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D E E P S E A O B S E R VAT O R I E SA N D E C O S Y S T E M S T U D I E S
J e a n M a r c D a n i e lJ u l i e T o u r o l l e – M a r H a p r o j e c tP i e r r e M a r i e S a r r a d i n – E M S O - A z o r e s
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EMSO Azores Deep-sea Observatory10 years of operations
Understand the links between geological, physical and chemical processes
and their effects on the dynamics of the hydrothermal fauna
at different spatial and temporal scales at the Lucky Strike vent field
EMSO ERIC = European Research Infrastructure consortiumFrance (CNRS & Ifremer), Greece, Ireland, ITALY (host), Portugal, Romania, Spain, UKConstituted in September 2016
EMSO ERIC aims to promote excellent science through the coordination of a distributed infrastructure of deep sea observatories serving marine science researchers, marine technology engineers, policy makers, industry and the public.
EUROPEAN MULTIDISCIPLINARY SEAFLOOR AND WATER COLUMN OBSERVATORY
http://emso.eu/
• 8 research sites• 3 test sites
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The Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field
4Singh et al. 2006
A sismically active area On top of a central volcano in the axial valley of slow spreading
MAR A magmatic chamber beneath the volcano (Singh et al. 2006) A fossil lava lake surrounded by active vents 70 taxonomic groups structured in 3 chemically different
habitats (Eiffel Tower edifice ‐ Sarrazin et al. 2015)
Crawford et al. 2013
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Data archiving in Brest http://www.emso‐fr.org/EMSO‐Azores
Acoustic and satellite data transmission
Seismic activity and vertical deformation of the seafloor
Integrated study of the Eiffel Tower edifice
The infrastructure
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The West NodeSeismic activity and vertical deformation of the
seafloor COSTOF2 1 connected OBS (4 autonomous) 1 pressure gauge (2 autonomous),
Relay buoy Acoustic and satellite data transmissionWeather station Automatic Identification System COSTOF 2 and WIFI 20 solar panels Geodetic GPS OTN sensor
The BOREL buoy
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Thermistor chain
CISICSBARS
HYDROCTOPUS H03
H01
H02
H04
EGIM
DEAFS
The East Node
Seamon E V2
EGIM
• Turbidity sensor and O2 optode• EGIM ‐ Recovered 2018• TEMPO : HD camera, CHEMINI and O2 optode• CISICS : instrumented microbial colonisation device• BARS : Temperature and chlorinity sensor• Thermistor string• Hydroctopus : hydrophone array• DEAFS : Autonomous fluid sampler (patent)
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Thermistor chain
CISICSBARS
HYDROCTOPUS H03
H01
H02
H04
EGIM
DEAFS
The East Node
TEMPO
• Turbidity sensor and O2 optode• EGIM ‐ Recovered 2018• TEMPO : HD camera, CHEMINI and O2 optode• CISICS : instrumented microbial colonisation device• BARS : Temperature and chlorinity sensor• Thermistor string• Hydroctopus : hydrophone array• DEAFS : Autonomous fluid sampler (patent)
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Thermistor chain
CISICSBARS
HYDROCTOPUS H03
H01
H02
H04
EGIM
DEAFS
The East Node
BARS
CISICS
• Turbidity sensor and O2 optode• EGIM ‐ Recovered 2018• TEMPO : HD camera, CHEMINI and O2 optode• CISICS : instrumented microbial colonisation device• BARS : Temperature and chlorinity sensor• Thermistor string• Hydroctopus : hydrophone array• DEAFS : Autonomous fluid sampler (patent)
20/11/2019 1010
Thermistor chain
CISICSBARS
HYDROCTOPUS H03
H01
H02
H04
EGIM
DEAFS
The East Node
TEMPO
• Turbidity sensor and O2 optode• EGIM ‐ Recovered 2018• TEMPO : HD camera, CHEMINI and O2 optode• CISICS : instrumented microbial colonisation device• BARS : Temperature and chlorinity sensor• Thermistor string• Hydroctopus : hydrophone array• DEAFS : Autonomous fluid sampler (patent)
20/11/2019 1111
Thermistor chain
CISICSBARS
