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4. Tin Pan Alley: The Great
American Songbook
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Overview
This discussion will deal with the development
of Popular Song in the United States and how
it relates to jazz. We will talk about important
Tin Pan Alley composers, and listen to some of
their music in its original form, and then
compare how jazz musicians alter the songs to
fit their personal style.
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The Great American Songbook is ahypothetical construct that seeks to representthe best American songs of the 20th centuryprincipally from Broadway theatre, musical
theatre, and Hollywood musicals, from the1920s to 1960, including dozens of songs ofenduring popularity. The Great AmericanSongbook became (and remains) a vital part of
the repertoire ofjazz musicians, who describesuch songs simply as "jazz standards".
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Tin Pan Alley
Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the
collection ofNew York City music publishers
and songwriters who dominated the popular
music of the United States in the late 19th
century and early 20th century. The name
originally referred to a specific place: West
28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenue inManhattan(there was a Tin Pan Alley in
London also)
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The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to
about 1885, when a number of musicpublishers set up shop in the same district ofManhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is lessclear cut. Some date it to the start of the
Great Depression in the 1930s when thephonograph and radio supplanted sheet musicas the driving force of American popularmusic, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to
have continued into the 1950s when earlierstyles of American popular music wereupstaged by the rise ofrock & roll.
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Called Tin Pan Alley because of the noise of
all the songpluggers playing simultaneously Songplugger-pianist who played tunes all day
in order to sell them
Before the invention of Radio, songs weredeemed successful by sheet music sales
Middle class tended to have pianos in their
home as entertainment
Music was only marketed towards adults
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Play One Froggy Evening
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRnX4quv
5W4
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The Frog Sang..
Hello My Baby by Howard and Emerson, 1899
Come Back To Erin, by Claribel,1866
Im Just Wild About Harry by Noble Sissle and EubieBlake, 1921
Michigan Rag, was actually written for the cartoon
Throw Him Down, McCloskey, by John W. Kelly, 1890
Wont You Come Over To My House, Williams and VanAlstyne, 1906
Please Dont Talk About Me When Im Gone Largo Al Factotum, Clare, Stept, and Palmer, 1930
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Hello My Baby by Howard and Emerson, 1899, is
listed as a Coon Song
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Coon songs were a genre of music popular inthe United States and around the English-speaking world from 1880 to 1920, thatpresented a racist and stereotyped image ofblacks.
By the mid-1880s, coon songs were a nationalcraze; over 600 such songs were published inthe 1890s. The most successful songs soldmillions of copies. To take advantage of the
fad, composers "add[ed] words typical of coonsongs to previously published songs and rags."
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Coon songs, ironically, contributed to the
development and acceptance of authenticAfrican-American music. Elements from coon
songs were incorporated into turn-of-the-
century African American folk songs, as was
revealed by Howard W. Odum's 1906-1908ethnomusicology fieldwork. Similarly, coon
songs lyrics influenced the vocabulary of the
blues, culminating with Bessie Smith's singingin the 1920s
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Excerpt from Racism in Music Part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9SYedvz
Os0
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Georges Top 10 Tin Pan Alley
Composers
1. Stephen Foster(July 4, 1826 January 13, 1864)
2. W.C. Handy(November 16, 1873 March 28, 1958)
3. Cole Porter(June 9, 1891 October 15, 1964)
4. George Gershwin(September 26, 1898 July 11, 1937)
5. Irving Berlin(May 11, 1888 September 22, 1989)
6. Jerome Kern(January 27, 1885 November 11, 1945)
7. Johnny Green(10 October 1908 15 May 1989)
8. Johnny Mercer(November 18, 1909 June 25, 1976)
9. Fats Waller(May 21, 1904 December 15, 1943)
10. Richard Rogers (1902 1979) and Oscar Hammerstein (1895
1960)
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Stephen Foster
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Stephen Collins Foster (July 4, 1826 January
13, 1864), known as the "father of American
music", was the pre-eminent songwriter in theUnited States of the 19th century. His songs
such as "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races",
"Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River"), "HardTimes Come Again No More", "My Old
Kentucky Home", "Old Black Joe", "Jeanie with
the Light Brown Hair", and "Beautiful
Dreamer" remain popular over 150 years
after their composition.
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Camptown Races
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4NVg8i8i
1Y
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My Old Kentucky Home
sung by Paul Robeson
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yQu0sFy
kbw&feature=related
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W.C. Handy
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William Christopher Handy (November 16, 1873 March 28, 1958) was a blues composer andmusician. He was widely known as the "Father ofthe Blues".
