Jemdet Nasr Period

8/9/2019 Jemdet Nasr Period

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Jemdet Nasr periodFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jemdet Nasr

Abu Salabikh

Tell Fara

Tell Uqair

Khafaah

Nippur

Ur

Uruk

!ap of "raq sho#in$ important sites that #ere occupied durin$ the Jemdet Nasr

period %clickable map&

The Jemdet Nasr period is an archaeological culture in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day

Iraq) that is generally dated to 3100–2900 !"# It is named a$ter the type-site %emdet &asr '

here the assemlage typical $or this period as $irst recogni*ed# Its geographical distriution is

limited to south–central Iraq# The culture o$ the proto-historical %emdet &asr period is a local

de+elopment out o$ the preceding ,ru period and continues into the "arly .ynastic I period#

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Salabikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuruppakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Uqairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafajahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer#Early_Dynastic_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Salabikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuruppakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Uqairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafajahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer#Early_Dynastic_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr


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'ontents

• ( )istory of research

• * +atin$ and periodiation

• - +e.nin$ characteristics

• / Society in the Jemdet Nasr period

• 0 See also

• 1 2eferences

• 3 4iblio$raphy

)istory of research

In the eginning o$ the 20th century' clay talets ith an archaic $orm o$ the cunei$orm script started to appear on the antiquities maret# / collection o$ 3 talets as ought y the erman

eca+ators o$ huruppa (Tell 4ara) in 1903# 5hile they thought that they came $rom %emdet

&asr ' it has later een shon that they proaly came $rom neary Tell ,qair # In 1916' similar

talets ere o$$ered $or sale y a 4rench antiquities dealer' and these ere again reported to ha+e

come $rom %emdet &asr# imilar talets' together ith splendidly painted monochrome and polychrome pottery' ere also shon to tephen 7angdon' then director o$ the eca+ations at

8ish' y local /ras in 1926# They told him the $inds came $rom %emdet &asr' a site some 2

ilometres (1 mi) northeast o$ 8ish# 7angdon as su$$iciently impressed' +isited the site and

started eca+ations in 192# e unco+ered a large mudric uilding ith in it more o$ thedistincti+e pottery and a collection o$ 160 to 1:0 clay talets earing the proto-cunei$orm script#The importance o$ these $inds as reali*ed immediately and the %emdet &asr period – named

a$ter the eponymous type site' as o$$icially de$ined on a con$erence in aghdad in 1930' here

at the same time the ,ru and ,aid periods ere de$ined#;1


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in ,pper Mesopotamia and the @roto-"lamite stage in estern Iran and shares ith these periods

characteristics such as an emerging ureaucracy and inequality#;A<

+e.nin$ characteristics

Jemdet Nasr period cylinder seal from $laed steatite found in Khafaah, "raq, andmodern seal impression

Jemdet Nasr period bull statue from limestone found in Uruk, "raq

The hallmar o$ the %emdet &asr period is its distincti+e painted monochrome and polychrome

pottery# .esigns are oth geometric and $igurati+eB the latter displaying trees and animals such as

irds' $ish' goats' scorpions and snaes# &e+ertheless' this painted pottery maes up only a small percentage o$ the total assemlage and at +arious sites it has een $ound in archaeological

contets suggesting that it as associated ith high-status indi+iduals or acti+ities# In %emdet

&asr' the painted pottery as $ound eclusi+ely in the settlementCs large central uilding' hich

is thought to ha+e played a role in the administration o$ many economic acti+ities# /t Tell 4araand Tell ua' in the amrin' painted %emdet &asr pots ere $ound in a similar contet#;:<

/part $rom the distincti+e pottery' the period is non as one o$ the $ormati+e stages in the

de+elopment o$ the cunei$orm script# The oldest clay talets come $rom ,ru and date to the late

$ourth millennium !"' slightly earlier than the %emdet &asr period# y the time o$ the %emdet

