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A Brief History of Music(in Europe and Africa and The

U.S.A)

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Impossible, you say?

Yes, its impossible to cover music history forthree continents in one class. Still, an attempt atan overview will hopefully set the stage for morein depth discussion and analysis later in the

course. The main thing to remember is that all ofAmerican music is a result of the culture clashbetween Europeans and Africans, with someother ethnicities sprinkled around. Furthermore,

the notion that any music is pure is ridiculous.Except for Justin Biebersmusic; I think its purebaloney..

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Europe

European Music

Ancient Music

Medieval Music

Renaissance

Baroque

Classical

Romantic

Impressionist/20th Century

Folk Music

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Africa

African

West African

Drumming Vocals

Guitar/Banjo/Kalimba

Slavery

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USA

Work Songs

Blues

Ragtime

Minstrelsy

Jazz

R and B Rock And Roll

Funk

Soul

Motown

Hip Hop

Country

Todays Music?

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Ancient Music

We can speak about music before recorded history-which isobviously prehistoric music. Obviously, there are no recordings,because all of early mans cassette got lost when he got kicked outof his one bedroom cave for being late with the rent. Musicalarcheologists imagine that much of prehistoric music used the voice

and primitive drums, and imitated animal sounds,or was part ofrituals, or used by shamans. Some say origins of music come frommotherese, communication between mother and child. We canlook to Native American music or Aboriginal music for a glimpseinto prehistoric music.

Besides the voice, body percussion, and primitive drums, flutes

have been discovered which are believed to be 43,000 years old.One of them still had a price tag attached to it.

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Native American Music

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKz

w8Mc&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKzw8Mc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKzw8Mc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKzw8Mc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKzw8Mc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKzw8Mc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3EQcKzw8Mc&feature=related

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Ancient Greek Music

Ancient music refers to the various musical

systems that were developed across various

geographical regions such as Mesopotamia,

Egypt, Persia, India, China, Greece and Rome.

Ancient music is designated by the

characterization of the basic audible tones and

scales. It may have been transmitted throughoral or written systems.

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The earliest notated music, which used a diatonicscale and had harmonies in thirds, was found inMesopotamia, in the Sumerian city of Nippur.

This discovery was dated 2000 BCE. There are texts from Ugarit showing some of the

oldest written music dating from 1400 BC.

There is a complete treatise on the performingarts from India dating between 200 BC and 200AD.

The earliest known instrument in China , theGuqin, was found and dated from 3000 years ago.

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Ancient Greek musicians developed their ownrobust system of musical notation. The systemwas not widely used among Greek musicians, butnonetheless a modest corpus of notated musicremains from Ancient Greece and Rome. Theepics of Homer were originally sung withinstrumental accompaniment, but no notated

melodies from Homer are known. Severalcomplete songs exist in ancient Greek musicalnotation. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldestsurviving example of a complete musical

composition, including musical notation, fromanywhere in the world.

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Example

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQqdjsrh

DHw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVr

bE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQqdjsrhDHwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQqdjsrhDHwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKOaJcrVrbE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQqdjsrhDHwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQqdjsrhDHw

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Music was essential to the pattern and texture of Greek life, as itwas an important feature of religious festivals, marriage andfuneral rites, and banquet gatherings. Our knowledge of ancientGreek music comes from actual fragments of musical scores,

literary references, and the remains of musical instruments.Although extant musical scores are rare, incomplete, and ofrelatively late date, abundant literary references shed light onthe practice of music, its social functions, and its perceivedaesthetic qualities. Likewise, inscriptions provide informationabout the economics and institutional organization ofprofessional musicians, recording such things as prizes awardedand fees paid for services. The archaeological record attests tomonuments erected in honor of accomplished musicians and tosplendid roofed concert halls. In Athens during the second halfof the fifth century B.C., the Odeion (roofed concert hall) of

Perikles was erected on the south slope of the Athenianakropolisphysical testimony to the importance of music inAthenian culture.

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n addition to the physical remains of musical instruments in anumber of archaeological contexts, depictions of musicians andmusical events in vase painting and sculpture provide valuableinformation about the kinds of instruments that were preferred and

how they were actually played. Although the ancient Greeks werefamiliar with many kinds of instruments, three in particular werefavored for composition and performance: the kithara, a pluckedstring instrument; the lyre, also a string instrument; and the aulos, adouble-reed instrument. Most Greek men trained to play aninstrument competently, and to sing and perform choral dances.

