Chapter 10Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams

Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence

“we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . . .”

Signing the Declaration of Independence 1776

First two presidents of USGEORGE WASHINGTON

JOHN ADAMS

Election of 1800

THOMAS JEFFERSON AARON BURR

Alexander Hamilton

Monticello

Interior Monticello

Jefferson children

Barbary Wars

“Tributes” : fees paid to leaders of the Barbary coast

Tripoli

US Philadelphia taken

This is the first declaration of war against the US by a foreign power.

“Heroes”

William Eaton recruited mercenaries and marched 500 miles to attack Tripoli and rescue US sailors

Stephen Decatur sailed into Tripoli harbor and set the Philadelphia on fire

Jefferson Legacies

Believed the independent farmer was the foundation of the nation

Succeeded in reducing the size of the military and in reducing taxes

Reduced the national debt Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson in old age

President James Madison

First Lady Dolley Madison

Tecumseh

“No tribe has the right to sell [these lands], even to each other, much less to strangers . . . Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn’t the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?”

William Henry Harrison

Indiana’s territorial governor, assembled the leaders of the Potawatomi, Miami, and Delaware tribes

negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne, falsely saying it would be the last land the US would seek;

He purchased 3,000,000 acres at about 2 cents per acre.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Harrison’s forces were victorious and burned Prophetstown;

the battle brought together several tribes to oppose white settlement in the Indiana territory

Victory?

frontier violence actually increased after the battle.

War of 1812—causes

Indian conflicts in the Northwest Territory

Attacks on American ships by France and England

The War Hawks—Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina

Clay (left) and Calhoun

The War

1813 January: British and Indian allies repel American troops at the Battle of Frenchtown (present-day Michigan). American survivors are killed the following day in the Raisin River Massacre (present-day Michigan).

1813 October: The warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of the Thames (Canada).

1814 August 24, 24: The British burn Washington, DC in retaliation for the burning of York. President James Madison flees the Capital.

1814 September The Battle of Plattsburg on Lake Champlain is a major American victory, securing its northern border. The Battle of Baltimore takes place at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner.

Battles of War of 1812

General Andrew Jackson

Battle of Horseshoe Bend more than 550 Indians killed and several hundred more died trying to cross the river

End of the War of 1812

1814 December: The Treaty of Ghent. Americans and British diplomats agree to the terms of a treaty and return to the status quo from before the war.

1815 January Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

Who Won the War of 1812?

No one. The ones that benefited were the

young politicians called the War Hawks

Biggest losers were the Indians who lost leaders, land, and the British protectors

Hartford Convention

A gathering of anti-war Federalists in New England

They discussed strategies to weaken the political power of the South

Secession? Eliminate three-fifths clause?

The Convention resulted in the Federalist party losing any authority it had

Women’s Status During this Era

Based on British Common Law Wives had no independent legal or

political personhood Legal doctrine of feme covert holds

that a wife’s civic life is subsumed by that of her husband

Legal rights

By 1820, all states but South Carolina recognized a limited right to divorce

Single, adult women could own and convey property, make contracts, initiate lawsuits, and pay taxes. They could not vote, serve on juries, or practice law.

Women in churches

Most Protestant denominations barred women from governance

Quakers and Baptists in New England made exceptions

Jemima Wilkinson

Small number of women preachers between 1790 and 1820, i.e. Jemima Wilkinson, a “Publick Universal Friend,” claimed to be genderless and dressed in men’s clothing

Women in Education

“female academies”

Examples: Troy Female Seminary in New York founded by Emma Willard in 1821 and Hartford Seminary in Connecticut founded by Catharine Beecher in 1822

President James Monroe

Formulated the Monroe Doctrine

Why is the North concerned? Three-fifths law gave the south more

representation In 1820, the South owed seventeen of

its seats in the House of Representatives to its slave population

One Georgia representative said that the debate over Missouri started

“a fire which all the waters of the ocean could not extinguish. It can be extinguished only in blood.”

Missouri Compromise

Maintain a balance in the Senate between slaveholding and non-slaveholding states

Limit all future expansion of slavery to territory south of Missouri’s southern border

Maine joins the Union at the same time as Missouri

Missouri Compromise

Election of 1824

First presidential election to have a popular vote tally

Andrew Jackson won the popular vote John Quincy Adams was second In the electoral college, Jackson won 99

votes to Adams’ 84. The election went to the House of

Representatives where Adams won by one vote

Jackson called the election the “corrupt bargain”

President John Quincy Adams