Jay Gan, S. Bondarenko, W. Jiang, D. Haver, L. Oki

UC RiversideUC Cooperative Extension Orange County

UC Davis

OutlinesWhy the concern?

Pyrethroids and fipronil

Pesticide runoff from residential areas  ‐

The “PIN51”

study

Conclusion and suggestions

Urban Use insecticides

3U.S. EPA, 2001, www.epa.gov

Landscape Maintenance

Structure Pest Control

Professional Application for Urban Facilities

Pesticides and Water Quality

Insecticides usually have toxicity to aquatic animals

Low levels in surface water may kill aquatic invertebrates (e.g., water fleas) that are important members of food chain

Low levels may alter ecosystem structure and health

(Not a human health concern)

Insecticides of ConcernPyrethroids:

Bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, permethrin, …Acute toxicity to invertebrates

Water‐column invertebrates, e.g., Ceriodaphnia dubiaSediment‐dwelling invertebrates, e.g., Hyalella azteca

Fipronil:Termidor – termite and ant controlAcute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates – shrimp‐type organismsFipronil is transformed to three metabolites having similar or increased toxicities

Organophosphates:Malathion, …Acute aquatic toxicity to invertebrates

Pyrethroids and Fipronil

6

 

Fipr

onil

Use

(kg)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Fipronil

Year

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008P

yret

hroi

d U

se (k

g)

0

1e+5

2e+5

3e+5

4e+5

5e+5

Pyrethroids

Pyrethroids ‐

Hydrophobicitylo

g K

OW

all_othersPyrethsOCsOPs

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

95th

75th50th

25th

5th

percentiles

RunoffMove in water

Adsorption  , solubility  :  runoff 

Diazinon, chlorpyrifos

Herbicides

Move with loose soil particlesAdsorption  , solubility  : runoff 

DDT, synthetic pyrethroids

Storm runoff

Fipronil

Pyrethroids

Runoff

Water flow

DOM-

DOM-

Pyrethroids – Acute Aquatic Toxicitylo

g LC

50 (

ug/

L)

all_othersPyrethsOPOC

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

Daphnia magna LC50

Pyrethroid Sediment Toxicity (LC50 for Hyalella azteca)

Compound LC50 (µg/kg)

Bifenthrin 2.3‐8.2

Cyfluthrin 12.5‐14.9

Deltamethrin 9.8‐10.0

Esfenvalerate 10.4‐48.3

Lambda‐Cyhalothrin 5.2‐6.0

Permethrin 57‐112

Fipronil – Aquatic Toxicity (ppb)

Aquatic organism Test Level (ppb)

Mysid shrimp EC50LOEC

0.140.005

Grass shrimp 96‐hr LC50NOEC

0.320.13

Ceriodaphnia (dubia) 48‐hr LC50 17.7

Crayfish (red swamp) 96‐hr LC50 14.3

Crayfish (while river) 96‐hr LC50 19.5

Fipronil –

Metabolite Toxicity (ppb)

Organism Test Fipronil Desulfinyl Sulfone Sulfide

Daphnia EC50 190 230 4.5 27

Crayfish (red swamp) 96‐hr LC50 14.3 68.6 11.2 15.5

Bluegill sunfish 96‐hr LC50 83.0 20 25 ‐

Rainbow trout 96‐hr LC50 250 31 39 ‐

U.S. EPA, 1996; Schlenk et al., 2001;

The “PIN51”

Project

North CA: 

Sacrament County

South CA: Orange County

Study Sites

Northern California

Southern California

Site#2Site#2

Site#2

Site#1

Site#1

Site#1

Insecticides in Runoff (North CA #2)

Total pyrethroids Fipronil

Insecticides in Runoff (North CA #4)

Total pyrethroids Fipronil

Insecticides in Runoff (South CA #1)

Total pyrethroidsFipronil

Insecticides in Runoff (South CA #3)

Total pyrethroidsFipronil

Bifenthrin Non‐Ag Use (Sacramento and Orange counties)

20072006200520042003200220012000199919981997

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

Amou

nt b

ifent

hrin

app

lied

(pou

nd)

SacramentoOrange

Variable

Non-ag bifenthrin usage in Orange county; 2007

Landscape maintenance Public health pest control Regulatory pest controlRights of way Soil application Structure pest control

Detection of bifenthrin in runoff

Del

tam

ethr

in

Esfe

nval

erat

e

Cyp

erm

ethr

in

Cyf

luth

rin

Perm

ethr

in

L-C

yhal

othr

in

Fenp

ropa

thrin

Bife

nthr

in

Fipr

onil

Chl

orpy

rifos

Dia

zino

n

100

75

50

25

0

% D

etec

tion

Del

tam

ethr

in

Esfe

nval

erat

e

Cyp

erm

ethr

in

Cyf

luth

rin

Perm

ethr

in

L-C

yhal

othr

in

Fenp

ropa

thrin

Bife

nthr

in

Fipr

onil

Chl

orpy

rifos

Dia

zino

n

100

75

50

25

0

% D

etec

tion

Del

tam

ethr

in

Esfe

nval

erat

e

Cyp

erm

ethr

in

Cyf

luth

rin

Perm

ethr

in

L-C

yhal

othr

in

Fenp

ropa

thrin

Bife

nthr

in

Fipr

onil

Chl

orpy

rifos

Dia

zino

n

100

75

50

25

0

% D

etec

tion

Del

tam

ethr

in

Esfe

nval

erat

e

Cyp

erm

ethr

in

Cyf

luth

rin

Perm

ethr

in

L-C

yhal

othr

in

Fenp

ropa

thrin

Bife

nthr

in

Fipr

onil

Chl

orpy

rifos

Dia

zino

n

100

75

50

25

0

% D

etec

tion

N1 N2

N3 N4

72% 80%

96% 99%

Bifenthrin distribution in urban runoff 

S4S3S2S1N4N3N2N1

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Bife

nthr

in c

once

ntra

tion

(ng/

L)