Instrumental music or the singing of a hymn regularly accompaniedeveryday activities and formal acts of worship. Shepherds piped totheir flocks, oarsmen and infantry kept time to music, and womenmade music at home. The art of singing to one's own stringedaccompaniment was highly developed. Greek philosophers saw arelationship between music and mathematics, envisioning music as

a paradigm of harmonious order reflecting the cosmos and thehuman soul.

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Jazz musicians use the greek modes

In the theory of Western music, mode (from Latinmodus, "measure, standard, manner, way, size,limit of quantity, method") (Powers 2001,

Introduction; OED) generally refers to a type ofscale, coupled with a set of characteristic melodicbehaviours. This usage, still the most common inrecent years, reflects a tradition dating to the

Middle Ages, itself inspired by the theory ofancient Greek music

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Modes

The Greek scales were

Mixolydian: hypate hypatonparamese (bb)

Lydian: parhypate hypatontrite diezeugmenon (cc)

Phrygian: lichanos hypatonparanete diezeugmenon (dd)

Dorian: hypate mesonnete diezeugmenon (ee) Hypolydian: parhypate mesontrite hyperbolaion (ff)

Hypophrygian: lichanos mesonparanete hyperbolaion (gg)

Common, Locrian, or Hypodorian: mesenete hyperbolaion orproslambnomenosmese (aa or aa)

These names are derived from Ancient Greek subgroups (Dorians),one small region in central Greece (Locris), and certain neighboring(non-Greek) peoples from Asia Minor (Lydia, Phrygia).

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Plato thought..

..playing music in a particular harmonia wouldincline one towards specific behaviors associatedwith it, and suggested that soldiers should listen

to music in Dorian or Phrygian harmoniaito helpmake them stronger, but avoid music in Lydian,Mixolydian or Ionian harmoniai, for fear of beingsoftened. Plato believed that a change in the

musical modes of the state would cause a wide-scale social revolution.

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Medieval Music

Much of Medieval music also used modes.

Much of medieval life in Europe revolved

around the church. Mediaeval music is

Western music written during the MiddleAges. This era begins with the fall of the

Roman Empire and ends sometime in the

early fifteenth century. Establishing the end ofthe mediaeval era and the beginning of the

Renaissance is difficult.

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Mediaeval music was both sacred and secular. Duringthe earlier mediaeval period, the liturgical genre,predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic.

Polyphonic genres began to develop during the highmediaeval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13thand early 14th century. The development of such formsis often associated with the Ars nova.

Of greater sophistication was the motet, which

developed from the clausula genre of mediaevalplainchant and would become the most popular formof mediaeval polyphony. While early motets wereliturgical or sacred, by the end of the thirteenthcentury the genre had expanded to include secular

topics, such as courtly love.

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Examples

Gregorian Chant

Ars Nova

Motet

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlr90NLDp-0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFswzkVIOZghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdaeDmdpRIMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdaeDmdpRIMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFswzkVIOZghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlr90NLDp-0

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Renaissance

Renaissance music is music written in Europe during theRenaissance. Consensus among music historians with notabledissent has been to start the era around 1400, with the end of themedieval era, and close it around 1600, with the beginning of theBaroque period, therefore commencing the musical Renaissanceabout a hundred years after the beginning of the Renaissance asunderstood in other disciplines. As in the other arts, the music ofthe period was significantly influenced by the developments whichdefine the Early Modern period: the rise of humanistic thought; therecovery of the literary and artistic heritage of ancient Greece andRome; increased innovation and discovery; the growth ofcommercial enterprise; the rise of a bourgeois class; and theProtestant Reformation. From this changing society emerged acommon, unifying musical language, in particular the polyphonicstyle of the Franco-Flemish school.

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The main characteristics of Renaissance music are:

Music based on modes.

Richer texture in four or more parts.

Blending rather than contrasting strands in the musicaltexture.

Harmony with a greater concern with the flow and

progression of chords. Polyphony is one of the notable changes that mark the

Renaissance from the Middle Ages musically. Its useencouraged the use of larger ensembles and

demanded sets of instruments that would blendtogether across the whole vocal range.

