnegie Inst.

Belowground effects of multiple global changes Moore, Lisa Biological Sciences & Global Ecology Stanford Univ. & Carnegie Inst.

Belowground dynamics of carbon, nitrogen, and biomass Shaw, Rebecca Global Ecology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Changes in gene expression in Geranium dissectum and Avena barbata Thayer, Sue Global Ecology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Isotopic analysis of respiratory carbon dynamics Torn, Margaret Center for Isotope Geochemistry Lawrence Berkeley Nat’l. Lab.

Videorecording of seasonal changes for remote sensing course development Fleishman, Erica Center for Conservation Biology Stanford University

Seto, Karen Ctr. for Environ. Science & Policy Stanford University

Ground water flow in Searsville Lake sediments and lake-ground water exchange Freyberg, David; Kim, Dongkyun Civil & Environmental Engineering Stanford University

21

Project Principal Investigator(s) Department or Division InstitutionClimate-vegetation relationships in Mediterranean ecosystems Garcia, Monica LAWR/Agricultural Sciences U.C. Davis/Pol. Univ Madrid

(Spain)

Calochortus phylogeography Givnish, Thomas Botany Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison

Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) invasion and the response of native ants Gordon, Deborah Biological Sciences Stanford University

Effects of tending by Argentine ants on Homoptera abundance Fleming-Davies, Arietta Biological Sciences Stanford University

Chemical ecology of the Argentine ant Greene, Michael Biological Sciences Stanford University

Population dynamics of the Argentine ant in JRBP Heller, Nicole Biological Sciences Stanford University

Gene flow and sex-biased dispersal in Argentine ant invasions Ingram, Krista Biological Sciences Stanford University

Mammals of JRBP Hadly, Elizabeth Biological Sciences Stanford University

Applied paleoethnoecology of the San Francisco Bay peninsula Hammett, Julia Social Science Truckee Meadows Comm. Coll.

Monitoring of water flow and quality Hecht, Barry; Owens, Jonathan Balance Hydrologics, Inc.

Simulation of hydrologic response and sediment transport after dam removal Heppner, Christopher Geological & Environmental Sciences Stanford University

Effects of rainfall variability and gopher removal on serpentine grassland Hobbs, Richard Environmental Science Murdoch University, Australia

GPS mapping for the San Francisquito Archaeological Research Project GIS Jones, Laura Campus Archaeology Stanford University

Earthquake prediction from precursory electromagnetic anomalies McPhee, Darcy; Klemperer, Simon Geophysics Stanford University

Natural barriers to Argentine ant invasion: the role of transitional environments Kark, Salit; Heller, Nicole; Biological Sciences Stanford University

Young, Rebecca JRBP Stanford University

Regional surveys of annual acorn production Koenig, Walter Hastings Natural History Reserv. Univ. of California, Berkeley

Carbon cycling in shrub and grassland landscapes invaded by exotics Koteen, Laurie Energy and Resources Group Univ. of California, Berkeley

Broad band seismic monitoring Kovach, Robert Geophysics Stanford University

Berkeley Digital Seismic Network Univ. of California, Berkeley

U.S. Geological Survey

Survey of San Francisquito Creek and removal of exotics Launer, Alan Center for Conservation Biology Stanford University

Terrestrial plant stoichiometry Matzek, Virginia Biological Sciences Stanford University

Long-term monitoring of ecosystem processes by eddy flux Merchant, George; Field, Christopher Global Ecology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Kaduk, Joerg University of Leicester

Photochemical changes in natural organics in Searsville Lake water Mill, Theodore Atmos. Chem. & Space Physics SRI International

Stability of chromium(III) in the soil environment Oze, Christopher Geological & Environmental Sciences Stanford University

Mapping of invasive plants along Santa Clara County creeks Peritz, Jennifer Santa Clara Valley Audubon Soc.

The role of herbivores in structuring plant community composition Peters, Halton Biological Sciences & Global Ecology Stanford Univ. & Carnegie Inst.

