For those

hungry for

knowledge

(and hot

salt beef)

(and

bagels)

(and

mixed

grill) in

the

thriving

East End!

Sponsored by University College London www.ucl.ac.uk {please supply

link}

The Jewish East End

(not quite kosher)

Your host for this excursion is Michael Berkowitz, Professor of

Modern Jewish History in the Department of Hebrew &

Jewish Studies, University College London (UCL). The

opinions (and tastes) expressed here are entirely his own (except

if stolen.)

Berkowitz studied in London in 1979 and returned regularly

to visit his cousin, Elena Berkaite, who had come to Britain as a

refugee during the Second World War. This presentation is

dedicated to Elena—a self-described ‘culture-vulture.’

He has lived full-time in London since 1997, when appointed

‘Reader’ (Associate Professor) in Jewish history at UCL.

Professor Berkowitz has written extensively on a number of

subjects including the history of the Zionist movement, Jewish

political representations, boxing, crime, and photography.

This app is not comprehensive.

There are major , well-known sites of Jewish interest that have not been

included.

Many of them are, indeed, worth a visit.

Gib a kuk, as we say in Bloomsbury.

The Jewish East End: Not quite kosher

• Explore London's Jewish East End through key themes—

loaded with serious history, strong opinions, and humour

• Specific sites illustrated through photographs, text, location

maps, and audio

• Take a „tour‟—or just learn about somewhere you‟ve

happened onto.

• Get a recommendation for what and where to eat—and learn

something in the process!

• Featuring history, food, religion & politics, and various

entertainments

Map showing Liverpool Street Station, EC2M

Let‟s start walking around the East End. Probably the best place

to begin is Liverpool Street Station. Here you have something

new-ish, which is a reminder of a very important event. At the

southwest corner of the station is „Hope Square,‟ featuring this

sculpture where you can relax and plan your excursion.

{map pin, Hope Square, Liverpool Street Station}

Well-put, I‟d say.

It‟s not easy to see here but there‟s a subtle „Star of David‟ image in the clock

face of Liverpool Street Station tower. It‟s probably a meaningless, generic

symbol and I don‟t know when it appeared there. But some might read more

into it. There are a few others in the East End.

In the wake of the pogroms of the 9th and 10th November 1938 in Nazi Germany,

what is now termed the Reichskristallnacht, British citizens launched an

extraordinary effort. Thousands of unaccompanied Jewish children were brought

into Britain. Around 2,500 of them were Protestant and Catholic, but classified as

“Jewish” under the absurd Nazi race laws.

Some people find the sculpture tacky, or kitschy. I think it‟s good and

appropriate. A really fitting memorial, and in the right place.

The points of embarkation, where the children left from, are important to

recall. Some might object to the litter on the sculpture. It gets cleaned up.

And it‟s not a terrible thing. Littering, after all, is an English trait.

On the lower level of Liverpool Street Station, conveniently located at the

“Meeting Point,” is another small sculpture. This, too, recalls the

Kindertransport as well as additional efforts to bring Jewish children to Britain

in the face of the Nazi menace.

Nicholas Winton himself was responsible for the rescue of over 650 children

from Nazi occupied Czech lands.

This is a good synopsis of his importance:

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007780

Pass through the station, to Bishopsgate. Cross the street.

You‟ll see one of my favorite pub signs. 202 Bishopsgate, EC2M

4NR {please add map}

{please insert a map or diagram that shows how to get from Hope Square to

the Bishopsgate exit of Liverpool Street Station}

Dirty Dicks. Really makes you want to eat there, doesn‟t it? (Thank you,

historian David Dennis, for that joke.) I find the cartoon on the sign striking.

It‟s a classic antisemitic image, but the name is not Jewish. I don‟t object to

this at all: a stock East End and cockney countenance. One of these days I‟ll

try the oysters.

On the more traditional side: Sandys Row Synagogue, 4A

Sandys Row, London, W1 7HW

{please insert a better map than the one below}

This is the front of Sandys Row, which is still in use. It‟s just moments away

from Dirty Dicks. It‟s been fixed up and remains quite simple in design. I

find it elegant and earthy, in the best sense. In the great English tradition the

apostrophe is missing. (Sandys, as opposed to “Sandy‟s Row.” Thank you to

Jann Matlock for reminding me of this quirk.)

Do see if it‟s possible to go inside.

