JDBC

JDBC and Database JDBC and Database Programming in JavaProgramming in Java

Copyright © 1997 Alex Chaffee

Introduction Introduction

Database Access in Java Find out any relevant background and

interest of the audience SQL gurus? Visual Basic Database Forms?


AgendaAgenda

Overview of Databases and Java Overview of JDBC JDBC APIs Other Database Techniques


Overview Overview

TCP/IP

java.net

RMI JDBC CORBA

Network OS


VocabularyVocabulary

Glossary of terms Define the terms as used in this subject


Part I: Overview of Databases Part I: Overview of Databases and Javaand Java


Databases in the EnterpriseDatabases in the Enterprise

All corporate data stored in DB SQL standardizes format (sort of)


Why Java?Why Java? Write once, run anywhere

Multiple client and server platforms

Object-relational mapping databases optimized for searching/indexing objects optimized for engineering/flexibility

Network independence Works across Internet Protocol

Database independence Java can access any database vendor

Ease of administration zero-install client


Database ArchitecturesDatabase Architectures

Two-tier Three-tier N-tier


Two-Tier ArchitectureTwo-Tier Architecture

Client connects directly to server e.g. HTTP, email Pro:

simple client-side scripting offloads work onto the client

Con: fat client inflexible


Three-Tier ArchitectureThree-Tier Architecture Application Server sits between client and

database


Three-Tier ProsThree-Tier Pros

flexible: can change one part without affecting others

can connect to different databases without changing code

specialization: presentation / business logic / data management

can cache queries can implement proxies and firewalls


Three-Tier ConsThree-Tier Cons

higher complexity higher maintenance lower network efficiency more parts to configure (and buy)


N-Tier ArchitectureN-Tier Architecture

Design your application using as many “tiers” as you need

Use Object-Oriented Design techniques Put the various components on whatever

host makes sense Java allows N-Tier Architecture, especially

with RMI and JDBC


Database TechnologiesDatabase Technologies Hierarchical

obsolete (in a manner of speaking) any specialized file format can be called a hierarchical DB

Relational (aka SQL) (RDBMS) row, column most popular

Object-relational DB (ORDBMS) add inheritance, blobs to RDB NOT object-oriented -- “object” is mostly a marketing term

Object-oriented DB (OODB) data stored as objects high-performance for OO data models


Relational DatabasesRelational Databases

invented by Dr. E.F.Codd data stored in records which live in tables maps row (record) to column (field) in a

single table “relation” (as in “relational”) means row to

column (not table to table)


Joining TablesJoining Tables

you can associate tables with one another allows data to nest allows arbitrarily complicated data

structures not object-oriented


Join exampleJoin example

People name homeaddress workaddress

Addresses id street state zip


SQLSQL

Structured Query Language Standardized syntax for “querying”

(accessing) a relational database Supposedly database-independent Actually, there are important variations

from DB to DB


SQL SyntaxSQL SyntaxINSERT INTO table ( field1, field2 ) VALUES ( value1, value2 ) inserts a new record into the named table

UPDATE table SET ( field1 = value1, field2 = value2 ) WHERE condition changes an existing record or records

DELETE FROM table WHERE condition removes all records that match condition

SELECT field1, field2 FROM table WHERE condition retrieves all records that match condition


TransactionsTransactions

Transaction = more than one statement which must all succeed (or all fail) together

If one fails, the system must reverse all previous actions

Also can’t leave DB in inconsistent state halfway through a transaction

COMMIT = complete transaction ROLLBACK = abort


Part II: JDBC OverviewPart II: JDBC Overview


JDBC GoalsJDBC Goals SQL-Level 100% Pure Java Keep it simple High-performance Leverage existing database technology

why reinvent the wheel? Use strong, static typing wherever possible Use multiple methods to express multiple

functionality


JDBC AncestryJDBC Ancestry

X/OPEN

ODBC JDBC


JDBC ArchitectureJDBC Architecture

Application JDBC Driver

Java code calls JDBC library JDBC loads a driver Driver talks to a particular database Can have more than one driver -> more than one

database Ideal: can change database engines without changing

any application code


JDBC DriversJDBC Drivers

Type I: “Bridge” Type II: “Native” Type III: “Middleware” Type IV: “Pure”


JDBC Drivers (Fig.)JDBC Drivers (Fig.)