Evolutionary dynamics of flower color polymorphism in Linanthus parviflorus Schemske, Douglas Plant Biology Michigan State University

Assessment of Brachypodium distachyon for studies of cereal genomics Somerville, Christopher Plant Biology Carnegie Instit. of Washington

Fire history of JRBP and the region Stephens, Scott Envir. Science, Policy, & Mgmt. Univ. of California, Berkeley

Cohen, Philippe JRBP Stanford University

Passive cumulative monitoring of nitrogenous atmospheric pollutants and ozone Weiss, Stuart

Luth, David

Long-term acoustical monitoring of bat activity Mudd, Thomas JRBP

Biodiversity and grassland invasions Zavaleta, Erika; Hulvey, Kris Integrative Biology Univ. of California, Berkeley

22

Appendix 2: Publications

Ackerly, D.D. (2003) Community as-sembly, niche conservatism andadaptive evolution in changing envi-ronments. International Journal ofPlant Sciences 164: S165-S184.

Ackerly, D.D. Functional strategies ofchaparral shrubs in relation to seasonalwater deficit and disturbance.Ecological Monographs (in press).

Ackerly, D.D., Knight, C.A., Weiss,S.B., Barton, K., and Starmer, K.P.(2002) Leaf size, specific leaf area andmicrohabitat distribution of woodyplants in a California chaparral: con-trasting patterns in species level andcommunity level analyses. Oecologia130: 440-457.

Dukes, J.S. (2002) Comparison of theeffect of elevated CO2 on an invasivespecies (Centaurea solstitialis) in mono-culture and community settings. PlantEcology 160: 225-234.

Dukes, J.S. (2002) Species compositionand diversity affect grassland suscepti-bility and response to invasion.Ecological Applications 12: 602-617.

Dukes, J.S. and Hungate, B.A. (2002)Elevated CO2 and litter decompositionin California annual grasslands: whichmechanisms matter? Ecosystems 5:171-183.

Dukes, J.S. and Mooney, H.A.Biological invaders disrupt ecosystemprocesses in western North America.Revista Chilena de Historia Natural(in press)

Evelyn, Michelle Jean (2002)Ecological consequences of forest frag-mentation: Bats and birds inhuman-dominated landscapes. Ph.D.Dissertation, Department ofBiological Sciences, StanfordUniversity.

Evelyn, M., Stiles, D. and Young, R.Conservation of bats in urban land-scapes: roost selection by Myotisyumanensis in a residential area inCalifornia. Biological Conservation(in press).

Gee, L., Neuhauser, D., Dreger, D.,Pasyanos, M., Uhrhammer, R., andRomanowicz, B. The RapidEarthquake Data Integration Project.In: W. Lee (ed) Handbook ofEarthquake and EngineeringSeismology, IASPEI (in press).

Higgins, P.A.T., Jackson, R.B.,desRosier, J.M., and Field, C.B.(2002) Root production and demogra-phy in a California annual grasslandunder elevated atmospheric carbondioxide. Global Change Biology 8:841-850.

Ingram, K.K. and Gordon, D.M.Genetic analysis of dispersal dynamicsin an invading population ofArgentine ants, Linepithema humile.Ecology (in press).

Jackson, R.B., Linder, C.R., Lynch,M., Purugganan, M., Somerville, S.and Thayer, S. (2002) Linking molec-ular insight and ecological research.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:409-414.

Karakelian, Darcy (2002) Ultra-low fre-quency electromagnetic signalsassociated with earthquakes and faultcreep in California. Ph.D. Dissertation,Department of Geophysics, StanfordUniversity.

Kerr, Amber C. (2002) Soil nitrogendynamics under simulated globalchanges in a California annual grass-land. M.S. Thesis, Earth SystemsProgram, Stanford University.

Knight, Charles Alexander (2002) Theevolutionary and ecological physiology ofplant thermal tolerance. Ph.D.Dissertation, Department of BiologicalSciences, Stanford University.

Knight, C.A. and Ackerly, D.D. (2002)An ecological and evolutionary analysisof photosynthetic thermotolerance us-ing the temperature dependent increase

in steady-state fluorescence. Oecologia130: 505-514.

Koenig, W. D., Kelly, D., Sork, V.L.,Duncan, R.P., Elkinton, J.S, Peltonen,M.S., and Westfall, R.D. (2003)Dissecting components of population-level variation in seed production andthe evolution of masting behavior.Oikos: 581-591.