Handy remains among the most influential ofAmerican songwriters. Though he was one of
many musicians who played the distinctivelyAmerican form of music known as the blues, he iscredited with giving it its contemporary form.While Handy was not the first to publish music inthe blues form, he took the blues from a regionalmusic style with a limited audience to one of thedominant national forces in American music.
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St. Louis Blues played by W.C. Handy Orchestra
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmFUXYa
ZIMk
Sung by Bessie Smith
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Who6fT
HJ34
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St. Louis Blues played by Herbie
Hancock and Stevie Wonder
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Lkg8mBF
jEA
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Cole Porter
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Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 October 15,1964) was an American composer and
songwriter. Born to a wealthy family in Indiana,he defied the wishes of his domineeringgrandfather and took up music as a profession.Classically trained, he was drawn towards musical
theatre. After a slow start, he began to achievesuccess in the 1920s, and by the 1930s he wasone of the major songwriters for the Broadwaymusical stage. Unlike most successful Broadway
composers, Porter wrote both the lyrics and themusic for his songs.
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Cole Porter Songs played by Jazz
Musicians include. All Of You
Begin The Beguine
Easy To Love
Every Time We Say Goodbye
Everything I Love
From This Moment On
Get Out Of Town
I Concentrate On You
I Get A Kick Out Of You
I Love You
Its All Right With Me
Just One Of Those Things
Night And Day
Love For Sale
So In Love
You Do Something To Me
Youd Be So Nice To Come Home To
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What Is This Thing Called Love?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px9eULbu
gLE&feature=fvsr
A very straight version
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What Is This Thing by Charlie Parker
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjouVLwyz
C4&feature=related
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George Gershwin
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George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 July 11, 1937) wasan American composer and pianist.[1][2] Gershwin'scompositions spanned both popular and classical genres,
and his most popular melodies are widely known. Amonghis best known works are the orchestral compositionsRhapsody in Blue (1924) andAn American in Paris (1928),as well as the opera, Porgy and Bess (1935).
He wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works, including
more than a dozen Broadway shows, in collaboration withhis elder brother, lyricist Ira Gershwin. George Gershwincomposed music for both Broadway and the classicalconcert hall, as well as popular songs that brought his workto an even wider public. His compositions have been usedin numerous films and on television, and many became jazz
standards recorded in numerous variations. Countlesssingers and musicians have recorded Gershwin songs.
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Gershwin Tunes That Jazz Musicians
play include. But Not For Me
Embraceable You
A Foggy Day
I Got Rhythm
I Loves You Porgy
Lady Be Good
Our Love Is Here To Stay
SWonderful
Somebody Loves Me
Strike Up The Band
Summertime
They Cant Take That Away From Me
Who Cares?
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But Not For Me sung by Sarah Vaughn
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JamLxPjX
MpE&feature=related
Features the verse as well as the chorus
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But Not For Me with Trane Changes
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Irving Berlin
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Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 September 22,1989) was an American composer and lyricist of
Jewish heritage, widely considered one of thegreatest songwriters in American history.
Wrote hundreds of songs, legend before he was30, total of 1500 songs in his 60 year career
Composer George Gershwin called him "thegreatest songwriter that has ever lived", andcomposer Jerome Kern concluded that "IrvingBerlin has noplace in American musiche isAmerican music."
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Famous Songs of Irving Berlin include..
Alexanders Ragtime Band
The Best Thing For You
Blue Skies
Cheek To Cheek God Bless America
How Deep Is The Ocean
Remember
They Say Its Wonderful
White Christmas
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Remember-song by Al Jolson
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8_E4_y
RU7Q
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Remember as played by Hank Mobley
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wylto0E63
Q8
From Soulstation, with Wynton Kelly, Paul
Chambers, Art Blakey
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Jerome Kern
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Jerome David Kern (January 27, 1885
November 11, 1945) was an American composer
ofmusical theatre and popular music. One of the
most important American theatre composers of
the early 20th century, he wrote more than 700
songs, used in over 100 stage works, includingsuch classics as "Ol' Man River", "Can't Help
Lovin' Dat Man", "A Fine Romance", "Smoke Gets
in Your Eyes", "All the Things You Are", "The Way
You Look Tonight", "Long Ago (and Far Away)"and "Who?".