HYDROCTOPUS H03
H01
H02
H04
EGIM
DEAFS
The East Node
BARS
CISICS
DEAFS
Patent TOP INDUSTRIE
• Turbidity sensor and O2 optode• EGIM ‐ Recovered 2018• TEMPO : HD camera, CHEMINI and O2 optode• CISICS : instrumented microbial colonisation device• BARS : Temperature and chlorinity sensor• Thermistor string• Hydroctopus : hydrophone array• DEAFS : Autonomous fluid sampler (patent)
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BARS
CISICS
HYDROCTOPUS
EGIM
T string
TEMPO
DEAFS
Patent TOP INDUSTRIE
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The unconnected components An array of 4 Autonomous OBS 2 Autonomous pressure gauge > 30 Temperature probes 1 Physical oceanography mooring Colonization substrata (ecology/microbiology) 3 Autonomous currentmeters
An Integrated Study Site Ecology (biodiversity, spatial distribution, food web, in situ experimentation –
resilience and chronobiology…) Fluid chemistry (time series, spatial variability, mixing gradient) – 13 sites Exploration (Capelinhos discovery !, inactive areas, deep corals, Survey OTUS2…)
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Data managementReal time accesshttp://www.emso‐fr.org/EMSO‐Azores
Cannat Mathilde, Sarradin Pierre‐Marie, Blandin Jérôme, Ballu Valérie, Daniel Romuald, Legrand Julien, Laës‐Huon Agathe, Sarrazin Jozée, ColaçoAnna, Blin Alexandre, Carval Thierry, Coail Jean‐Yves, Courrier Christophe, Gabsy Taoufik, Guyader Gérard, Pichavant Pascal, Pot Olivier, Tanguy Virginie (2015). EMSO‐Azores observatory real‐time data 2011 deployment. Sismer. http://doi.org/10.12770/bac2a0e5‐58d1‐40c9‐b0aa‐3a106e7ca7eb
Doi on data sets and cruises
SARRADIN Pierre‐Marie, CANNAT Mathilde (2017) MOMARSAT 2017 cruise, RV Pourquoi pas ?, http://dx.doi.org/10.17600/17000500
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Result highlightsTemporal variability of Cl concentrations for HT hydrothermal
End‐members
Relatively low annual variability Magmatic degassing events Y3 site has changed from vapor to brine‐dominated
New classification of vents linked to differentfractures
Y3 group
White Castle group
Tour Eiffel group
Capelinhos
Capelinhos
Tour Eiffel / AISICS
Montsegur / Cimendef
Isabel
White Castle
Cypress
Crystal
South Crystal
Y3
Sintra
Chavagnac et al., 2018a ; Barreyre et al., 2014, 2016, 2018 ; Leleu, 2017
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Result highlightsHydrothermal circulation
Barreyre et al. 2018, Leleu et al 2017, Crawford et al. 2013, Fontaine et al. 2014, ….
Conceptual model to explain the spatial variability of the fluid chemistry at Lucky Strike
Hydrothermal circulation is constrained by Fault reflectorsSubstrate permeability
Fluid chemistry is controlled by Fluid circulation (down and upward)Single sourceDepth of the reaction zonePhase separation (2500‐2800m below seafloor)Permeability gradient
Decreasing of [Cl‐]Increasing of [Fe]
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• High‐temperature outflow at deep‐seavent dominated by tidal pressure
• Low temperature outflow variability dominated by tidal currents
• Lucky Strike displays stability in temperature over three years of monitoring
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• Two species of crustaceans Segonzacia mesatlantica Mirocaris fortunata
• Mussel bed and anhydrite substrate• No prey/predator behaviour observed• Scavengers• Spatial distribution linked with the diffusion zone
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Result highlights – colonization experiments
Active hydrothermal vent areas Inactive hydrothermal vent areas
Fluid input
Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
7.26 ± 1.5 C 4.74 ± 0.1 C5.48 ± 0.5 C 4.55 ± 0.1 C
• Forces structuring species and functional trait composition:• HV environment at active sites.• Substrata nature at inactive sites.
• Compositional, functional and isotopic differences HV/wood: linked to contrasting chemical energy availability?
