Date post: | 13-Apr-2017 |
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Bark Beetles• SPRUCE BEETLE • RED TURPENTINE BEETLE • WESTERN PINE BEETLE • ROUNDHEADED PINE BEETLE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE • PINE ENGRAVER BEETLES • DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE • CEDAR BARK BEETLES • FIR ENGRAVER Beetle• WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE
Mt Pine Beetle Mortality
Root Disease• Armillaria Root Disease • Annosus Root Disease• Laminated Root Rot• Schweinitzii Root & Butt Rot• Blackstain Root Desease• Tomentosus Root Disease• Pini or Red Ring Rot• Cedar Laminated Butt Rot (Phellinus)• Cedar Brown Pocket Rot• Red Belt Fungus• Quinine Conk• Indian Paint Fungus• Pouch Fungus *Photo: Terrie Jain, RMRS
Lockman, Bush, Barber; R1 Numbered Report 16-07 May 2016
Mistletoes• Lodgepole pine • Douglas-fir• W. Larch
Douglas-fir
Western Larch
White Pine Blister Rust
WPBR Canker Aeciospores
When WP was “King”
Understanding individual tree ecology helps us to make decisions on how to alter:• Tree Establishment• Forest Structure• Species Composition
Individual Tree Ecology
Shade Tolerance By Species
INTOLERANTINTERMEDIATETOLERANT
Wester
n Hem
lockWe
sternR
edceda
rSub
alpine
Fir
Engelm
ann spr
uceDou
glas-fir
Wester
n Larch
Lodgep
[ole Pin
eWh
itebark
Pine
Ponder
osa Pin
e
Grand
Fir
White
Pine
Reforestation-Revegetation Climate Change Primer, R1 USFS, 2013
Tree Establishment – Seedbed NeedsOrganic Seedbed (Needle Litter/Duff)Douglas-fir, western white pine, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, grand firMineral SoilDouglas-fir, western white pine, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, western larch, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pineBurnedDouglas-fir, western white pine, subalpine fir, western larch, ponderosa pine, whitebark pine, lodgepole pine
Drought Tolerance By Species
TOLERANTINTERMEDIATEINTOLERANT
Wester
n Hem
lockWe
sternR
edceda
rSub
alpine
Fir
Engelm
ann Spr
uce
Douglas
-fir
Wester
n Larch
Lodgep
[ole Pin
ePon
derosa
Pine
Grand
Fir
White
Pine
Reforestation-Revegetation Climate Change Primer, R1 USFS, 2013
Tree Establishment – DroughtFirst Year Survival of Planted Seedlings
R1 seedling survival from Reforestation-Revegetation Climate Change Primer, R1 USFS, 2013
Fire Tolerance By Species
HIGHLOWVery Low
Western HemlockWestern RedcedarSubalpine Fir Engelmann Spruce
Douglas-firWestern Larch
Lodgepole Pine
Whitebark PinePonderosa Pine
Grand Fir
White Pine
MODERATE
RMRS-GTR-292 table 3.9
Insect and Disease Tolerance by Species
RMRS-GTR-292: table 3.1Early Seral --------------------------------------------------------Late Seral
Ponderosa W. Larch Lodgepole White Pine Douglas-fir E. Spruce Grand Fir Subalpine FirStem Decay Pini X X X X X X X X
Schwinitzii X
Root Disease Armallaria X X XLaminated X X XAnnosus X X X X X X
Defoliator Spruce budworm X X X
Bark Beetles X X X X X X X
Changes from Historic Conditions due to Timber Harvest, Invasive Species and Fire ExclusionFire Frequency • Reduced frequency increases fuel loadings and forest densification decrease spatial and species heterogeneity
• Larger, more severe firesSpecies Composition and Pattern• Decrease of fire adapted shade intolerant species • Increase of less fire adapted shade tolerant species• Decrease in patch size, mosaic more susceptible to large fire growth• Decrease in amount of old growth
Changes from Historic Conditions continued…Insects & Disease-• Loss of 5 needle pines due to white pine blister rust and bark beetles on 10 million acres in R1• Loss of size class and species diversity increases susceptible hosts • Species shift to shade tolerant species; more susceptible to root disease, defoliators • MPB increasing in whitebark pine at higher elevations
Definition of SilvicultureSilviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, and quality of forest vegetation for the full range of forest resource objectives.
What Management Action to Take?• Respond to objectives established in forest planning and through the NEPA process• Must follow law, regulation and policy• Limited by ecological capability of the site
Flathead NF Forest Plan Management Objectives• Increase area dominated by shade-intolerant, resilient, long-lived tree species (WP, PP, WL, WBP)• Maintain the existing proportion of old growth forest across the forest • Reduce hazardous fuels within WUI • Mimic or approximate natural succession and disturbance processes • Maintain forests dominated by subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce within lynx habitat and provide winter snowshoe hare habitat.
Develop Target Stands to Meet Objectives
Flathead NF Habitat Type Groups Habitat Types FNF Target Stands
Warm DryMOD WARM/DRY
Var 1: WUI Var 2: Winter Range
Warm Moist (not yet developed)
Cool Moist –Moderately
Dry
Cool & Moist420, 421, 422, 460, 461, 462, 470, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 660, 661, 662, 670, 680, 740, 832
COOL & WET/MOIST
Var 1: Lynx habitatVar 2: Non-lynxCool & Wet 410, 440, 480, 610,
630, 650, 651, 653Cool &
Moderately Dry450, 640, 663, 690, 691, 692, 710, 720, 731, 920, 930 (not yet developed)730, 732
Cold (not yet developed)
Stage Vegetation Structure Downed Wood
Snags/Acre Except LPP type
Successional Size Class Age Trees per Acre
Species Comp.
BA/ac Averagedbh
CanopyClosure
Tons/ac CWD >9”
15”+ 20”+
Early Seedling/Sapling 1-40 250-800 ≥ 70%
WP/WL/ES N/A <5” <30%10-60 2-4 1-2 Overstory*
(Seedling/Sapling)
80+ 3-10 TPA 15”+ DBH
WL/WP Preferred 20-40 15”+ <10%
Mid Small Tree 30-70 150-350 ≥ 60% 50-80 5-10” 25-40% 10-60 2-4 1-2 Overstory* (Small Tree) 120+ 3-10 TPA 15”+
DBH WP/WL Preferred 20-40 21”+Medium Tree 70-100 50-250 ≥ 60% WP/WL 60-100 10-15”
25-45%Overstory* (Medium Tree) 150+ 3-10 TPA 15”+
DBH WP/WL Preferred 20-40 21”+Mid to Late Large Tree 100-170 >10” DBH 50-
100 ≥50% WP/WL 60-120 15+ 25-45% 30-60 2-4 1-2Late Large Tree
170-300>10” dbh 30-
150 At least 8 TPA
≥ 21” DBH≥ 40% WP/WL 60-200 15”+ 30%+ >15 2-4 1-2
Final ThoughtsFor your cool/moist and moderately dry conifer forest management discussions, remember to consider:• Limitations of the site- habitat type, biophysical setting• Regeneration and growth needs of individual species• Susceptibility to Disturbances- Early Seral vs Late Seral• Disturbance regimes that created historically resilient forests• Incorporating heterogeneity into the stand and landscape
The End