The remaining synagogues provide some great photo-ops.

Of course it‟s a good idea to visit Bevis Marks synagogue. It‟s the opposite

direction, going south on Bishopsgate. It‟s beautiful and interesting. No need

to talk about it here, they have their own website which

probably cost them a fortune. It‟s fabulous for understanding their own self-

image. It could be the one of the more pretentious websites of all time,

sonorous music and all that. {please include link to Bevis Marks synagogue

website: http://www.bevismarks.org.uk/ and map}

I strongly recommend visiting what used to be a soup kitchen for the Jewish

poor. It‟s a little tricky to find but worth the effort. Go south from Sandys

Row synagogue down Artillery Passage. Before it sort-of turns into White‟s

Row, make a right turn onto Bell Lane and left to Brune Street. You probably

won‟t miss it but it‟s on the north side of the Street.http://www.streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?x=533657&y=181657&z=110&sv=Brune+Street&st=6&tl=

Map+of+Brune+Street,+London,+E_1&searchp=ids.srf&mapp=map.srf

In the excellent guide to the Jewish East End prepared by my friend and

colleague Clive Bettington, we learn that the architect was Lewis Solomon,

and it was erected in 1902.

Most of the Jews who lived in Whitechapel, and the East End in general, until

about the 1950s, were poor, many even destitute. But the immigrants who

arrived from the 1870s to 1905 usually considered themselves better off than

they had been, when they lived in Russia‟s Pale of Settlement, because they

were able to work for a much longer „season‟ than was possible in their former

homes. There was, indeed, substantial help from the more established English

Jews. Christian missionary societies fed the poor and offered comfort to the

distressed. The missionaries, however, operated with the intention that they

would bring about the conversion (to Christianity) of those they helped.

Call me crass. Let‟s go from the soup kitchen for the poor—now, of course,

turned into expensive flats--to one of the best restaurants in the East End: St

Johns in Spitalfields. It‟s, well, not quite kosher, as you may surmise from its

piggy logo. One of my favorite proper sit-down restaurants in London, it‟s

famous for making fabulous dishes out of parts of beasts you didn‟t even know

existed or may have found disgusting.

{See if they‟ll advertise}

https://www.stjohngroup.uk.com/

My favorite foodie writer, Jay Rayner, loves this place. I even saw him eating

here, really enjoying himself. {map, please}

North of Spitalifields Market, which is pretty upscale these days, go to Elder

Street.

This is the home of the artist Mark Gertler (1891-1939). It‟s worth a fortune

now, but when he lived there it probably was not considered a very desirable

place to live.

{Please insert map below} 32 Elder Street, London E1 6BT

Gertler was a student at University College London‟s Slade School of Art, one

of the world‟s leading art schools. This is probably, more-or-less, what he

looked like then.

Among his more famous works: The Queen of Sheba. Even more famous is

Carousel, below. {We‟ll need permission(s) for these.}

This is the coal shute (hole) in front of Gertler‟s house.

The image is from his work, „Carousel.‟

You never know who you‟ll run into.

{map showing how to get from Elder Street to Shoreditch High Street Station}

After passing through the tunnel, with Shoreditch overground station on your

left, you see in front of you a former synagogue—now flats and businesses

{corner of Shoreditch High Street & Chance St, please insert map}

You can see that this was a rather large synagogue, at some point. At least the

Jewish star remains. Again, it seems to be pricey flats.

My view (of the old synagogue) is from the patio just outside of Bukowski‟s.

http://www.bukowski-grill.co.uk/

It‟s an excellent burger joint in the Shoreditch Box Park.

• For those of you who are into shopping you may want to check out

Shoreditch Box Park.

• I guess I should say something about shopping generally.

• There‟s a lot of it along this tour.

• Make sure you visit on market days, or you‟ll be missing out.

• Make sure you‟ve got updated guides.

• Don‟t miss the hats on Brick Lane.

Now you can see some evidence of what connects Jewish existence in their

former lives, in this case, mainly (what is now) Lithuania, with what was to

become Anglo-Jewry. In the words of my dear friend Chaim Bargman: “the

cut corner.” We‟re on the corner of Chance and Redchurch Streets. There are

a number of good cafes, galleries, and shops on Redchurch Street.