JDBC

Type I“Bridge”

Type II“Native”

Type III“Middleware”

Type IV“Pure”

ODBCODBCDriver

CLI (.lib)

MiddlewareServer


Type I DriversType I Drivers

Use bridging technology Requires installation/configuration on client

machines Not good for Web e.g. ODBC Bridge


Type II DriversType II Drivers

Native API drivers Requires installation/configuration on client

machines Used to leverage existing CLI libraries Usually not thread-safe Mostly obsolete now e.g. Intersolv Oracle Driver, WebLogic drivers


Type III DriversType III Drivers

Calls middleware server, usually on database host

Very flexible -- allows access to multiple databases using one driver

Only need to download one driver But it’s another server application to install

and maintain e.g. Symantec DBAnywhere


Type IV DriversType IV Drivers

100% Pure Java -- the Holy Grail Use Java networking libraries to talk

directly to database engines Only disadvantage: need to download a new

driver for each database engine e.g. Oracle, mSQL


JDBC LimitationsJDBC Limitations

No scrolling cursors No bookmarks


Related TechnologiesRelated Technologies

ODBC Requires configuration (odbc.ini)

RDO, ADO Requires Win32

OODB e.g. ObjectStore from ODI

JavaBlend maps objects to tables transparently (more or less)


Part III: JDBC APIsPart III: JDBC APIs


java.sqljava.sql

JDBC is implemented via classes in the java.sql package


Loading a Driver DirectlyLoading a Driver Directly

Driver d = new foo.bar.MyDriver();

Connection c = d.connect(...); Not recommended, use DriverManager

instead Useful if you know you want a particular

driver


DriverManagerDriverManager

DriverManager tries all the drivers Uses the first one that works When a driver class is first loaded, it

registers itself with the DriverManager Therefore, to register a driver, just load it!


Registering a DriverRegistering a Driver

statically load driverClass.forName(“foo.bar.MyDriver”);

Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(...);

or use the jdbc.drivers system property


JDBC Object ClassesJDBC Object Classes

DriverManager Loads, chooses drivers

Driver connects to actual database

Connection a series of SQL statements to and from the DB

Statement a single SQL statement

ResultSet the records returned from a Statement


JDBC Class UsageJDBC Class Usage

DriverManager

Driver

Connection

Statement

ResultSet


JDBC URLsJDBC URLs

jdbc:subprotocol:source each driver has its own subprotocol each subprotocol has its own syntax for the

sourcejdbc:odbc:DataSource

e.g. jdbc:odbc:Northwind

jdbc:msql://host[:port]/database e.g. jdbc:msql://foo.nowhere.com:4333/accounting


DriverManagerDriverManager

Connection getConnection

(String url, String user, String password)

Connects to given JDBC URL with given user name and password

Throws java.sql.SQLException returns a Connection object


ConnectionConnection A Connection represents a session with a specific database. Within the context of a Connection, SQL statements are

executed and results are returned. Can have multiple connections to a database

NB: Some drivers don’t support serialized connections Fortunately, most do (now)

Also provides “metadata” -- information about the database, tables, and fields

Also methods to deal with transactions


Obtaining a ConnectionObtaining a Connection

String url = "jdbc:odbc:Northwind";

try {

Class.forName ("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);

}

catch (ClassNotFoundException e)

{ e.printStackTrace(); }

catch (SQLException e)

{ e.printStackTrace(); }


Connection MethodsConnection Methods

Statement createStatement() returns a new Statement object

PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) returns a new PreparedStatement object

CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql) returns a new CallableStatement object

Why all these different kinds of statements? Optimization.


StatementStatement

A Statement object is used for executing a static SQL statement and obtaining the results produced by it.


Statement MethodsStatement MethodsResultSet executeQuery(String)

Execute a SQL statement that returns a single ResultSet.

int executeUpdate(String) Execute a SQL INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement.

Returns the number of rows changed.

boolean execute(String) Execute a SQL statement that may return multiple results.

Why all these different kinds of queries? Optimization.


ResultSetResultSet A ResultSet provides access to a table of data

generated by executing a Statement. Only one ResultSet per Statement can be open at once. The table rows are retrieved in sequence. A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current

row of data. The 'next' method moves the cursor to the next row.

you can’t rewind


ResultSet MethodsResultSet Methods boolean next()

activates the next row the first call to next() activates the first row returns false if there are no more rows

void close() disposes of the ResultSet allows you to re-use the Statement that created it automatically called by most Statement methods


ResultSet MethodsResultSet Methods Type getType(int columnIndex)

returns the given field as the given type fields indexed starting at 1 (not 0)

Type getType(String columnName) same, but uses name of field less efficient

int findColumn(String columnName) looks up column index given column name


ResultSet MethodsResultSet Methods String getString(int columnIndex) boolean getBoolean(int columnIndex) byte getByte(int columnIndex) short getShort(int columnIndex) int getInt(int columnIndex) long getLong(int columnIndex) float getFloat(int columnIndex) double getDouble(int columnIndex) Date getDate(int columnIndex) Time getTime(int columnIndex) Timestamp getTimestamp(int columnIndex)