Lund, Christopher (2002) Ecosystemcarbon and water budgets under elevatedatmospheric carbon dioxide concentra-tion in two California grasslands. Ph.D.Dissertation, Department of BiologicalSciences, Stanford University.

McLaughlin, J.F., Hellmann, J.J.,Boggs, C.L., and Ehrlich, P.R. (2002)Climate change hastens population ex-tinctions. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 99: 6070-6074.

McLaughlin, J.F., Hellmann, J.J.,Boggs, C.L., and Ehrlich, P.R. (2002)The route to extinction: population dy-namics of a threatened butterfly.Oecologia 132: 538-548.

Oze, Christopher (2003) Chromiumgeochemistry of serpentinites and ser-pentine soils. Ph.D. Dissertation,Department of Geological andEnvironmental Sciences, StanfordUniversity.

23

Oze, C., Fendorf, S., Bird, D., andColeman, R. Chromium geochemistryof serpentinized ultramafic rocks andserpentine soils from the Franciscancomplex of California. AmericanJournal of Science (in press).

Porter, S., Palhegyi, G., Haltiner, J., andHecht, B. (2003) Developing an assess-ment method to address impacts fromurbanization on stream channel stabili-ty. Proceedings of the American WaterResources Association AnnualConference.

Preston, K.A. and Ackerly, D.D.Hydraulic architecture and the evolu-tion of shoot allometry in contrastingclimates. American Journal of Botany(in press).

Rajakaruna, Nishanta (2002) Evolutionand differentiation of edaphic races inthe Lasthenia californica complex(Asteraceae:Heliantheae). Ph.D.Dissertation, Department of Botany,University of British Columbia.

Rajakaruna, N. (2003) Edaphic differ-entiation in Lasthenia: A model forstudies in evolutionary ecology.Madroño 50: 34-40.

Rajakaruna, N., Baldwin, B.G., Chan,R., Desrochers, A.M., Bohm, B.A., andWhitton, J. (2003) Edaphic races and

phylogenetic taxa in the Lasthenia cali-fornica complex (Asteraceae:Heliantheae): an hypothesis of parallelevolution. Molecular Ecology 12:1675-1679.

Rajakaruna, N., Bradfield, G.E.,Bohm, B.A., and Whitton, J. (2003)Adaptive differentiation in response towater stress by edaphic races ofLasthenia californica (Asteraceae).International Journal of Plant Sciences164: 371-376.

Rajakaruna,N., Siddiqi, M.Y.,Whitton,J., Bohm, B.A., and Glass,A.D.M. (2003) Differential responsesto Na+/K+ and Ca2+/Mg2+ in twoedaphic races of the Lasthenia californi-ca (Asteraceae) complex: A case forparallel evolution of physiological traits.New Phytologist 15: 93-

Rillig, M.C., Wright, S.F., Shaw,M.R., and Field, C.B. (2002)Artificial ecosystem warming positive-ly affects arbuscular mycorrhizae butdecreases soil aggregation. Oikos 97:52-58.

Sanders, N.J., Gotelli, N.J., Heller,N.E., and Gordon, D.M. (2003)Community disassembly by an inva-sive species. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences 100:2474-2477.

Shaw, M.R., Zavaleta, E.S.,Chiariello, N.R., Cleland, E.E.,Mooney, H.A., and Field, C.B.(2002) Grassland responses to globalenvironmental changes suppressed byelevated CO2. Science 298: 1987-1990.

Tajima, F., Megnin, C., Dreger, D.,and Romanowicz, B. (2002)Feasibility of real-time broadbandwaveform inversion for simultaneousmoment tensor and centroid locationdetermination. Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America 92:739-750.

Thomas, Brian D. (2002) Legumes andnitrogen fixation in an annual grass-land: responses to herbivory andclimate change. Ph.D. Dissertation,Department of Biological Sciences,Stanford University.

Zavaleta, E.S, Shaw, M.R., Chiariello,N.R., Mooney, H.A., and Field, C.B.(2003) Additive effects of simulated cli-mate changes, elevated CO2, andnitrogen deposition on grassland diver-sity. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 100: 7650-7654.