One might say: what‟s Jewish about this? Probably something. In Lithuania

and elsewhere, Jews came up with notion of having „cut-corners‟ on their

businesses that faced two streets. That way they might get more foot traffic,

and they would be able to say that they were located on both streets. I‟m sure

others besides Jews did this, but it seems to be a strong and consistent

tendency among Jews from Lithuania. A significant number of immigrants to

the East End, beginning in the 1870s, were indeed „Litvaks.‟ On this corner

all four businesses had „cut-corners.‟

Map please—showing how to get from Redchurch Street to Brick Lane

The heart of it all: Brick Lane: Food AND Religion

AND business (meets history)

In answer to the eternal question: "where are the best bagels in

London (even the world)?"

One of the most important things to know about “Beigel Bake” is

that it‟s not the “Beigel Shop” which claims to be “Britain‟s first

and best.”

Not only is Beigel Bake great for bagels, it‟s also one of the best places to get a

hot salt beef sandwich. Hot salt beef is not the same as „corned beef‟ in the

United States. It‟s more like a boiled brisket. When it‟s good it‟s fabulous;

when it‟s lousy—you shouldn‟t know from it.

OK, try it for yourself!

Beigel Bake,

Brick Lane,

E1.

The best

bagels in

London, and

possibly the

world.

Not much

room,

though, for

eating inside.

You haven’t been to London if you haven’t been to

Beigel Bake. {please insert map without the extra

arrow}

Beigel Bake is, in fact, one of the best illustrations imaginable of

one of the oldest Jewish jokes in the world.

A Jewish guy is shipwrecked and stranded for years on a desert

island.

When he's finally rescued he shows the sailors the camp he's

made.

‘That's where I sleep,’ he says. ‘That's where I cook and eat.’

‘And those are the two synagogues.’

Why? Every Jew knows, of course.

You have to have the shul (synagogue) you go to—and the one

you'd never step foot in.

In the East End, to this day, there's the bagel shop you go to—and

the one you don't go to. It's still a good joke, which especially

befits this particular island.

What is this with the nutty spelling of “bagel”? Why

“beigel”? “Baigel”? “Baigle”? “Beigle”?

{please make sure that it „clicks‟ to all these spellings}

In the old days coffee people used to joke about the poor quality

of coffee in the UK. That was never really the case, and even less

true now. On Brick Lane there are a number of excellent places

for coffee. My favorite is “Full Stop.”

Hey, I‟ll give you a link to facebook (even though I‟m not a

member.)

https://www.facebook.com/fullstopbarMy late colleague Bob Liberles wrote a great book about Jews and coffee:

http://www.upne.com/1611682458.html

Chaim N. Katz: he specialized, all he sold was string! (supposedly). There

used to be loads of signs like these in Brick Lane. Now it‟s an art gallery.

Off Brick Lane: Fournier Street. Here‟s another classic Jewish business sign.

My guess is that Schwartz was a tailor.

{Please insert map for 33 Fournier Street}

A little further down: off Wentworth Street, to the right: All that remains is

the entrance arch! The buildings don‟t exist but many others do from similar

projects. The objective of such endeavors was to provide better housing for

workers. It‟s “4%” because that‟s what was promised to the investors, in

addition to the charitable subscriptions. My friend Clive refers to this as “The

Rothschild Archway.”

Also off Brick Lane is Princelet Street, which is now quite well known for the

sort-of rediscovered synagogue at number 19. In my opinion the book by Ian

Sinclair and Rachael Lichtenstein, Rodinsky’s Room, is overrated, but maybe

you‟ll find it interesting. I‟m not sure of the status of the „Museum of

Immigration‟ in the building{again, map please}

I saw some guys filming what looked like a commercial.

And around the corner from here, on Wilkes Street, is another sign from a

formerly Jewish business.

Don‟t get confused. Brick Lane changes it‟s name when you approach

Whitechapel High Street. Keep going onto Osborne Street. Then turn right

and you‟ll see the fabulous Whitechapel Art Gallery. I think it‟s one of the

most beautiful building reconstructions in all of London. It‟s almost more like

something you‟d see in Budapest or Vienna. Look at it from across the street

{again, map please}

See the blue plaque

for Isaac Rosenberg--

especially significant

in recalling the First World

War.

Whitechapel Art Gallery: the gem of the East End.

Also be sure to visit the bookshop, (Walther) Koenig‟s. The original is in (on,

whatever) Charing Cross Road.