&asr period' the script had already undergone a numer o$ signi$icant changes# The scriptoriginally consisted o$ pictographs ut y the time o$ the %emdet &asr period it as alreadyadopting simpler and more astract designs# It is also during this period that the script acquired

its iconic edge-shaped appearance#;9


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Mesopotamian history' are asent# To di$$erent counting systems ere in useD a seagesimal

system $or animals and humans' $or eample' and a iseagesimal system $or things lie grain'

cheese and $resh $ish#;11


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(5 !atthe#s *66*, pp5 --7-3

4iblio$raphy

• !atthe#s, 2o$er %*66*&, Secrets of the dark mound: Jemdet Nasr 1926-1928,"raq Archaeolo$ical 2eports 6, Warminster; 4SA", "S4N 6


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painting-rush# The outside rim moti$s are spaced and limited y groups o$ hori*ontal lines# ;1


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Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

The Neolithic

This box:

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B !esolithic

Fertile 'rescent

e:antine corridor

)ea:y Neolithic

ShepherdNeolithic

Trihedral Neolithic

Caraoun culture

Tahunian culture

Darmukian 'ulture

)alaf culture

)alaf


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4oian culture

4utmir culture

'erna:odH culture

'oIofeni culture

'ucuteni


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+adi#an culture

)ouli culture

Qin$lon$#aculture

Qinle culture

Rhaobao$ouculture

)emudu culture

+aPi culture

!aiaban$ culture

Dan$shao culture

)on$shan culture

+a#enkou culture

Son$e culture

ian$hu culture

!aiayao culture

Cuialin$ culture

on$shan culture

4aodun culture

Shiiahe culture

Tibet

South Asia

!ehr$arh

$arming' animal husandry pottery' metallurgy' heelcircular ditches' henges'megaliths &eolithic religion

'halcolithic

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (@@&) is a di+ision o$ the &eolithic de+eloped y 8athleen 8enyon

during her archaeological eca+ations at %ericho in the 5est an #

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadiwan_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houli_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinglongwa_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinglongwa_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinle_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemudu_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxi_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiabang_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshao_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongshan_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawenkou_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songze_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangzhu_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiayao_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qujialing_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshan_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baodun_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiahe_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_ditcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_ditcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerichohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadiwan_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houli_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinglongwa_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinglongwa_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinle_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemudu_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxi_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiabang_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshao_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongshan_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawenkou_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songze_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangzhu_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiayao_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qujialing_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshan_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baodun_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiahe_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_ditcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerichohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank


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!ultural tendencies o$ this period di$$er $rom that o$ the earlier @re-@ottery &eolithic / (@@&/)

period in that people li+ing during this period egan to depend more hea+ily upon domesticated

animals to supplement their earlier mied agrarian and hunter-gatherer diet# In addition the $lint

tool it o$ the period is ne and quite disparate $rom that o$ the earlier period# Ene o$ its ma=orelements is the na+i$orm core# This is the $irst period in hich architectural styles o$ the southern

7e+ant ecame primarily rectilinearB earlier typical dellings ere circular' elliptical andoccasionally e+en octagonal# @yrotechnology as highly de+eloped in this period# .uring this

period' one o$ the main $eatures o$ houses is e+idenced y a thic layer o$ hite clay plaster

$loors highly polished and made o$ lime produced $rom limestone# It is elie+ed that the use o$clay plaster $or $loor and all co+erings during @@& led to the disco+ery o$ pottery#;1


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Syro-Hittite statesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

%2edirected from Neo


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• e

The states that are called Neo-Hittite' or more recently Syro-Hittite ere 7uian' /ramaic and

@hoenician-speaing political entities o$ the Iron /ge in northern yria and southern /natolia

that arose $olloing the collapse o$ the ittite "mpire around 11:0 ! and hich lasted untilroughly A00 !# The term J&eo-ittiteJ is sometimes reser+ed speci$ically $or the 7uian-

speaing principalities lie Milid and !archemish' although in a ider sense the roader cultural

term Jyro-ittiteJ is no applied to all the entities that arose in south-central /natolia