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Common sacred genres were the

mass, the motet, the madrigale

spirituale, and the laude

Music by William Byrd

Music by Josquin De Pres

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BTg2lr_aiQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62-aBOZrqh8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62-aBOZrqh8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BTg2lr_aiQ

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Baroque: 1600 to 1750

I hope you have heard of J.S. Bach, and you

might have heard of Handel. Other names you

might have could be Vivaldi and Pachelbel.

The Baroque Era was named for its ornate

and heavily ornamented style, but we

remember it for its incredible counterpoint,

move towards a codified Western Harmonyand for an increase in instrumental virtuosity.

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Examples

J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto Number 2

Handel: Music For The Royal Fireworks

-Winter from the Four Seasons

Classical(1750 to 1820 sometimes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC1E4_imS0Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mz_kODE6sU4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGdFHJXciAQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGdFHJXciAQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGdFHJXciAQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mz_kODE6sU4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC1E4_imS0A

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Classical(1750 to 1820, sometimes

called the Viennese School)

OK, I hope you have heard of W.A. Mozart,

Josef Haydn, and L.V. Beethoven. If not, youve

been living under a rock. The Classical era gave

rise to the Sonata Form, the Symphony, and aless ornate, more melodic focus. Opera

flourished, and counterpoint became less

important. We can start to think more inchords, or melody with accompaniment.

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Examples

Mozart Piano Conerto in C

Haydn Symphony 94

Beethoven's 5th

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXIu0MRuIQU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFcONi1ynIM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4IRMYuE1hIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4IRMYuE1hIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFcONi1ynIM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXIu0MRuIQU&feature=related

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Classical Music

Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is lesscomplex. It is mainly homophonic melody above chordal accompaniment(but counterpoint is by no means forgotten, especially later in the period).

Variety and contrast within a piece became more pronounced than before.Variety of keys, melodies, rhythms and dynamics (using crescendo,diminuendo and sforzando), along with frequent changes of mood and timbrewere more commonplace in the Classical period than they had been in theBaroque. Melodies tended to be shorter than those of Baroque music, with

clear-cut phrases and clearly marked cadences. The Orchestra increased in sizeand range; the harpsichord continuo fell out of use, and the woodwindbecame a self-contained section. As a solo instrument, the harpsichord wasreplaced by the piano (or fortepiano). Early piano music was light in texture,often with Alberti bass accompaniment, but it later became richer, moresonorous and more powerful.

Importance was given to instrumental musicthe main kinds were sonata,

trio, string quartet, symphony, concerto, serenade and divertimento. Sonataform developed and became the most important form. It was used to build upthe first movement of most large-scale works, but also other movements andsingle pieces (such as overtures).

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Romantic(1815-1910)

Beethoven is credited as starting it all. Romanticism inGermany was an artistic and literary movement.Romantic music attempted to increase emotionalexpression and power to describe deeper truths or

human feelings, while preserving but in many casesextending the formal structures from the classicalperiod, in others, creating new forms that weredeemed better suited to the new subject matter. Thesubject matter in the new music was now not only

purely abstract, but also frequently drawn from otherart-form sources such as literature, or history(historical figures) or nature itself.

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Romantic Examples

Chopin Nocturne Op. 9 No. 2

Richard Strauss : Don Quixote

Mahler: Symphony No 5 in C sharp minor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvxS_bJ0yOUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4r_xHVPc84http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URKGIa0b_jI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URKGIa0b_jI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4r_xHVPc84http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvxS_bJ0yOU

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Impressionist/20th Century

If you have heard of Claude Debussy andMaurice Ravel, you have heard Impressionistmusic. Much like the impressionist paintings

of the same era(late 1800s France), there is alot of color; harmonically, the function doesntmatter as much as the sound. This idea wascontinued by 20th century composer Igor

Stravinsky, probably the most importantmodern composer you have heard of.

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Examples

Claude Debussy-Claire De Lune

Maurice Ravel-Pavane for Dead Princess

Igor Stravinky-The Rite Of Spring

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMzFvKuZusE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKkeDqJBlK8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGFRwKQqbk4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGFRwKQqbk4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGFRwKQqbk4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGFRwKQqbk4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKkeDqJBlK8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKkeDqJBlK8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKkeDqJBlK8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMzFvKuZusE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMzFvKuZusE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMzFvKuZusE&feature=related

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Folk Music

Most European Classical music courses will not dealwith any European Folk music. Maybe because its notas well documented, or maybe because its so farreaching as to warrant a separate course altogether.Although when speaking of Beethoven as part ofEuropean Music, we must remember that Europe is acontinent of HUGE cultural differences. Spaniards arealmost nothing like Scandinavians. Greeks arecompletely different from the Dutch. Especially if you

ask them! But some of this music came to the newworld, and we should try to see how it became a partof jazz.

