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Jim Shortle, Penn State Universityseagrant.psu.edu/sites/default/files/Jshortlepresentation.pdf ·...

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Jim Shortle, Penn State University Jim Shortle, Penn State University June 8, 2010 June 8, 2010
Transcript
Page 1: Jim Shortle, Penn State Universityseagrant.psu.edu/sites/default/files/Jshortlepresentation.pdf · (green) Pennsylvania‐ averaged mean precipitation. (Dashed lines represent +//‐1

Jim Shortle, Penn State UniversityJim Shortle, Penn State UniversityJune 8, 2010June 8, 2010

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Major Components

PA Climate FuturesA i l

ForestsH  H l hAgriculture

Aquatic Ecosystems/Fisheries

Human HealthInsuranceOutdoor Recreationy

EnergyOutdoor RecreationWater

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GlobalClimate

RegionalEconomy

Economyin Rest of Economyin Rest of

World

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ApproachClimate Futures

Multi‐model GCM averages u ode GC a e agesTwo IPCC emissions scenarios

Sector impact studiespLiterature review and synthesisMulti‐sector dynamic model of PA 

  i h li k    US  d  ld economy with links to US and world economies

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Emissions Scenarios)

“High” emissions A2 scenario(A

nnual

scenario

“L ”“Low” emissions B1 scenario

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PA Climate Futures

Projections for the state constructed using averages of outputs from 14 GCMsusing averages of outputs from 14 GCMs

Multi‐model mean provides a credible simulation of PA’s 20th Century Climate, yand is superior to any individual GCMMulti‐model mean is slightly too cool and wet  and slightly muted in variability and wet, and slightly muted in variability on sub‐monthly time scales

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Temperature

Annual cycle of b d (bl )observed (blue) 

and modeled (green) Pennsylvania‐Pennsylvaniaaveraged  mean temperature.(Dashed lines 

t  /  represent +/‐ 1 standard deviation)

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Precipitation

Annual cycle of b d (bl )observed (blue) 

and modeled (green) Pennsylvania‐Pennsylvaniaaveraged  mean precipitation.(Dashed lines 

t  /  represent +/‐ 1 standard deviation)

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Pa Very Likely to be warmerAll GCM models project warming through 2100 for both emissions scenariosWarming for the next 20 years is independent of the emissions scenarioWarming by the end of the century is substantially Warming by the end of the century is substantially dependent on the emissions scenario

A2 median projected warming about 4ºCB1 median projected warming  about 2ºC

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Greater Warming inGreater Warming in Summer than Winter Means

Emissions ScenarioPeriod B2 A1

2045‐2065 2.0ºC 2.5ºC

2080‐2099 2.5ºC 4.5ºC

Emissions ScenarioPeriod B2 A1

2045‐2065 1.5ºC 2.0ºC

2080‐2099 2.0ºC 3.0ºC2080 2099 2.0 C 3.0 C

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PA Likely to Be WetterLess model agreement on precipitation than warming

But >3/4 project increased annual precipitation through the century for both emissions scenariosemissions scenarios

Like temperature, the change in precipitation does not vary with emissions p p yscenario to mid‐Century ‐ but does beyond that 

A2 median projected increase in annual average precipitation about 10% by 2100

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Precip Increases greater inPrecip Increases greater in Winter than Summer

Average summer precipitation increase across all models is on the order of 0 5% during 2046 2065 models is on the order of 0‐5% during 2046‐2065 and a little greater than that during 2080‐2099.Average winter precipitation increases is ~5‐10% Average winter precipitation increases is  5 10% during 2046‐2065 and 10‐15% during 2080‐2099

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Some other Climate ResultsLonger growing seasons, and fewer frost days, but also longer dry periods – soil 

i  d h    moisture droughts a concernGreater intensity of precipitationIncreased intensity but reduced frequency of tropical and extratropical systems

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Water ResourcesFl d   P i l d  i   iFloods:  Potential decrease in rain‐on‐snow events (good news), but more summer floods and higher flow variability.St  t t   I  i   t  Stream temperature:  Increase in stream temperature for most streams likely (e.g., bad for trout). Streams with high groundwater inflow less affected  groundwater inflow less affected. Snow pack:  Substantial decrease in snow cover extent and duration.Runoff:  Overall increase  but mainly due Runoff:  Overall increase, but mainly due to higher winter runoff. Decrease in summer runoff due to higher temperatures. temperatures. 

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Water ResourcesG d   P i l i  i  Groundwater:  Potential increase in recharge due to reduced frozen soil and higher winter precipitation.Soil moisture:  Decrease in summer and fall soil moisture. Increased frequency of short and q ymedium term soil moisture droughts. Water quality:  Flashier runoff, Water quality:  Flashier runoff, urbanization and increasing water temperatures might negatively impact water quality.impact water quality.