Zavaleta, E.S, Shaw, M.R., Chiariello,N.R., Thomas, B.D., Cleland, E.E.,Field, C.B., and Mooney, H.A.Responses of a California grasslandcommunity to three years of experi-mental climate change, elevated CO2

and N deposition. EcologicalMonographs (in press).

Zavaleta, E.S., Thomas, B.D.,Chiariello, N.R., Asner, G.P. and Field,C. B. (2003) Plants reverse warming ef-fect on ecosystem water balance.Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences 100: 9892-9893.

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Stanford Organizations(1,299)Association of Chinese Students and Scholarsat StanfordBechtel International CenterBeeline GroupCenter for Comparative Studies in Race andEthnicityCenter for Advanced Study in the BehavioralSciencesCantor Center for Visual ArtsDepartment of Biological SciencesDepartment of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment of PhysicsDigital Vision Fellowship ProgramEscondido VillageFaculty Women's ClubGraduate School of BusinessHopkins Marine StationInformation Technology Systems and ServicesMaster of Liberal Arts AlumniMedical School AlumsOffice of Technology LicensingQuillen DormRobinson DormSchool of EngineeringSchool of MedicineStanford Alumni Club of Los Gatos / SaratogaStanford Environmental Law SocietyStanford Libraries Staff AssociationStanford Management CompanyStanford Teacher Education ProgramStanford University Board of TrusteesStanford University Emeriti Board of TrusteesSynergy HouseToyon DormUndergraduate Advising Center

Other Organizations(2,848)The American Society of Landscape ArchitectsAno Nuevo State Reserve

Anshen + AllenCalifornia Garden and Landscape HistorySocietyCalifornia Native Plant SocietyCanopyCarnegie Institution of WashingtonChartwell SchoolCrystal Springs SchoolEastside College Preparatory SchoolEdgewood County Park and Natural PreserveEnvironmental DefenseEnvironmental VolunteersFiloli Docents & HorticulturistsFitzgerald Marine ReserveThe ForumFoundation for Global CommunityGamble GardenGolden Gate Biosphere ReserveGunn High SchoolHillsdale High SchoolMenlo SchoolMenopausal Men's Marching GroupMuwekma TribePalo Alto Fire DepartmentThe Peninsula SchoolPortola Valley RanchRob Wellington Quigley Architectural FirmRocky Mountain Biological LaboratorySan Mateo County Parks and RecreationSan Mateo County RecycleWorksSanta Clara Valley Audubon SocietySequoia AudubonSierra Club New YorkSwedish Women's Educational AssociationTown of Portola ValleyUnion of Concerned ScientistsUniversity Corporation for AtmosphericResearchUS Green Building CouncilWild Bird Center of San CarlosWoodside-Atherton Garden ClubWoodside High SchoolYoung Presidents' Organization

Stanford University Classes (2,622)Anth Sci 3 Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeological Sites (Rick)Anth Sci 149 Archaeological Field Methods (Bandy)Arch 19 Historical Archaeological Field Methods, Continuing

Studies (Jones, Bandy)Art Hist 150A American Architecture and Urbanism (Littman)Bio 13 Wildflower Families of the Bay Area, Continuing

Studies (Corelli)Bio 35 Trees and Shrubs of the San Francisco Bay Region,

Continuing Studies (Corelli)Bio 44Y Core Experimental Lab (Malladi, Yelton)Bio 96A/B JRBP Docent Training Program (Vitousek)Bio 117 Biology and Global Change (Matson, Vitousek,

Mooney)BIO 120 General Botany (Preston)Bio 223 Plant Taxonomy (Preston, Cornwell, Ray)CEE 31Q Accessing Architecture Through Drawing (Walters)CEE 61Q Big Dams, City Hall, and the Sierra Club (Kitanidis)CEE 166D Water Resources (Freyberg)CEE 176A Energy Efficient Buildings (Masters)CTL 60 Investigating Stanford's Treasures (Moser)Esys 10 Introduction to Earth Systems (Ernst)Esys 189 Field Studies in Earth Systems (Chiariello, Fendorf,