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The Polka

The polka is a Central European dance and also a genre of dance music familiarthroughout Europe and the Americas. It originated in the middle of the 19thcentury in Bohemia. Polka is still a popular genre of folk music in many Europeancountries and is performed by folk artists in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, CzechRepublic, Netherlands, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland,Italy, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Slovakia. Local varieties of this dance are alsofound in the Nordic countries, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Latin America

(especially Mexico), and in the United States. Beer Barrel Polka

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mD-JeYjozchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mD-JeYjozc

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Irish Jig

the Jig (Irish: port) is a form of lively folk dance incompound meter, as well as the accompanyingdance tune. It developed in 16th century England,and was quickly adopted on the Continent where

it eventually became the final movement of themature Baroque dance suite (the French gigue;Italian and Spanish giga).[1] Today it is mostassociated with Irish dance music and Scottish

country dance music Irish Gig

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLeCLRK8Ws8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLeCLRK8Ws8

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Habanera

Its origins dated back to the European

contredanse, which was an internationally

popular form of music and dance of the late

18th century. It was brought to Santiago deCuba by French colonists fleeing the Haitian

Revolution in the 1790s.

Contradanse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWv2UhlOvKAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWv2UhlOvKA

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West African Music

We focus on West African for the obvious

reason that West Africans were the people

who were imported to the Americas by the

slave trade. Northern African and East Africanmusic is another issue. Certainly, Arabic music

is very distinctive. Lets look at the salient

characteristics of West African music

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Elements of African Music

It is my opinion that, while the development of jazzand much of what we consider American music hasEuropean and other elements, the striking infusion ofAfrican musical elements by slaves is the mostimportant distinction of the American musicallandscape. Without that, there would be no blues, nojazz, no rock and roll, no R&B, and no Hip Hop. Whatwe call Latin and Brazillian would not exist as we knowit. Perhaps even what we call Country music would be

drastically different in an alternate universe whereAfrican slaves were never brought to the States.

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Examples of traditional African music

African Music Example 1

African Music Example 2

African Music Example 3

African Music Example 4

African Music Example 5 African Music Example 6

African Music Example 7

African Music Example 8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41F9jpWmS4Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYBb3ee4pDo&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZ7KAI4qqf0&feature=BFa&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336&lf=rellisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jZFFN460u4&feature=BFa&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336&lf=rellisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCRFR4w3fhw&feature=BFa&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336&lf=rellisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHo_PpFQirchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0K1hjg4EYcg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMKisYW4IrM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMKisYW4IrM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0K1hjg4EYcg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHo_PpFQirchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCRFR4w3fhw&feature=BFa&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336&lf=rellisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jZFFN460u4&feature=BFa&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336&lf=rellisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZ7KAI4qqf0&feature=BFa&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336&lf=rellisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYBb3ee4pDo&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PL3BEB1E8D00AF3336http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41F9jpWmS4U

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Salient Characteristics of African Music

Ostinato

Poly Rhythms

Body Percussion/Dance

Lyrics used to tell stories Unique form of Polyphony

Repetition

Call And Response

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Relationship to dance

The treatment of "music" and "dance" as separate art forms is aEuropean idea. In many African languages there is no concept

corresponding exactly to these terms. For example, in manyBantu languages, there is one concept that might be translatedas 'song' and another that covers both the semantic fields of theEuropean concepts of "music" and "dance." So there is one wordfor both music and dance (the exact meaning of the conceptsmay differ from culture to culture).

For example, in Kiswahili, the word "ngoma" may be translatedas "drum," "dance," "dance event," "dance celebration," or"music," depending on the context. Each of these translations isincomplete. The classification of the phenomena of this area ofculture into "music" and "dance" is foreign to many African

cultures. Therefore, African music and African dance must beviewed in very close connection.