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Jerome Kern tunes popular with
jazzmen include.. All The Things You Are
Dearly Beloved
A Fine Romance
Im Old Fashioned
In Love In Vain
Long Ago and Far Away
Old Man River
Pick Yourself Up
Nobody Else But Me
The Song Is You
Smoke Gets In Your Eyes The Way You Look Tonight
Yesterdays
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All The Things You Are
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srvOsegTh
JA&feature=related
Sung by Barbara Streisand
With the verse and the chorus
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All The Things You Are
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANaiDSLy
yMY
Keith Jarrett Trio with Gary Peacock and Jack
DeJohnette
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Johnny Green
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Johnny Green (10 October 1908 15 May 1989)was an American songwriter, composer, musical
arranger, and conductorHis most famous songwas one of his earliest, "Body and Soul". He hadstarted his professional life as a stockbroker,pushed into it by his father, but he hated it and
left to pursue music. After 1933 he had his own orchestra which he
used to play around the country. He also, until1940, conducted orchestras for the Jack Benny
and Philip Morris records and radio shows.
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Body and Soul
"Body and Soul" is a popular song written in
1930 with lyrics by Edward Heyman, Robert
Sour and Frank Eyton; and music by Johnny
Green.
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Body And Soul..
Arguably the most recorded jazz tune of all time
Written for Gertrude Lawrence in London in 1930
Made popular in the U.S. by torch singer Libby
Holman in Threes A Crowd. The lyrics, from the point of view of someone
throwing themselves romantically at someonewho is uninterested, was consideredcontroversial at the time, and the lyrics had to bere-written on the spot.
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Libby Holman sings Body And Soul
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlzdNn4h
RBM
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Note: This version includes what is known as
the verse, which is usually played before the
chorus, which is the most recognizable part of
the song. In jazz, playing the verse of Tin Pan
Alley songs has slowly fallen out of favor, and
with the exception of some older players, hasbecome a lost art. The verse and chorus idea
is comparable to the recitative and aria of
European opera.
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Ruth Ettings version with different
lyrics!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34IeErbNS
vM
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Among the most famous of these is the take
recorded by Coleman Hawkins and His
Orchestra on October 11, 1939, at their only
recording session for Bluebird, a subsidiary of
RCA Victor. The recording is unusual in that
the song's melody is never directly stated inthe recording; Hawkins' two-choruses of
improvisation on the tune's chord progression
constitute almost the entire take.
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Coleman Hawkins plays Body And Soul
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUFg6Hvlj
DE&feature=related
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Body and Soul played by John Coltrane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rtr4XQGc
SDY&feature=related
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Johnny Mercer
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John Herndon "Johnny" Mercer (November 18, 1909 June 25, 1976) was an American lyricist, songwriter and
singer. He is best known as a lyricist, but he alsocomposed music. He was also a popular singer whorecorded his own songs as well as those written byothers. From the mid-1930s through the mid-1950s,
many of the songs Mercer wrote and performed wereamong the most popular hits of the time. He wrote thelyrics to more than fifteen hundred songs, includingcompositions for movies and Broadway shows. Hereceived nineteen Academy Award nominations, and
won four. Mercer was also a co-founder ofCapitolRecords.
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Johnny Mercer songs a jazz player
might know.. Autumn Leaves (with Joseph Kozma)
Blues in The Night(with Harold Arlen)
Bye Bye Baby
Charade (from the famous 1963 film)
Come Rain Or Come Shine(with Harold Arlen)
Days of Wine And Roses(with Henri Mancini Dearly Beloved(with Jerome Kern)
Everything Happens To Me(with Hoagy Carmichael)
Fools Rush In
Goody Goody
I Remember You
I Thought About You Im An Old Cowhand
Laura
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Autumn Leaves sung in French by Nat
King Cole
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlC-
tT5ukrg
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Autumn Leaves played by Bill Evans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiew8O8B
LlY&feature=related
Scott LaFaro: Bass
Paul Motian: Drums
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Fats Waller
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Fats Waller (May 21, 1904 December 15,
1943), born ThomasW
rightW
aller, was ajazzpianist, organist, composer, singer, and
comedic entertainer. He was the youngest of
four children born to Adaline Locket Waller
and the Reverend Edward Martin Waller.
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Wrote around 400 songs, sold many of them for cheapdue to money problems
Learned how to play stride by watching a player piano.Pianist James P. Johnson encouraged him to getclassical lessons
Johnson took him around to rent parties and cuttingcontests around Harlem, where Waller became one of
the top stride pianists Collaborated frequently with friend Andy Razaf
Wanted to do more serious music, but had a comedicnature and was always encouraged to be humorous
Had tremendous appetite for food, died of pneumoniaon a train in 1943 at the age of 39
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Wow..