Ackerly, Matson, Miller)GES 175 Science of Soils (Fendorf )Phi 133 Major Figures in 20th-Century Philosophy (Føllesdal)Urb 172 Green Architecture (Jacobson)Urb 181 Environmentally Sustainable Cities (Cushing)- Quest Scholars Program (Ackerly)- History of Stanford Architecture (Kwan)

Non-Stanford University Classes (148)Bio 13 Santa Clara University, Investigations in Ecology &

Evolution (Edgerly-Rooks)Bio 103 Cañada College, Native Plants and Wildflowers

(Steiner)CE 140 Santa Clara Univ., Water Resources Engineering (Perry)720958X De Anza College, Natural History of the Bay Area

(West-Bourke)ES 79 De Anza College, Renewable and Alternative Energy

Systems (Gould)- Ecological Society of America, Strategies for Ecology

Education, Development, and Sustainability

Appendix 3: Docent Tours & Instructional Use

25

Appendix 4: Financial Summary: 2002-03 Fiscal Year

Expense Summary - $730,350 Revenue Summary - $708,361

Salaries &Benefits

57%

Research Support2%

Land Management1%

Docent / EducationSupport

7%

Operations &Maintenance

24%

Fund Raising& Public Relations

1%

University GeneralFunds Support

27%

UnrestrictedDonations

9%

Income (tours,sales, etc.)

2%

EndowmentIncome

62%

Salaries & Benefits 414,325 Operations & Maintenance 177,601Administration 59,383Docent / Education Support 52,739Research Support 14,017Land Management 6,412Fund Raising & Public Relations 5,873

Endowment Income 435,654University General Funds Support 194,000 Unrestricted Donations 64,909 Income (tours, sales, etc.) 13,798

Expenses exceeded revenue due to several one-time costs associated with the move intothe Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station: These expenses totaled $76,580 and includedinstallation of a cistern, additional casework and countertops, classroom furnishings andprojectors, shelving, and lockers. The base operating budget without one-time expensesassociated with the move into the Sun Field Station came to $677,183. This is about$4,000 less than the last fiscal year.

Unrestricted donations included pledges of $10,000 associated with the capitalcampaign for the Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station. The shortfall between expensesand revenue is partly a result of a reduction in endowment payout and was covered byunrestricted donor accounts.

Administration8%

26

Appendix 5: Donors

Unrestricted Gifts,September 1, 2002–August 31, 2003

Amber FoundationAnonymousPaul H. & Madeline L. Arnaud, Jr.Richard K. ArnoldLeonie BatkinNancy & Dr. Clayton BavorKathleen Bennett & Thomas J.

MalloyMonika BjörkmanIrene BrownRobert R. BuellJames CaldwellDudley B. & Curtis R. CarlsonJack ChinWilliam H. ClarkMary H. & Robert DodgeCarol A. & Luis E. EbnerKarin A. EcklemeyerNancy H. & David W. FergusonEdward M. FryerSara A. FultzStephen J. Galli, M.D.Lindy G. GardinerMargaret E. GreenEvelyn D. & Walter Haas, Jr. FundCarol & Dexter HakeKaren D. HamiltonDr. Benjamin C. and Ruth

HammettMary C. Henry & Rajpal

Sandhu FoundationPauline E. HeynekerLeo M. & Florence A. HolubMary Hufty & Daniel S. Alegria

Margery JanesJohnson & JohnsonDirk & Charlene KabcenellAnthony J. & Judith H. KramerKerstin Fraser & Alan G. MagaryMartin Family FoundationRobert J. Masi, M.D.Arthur MatulaEthel B. MeeceLincoln E. MosesMary Ann & James Alan

NahmensJohn R. PageRuth S. & David Y. PorterEarl F. & Patricia Cashel

Schmidt, Jr.Albert & Joel Wells SchreckShack RidersRolf G. Spamer, DDSPeter D. StentAnthony SunThe Rev. Marylou McClure

TaylorRuth & Eugene W. TroetschlerAnne E. WarrenRichard J. & Louise WiesnerEleanor J. WoodWoodside-Atherton Garden

ClubJohn WorkingSunia I. YangRichard I. Yankwich & M.