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Swahili_languagehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/African_dancehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/African_dancehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/African_dancehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Swahili_language

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Akwaaba Excerpt

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xQtpLU-NvI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xQtpLU-NvI&feature=related

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Guitar/Banjo/Kalimba

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a

guitar was defined as being an instrument having "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden

soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides. The term is used to

refer to a number of related instruments that were developed and used across Europe

beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the AmericasThese instruments are

descended from ones that existed in ancient central Asia and India. For this reason

guitars are distantly related to modern instruments from these regions, including the

tanbur, the setar, and the sitar. The oldest known iconographic representation of an

instrument displaying the essential features of a guitar is a 3,300 year old stone

carving of a Hittite bard.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AioSO9aj0T0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moxrydy8jGk&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRwXVNt0i3k&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-o31N7YPE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AioSO9aj0T0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moxrydy8jGk&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRwXVNt0i3k&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-o31N7YPEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz-GlZt5ee0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-o31N7YPEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-o31N7YPEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-o31N7YPEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRwXVNt0i3k&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moxrydy8jGk&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AioSO9aj0T0&feature=related

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African roots of the blues

African American work songs were an

important precursor to the modern blues;

these included the songs sung by laborers like

stevedores and roustabouts, and the fieldhollers and "shouts" of slaves.

There are few characteristics common to all

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There are few characteristics common to allblues, as the genre takes its shape from thepeculiarities of each individual performance.Some characteristics, however, were present

prior to the creation of the modern blues, andare common to most styles of African Americanmusic. The earliest blues-like music was a"functional expression, rendered in a call-and-

response style without accompaniment orharmony and unbounded by the formality of anyparticular musical structure". This pre-bluesmusic was adapted from the field shouts andhollers performed during slave times, expanded

into "simple solo songs laden with emotionalcontent".

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Alan Lomax recordings

Alan Lomax (January 31, 1915 July 19, 2002)

was an American folklorist andethnomusicologist. He was one of the great fieldcollectors of folk music of the 20th century,recording thousands of songs in the United

States, Great Britain, Ireland, the Caribbean, Italy,and Spain.In his later career, Lomax advanced histheories of Cantometrics, the sampling andstatistical analysis of folk music, with the help of

collaborators Victor Grauer and Roswell Rudd.

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Work Songs

Work Song 1

Work Song 2

Work Song 3

Work Song 4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAAuQksDrVUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtieVNhMX3I&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEHFDKXM2y0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NNvnAYBV68http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NNvnAYBV68http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEHFDKXM2y0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtieVNhMX3I&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAAuQksDrVU

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Blues

Blues is the name given to both a musical

form and a music genre[1] that originated in

African-American communities of primarily

the "Deep South" of the United States at theend of the 19th century from spirituals, work

songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and

rhymed simple narrative ballads.

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The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and

blues, and rock and roll is characterized by

specific chord progressions, of which thetwelve-bar blues chord progression is the

most common. The blue notes that, for

expressive purposes are sung or playedflattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to

major 3rd) in relation to the pitch of the major

scale, are also an important part of the sound.

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The blues genre is based on the blues form butpossesses other characteristics such as specificlyrics, bass lines and instruments. Blues can be

subdivided into several subgenres ranging fromcountry to urban blues that were more or lesspopular during different periods of the 20thcentury. Best known are the Delta, Piedmont,

Jump and Chicago blues styles. World War IImarked the transition from acoustic to electricblues and the progressive opening of blues musicto a wider audience, especially white listeners. Inthe 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues-

rock evolved.

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Important Early Blues Artists

Son House(1902-1988)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jN5vqEyV7g

Robert Johnson(1911-1938)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=related

Leadbelly(Huddie Ledbetter)(1888-1949)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5tOpyipNJs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jN5vqEyV7ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5tOpyipNJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5tOpyipNJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5tOpyipNJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5tOpyipNJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLmlz34BUlk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jN5vqEyV7g

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Charley Patton(1837-1934)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waz8QqCyhLs&feature=fvst

Blind Lemon Jefferson(1893-1929)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3yd-c91ww8

Big Bill Broonzy(1893-1958)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c1c0ZsTLA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waz8QqCyhLs&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waz8QqCyhLs&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3yd-c91ww8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3yd-c91ww8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c1c0ZsTLAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c1c0ZsTLAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c1c0ZsTLAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c1c0ZsTLAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3yd-c91ww8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3yd-c91ww8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3yd-c91ww8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waz8QqCyhLs&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waz8QqCyhLs&feature=fvst

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Excerpt from Ken Burns 1

Ken Burns Jazz 01 Episode 1 23:30-31:26

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Spirituals

Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are religious(generally Christian) songs which were created byenslavedAfrican people in America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chritianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chritianity

