Coal Ash Treatment

Coal Ash TreatmentBy-Product Treatment via Calcium PolysulfideUnited States Patent #8,741,058 B1

JJG Environmental Solutions, llcSteamboat Springs, Colorado

World of Coal Ash International ConferenceNashville, Tennessee TODAYS GOALSGround Water RemediationElimination of Toxic LeachatesPrecipitation of Heavy MetalsPreparation of Beneficial MaterialNew Corporate Profit StreamsReduction of Litigation RiskCOST RECOVERYPROFIT GROWTHPUBLIC SAFETYCEMENT CHEMISTRYBENEFICIAL USE OF COAL ASHSUPER FUND REMEDIATION

By-Product Treatment Via Calcium Polysulfide is a

Patented Process Providing Solutions forCoal Ash Storage & Super Fund RemediationSuper Fund Remediation

The Berkeley Pit, Butte, MT.1,780 deep

Super Fund sites are created by Toxic Waste Material left over fromMiningSmeltingWeapons ManufacturingPetroleum ProductionElectroplatingIndustrial ProductionDry Cleaning FacilitiesEtcCoal Ash Storage Locations

Over 1,500 Coal Ash Storage sites currently exist in the United States.Residual Coal Ash has been placed in Land Fills, Impoundment Ponds and other locations for more than 80 years.Ground Water Pollution caused by leaching of toxic materials has become an environmental threat.Ground Water is now a considered a criminal action under current Federal Environmental Legislation.HydrologyBasic Concepts of Hydrology

Water continuously flows underground.Natural sources such as Lakes, Rivers, Streams and Rainfall provide a constant water source.Man-made facilities such as Land Fills, Service Stations, Factories, Farm Lands, Septic Tanks and Municipal Sewers are known to flow into underground water supplies.Typical Contaminant Flow Model

Potential Toxins are typically water soluble in their Elemental state. Ex. Lead, Mercury, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Cadmium, etcLeaching is the dissolution of potentially toxic material into water supplies.Potentially toxic materials easily travel in underground water systems.Public water supplies can be easily contaminated by the movement of toxins.In Situ Environmental RemediationIn Situ Chemical Reduction US EPA Approved Method of Remediation

Anaerobic BiostimulationCalcium PolysulfideZero Valent Iron

Identified ProcessesCLU-IN.orgUS EPA Identification of Elements and Potential In Situ Precipitates

Calcium Polysulfide provides direct precipitation of Metal Sulfide minerals.Sulfur will generate Hydrogen Sulfide when contact with organic material is made.Hydrogen Sulfide will precipitate Metal Sulfide minerals.Hydrogen Sulfide in Hydroxide solution will precipitate Metal Sulfide minerals.Direct Vertical Injection

Provides targeted delivery of chemical reducing agents.Limited in potential area of dispersion.Multiple injection locations required for large scale contaminant plumes.Directional Drilling to Isolate Coal Ash Impoundments

Low impact method of chemical deliveryProvides benefits of both Direct Vertical Injection and PRBsAbility to deliver reagent under and through Coal Ash accumulationsAvoids surface disruptionNo transportation of Coal Ash material is requiredRisk of Ground Water pollution is mitigatedRemediation takes place below ground protecting workers and the general populationLand Fill Costs are eliminated

Benefits of In Situ Chemical ReductionPassive RemediationNo On-Going Energy ExpendituresLimited Long-Term MaintenanceNo Surface Structures are RequiredMinimal Surface DisturbanceAbility to Remediate Plume without Knowing Specific SourceLow Risk of Alteration of Natural HydrologyContaminants Are Not Brought to the SurfacePotential Toxic Material is not TransportedNo Disposal is RequiredNo Disposal Costs for Treated WastesAbility to Customize System Ideal for Shallow Plumes

Solubility Rules & Sulfide FormationThe rules of Solubility are governed by the laws of Chemistry

Solubility Rules

All Compounds of Alkali and Alkali Earth Metals are solubleAll Ammonium Salts are solubleMost Sulfate (SO4) molecules are solubleHydroxide (OH-) compounds are slightly solubleAll sulfide (S2-) compounds areinsolubleexcept those of Groups I-A and II-A (alkali metals and alkali earths).Most all Sulfites, Carbonates, Chromates and Phosphates are insolubleAll nitrate (NO3-), chlorate (ClO3-), perchlorate (ClO4-), and acetate (CH3COO-or C2H3O2-) salts aresolubleAll chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-) salts are soluble except for those of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22