As long as we‟re talking about the Whitechapel Gallery, let‟s visit a corner that

isn‟t much talked about--with yet another Jewish joke. It could be one of the

best-situated Jewish jokes in the world.

And the café is quite good. (FOOD, again, too.)

The café of the Whitechapel Gallery, in fact, overlooks the Freedom Press.

So Steven Spielberg has just died and he's being

greeted at the gate by Gabriel and

Gabriel says: 'God's really dug a lot of your

movies and he wants to make sure that you're

comfortable. If there's anything you need, you

come to me, I'm your man.' And Steven says, 'Well,

you know, I always wanted to meet Stanley

Kubrick, do you think you could arrange that?'

And Gabriel looks at him and says: 'You know,

Steven, of all the things that you could ask for, why

would you ask for that? You know that Stanley

doesn't take meetings.' He says, 'Well, you said

that if there was anything I wanted.' Gabriel says:

'I’m really sorry. I can't do that.' So now he's

showing him around heaven and Steven sees this

guy wearing an army jacket with a beard riding a

bicycle. And Steven says to Gabriel: 'Oh, my God,

look, over there, that's Stanley Kubrick. Couldn't

we just stop him and say hello?'

And Gabriel pulls Steven to the side and says,

'That's not Stanley Kubrick; that's God – he just

thinks he's Stanley Kubrick.'

Entertainment/history/art: the „joke mirror‟

Not easy to find, but worth it: the alley next to the Whitechapel Gallery (77-

82 Whitechapel High Street, London E1).

Freedom Press Bookshop, 84b

Whitechapel High Street, E1.

This wall, on the side of the

Freedom Press Bookshop, consists of

not especially attractive (or even

reasonable likenesses) of a number of

leading anarchists.

Anarchism was a major force in the

East End from the late nineteenth

century into the interwar period.

As practised by most of its followers

in the East End, anarchism rested on

the principles of „no coercion‟ and „no

exploitation‟. There is little or no

continuity between those who call

themselves anarchists now and those

depicted here.

Modern anarchists wouldn‟t know

Emma Goldman if she fell on them.

Religion/Politics: Anarchism, old-style

84 Whitechapel High Street, Angel Alley, E1 7QX {map is important--

This map is terrible and even misleading}

She is reputed to have said: “If I can‟t dance I don‟t want your revolution.”

Although it‟s unlikely she ever said that, precisely, it does fit her world-view.

For more on this see:

http://ucblibrary3.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Features/dances_shulman.html

Here are some better pictures of Emma Goldman (1869-1940). She never lived

in London but spent a fair amount of time here. She‟s known as pioneering

feminist as well as an anarchist. Born in Kovno, part of the Russian Empire

(now Kaunas), she moved to Rochester, New York, and New York City before

being exiled from the United States. She was an early critic of the increasingly

authoritarian character of Bolshevik rule.

Also on the wall we see Alexander Berkman (1870-1936) —who may have

been one of my relatives. Berkman, like Goldman, was from Kovno and lived

in upstate New York. Here his pictured next to Ba Jin (1904-2005), the

Chinese writer and anarchist.

Ba Jin, also Li Fei-Kan and Li Yaotang, was an ardent admirer of Emma Goldman.

I wish to thank Linda, Yining, and Xaujon for noticing the presence and

importance of Ba Jin. For a famous letter of Ba Jin to Emma, see:

http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Features/BaJin_letter2.html

Back at Whitechapel High Street, a little to the left above the shop „Albert‟s‟

you‟ll see a beautiful emblem with a Star of David. That was to mark the

offices of the Jewish Daily Post (some say „News‟), one of many Jewish

newspapers (back in the days when people read newspapers). It was made

by Arthur Szyk (1894-1951), an interesting artist. He didn‟t like the

anarchists. He himself was a rather right-wing Zionist. But he was a pretty

good artist and excellent craftsman.

Walk east along Whitechapel High Street. Cross the street (south side) and

you‟ll hit an odd old building, rather a mish-mosh of styles. It probably

doesn‟t have much to do with Jewish history per se but it figures prominently

in the symbolism of the United States. Here at the front it says “Church Bell

Foundry.” Yes, this is where the Liberty Bell was born!

Map, please—corner of Fieldgate Street and Whitechapel High Street.