$olloing the ittite collapseKsuch as Taal and Lu Kas ell as those o$ northern and

coastal yria#;1<

'ontents

• ( ate 4rone A$e


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The collapse o$ the ittite "mpire is usually associated ith the gradual decline o$ "astern

Mediterranean trade netors and the resulting collapse o$ ma=or 7ate ron*e /ge cities in the

7e+antine coast' /natolia and the /egean#;2


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continue into the Iron /ge ithout hiatus' and those temples itness multiple reuildings in the

"arly Iron /ge#

ist of Syro


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• 'archemish

The southern' /ramaic' group includesD

• 8alistin %cpital #as probably Tell Tayinat&(3(=

• 4it abbari %#ith SamXal&

• 4it


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)ammurabi %standin$&, depicted as recei:in$his royal insi$nia from Shamash5 )ammurabiholds his hands o:er his mouth as a si$n of

prayer(

%relief on the upper part of the stele of )ammurabiXs code of la#s&5

Bor"Y(=(6 4'4abylonia

%ied(306 4' middle chronolo$y4abylon

&"ow" for 'ode of Hammrabi

Title Kin$ of 4abylon

Term /* yearsZ c5 (39* 7 (306 4'%middle&

Predecessor Sin

Sccessor Samsu


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!ap sho#in$ the 4abylonian territory upon )ammurabiXs ascension in c5 (39* 4'and upon his death in c5 (306 4'

Hammurabi (/adian $rom /morite Ammurāpiʻ ' Jthe insman is a healerJ' $rom Ammuʻ '

Jpaternal insmanJ' and Rāpi' JhealerJB died c# 1A60 !) as the sith /morite ing o$ aylon

(that is' o$ the 4irst aylonian .ynasty' the /morite .ynasty) $rom 1A92 ! to 1A60 !

middle chronology (1A2: ! – 1: ! short chronology;2


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This bust, kno#n as the >)ead of )ammurabi>, is no# thou$ht to predate)ammurabi by a fe# hundred years / %4ou%re&

ammurai as an /morite 4irst .ynasty ing o$ the city-state o$ aylon' and inherited the

poer $rom his $ather' in-Muallit' in c# 1A92 !#;6


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The $irst $e decades o$ ammuraiCs reign ere quite peace$ul# ammurai used his poer to

undertae a series o$ pulic ors' including heightening the city alls $or de$ensi+e purposes'

and epanding the temples#;10


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• * e$acy and depictions

• - See also

• / Notes

• 0 2eferences

• 1 Further readin$

• 3 @Pternal links

'ode of la#s

!ain article; 'ode of )ammurabi

'ode of )ammurabi stele5 ou:re !useum, 8aris

ammurai is est non $or the promulgation o$ a ne code o$ aylonian laD the !ode o$

ammurai# Ene o$ the $irst ritten las in the orld';citation needed


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The structure o$ the code is +ery speci$ic' ith each o$$ense recei+ing a speci$ied punishment#

The punishments tended to e +ery harsh y modern standards' ith many o$$enses resulting in

death' dis$igurement' or the use o$ the J"ye $or eye' tooth $or toothJ (7e Talionis J7a o$

GetaliationJ) philosophy#;2> the ud$es shall inquire into his antecedents, and if theson ha:e not committed a crime su\ciently $ra:e to cut him o] fromsonship, the father may not cut o] his son from sonship5

• [(19 < "f he ha:e committed a crime a$ainst his father su\ciently $ra:e tocut him o] from sonship, they shall condone his .rst %o]ense&5 "f he commit acrime a second time, the father may cut o] his son from sonship5

• [= < "f any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pi$ or a $oat, if it belon$to a $od or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold thereforZ if theybelon$ed to a freed man of the kin$ he shall pay tenfoldZ if the thief hasnothin$ #ith #hich to pay he shall be put to death5

• [(91


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eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one mana ofsil:er5 "f one destroy the eye of a manXs sla:e or break a bone of a manXssla:e he shall pay one