Alfaro‐Lucas pHD, Sarrazin et al In prep, Cuvelier et al., 2014, Zeppilli et al., 2015, Plum et al. 2017, Baldrighi et al. 2018
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Prokaryote-nematode Interaction in marine extreme envirONments: a uNiquE source for ExploRation of innovative biomedical applications
(PIONEER 2016-2019) Deep-sea hYdrothermal Vent nematodes as potential source of new Antibiotics (DYVA
2013-2015)
Discovery of a new nematode species (Oncholaimus dyvae) characterized by an undescribedsymbiosis (first time described for vent nematodes)Bellec et al. 2018 Frontiers in Microbiology
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• Series of nested high‐resolution simulations (with ROMS)• Turbulent flow at depth• Release of neutrally buoyant particles
• Submesoscale currents are found to increase both the horizontal and vertical relative dispersion of particles
• Fraction of particles are trapped in submesoscale vortices and transported over a long time and distance
• Particles undergo strong tidally induced mixing closed to topographicfeatures which allows thme to rise up in the water column and to cross topographic obstacles
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10 years of successful deployment
Data archiving and access Increase of the observing potential New electronic core New sensors Physical oceanography / link with the water
column Pluridisciplinary data integration Luckyscales
Leverage effect (MIDAS, FIXO3, ENVRI+, MERCES, PIONEER, Marine Mineral Resources, …)
Added value of the combined approach site study / observatory
EMSO‐Azores – a platform to the deep‐seaNew period of 4 years 2021‐2024
Enlarging the scientific community New node (plume studies?) Increasing the servicing periodicity (2 years) ? New clean mooring methods Associated cruise proposals (LuckyDivMic, …) Scientific Review after 10 years
New inputs : Ecosystem preservation and resilience Efficiency of a marine protected area In a context of deep‐sea mining
Access to new samples
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Assess and monitor the conservation status of coral habitats in the bay of Biscayo Deep coral habitats distribution in Lampaul submarine canyon (France)o Temporal dynamic of these « ecosystem engineers »
Deep‐sea part of the EU funded Life Integrated project Marha
o Area‐based approach: habitat mapping using acoustic, optical and hyperspectral imagery of the seabed in combination with discrete samples collected with a light submarine device (ROV).
o Temporal approach: Deployment of an observatory at 1000m depth for 5 years (2021‐2025), multi‐disciplinary and multi‐scale approaches to model hydrodynamic processes, understand sediment dynamics, map and track the evolution of canyon benthic habitats and their associated fauna, describe and quantify the growth, metabolism, life cycle and behavior of reef corals under natural conditions and under controlled conditions.
Perspectives : the ChEReef project
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The Marha deep‐sea observatory
‐ Constraints : Special area of conservation (Natura 2000 site)o No‐weight solution for mooring and recovery (ballast solution)o Implemented by the H‐ROV Ariane aboard the RV Thalassa
‐ 2020 : Thalassa + HROV + AUVo Complete morphosedimentary mapping of the Lampaul canyon at a metric
resolution, 2D and 3D mosaics of reef habitats. o 3 Mooring lines (sediment trap, ADCP turbidimetre) perpendicular to the axis of
the canyon. o In situ experiments to assess the growth rate of reef‐building scleractinian
species.‐ 2021 – 2026 deployment and yearly maintenance of the observatory
o Deployment, maintenance and recovery after 5 years of an autonomous observatory in Lampaul canyon
o Mapping and characterizing the benthic habitats of the canyon and surrounding areas, including trawled, untrawled and protected areas
o Experimentation in‐situ and ex‐situ on the growth and reproduction of reef coral species
HD camera
2 turbidimeters
Optode
CTDParticle trap
ADCP
Camera module
Primary node
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Conclusion
‐ Temporal dynamics and functioning of deep‐sea ecosystems‐ Assess and monitor anthropic impacts and MPA efficiency‐ European reglementation (DCSMM and Natura 2000)
‐ Decrease also the scientific impact with cleaner observing strategies
‐ Added value of the combined approach site study / observatory‐ Access to new samples
‐ From deep‐sea observatory to Environmental monitoring and ecosystem management
Valorisation 2010‐2018 • Données campagnes SISMER
• 11 Séquences bactériennes
GENEBANK
• Données OBS – RESIF ‐ EPOS
• Doi jeux de données et campagnes
• 11 thèses, 9 post doctorants
• 1 Brevet
• 1 transfert industriel
• 1 projet ERC soumis
• Atelier InterRidge IMOVE
Integrating Multidisciplinary Observations in Vent Environments
• Publications (45)• 2018 8• 2017 7• 2016 5• 2015 8• 2014 6• 2013‐2010 11
• Communication grand public• Abyssbox• Deep sea spy• Expo permanente • Donvor