I‟m not sure if they take visitors inside. It‟s worth a try.

Keep walking along Fieldgate Street and eventually you‟ll see, on the north

side, after passing a number of Islamic institutions, the Fieldgate Street

Synagogue. It is supposed to be beautiful inside.

Keep walking down Fieldgate Street and you‟ll hit Tayyabs (83-89 Fieldgate

Street, E1). It‟s not just one of the world‟s greatest Punjabi restaurants—it‟s

one of the best restaurants—period. He‟d be thrilled with the easy mix of

clientele from all backgrounds.

History meets food again. And religion. Tayyabs is Halal, so if you want

beer or wine you‟ll have to bring your own. They don‟t mind.

Order the famous mixed grill. (It‟s not on the menu.)

This postcard has Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) in

the centre. Herzl was a founder of the modern

Zionist movement—the attempt to establish a

home for the Jewish people in their ancestral

land of Palestine.

Moses Gaster (1856-1939) is in the top left

corner. In 1896, Gaster, head of the British

Sephardic Jewish community (but not one

himself, go figure) arranged one of the most

crucial mass-meetings for Herzl in „the waste‟—

a large vacant area on the Whitechapel High

Street. Herzl did not really speak Yiddish or

English, but the Jewish crowd was enthralled by

his presentation.

Gaster is one of the most brilliant figures in the

history of Anglo-Jewry yet has received shocking

little recognition from scholars, or even the

general public.

Jewish „mass politics‟ around the turn of the century {again, map

please for „the waste‟} (west of Cambridge Heath Road north of

Mile End Road)

A bit east of Tayyab‟s.

Are you hungry for cheesecake? It‟s a shame that there aren‟t more remaining

Jewish bakeries. But there is still a fabulous place for cheesecake in the East

End, which supplies to a number of other places.

Rinkoff‟s224 Jubilee St.

is the place

E1 3BS

also 79 Vallance Road,

E1 5BS

no kidding—better than New York!!!

BE AWARE OF NOT QUITE STANDARD

OPENING HOURS:Vallance Rd: 7-5, M-F

Jubilee St., M-F, 8-4; S: 8-3

http://www.rinkoffbakery.co.uk/

178 Vallance

Road, E2.

Here’s where

infamous London

criminals the

Kray brothers

lived (with their

mum, of course),

such nice boys

they were. The

official Jewish

community won’t

claim them as

Jewish but they

themselves had

no doubt that

part of their

mongrel heredity

was ‘Jewish’.

The Krays! {not sure if this map is OK}

More Kray-mania: The Blind Beggar pub, on the corner of Whitechapel Road

and Cambridge Heath Road. It is alleged that Ronnie Kray (some say Reggie,

some say Charlie) killed their rival, George Cornell, at the bar in March 1966.

E1 1BU

Another wonderful pub sign. I guess he couldn‟t have been one of the

witnesses to the murder.

Boxing was arguably the biggest sport in

the East End. Jewish boxers, beginning in

the late eighteenth century, were major

figures behind the scenes and in the ring.

Isaac Bitton, the fighter pictured here, is,

in fact, an ancestor of the actress June

Brown of East Enders fame.

Sport/Entertainment

The Krays were great admirers of the great Jewish boxers such as

Ted “Kid” Lewis and Jack “Kid” Berg. They, like almost everyone in

the East End, were aware of the long-standing tradition of Jewish

fighters in the East End.

The most famous of them all was Daniel Mendoza (1764-1836).

Below is Clive Betttington, who‟s done more than anyone to honor

and respect the tradition of Mendoza and the other fighters.

Mendoza, like Bitton, also was a „publican‟ but

he did not make a decent living from it. Both he

and Bitton died destitute. This is probably one

of his nicer residences.

There are a few sites in the East End tied to Bitton‟s contemporary, Mendoza.

It‟s at 3 Paradise Row, just north of the Bethnal Green Road. {again, map}

please}

It‟s worth making the trek up Bethnal Green Road to see this and other sights.

If you wish to start here, just get out at Bethnal Green tube station (Central

Line.) Mendoza‟s house is just seconds out of the tube.

Opposite from Mendoza‟s house is “Museum Gardens,” quite a nice space.

It almost has a Mediterranean feel.

We‟re going to head to Victoria Park. But don‟t get confused with somewhere

nearby with a similar name. Leaving Museum Gardens you might notice this.