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Although numerous rhythmical and sonicelements of Negro spirituals can be traced toAfrican sources, Negro spirituals are a musicalform that is indigenous and specific to thereligious experience in the United States ofAfricans and their descendants. They are a result

of the interaction of music and religion fromAfrica with music and religion of European origin.Further, this interaction occurred only in theUnited States. Africans who converted to

Christianity in other parts of the world, even inthe Caribbean and Latin America, did not evolvethis form.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean

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Slaves were de-africanized

Secret religious Services-Ring Shouts

The Ringshout and The Birth of African

American Religion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WduFU2dhJiwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmmTMg3e5Uo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmmTMg3e5Uo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmmTMg3e5Uo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmmTMg3e5Uo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WduFU2dhJiwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WduFU2dhJiwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WduFU2dhJiw

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Famous Negro Spirituals

Sometimes I feel Like a Motherless Child http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiJx1Hbn_KM

Wade In The Water

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=

related Michael Row The Boat Ashore

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0

Joshua Fit The Battle Of Jericho

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQ

Go Down Moses

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0sQDhx1rE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiJx1Hbn_KMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0sQDhx1rEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0sQDhx1rEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0sQDhx1rEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0sQDhx1rEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPZuWzZvoYQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gce7DDH-F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg_8L96E3eU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiJx1Hbn_KMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiJx1Hbn_KMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiJx1Hbn_KM

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Interesting

There is also a duality in the lyrics of spirituals.

They communicated many Christian ideals

while also communicating the hardship that

was a result of being an African-Americanslave. The spiritual was often directly tied to

the composer's life.It was a way of sharing

religious, emotional, and physical experiencethrough song.

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Amazing Grace

Amazing Wintley Phipps.....

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfGytXRpfhohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfGytXRpfho

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Minstrel Songs

Ken Burns Jazz 01 Episode 1 15:22-21:14

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The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an

American entertainment consisting of comicskits, variety acts, dancing, and music,

performed by white people in blackface or,

especially after the Civil War, black people inblackface.

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Scott Joplin(ca. 1867 April 1, 1917)

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Scott Joplin (ca. 1867 April 1, 1917) was an

American composer and pianist. Joplin

achieved fame for his ragtime compositions,and was later dubbed "The King of Ragtime".

During his brief career, Joplin wrote 44 original

ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and twooperas. One of his first pieces, the Maple Leaf

Rag, became ragtime's first and most

influential hit, and has been recognized as the

archetypal rag.

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Maple Leaf Rag-Scott Joplin

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_

-rc

Ragtime (alternatively spelled rag-time) is an original

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rc

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g ( y p g ) gmusical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between1897 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is itssyncopated, or "ragged," rhythmIt began as dance music in

the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louisand New Orleans years before being published as popularsheet music for piano. It was a modification of the marchmade popular by John Philip Sousa, with additionalpolyrhythms coming from African music. The ragtimecomposer Scott Joplin became famous through thepublication in 1899 of the "Maple Leaf Rag" and a string ofragtime hits that followed, although he was later forgottenby all but a small, dedicated community of ragtimeaficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early1970s. For at least 12 years after its publication, the "Maple

Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtimecomposers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions ormetric patterns.

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Minstrel Songs

Ken Burns Jazz 01 Episode 1 15:22-21:14

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The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an

American entertainment consisting of comicskits, variety acts, dancing, and music,

performed by white people in blackface or,

especially after the Civil War, black people inblackface.

Minstrel shows lampooned black people as

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dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish,

superstitious,[happy-go-lucky, and musical.

The minstrel show began with briefburlesques and comic entr'actes in the early

1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form in

the next decade. In 1848, blackface minstrelshows were the national art of the time,

translating formal art such as opera into

popular terms for a general audience.

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Jazz

Jazz would not exist without blues, spirituals,

minstrelsey, ragtime, and the blend of African

and European music. New Orleans jazz is the

beginning. The next unit goes into morespecific subgenres. From swing to bebop to

cool jazz to hard bop, free jazz to fusion to

now, jazz is in some ways distinctive and yetalso hard to pinpoint.