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o 15( Assyrian ePpansion and empire, (-9*7(601 4'

o 15* Assyria durin$ the 4rone A$e 'ollapse, (60079-1 4'

o 15- Society in the !iddle Assyrian period

• 3 Neo


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• (3 iterature

• (= @Pternal links

Names

/ssyria as also sometimes non as uartu prior to the rise o$ the city state o$ /shur a$terhich it as NNN Aššūrāyu' and a$ter its $all' $rom 06 ! through to the late Ath century

/. +ariously as /thura and also re$erenced as /touria;>


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umerian continued to e used as a sacred' ceremonial' literary and scienti$ic language in

Mesopotamia until the 1st century /.#

The cities o$ /ssur (also spelled /shur or /OOur ) and &ine+eh' together ith a numer o$ other

tons and cities' eisted since at least e$ore the middle o$ the 3rd millennium ! (c# 200 !)'

although they appear to ha+e een umerian-ruled administrati+e centres at this time' rather thanindependent states#

/ccording to some %udaeo-!hristian riters;who#


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questionale' as se+eral scholars ha+e more recently argued that the treaty in question may not

ha+e een ith ing Tudiya o$ /ssyria' ut rather ith the unnamed ing o$ an uncertain location

called J/arsalJ#

Tudiya as succeeded on the list y /damu and then a $urther thirteen rulers (Fangi' huhlamu'

arharu' Mandaru' Imshu' arshu' .idanu' anu' uau' &uau' /a*u' elu and /*arah)# &othing concrete is yet non aout these names' although it has een noted that a much later

aylonian talet listing the ancestral lineage o$ ammurai' the /morite ing o$ aylon'

seems to ha+e copied the same names $rom Tudiya through &uau' though in a hea+ily corrupted

$orm#

The earliest ings' such as Tudiya' ho are recorded as kings who lied in tents' ereindependent semi-nomadic pastoralist rulers#;2


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The /adian "mpire as destroyed y economic decline and internal ci+il ar' $olloed y

attacs $rom ararian utian people in 216> !#

The rulers o$ /ssyria during the period eteen c# 216> ! and 2112 ! once again ecame

$ully independent' as the utians are only non to ha+e administered southern Mesopotamia#

oe+er' the ing list is the only in$ormation $rom /ssyria $or this period#

Most o$ /ssyria rie$ly ecame part o$ the &eo-umerian "mpire (or 3rd dynasty o$ ,r ) $ounded

in c# 2112 !# umerian domination etended as $ar as the city o$ /shur' ut appears not to ha+e

reached &ine+eh and the $ar north o$ /ssyria# Ene local ruler ( shakkanakku) named Rriqum

(ho does not appear on any /ssyrian ing list) is listed as paying triute to /mar-in o$ ,r#

/shurCs rulers appear to ha+e remained largely under umerian domination until the mid-21stcentury ! (c# 2060 !)B the ing list names /ssyrian rulers $or this period and se+eral are

non $rom other re$erences to ha+e also orne the title o$ shakkanakka or +assal go+ernors $or

the neo-umerians#

Vld Assyrian Kin$dom

The $irst ritten inscriptions y CuranisedC /ssyrian ings appear in the mid-21st century !'a$ter they had shrugged o$$ umerian domination# The land o$ /ssyria as a hole then consisted

o$ a numer o$ city states and small emitic ingdoms' some o$ hich ere initially independent

o$ /ssyria# The $oundation o$ the $irst ma=or temple in the city o$ /shur as traditionally

ascried to ing ,shpia ho reigned c# 2060 !' possily a contemporary o$ Ishi-"rra o$ Isin

and &aplanum o$ 7arsa#;16


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detain people and con$iscate property# The institution o$ the eponym as ell as the $ormula i''iak

Assur lingered on as ceremonial +estiges o$ this early system throughout the history o$ the