This is NOT Victoria Park.

Museum Gardens is just south of the V&A Museum of Childhood (formerly

the Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood). The museum is now part of the

Victoria & Albert, one of the world‟s greatest collections of applied arts and

crafts. Why mention it here?

{map please}

Some of the toys that became seen as quintessentially British

were created or developed by Jewish immigrants. The

„Matchbox‟ brand of toy cars derived from the “Mekko”

company, whose principal figure was Moses Kohnstam.

My favorite, though, is “Corgi” cars (nothing to do with the dogs

so beloved by royal family.) There are several toys in the

museum from Tipp & Co., which was founded by the Ullman

family in Germany. They were forced to sell their company at a

much distressed price in Nazi times. Members of the family,

though, made their way to England and established the “Mettoy.”

corporation. This is the company that produced “Corgi.”

On the opposite side of the road from the Museum of Childhood is York Hall.

This is one of the remaining older boxing venues—still holding fights, but

much of its premises are taken over for more genteel purposes.

Now we‟re going to take a longish walk down the Old Ford Road. Again, it‟s

worth the trek. The point here is to recall and reflect on one of the most

famous figures in all of Anglo-Jewish history, Israel Zangwill. Zangwill

moved to this part of the East End after he had become pretty successful. It‟s

not dank and crowded.

Map please—Old Ford Road, all the way to Victoria Park

Near Mendoza‟home and York Hall is one of the former residences of Israel

Zangwill, on Old Ford Road. Zangwill is remembered as a great and

important writer, but I fear that most of his work in nearly unreadable now. He

was, however, a far more important political figure than most people assume.

He helped Zionism get a foothold in Britain, and was an usually popular figure

among Jews worldwide.

After the British government offered the Zionist movement a change for

settlement in East Africa (called „Uganda‟) he was a leader of the „Territorial‟

or‟Territorialist‟ movment which has been much derided. It was probably one

of the more serious such efforts of all time.

{map please}

Here we have Zangwill‟s home, at 288, Old Ford Road.

Here‟s the plaque.

Again, the house. It was, and to this day, is considered quite a good location—

because it is situated across from Victoria Park.

Victoria Park doesn‟t often make it to tourist itineraries. It is,

though, quite beautiful.

I‟m not sure how similar it was in Zangwill‟s day. The beauty of the place was

in stark contrast to the squalid conditions of so many Jews in the East End.

But Zangwill did not lord over them. He struggled, far beyond the call of duty,

to improve their daily lives and to try to alter the political landscape to create

better opportunities for all Jews—especially the most desperate.

And now for something completely different: you can start out here and work

backwards! Or you can take advantage of the location in order to stroll along

London‟s wonderful (and often overlooked) canals. You can exit (or enter)

right at Old Ford Road.

What a coincidence! This is one of the places I was going to tell you to visit

next: Hackney Wick. It‟s the home of Fish Island, London (and the world‟s)

original and best manufacturer of smoked salmon, Forman‟s. (“Lox” in the US

and elsewhere.)

And a few other possible titles and

subtitles:

• Nu, so you think you know the East End?

• Bagels (beigels), Brick Lane, and the East End: The Whole

Shmear

• Boxers, bagels, boychicks: Did I mention the bagels?

• Don‟t just fress (eat), learn something!

• Really, you don‟t have to be Jewish

• An irreverent guide to London‟s East End

• Where to eat and what to see in the East End

• What is hot salt beef, anyway?

Many thanks to:

Dr Amara Thornton, without whom this app never would have come into

existence

Dean Mohamedally

The fabulous app development team:

Yining Shen

Linda Wang,

Xianjun Xiang

Belinda Stojanovic and Jann Matlock

What I’d like to offer--

• content– 4 main themes

• Food (featuring bagels, hot salt beef, and foods of more recent immigrants—such as sweets and grilled meat)

• Religion/Politics: institutions, movements, and individuals—from the famous to the nearly unknown

• Businesses/Commercial Life—past & present (including not-quite legitimate business—crime, that is)

• Sport/Entertainment—past & present

• functionality– coloured pins to signify locations of interest on the base map according

to each theme

– base map pins filterable by theme, or viewable all at once

– a "play" option that puts pins of a theme into a sequence to form a "tour"

– restaurant and coffee-shop finding

– GPS locating user

– linking to external websites