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Jazz

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKXsnDvILmI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YedVpRzF900

&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYpKNM1Yi5o

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRNFvS_Tvo&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVunUbB0gBI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKXsnDvILmIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YedVpRzF900&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YedVpRzF900&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYpKNM1Yi5ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYpKNM1Yi5ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRNFvS_Tvo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRNFvS_Tvo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVunUbB0gBIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVunUbB0gBIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVunUbB0gBIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVunUbB0gBIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRNFvS_Tvo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRNFvS_Tvo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYpKNM1Yi5ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYpKNM1Yi5ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YedVpRzF900&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YedVpRzF900&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKXsnDvILmI

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R and B

Where would American music be without Rhythm and Blues. Its original form has more of aobvious relationship to jazz. It has changed a lot over the years. Now its hard to tell the differencebetween R&B and hip hop. We can also link Soul and Motown to R&B.

Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B and RnB, is a genre of popular African-American musicthat originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describerecordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking,jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular.

The term has subsequently had a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s, the term rhythmand blues was frequently applied to blues records.[3] Starting in the mid-1950s, after this style ofmusic contributed to the development of rock and roll, the term "R&B" became used to refer tomusic styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues, as well as gospel and soul music.By the 1970s, rhythm and blues was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a newerstyle of R&B developed, becoming known as "Contemporary R&B".

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R&B examples

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QfXQakX2w&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPCuwEW16mg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD78i6eoGkM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUgsmsvSYow

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZc

Rock And Roll

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QfXQakX2w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QfXQakX2w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPCuwEW16mghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPCuwEW16mghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD78i6eoGkMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD78i6eoGkMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUgsmsvSYowhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgd6MccwZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUgsmsvSYowhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD78i6eoGkMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD78i6eoGkMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPCuwEW16mghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPCuwEW16mghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QfXQakX2w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QfXQakX2w&feature=related

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Rock And Roll Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular

music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and

early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz,and gospel music. Though elements of rock and roll can be heard in country

records of the 1930s, and in blues records from the 1920s, rock and roll did not

acquire its name until the 1950s.

The term "rock and roll" now has at least two different meanings, both in common

usage. The American Heritage Dictionary[8] and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary

both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopdia Britannica,

on the other hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and

later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as rock

music.

In the earliest rock and roll styles of the late 1940s and early 1950s, either the

piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generallyreplaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. The beat is

essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, the latter almost always

provided by a snare drum. Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two

electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), a string bass or (after the mid-1950s) an

electric bass guitar, and a drum kit.

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Rock and roll began achieving wide popularity in the1960s. The massive popularity and eventual worldwideview of rock and roll gave it a widespread social

impact. Bobby Gillespie writes that "When Chuck Berrysang 'Hail, hail, rock and roll, deliver me from the daysof old', that's exactly what the music was doing. ChuckBerry started the global psychic jailbreak that is

rock'n'roll. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as

seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles,fashion, attitudes, and language. It went on to spawn

various sub-genres, often without the initiallycharacteristic backbeat, that are now more commonlycalled simply "rock music" or "rock".

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peifZLxlUcI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2kabQo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdr-w&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeJkDewhTEw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDs

Funk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peifZLxlUcIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2kabQohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2kabQohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdr-w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdr-w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeJkDewhTEwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeJkDewhTEwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5bS3_BCDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeJkDewhTEwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeJkDewhTEwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdr-w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdr-w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmljYkdr-w&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2kabQohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2kabQohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peifZLxlUcI

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Funk

Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid-late 1960s when African

American musicians blended soul music, jazz and R&B into a rhythmic,danceable new form of music. Funk de-emphasizes melody and harmonyand brings a strong rhythmic groove of electric bass and drums to theforeground. Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a singlechord, distinguishing it from R&B and soul songs, which are centered onchord progressions.

Like much African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a complexgroove with rhythm instruments such as electric guitar, electric bass,Hammond organ, and drums playing interlocking rhythms. Funk bandssometimes have a horn section of several saxophones, trumpets, and insome cases, a trombone, which plays rhythmic "hits".

Many of the most famous bands in the genre also played disco and soulextensively. Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including

hip hop, house music and drum and bass. It is also the main influence ofgo-go, a subgenre associated with funk.