/ssyrian monarchy#;1<

%y"asty of Pr-.shr /$ 01023451 B'$ 7ld .ssyria" 8mpire

In approimately 2026 ! (long chronology)' @u*ur-/shur I (perhaps a contemporary o$ hu-ilishu o$ 7arsa and amium o$ Isin) is speculated to ha+e o+erthron 8iiya and $ounded a ne

dynasty hich as to sur+i+e $or 21 years# is descendants le$t inscriptions mentioning him

regarding the uilding o$ temples to gods such as /shur' /dad and Ishtar in /ssyria# The length

o$ his reign is unnon#

halim-ahum (died c# 2009 !) succeeded the throne at a currently unnon date# e le$tinscriptions in archaic Eld /ssyrian regarding the construction o$ a temple dedicated to the god

/shur' and the placement o$ eer +ats ithin it#

Ilushuma ;1A


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hoe+er there are re$erences to the eponym-oos $or his predecessors ha+ing een destroyed at

some point#

Iunum (c# 193>–1921 !);20


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Ishme-.agan I (1AA>–1A3 !) inherited /ssyria' ut Fasmah-/dad as o+erthron y a ne

ing called imrilim in Mari# The ne ing o$ Mari allied himsel$ ith the /morite ing

ammurai o$ aylon' ho had made the recently created' and originally minor state o$

aylon into a ma=or poer# It as $rom the reign o$ ammurai onards that southernMesopotamia came to e non as aylonia#

/ssyria no $aced the rising poer o$ aylon in the south# Ishme-.agan responded y maing

an alliance ith the enemies o$ aylon' and the poer struggle continued ithout resolution $or

decades# Ishme-.agan' lie his $ather as a great arrior' and in addition to repelling

aylonian attacs' campaigned success$ully against the Turuu and 7ullui o$ the agrosMountains (in modern Iran) ho had attaced the /ssyrian city o$ "allatum' and against

.adusha' ing o$ "shnunna' and the state o$ Iamhad (modern /leppo)#

.ssyria "der Babylo"ia" domi"atio"$ 49213490 B'

ammurai' a$ter $irst conquering Mari' 7arsa' and "shnunna' e+entually pre+ailed o+er Ishme-

.aganCs successor Mut-/shur (1A60–1A>0 !)' and su=ected him to aylon c# 1A60 !#5ith ammurai' the +arious karum colonies in /natolia ceased trade acti+ityKproaly ecause the goods o$ /ssyria ere no eing traded ith the aylonians# The /ssyrian

monarchy sur+i+ed' hoe+er the three /morite ings succeeding Ishme-.agan' Mut-/shur

(ho as the son o$ Ishme-.agan and married to a urrian queen)' Gimush (1A39–1A33 !)

and /sinum (1A32 !)' ere +assals' dependent on the aylonians during the reign o$

ammurai' and $or a short time' o$ his successor amsu-iluna#

.ssyria" .daside dy"asty$ 49034;24 B'

The short li+ed aylonian "mpire quicly egan to unra+el upon the death o$ ammurai' and

aylonia lost control o+er /ssyria during the reign o$ ammuraiCs successor amsu-iluna

(1A60–1A12 !)# / period o$ ci+il ar ensued a$ter /sinum (a gran

used $or measuring the tra+el o$ the un' there$ore' representing time# ;1:<

.stro"omy

!ain article; !esopotamian astronomy

4rom umerian times' temple priesthoods had attempted to associate current e+ents ith certain

positions o$ the planets and stars# This continued to /ssyrian times hen 7immu lists ere

created as a year y year association o$ e+ents ith planetary positions' hich' hen they ha+e

sur+i+ed to the present day' allo accurate associations o$ relati+e ith asolute dating $or

estalishing the history o$ Mesopotamia#

The aylonian astronomers ere +ery adept at mathematics and could predict eclipses and

solstices# cholars thought that e+erything had some purpose in astronomy# Most o$ these related

to religion and omens# Mesopotamian astronomers ored out a 12-month calendar ased on the

cycles o$ the moon# They di+ided the year into to seasonsD summer and inter# The origins o$

astronomy as ell as astrology date $rom this time#

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimrilimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullubihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekallatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadushahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iamhad&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut-Ashkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut-Ashkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut-Ashkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsu-ilunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsu-ilunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsu-ilunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice#Solstice_determinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimrilimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullubihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekallatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadushahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iamhad&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut-Ashkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut-Ashkurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsu-ilunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsu-ilunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice#Solstice_determinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astrology