ResultSet MethodsResultSet Methods String getString(String columnName) boolean getBoolean(String columnName) byte getByte(String columnName) short getShort(String columnName) int getInt(String columnName) long getLong(String columnName) float getFloat(String columnName) double getDouble(String columnName) Date getDate(String columnName) Time getTime(String columnName) Timestamp getTimestamp(String columnName)


isNullisNull

In SQL, NULL means the field is empty Not the same as 0 or “” In JDBC, you must explicitly ask if a field

is null by calling ResultSet.isNull(column)


Sample DatabaseSample Database

Employee ID Last Name First Name

1 Davolio Nancy

2 Fuller Andrew

3 Leverling Janet

4 Peacock Margaret

5 Buchanan Steven


SELECT ExampleSELECT Example

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "alex", "8675309");

Statement st = con.createStatement();

ResultSet results = st.executeQuery("SELECT EmployeeID, LastName, FirstName FROM Employees");


SELECT Example (Cont.)SELECT Example (Cont.)

while (results.next()) {

int id = results.getInt(1);

String last = results.getString(2);

String first = results.getString(3);

System.out.println("" + id + ": " + first + " " + last);

}

st.close();

con.close();


Mapping Java Types to SQL Mapping Java Types to SQL TypesTypes

SQL type Java TypeCHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR StringNUMERIC, DECIMAL java.math.BigDecimalBIT booleanTINYINT byteSMALLINT shortINTEGER intBIGINT longREAL floatFLOAT, DOUBLE doubleBINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY byte[]DATE java.sql.DateTIME java.sql.TimeTIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp


Database TimeDatabase Time

Times in SQL are notoriously unstandard Java defines three classes to help java.sql.Date

year, month, day

java.sql.Time hours, minutes, seconds

java.sql.Timestamp year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, nanoseconds usually use this one


Modifying the DatabaseModifying the Database

use executeUpdate if the SQL contains “INSERT” or “UPDATE”

Why isn’t it smart enough to parse the SQL? Optimization.

executeUpdate returns the number of rows modified

executeUpdate also used for “CREATE TABLE” etc. (DDL)


INSERT exampleINSERT example


Transaction ManagementTransaction Management

Transactions are not explicitly opened and closed

Instead, the connection has a state called AutoCommit mode

if AutoCommit is true, then every statement is automatically committed

default case: true


setAutoCommitsetAutoCommit

Connection.setAutoCommit(boolean) if AutoCommit is false, then every statement

is added to an ongoing transaction you must explicitly commit or rollback the

transaction using Connection.commit() and Connection.rollback()


Connection ManagersConnection Managers

Hint: for a large threaded database server, create a Connection Manager object

It is responsible for maintaining a certain number of open connections to the database

When your applications need a connection, they ask for one from the CM’s pool

Why? Because opening and closing connections takes a long time

Warning: the CM should always setAutoCommit(false) when a connection is returned


Optimized StatementsOptimized Statements

Prepared Statements SQL calls you make again and again allows driver to optimize (compile) queries created with Connection.prepareStatement()

Stored Procedures written in DB-specific language stored inside database accesed with Connection.prepareCall()


JDBC Class DiagramJDBC Class Diagram

Whoa!


MetadataMetadata

Connection: DatabaseMetaData getMetaData()

ResultSet: ResultSetMetaData getMetaData()


ResultSetMetaDataResultSetMetaData What's the number of columns in the ResultSet? What's a column's name? What's a column's SQL type? What's the column's normal max width in chars? What's the suggested column title for use in printouts and displays? What's a column's number of decimal digits? Does a column's case matter? Is the column a cash value? Will a write on the column definitely succeed? Can you put a NULL in this column? Is a column definitely not writable? Can the column be used in a where clause? Is the column a signed number? Is it possible for a write on the column to succeed? and so on...


DatabaseMetaDataDatabaseMetaData

What tables are available? What's our user name as known to the

database? Is the database in read-only mode? If table correlation names are supported, are

they restricted to be different from the names of the tables?

and so on…


JavaBlend: Java to Relational JavaBlend: Java to Relational MappingMapping

JDBC 2.0JDBC 2.0

Scrollable result set Batch updates Advanced data types

Blobs, objects, structured types

Rowsets Persistent JavaBeans

JNDI Connection Pooling Distributed transactions via JTS


SummarySummary

State what has been learned Define ways to apply training Request feedback of training session


Where to get more informationWhere to get more information

Other training sessions Reese, Database Programming with JDBC

and Java (O’Reilly) http://java.sun.com/products/jdbc/ http://java.sun.com/products/java-blend/ http://www.purpletech.com/java/ (Author’s

site)

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