Megan McCaslinWilliam H. & Annette J. Young

27

David AckerlyMolly AeckKathryn AmatangeloSean AndersonChris AndrewsMichael AnthonyPaul ArnaudRon ArpsGreg AsnerMarianne AustinMonya BakerMatthew BandyMarisha BanisterMary BaronNancy BavorKathleen BennettAsmeret Asefaw BerheJoseph BerryRadika BhaskarMonika BjörkmanKindel Blau-LaunerCarol BoggsBrendan BohannanSharon BraumanKathleen BrizgysBill BrownIrene BrownBob BuellGene BulfRuth BunemanAl ButnerKim CarlsonNicholas CaseySally CaseyTed ChandikZoe ChandikAndrew ChangAudrey ChangAleksendr ChebanovCarl CheneyNona ChiarielloAlvin ChinJack ChinJean ClarkWilliam ClarkBetsy ClebschElsa ClelandBrian CohenPhilippe CohenRobert ColemanHeather Cooley

Toni CorelliWill CornwellStella CousinsJenny CreelmanRig CurrieHall CushmanGretchen DailyYvonne DaleyMarge De StaeblerFran DelagiKenneth DixonBob DodgeJanet DoellTed DoltonKim DongkyunJeff DukesMichael EckertJanice Edgerly-RooksEdwin EhmkePaul EhrlichLisa EhrlichLinda ElkindClaire ElliotGary ErnstIrene EstelleMichelle EvelynDeana Fabbro-

JohnstonBrooke FabricantNatasha FabricantRon FarkJohn FayScott FendorfChristopher FieldSusan FinlaysonForrest FleischmanErica FleishmanArietta Fleming-

DaviesTony Fraser-SmithDavid FreybergChris FriedelZoë Friedman-CohenEdward FryerDania GambleMonica GarciaJihan GearonSusan GereThomas GivnishJohn GlatheBill Gomez

Deborah GordonCarol GrahamLeda Beth GrayMargaret GreenMichael GreeneAlan GrundmannJessica GuhElizabeth HadlyCarol HakeDexter HakeAbby HallBecca HallBrad HallTim HallJulia HammettStephen HassChip HavenBarry HechtNicole HellerHugh HenryChristopher HeppnerRichard HobbsJustin HollGordon HoltgrieveLeo HolubWhitney HopkinsHans-Peter HorzShelley HouPatrick HsiehGrace HsuMary HuftyLia HullKris HulveyBruce HungateKrista IngramPeter JackeDebi JamisonRichard JeffersGerry JenningsEliza JewettLaura JonesJohn JuarezTamara JuarezJoerg KadukSalit KarkMarcia KeimerDonald KennedyBill KirsherGary KittlesonSimon Klemperer Charles Knight

Walter KoenigDiana KoinLaurie KoteenRobert KovachMargaret KrebsJohn KriewallDavid KroodsmaAnn LambrechtJean LaneAranzazu LascurainPeter LaTourretteAlan LaunerPhilip LeightonCynthia Bradford

LencioniTom LindsayScott LoarieFlora LuChris LundNancy LundDavid LuthJJ MarkmanChristine MartensDavid MartinezJudy MasonDon MasonPamela MatsonVirginia MatzekMargaret MayfieldLaura McLendonAnn McMillanDarcy McPheeLaura McVittieEthel MeeceDuncan MengeGeorge MerchantTom MeriganDeanna MessingerTed MillElizabeth MillerLawrence MillerLinda Bea MillerMichael MilneMichele MinihaneHarold MooneyLisa MooreBetsy MorgenthalerLincoln MosesTom MuddMuwekma TribeKaren Nagy

Rosa NavarroJohn-O NilesPaulo OliveiraPamela OlsonTamsin OrionJonathan OwensChristopher OzeBryan PalmintierAnna ParetGeorge ParksJennifer PeritzRoss PerlinHalton PetersClaire PhillipsPatti PoindexterJim PollockRuth PorterJacqueline PrattKatherine PrestonCharles PreussCharles QuinnNishanta RajakarunaSimha ReddyAlice ReevesVirginia RichJohn RickDonna RileyLennie RobertsMartha RobertsJudy RobertsonAndy RobinsonLeonard RobinsonTerry RootAnne RosenthalRamón RoullardElizabeth RushLeonard RushNathan SandersBritt SandlerMisty SatoDouglas SchemskeJessie SchillingStephen SchneiderVivian SchoungJoan SchwanDylan SchwilkJohn ScofieldJeanne SedgwickÇagan SekercîogluRichard SeymourBecky Shaw