His playing once put him at risk of injury. Waller waskidnapped in Chicago leaving a performance in 1926.Four men bundled him into a car and took him to theHawthorne Inn, owned by gangsterAl Capone. Fatswas ordered inside the building, and found a party in
full swing. Gun to his back, he was pushed towards a
piano, and told to play. A terrified Waller realized hewas the "surprise guest" at Al Capone's birthday party,and took comfort that the gangsters didn't intend to killhim. According to rumor, Waller played for three days.When he left the Hawthorne Inn, he was very drunk,
extremely tired, and had earned thousands of dollars incash from Capone and other party-goers as tips.
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Fats Waller tunes likely to be played by jazz
musicians include..
Honeysuckle Rose
Aint Misbehavin
Jitterbug Waltz Keeping Out Of Mischief Now
The Joint Is Jumping
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I Want Some Seafood, Mama
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-
CdtZmJg9w
Example of a novelty type song
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Honeysuckle Rose
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYA3caFNv
LQ&feature=related
f
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Oscar Petersons version of
Honeysuckle Rose
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWnpazgI
MLI&feature=related
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Rogers and Hammerstein
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Richard Rodgers (1902 1979) and OscarHammerstein II (1895 1960) were a well-known
American songwriting duo, usually referred to asRodgers and Hammerstein. They created a string ofpopular Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950sduring what is considered the golden age of themedium. With Rodgers composing the music and
Hammerstein writing the lyrics, five of their shows,Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I andThe Sound of Music, were outstanding successes. In all,among the many accolades that their shows (and theirfilm versions) garnered were thirty-four Tony Awards,fifteen Academy Awards, the Pulitzer Prize, and twoGrammys.
J l i h l
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Jazz players might play:
My Favorite Things
It Might As Well Be Spring
Hello Young Lovers Surrey With The Fringe on Top
Shall We Dance
Happy Talk This Nearly Was Mine
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My Favorite Things
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eaGxLZrL
uk&feature=related
Julie Andrews from The Sound Of Music
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My Favorite Things by John Coltrane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQsvMf8X
0FY
With McCoy Tyner, Steve Davis, and Elvin
Jones
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The Brill Building
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The Brill Building is an office building locatedat 1619 Broadway on 49th Street in the
Manhattan borough ofNew York City, justnorth ofTimes Square and further uptownfrom the historic musical Tin Pan Alleyneighborhood. It is famous for housing music
industry offices and studios where some ofthe most popular American music tunes werewritten. The building has been described as"the most important generator of popularsongs in the Western world."[3]
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Overlaps with the Tin Pan Alley era
Building owners started renting to music
publishers after 1931, generated lots of
popular material during the Big Band era and
also between the 50s and the 60s
Vertically integrated in that songwriters couldgo from writing the song to having a hit using
the resources within the building
By 1962 the Brill Building contained 165 musicbusinesses
A ti t i t d ith th B ill
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Artists associated with the Brill
Building
Burt Bacharach and Hal David
Neil Diamond
Laura Nyro
Paul Simon
Phil Spector
Bobby Darin
Tony Orlando
Carole King
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Among the hundreds of hits written by this
group are "Yakety Yak" (Leiber-Stoller), "Save
the Last Dance for Me" (Pomus-Shuman), "TheLook of Love" (Bacharach-David), "Breaking Up
Is Hard to Do" (Sedaka-Greenfield), "Devil in
Disguise" (Giant-Baum-Kaye), "The Loco-Motion" (Goffin-King), "We Gotta Get Out of
This Place" (Mann-Weil) and "River Deep,
Mountain High" (Spector-Greenwich-Barry).
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"The music business is a cruel and shallow
money trench, a long plastic hallway where
thieves and pimps run free, and good men die
like dogs. There's also a negative side." -
Hunter S. Thompson
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Debatable?
It is difficult to determine if songwriters from
the latter half of the 20th century will fit into
the Great American Songbook canon. For
many, the Songbook era ended with rock androll.
Why would songs from the beginning of Rock
and Roll to Today not fit into thiscategorization?
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The Great American Songbook is not
closed.-Vanessa Rubin, jazz singer Jazz Musicians lately are taking everything
from Beatles tunes to Stevie Wonder,
Motown, Nirvana, and even Britney Spearstunes. What makes a tune work in a jazz
context and what makes it not worth the
effort?