Max DL= 1

n=83%nd=28min=<DLmax=86.1

n=80%nd=20min=<DLmax=77.2

n=77%nd=4min=<DLmax=669.7

n=70%nd=1min=<DLmax=196.9

n=69%nd=0min=1.3max=6121

n=69%nd=1.5min=1.6max=196

n=61%nd=0min=2.8max=495

n=69%nd=4.50min=3.1max=709

Bifenthrin trends in urban runoff 

S4S3S2S1N4N3N2N1

0.050

0.025

0.000

-0.025

-0.050

-0.075

-0.100

Bife

nthr

in C

once

ntra

tion

(ng/

L/da

y)

p<0.05

Trends are given by Theil-Sen slope

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

7/3/

067/

10/0

67/

17/0

67/

24/0

67/

31/0

68/

7/06

8/14

/06

8/21

/06

8/28

/06

9/4/

069/

11/0

69/

18/0

69/

25/0

610

/2/0

610

/9/0

610

/16/

0610

/23/

0610

/30/

0611

/6/0

611

/13/

0611

/20/

0611

/27/

0612

/4/0

612

/11/

0612

/18/

0612

/25/

061/

1/07

1/8/

071/

15/0

71/

22/0

71/

29/0

72/

5/07

2/12

/07

2/19

/07

2/26

/07

Weekly date

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pt)

Site#1Site#2

Stor

m 1

Stor

m 2

&3

Stor

m 4 St

orm

5

Fipronil in Sacramento County

LOEC for Mysid Shrimp

EC for Mysid Shrimp

Site #1 (Sacramento County)

RA

IN RA

IN

RA

IN

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

7/10

/06

7/17

/06

7/24

/06

7/31

/06

8/7/

06

8/14

/06

8/21

/06

8/28

/06

9/4/

06

9/11

/06

9/18

/06

9/25

/06

10/2

/06

10/9

/06

10/1

6/06

10/2

3/06

10/3

0/06

11/6

/06

11/1

3/06

11/2

0/06

11/2

7/06

12/4

/06

12/1

1/06

12/1

8/06

12/2

5/06

1/1/

07

1/8/

07

1/15

/07

1/22

/07

1/29

/07

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/L)

FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl

RA

IN 1

RA

IN 2

RA

IN 3

Site #2 (Sacramento County)

RA

IN RA

IN

RA

IN

RA

IN

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.007/

10/0

67/

17/0

67/

24/0

67/

31/0

68/

7/06

8/14

/06

8/21

/06

8/28

/06

9/4/

069/

11/0

69/

18/0

69/

25/0

610

/2/0

610

/9/0

610

/16/

0610

/23/

0610

/30/

0611

/6/0

611

/13/

0611

/20/

0611

/27/

0612

/4/0

612

/11/

0612

/18/

0612

/25/

061/

1/07

1/8/

071/

15/0

71/

22/0

71/

29/0

7

Weekly Date

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pt)

FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl

RA

IN 2

&3

RA

IN 1

RA

IN 4

0.00

250.00

500.00

750.00

1000.00

1250.00

8-Nov

-06

22-N

ov-06

6-Dec

-06

20-D

ec-06

3-Jan

-07

17-Ja

n-07

31-Ja

n-07

Weekly Date

Conc

entra

tion

(ppt

)

Site#3Site#4Site#5

RAIN

Fipronil in Orange  County

EC for Mysid Shrimp

LC50Grass Shrimp

Fipronil Metabolites  in  Orange County

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

11/8/

0611

/15/06

11/22

/0611

/29/06

12/6/

0612

/13/06

12/20

/0612

/27/06

1/3/07

1/10/0

71/1

7/07

1/24/0

71/3

1/07

Weekly Date

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pt)

FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

11/8/

0611

/15/06

11/22

/0611

/29/06

12/6/

0612

/13/06

12/20

/0612

/27/06

1/3/07

1/10/0

71/1

7/07

1/24/0

71/3

1/07

Weekly Date

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pt)

FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl

Site#3

Site#4

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

11/8/

0611

/15/06

11/22

/0611

/29/06

12/6/

0612

/13/06

12/20

/0612

/27/06

1/3/07

1/10/0

71/1

7/07

1/24/0

71/3

1/07

Weekly Date

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pt)

FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil DesulfinylRAIN

Site#5

Conclusions

Pyrethroids and fipronil frequently found in residential runoff

Bifenthrin and fipronil (and metabolites) always found

Cyfluthrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin often found 

Levels may cause toxicities to some species at some sites

Southern CA > Northern CA

Storm runoff likely biggest contributor

Suggestions

Follow label instructions

Keep away from curbs and storm drain

Avoid drifts 

Dispose of left‐over properly

Avoid late‐season applications

http://www.styleguide.ucr.edu/