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E t Will BEcosystems Will Be Increasingly Stressedg yWetlands and headwater streams in Pennsylvania are already compromised i  th i   bilit  t   id   t  in their ability to provide ecosystem servicesClimate change will increase stresses on aquatic ecos stemson aquatic ecosystems

Increased stream temperaturesIncreased flow variability

Impacts will be difficult to detect because of the continuation of other stressors such as development and i i   iinvasive species

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AgricultureModerate warming (1 to 3ºC) could…… 

Could increase yields of some major field crops (  h   b ) (corn, hay, soybeans) Harm yields of cool‐temperature adapted fruits and vegetables (potatoes, and apples) while benefiting g (p , pp ) gthose suited to warmer temperatures (sweet corn)Harm American grape varieties but create 

t iti  f  E   i ti  opportunities for European varieties Increase dairy production costs but increase the attractiveness of PA to southern hog and poultry g p yproducers

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AgricultureMore extreme warming poses greater problemsDroughts, pests could be problematicOutcomes for PA farmers depend not only on climate change in PA, but what climate change does to agricultural markets and economies does to agricultural markets and economies elsewhere

World pricespShifts in location

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ForestsSpecies composition will shift as the climate becomes less suited to northern species and more suited to northern species and more suited to southern species

Northern Southern

American Beech Loblolly

Black Cherry Shortleaf Pine

Eastern Hemlock Common Persimmon

Red and Sugar Maple Red Mulberry

White Pine Oaks & HickoriesWhite Pine Oaks & Hickories

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Forests

Like  agricultureEconomic productivity could increaseEconomic productivity could increaseBenefits to the industry will depend on climate change impacts elsewhereclimate change impacts elsewhereDisease, invasive species, fire risks also increase

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l d lTemperature Related Mortality

Mechanism of Impact

Direction of Impact Level of Confidence in Direction of impact

Higher summer temperatures cause an in increase in heat‐related deaths

Highrelated deaths

Higher winter temperatures cause a decrease in cold‐related d th

Highdeaths

Net impact unknown

Heat adaptations include air conditioning, warning systems; low income assistance needed

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Respiratory Disease

Mechanism of Impact

Direction of Impact Level of Confidence in Direction of iimpact

Higher summer temperatures cause in increased in ozone  Highincreased in ozone formation

Higher temperatures increase formation of  i b   ti l t

Lowairborne particulatesHigher temperatures, higher CO2 levels and longer summer season i   l   f 

Lowincrease prevalence of pollen and mold

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AccidentsMechanism of Impact

Direction of Impact Level of Confidence in Direction of iimpact

Increases in flood and severe rainstorms

LoDecreases in snow and ice storms

Low

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Infectious DiseasesVector Borne: Lyme, West Nile, St. Louis Encephalitis, Ehrilichiosis, MalariaW  B  C idi  Gi di  Water Borne: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Campylobacter, SalmonellaAirborne: Influenza  PneumococcusAirborne: Influenza, Pneumococcus

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Infectious DiseasesMechanism of Impact

Direction of Impact Level of Confidence in Direction of iimpact

Higher temperaturesaffect range and abundance of disease‐ Lowabundance of diseasecarrying vectors

Higher temperatures and runoff lead to i d  t ti  increased concentration of water‐borne pathogens in surface waters

Medium

Hi h   i  Higher winter temperatures affect incidence of pneumonia and seasonal influenza

Low

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Outdoor RecreationIncreased winter temperatures will shorten the season and increase the costs of downhill ski facilities – the economic viability of the activity will be diminishedReduced snow cover will diminish opportunities for dispersed snow‐based recreation (skiing, snowIncreased stream temperatures will affect the viability of wild and to some degree stocked trout populationsIncreased temperatures will increase the number of fishing daysLonger and warmer summers will increase the demand for water‐based recreation

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Economic ImpactsClimate change has negligible impacts on overall economic activity in PASi ifi   l i  i   li   i i    Significant sectoral impacts in climate sensitive sectors (agriculture, energy, forests)Climate change impacts on US and world agricultural Climate change impacts on US and world agricultural and forest commodity markets important to PA

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Agriculture ResultsGrains, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables:Climate change increases productivity Climate change increases productivity and production in PAClimate change also increases productivity in other states, lowering prices received by PA farmersNet result: small changes in revenues Net result: small changes in revenues for PA grain and oilseed farmers, revenues increase for fruit and 

t bl  fvegetable farmers

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Agriculture Results (continued)Beef, dairy, poultry, eggs, and hogs:Climate change reduces PA productivityClimate change reduces productivity even more in other statesN   l   li   h   i  PA li k f    Net result: climate change gives PA livestock farmers a competitive advantage relative to other states, shifting production from other states to PAproduction from other states to PA

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Agriculture Results (continued)

Food processing:Food processing:Changes in agricultural production and prices affect PA food processing sectorp p gPA food processing output increases, as some production shifts from other states  PAto PA

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Proactive State andProactive State andLocal Adaptation Policy

Ag cultivars and practices Land use planning and 

p y

Forest management practices – cultivated forests with facilitated 

building codesRestoration of aquatic ecosystems such as forests with facilitated 

regenerationInstitutions and policies 

ecosystems such as streams and wetlands wherever possible

for water management in an environment in which water is increasing scarce 

Expansion of public outdoor recreation facilitieswater is increasing scarce 

and variablefacilities

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N R h i N d d t F llNew Research is Needed to Fully Understand Impacts

• Climate downscaling

p

• Reduce emission scenario uncertainty• Detailed sectoral modeling studies• Storm risk assessment• Hydrologic conditions at a small watershed scalewatershed scale

• Ability of already impacted systems to accommodate climate changeaccommodate climate change

• Health‐climate‐environment relationships

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