Dave SiebertJulia SilvisJoel SimonCatherine SkinnerGeoffrey SkinnerGary SmithMarion SmithJay SmolikChris SomervilleShauna SomervilleSamantha StaleyJay StampsKathleen StarmerCindy SteadScott StephensDavid StilesTim SunJan TalbertSusan ThayerBrian ThomasVictor ThompsonSara TimbyTodd TobeckMargaret TornJoshua TraubeRuth TroetschlerCary TronsonParker VanValkenburghTimothy VargaWilliam VermeerePeter VitousekJudith WagnerLinda WagnerAlan WeissStuart WeissMaryanne WeltonDiane West-BourkeErik WhitehornDick WiesnerCindy WilberPaul WinemanJohn WorkingSunia YangAlexis YeltonMelanie YeltonRebecca YoungCarol ZabelErika ZavaletaDavid ZinnikerDan Zlatnik

Appendix 6: The JRBP Community

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JRBP CommitteeDavid Ackerly, Assistant Professor and ChairHarold Mooney, ProfessorPaul Ehrlich, ProfessorChris Field, ProfessorDavid Freyberg, ProfessorPhilippe Cohen, Administrative DirectorElsa Cleland, Graduate StudentNicole Heller, Graduate Student

JRBP StaffPhilippe Cohen, Ph.D., Administrative DirectorNona Chiariello, Ph.D., Research CoordinatorCindy Wilber, Program CoordinatorJustin Holl, Publications CoordinatorRebecca Young, GIS and Database ManagerCary Tronson, Operations StewardLeonard Robinson, Resident CaretakerBrooke Fabricant and Deanna Messinger, Resident Rangers

PhotographsSean Anderson, 8 (6), 9 (11)Nona Chiariello, 8 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, & 8), 9 (9 & 10)Philippe Cohen, 1, 2, 3, 15 (8), 23Justin Holl, 8 (3), 14 (4)Leo Holub, 11, 12, 19, 25, 26, 29Laura McLendon, 4, 16-17Tom Mudd, 18Cindy Wilber, 13, 14 (1-3, 5-7), 15 (9 & 10)

IllustrationsChris Andrews, 20, 21, 28Jim Caldwell, front cover, back coverEliza Jewett, inside front coverJanet H. Vogelfang, 27

Layout by Justin Holl and Rebecca Young

For More Information aboutJasper Ridge Biological Preserve:Administrative DirectorJasper Ridge Biological PreserveStanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305-5020email: philippe.cohen@stanford.eduURL: http://jasper1.stanford.edu/Phone: (650) 851-6814Fax: (650) 851-7334

If you would like to make a gift of support to Jasper Ridge BiologicalPreserve, please call Stanford’s Office of Planned Giving: (650) 725-4358 orvisit the following URL: http://givingtostanford.stanford.edu/homeG.html.

Printed by Alonzo Printing on recycled paper with soy-based ink.

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In MemoriamKonrad B. Krauskopf, a pioneer in the field of geochemistry, a member of the Stanford University faculty since 1939and a Jasper Ridge geology instructor, died at his campus home on May 4, 2003 at age 92. Krauskopf was one ofvery few scientists in the late 1930s who helped define the emerging field of geochemistry, which combined the con-cepts of physical chemistry with those of geology. Krauskopf “provided scientists with the original defining texts ingeochemistry and physical geology,” according to Gary Ernst, Jasper Ridge instructor and Stanford Professor ofEarth Sciences. In a career spanning more than six decades, Krauskopf led numerous geological and mapping ex-peditions to such places as the Pacific Northwest, the Sierra Nevada and White Inyo Ranges, the TransmexicanVolcanic Belt, and coastal Norway. His pioneering research and academic achievements earned him numerous hon-ors, including the Legendary Geoscientist Award from the American Geological Institute in 2000 and theDistinguished Public Service Medal from the Mineralogical Society of America in 1994. He was a member of theNational Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.