Calcium PolysulfideCaSxCalcium Polysulfide (CaSx) - made by boiling Chemical Lime (CaO) in water with SulfurCalcium Polysulfide quickly degrades to Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and Elemental SulfurCalcium Polysulfide is a highly Alkaline (basic) solutionThe negatively charged dianion of Sulfur (S2-) is presented in highly alkaline aqueous solutionDirect bonding of positively charged transition metals to the negatively charged Sulfur ion will occurCalcium Polysulfide will evolve Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in the presence of organic materialHydrogen Sulfide will react with transition metals to form Sulfide compounds with or without the presence of a Hydroxide solution

Approved for use by US EPA Registration Eligibility Decision 2005Actively used in Commercial Agriculture as an Insecticide and FungicideFirst used in the 1840s in FranceApproved by the US FDA GRAS Rating Generally Regarded as Safe.Approved for use by the State of California

Concrete & EncapsulationChemical Composition of Portland Cement Vs.Coal Ash

A small portion of Portland Cement is typically referred to as additional constituentsAdditional material found in Ordinary Portland cement is often made up of potentially toxic transitional metalsEncapsulation in concrete is identified by the US EPA as a preferred method of remediation of potentially toxic materialsSource: Headwaters Technical BulletinBasic Cement Chemistry

Cement is formed by chemical reaction of Calcium Hydroxide and Silicate Dioxide.Water is essential to the formation of cement.Ordinary Portland cement contains Silicates (Silicate Dioxide) and Lime in a dry form.The Chemical composition of Coal Ash and/or Fly Ash is similar to Ordinary Portland cement.

The Lime Cycle2 Ca3SiO5 + 7 H2O

3 CaO 2 SiO2 4 H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2 + 173.6kJChemical Formula of CementUS EPA Press Release regarding beneficial use of Coal Ash residuals in construction materials

US EPA Publication on Coal Ash Reuse

Beneficial Reuse of Coal Ash material is a preferred method of waste disposal.Potentially Toxic materials may be full reacted to create safe, non-harmful compounds.Potentially Toxic material can be chemically reacted at the molecular to encapsulate Potential Toxins.Nanotechnology provides a method for the manipulation of Atomic particles to force predictable behavior of molecules.Why Expansion of Beneficial Use of Coal Ash makes senseCurrent ACI specifications restrict Fly Ash content to 35% of the volume of OPCOPC is only 11% of the makeup of Concrete11.8 million Tons of Fly Ash are utilized in Concrete annually, only 3.5% of the total mass of concreteAggregate makes up 60% of concreteReplacement of Gravel Aggregate with Synthetic Aggregate can increase the amount of Coal Ash in concrete by over 17 times the current amount - totaling to over 200 million tons 200 million tons exceeds the amount of Coal Ash produced annually in the US by over 60 million tonsSynthetic Aggregate from Coal Ash is Siliceous Aggregate used in Acid/Chemically Resistant concrete blends Ideal for Highway and Road Construction

Land FillsComposition of US EPA Approved Landfill for Potentially Toxic Material

Groundwater and runoff protection is required.Leachate collection systems are required.Chemical reduction (Treatment) of leachate is required before disposal.Future land utilization is limited.Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance are required.

Pros and Cons of Land Fill Disposal

Land Fill solutions are not permanent solutions for problems surrounding Coal Ash Impoundments.Land Filling does not eliminate the future risk of catastrophic failures.Land Filling does not eliminate the risk of Civil litigation.Land Filling is not required if Ground Pollution problems are solved.The majority of Coal Ash is Silicon Dioxide which makes up 60% of the Earths crust.Silicon Dioxide is ubiquitous.ProsPotential Toxins are sealed in a protective containerPotentially Toxic material can be located away from public waterwaysA level of Ground Water protection is achievedConsHigh Cost of Implementation, Long Term ObligationTransportation of material is problematicPublic resistance to construction of new Land Fill sites5 Year warranty on liner systems30mil thickness of liners is equal to thickness of a credit cardDisposal of Potentially Toxic leachateExposure of potentially toxic material to workers and publicHigh risk of Civil litigationHigh risk of Environmental Criminal action by US EPAInterference of Environmental entitiesLoss of Corporate Revenue streamTODAYS GOALSGround Water RemediationElimination of Toxic LeachatesPrecipitation of Heavy MetalsPreparation of Beneficial MaterialNew Corporate Profit StreamsReduction of Litigation RiskCOST RECOVERYPROFIT GROWTHPUBLIC SAFETYCEMENT CHEMISTRYBENEFICIAL USE OF COAL ASHSUPER FUND REMEDIATION

By-Product Treatment Via Calcium Polysulfide is a

Patented Process Providing Solutions for