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Funk Examples

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajzpd-

ONOdo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhWZTSy

D2mw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAF

imU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajzpd-ONOdohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajzpd-ONOdohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhWZTSyD2mwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhWZTSyD2mwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAFimUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAFimUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAFimUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAFimUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAFimUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yym2nPAFimUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhWZTSyD2mwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhWZTSyD2mwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajzpd-ONOdohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajzpd-ONOdohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajzpd-ONOdo

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Hip Hop

Hip hop is a subculture that originated in African-Americancommunities during the 1970s in New York City, specifically withinthe BronxWhile the term is often used to refer to hip hop music, inits broader sense hip hop culture is characterized by the fourelements of rapping, DJing, hip hop dance and graffiti

The origins of the subculture stems from the block parties of DJKool Herc at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, where Herc would mix samplesof existing records with his own shouts to the crowd and dancers.Kool Herc is credited as the 'father' of the art form. DJ AfrikaBambaataa of the hip-hop collective Zulu Nation outlined the fourpillars of hip hop culture: MCing, DJing, B-boying and graffitiwriting. Since its emergence in the South Bronx, hip hop culture hasspread to both urban and suburban communities throughout theworld

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From Rap To Hip Hop

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1iDkMbJzG4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PaoLy7PHwk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ttTJuWDqJo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3GYbqEULk4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsO6ZnUZI0g

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1iDkMbJzG4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PaoLy7PHwkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ttTJuWDqJohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3GYbqEULk4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsO6ZnUZI0ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsO6ZnUZI0ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsO6ZnUZI0ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsO6ZnUZI0ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3GYbqEULk4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ttTJuWDqJohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PaoLy7PHwkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1iDkMbJzG4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM

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Country

Country music is genre of American popular music that originated in theagrarian regions of the Southern United States in the 1920s. It takes itsroots from southeastern American folk music, Western cowboy. Bluesmode has been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Countrymusic often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simpleforms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such asbanjoes, electric and acoustic guitars, fiddles, and harmonicas.

The term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference tothe earlier term hillbilly music; it came to encompass Western music,which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20thcentury. The term country music is used today to describe many styles andsubgenres. In 2009 Country music was the most listened to rush hourradio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the

morning commute.

According to Bill Malone in Country Music U.S.A, country music was introduced to

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g y , y

the world as a southern phenomenon.In the South, folk music was a combination

of cultural strains, combining musical traditions of a variety of ethnic groups in the

region. For example, some instrumental pieces from British and Irish immigrants

were the basis of folk songs and ballads that form what is now known as old timemusic, from which country music descended. It is commonly thought that British

and Irish folk music heavily influenced the development of old time music in the

Southern Appalachian Mountains, where the earliest European settlers hailed

principally from Northern England, the Scottish Lowlands and Ulster.

Country music is often erroneously thought of as solely the creation of European

Americans. However, a great deal of styleand of course, the banjo, a majorinstrument in most early American folk songscame from African Americans. One

of the reasons country music was created by African Americans, as well as

European Americans, is because blacks and whites in rural communities in the

south often worked and played together, just as recollected by DeFord Baileyin the

PBS documentary, DeFord Bailey: A Legend Lost. Influential black guitarist Arnold

Schultz, known as the primary source for thumb style, or Travis picking, playedwith white musicians in West-central Kentucky

i i ki

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Travis picking

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3

HT9oA

C l

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3HT9oAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3HT9oAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3HT9oAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3HT9oAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3HT9oAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHDwX3HT9oA

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Country examples

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbmQQ4RfzVE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DloUGMeSdlw&fe

ature=fvwrel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no8HDEzE3Co

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWsuVuw5JO4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHAFmFsb9XM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQXsM1l2wZ8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaAF_3WMJGM

Di i Q i

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbmQQ4RfzVEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DloUGMeSdlw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DloUGMeSdlw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no8HDEzE3Cohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWsuVuw5JO4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHAFmFsb9XMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQXsM1l2wZ8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaAF_3WMJGMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaAF_3WMJGMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaAF_3WMJGMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaAF_3WMJGMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQXsM1l2wZ8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHAFmFsb9XMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWsuVuw5JO4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no8HDEzE3Cohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DloUGMeSdlw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DloUGMeSdlw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbmQQ4RfzVE

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Discussion Question

Does it seem like many of the genres other thanjazz have become more commercial in recentyears? You could say that fusion and smooth jazzwere commercial, but many jazz fans dont even

consider those sub genres to be valid. Yet HipHop, Rock, Country, and R and B have all becomevery predictable; at least ,the artists who we areaware of. Is one of the problems with jazz and itssurvival is that its really hard to commerciallypackage music which is creative at its verycore?