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.uring the :th and Ath centuries !' aylonian astronomers de+eloped a ne approach to

astronomy# They egan studying philosophy dealing ith the ideal nature o$ the early uni+erse

and egan employing an internal logic ithin their predicti+e planetary systems# This as an

important contriution to astronomy and the philosophy o$ science and some scholars ha+e thusre$erred to this ne approach as the $irst scientific revolution#;19


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"sagil-in-apli disco+ered a +ariety o$ illnesses and diseases and descried their symptoms in his

Diagnostic !and"ook # These include the symptoms $or many +arieties o$ epilepsy and related

ailments along ith their diagnosis and prognosis#;2A<

Tech"olo#y

Mesopotamian people in+ented many technologies including metal and copper-oring' glassand lamp maing' tetile ea+ing' $lood control' ater storage' and irrigation# They ere also

one o$ the $irst ron*e age people in the orld# They de+eloped $rom copper' ron*e' and gold

on to iron# @alaces ere decorated ith hundreds o$ ilograms o$ these +ery epensi+e metals#

/lso' copper' ron*e' and iron ere used $or armor as ell as $or di$$erent eapons such assords' daggers' spears' and maces#

/ccording to a recent hypothesis' the /rchimedesC scre may ha+e een used y ennacheri'

8ing o$ /ssyria' $or the ater systems at the anging ardens o$ aylon and &ine+eh in the

Ath century !' although mainstream scholarship holds it to e a ree in+ention o$ later times#;2:<

7ater during the @arthian or assanid periods' the aghdad attery' hich may ha+e een theorldCs $irst attery' as created in Mesopotamia#;29<

2eli$ion and philosophy

The 4urney 2elief , Vld 4abylonian, around (=66 4'

Mesopotamian religion as the $irst to e recorded# Mesopotamians elie+ed that the orld as

a $lat disc';citation needed


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+ariations# The umerian ord $or uni+erse is an-ki' hich re$ers to the god /n and the goddess

8i#;citation needed


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Alabaster #ith shell eyes, Sumerian male #orshiper, *306


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the younger children# ome children ould help ith crushing grain or cleaning irds# ,nusual

$or that time in history' omen in Mesopotamia had rights# They could on property and' i$ they

had good reason' get a di+orce#

Brials

undreds o$ gra+es ha+e een eca+ated in parts o$ Mesopotamia' re+ealing in$ormation aoutMesopotamian urial haits# In the city o$ ,r ' most people ere uried in $amily gra+es under

their houses' along ith some possessions# / $e ha+e een $ound rapped in mats and carpets#

.eceased children ere put in ig J=arsJ hich ere placed in the $amily chapel# Ether remains

ha+e een $ound uried in common city gra+eyards# 1A gra+es ha+e een $ound ith +ery precious o=ects in them# It is assumed that these ere royal gra+es# Gich o$ +arious periods'

ha+e een disco+ered to ha+e sought urial in ahrein' identi$ied ith umerian .ilmun# ;36<

@conomy and a$riculture

!inin$ areas of the ancient West Asia5 4oPes colors; arsenic is in bro#n, copper inred, tin in $rey, iron in reddish bro#n, $old in yello#, sil:er in #hite and lead inblack5 Dello# area stands for arsenic brone, #hile $rey area stands for tin brone5

Irrigated agriculture spread southards $rom the agros $oothills ith the amara and ad=i

Muhammed culture' $rom aout 6'000 !#;3<

umerian temples $unctioned as ans andde+eloped the $irst large-scale system o$ loans and credit' ut the aylonians de+eloped theearliest system o$ commercial aning# It as comparale in some ays to modern post-

8eynesian economics' ut ith a more Janything goesJ approach#;31<

In the early period don to ,r III temples oned up to one third o$ the a+ailale land' declining

o+er time as royal and other pri+ate holdings increased in $requency# The ord "nsi as used to

descrie the o$$icial ho organi*ed the or o$ all $acets o$ temple agriculture# ?illeins are

non to ha+e ored most $requently ithin agriculture' especially in the grounds o$ templesor palaces#;3A<

The geography o$ southern Mesopotamia is such that agriculture is possile only ith irrigation

and good drainage' a $act hich has had a pro$ound e$$ect on the e+olution o$ early

Mesopotamian ci+ili*ation# The need $or irrigation led the umerians' and later the /adians' to

uild their cities along the Tigris and "uphrates and the ranches o$ these ri+ers# Ma=or cities'

such as ,r and ,ru' too root on triutaries o$ the "uphrates' hile others' notaly 7agash'ere uilt on ranches o$ the Tigris# The ri+ers pro+ided the $urther ene$its o$ $ish (used oth

$or $ood and $ertili*er)' reeds' and clay ($or uilding materials)# 5ith irrigation' the $ood supply

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_(burial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-Cengage_Learning.2C_1_Jan_2010-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-Sheila-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-H._W._F._Saggs-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_(burial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-Cengage_Learning.2C_1_Jan_2010-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-Sheila-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#cite_note-H._W._F._Saggs-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_supply


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in Mesopotamia as compaale to the !anadian prairies#;3:


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hot loer atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss o$

hydrogen#;2<

)istory of hydrolo$ic cycle theory

=loati"# la"d mass

In ancient times' it as thought that the land mass $loated on a ody o$ ater' and that most o$

the ater in ri+ers has its origin under the earth# "amples o$ this elie$ can e $ound in the

ors o$ omer (circa :00 !")#

Precipitatio" a"d percolatio"

y roughly 600 !"' ree scholars ere speculating that much o$ the ater in ri+ers can e

attriuted to rain# The origin o$ rain as also non y then# These scholars maintained the

elie$' hoe+er' that ater rising up through the earth contriuted a great deal to ri+ers#

"amples o$ this thining included /naimander (6A0 !") (ho also speculated aout thee+olution o$ land animals $rom $ish;2A


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Waste sortin is the process y hich aste is separated into di$$erent elements# ;1


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• ( !ethods

• * 4y country

• - See also

• / 2eferences

• 0 @Pternal links

!ethodsedit

5aste is collected at its source in each area and separated# The ay that aste is sorted must

re$lect local disposal systems# The $olloing categories are commonD

• 8aper

• 'ardboard %includin$ packa$in$ for return to suppliers&

• lass %clear, tinted 7 no li$ht bulbs or #indo# panes, #hich belon$ #ithresidual #aste&

• 8lastics

• Scrap metal

• 'ompost

•

Special?haardous #aste

• 2esidual #aste

Erganic aste can also e segregated $or disposalD

• efto:er food #hich has had any contact #ith meat can be collectedseparately to pre:ent the spread of bacteria5

o !eat and bone can be retrie:ed by bodies responsible for animal #aste

o

"f other lefto:ers are sent, for ePample, to local farmers, they can besterilised before bein$ fed to the animals

• 8eel and scrapin$s from fruit and :e$etables can be composted alon$ #ithother de$radable matter5 Vther #aste can be included for compostin$, too,such as cut ^o#ers, corks, co]ee $rindin$s, rottin$ fruit, tea ba$s, e$$< andnutshells, paper to#els etc5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_amenity_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curbside_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_recovery_facilitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_amenity_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting


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!hip pan oil ($ryer oil)' used $ats' +egetale oil and the content o$ $at $ilters can e collected y

companies ale to re-use them# 7ocal authority aste departments can pro+ide rele+ant

addresses# This can e achie+ed y pro+iding recycling ins#

4y countryedit

In er many' regulations eist that pro+ide mandatory quotas $or the aste sorting o$ pacaging

aste and recyclale materials such as glass ottles#;3


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_binhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_sorting&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting#cite_note-3

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Jemdet Nasr Period

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