DCCUE ENT RESUME

ED 203 665 IR 009 L352

AUTHn7TITLE Job AiCAt Describ ive Authoring Floucharts for Phase

II - -DES GI' of the Instructional Fyctemii

INSTITUTIONModel.Human resources research Organization, AleK'andria,Va

SPONS AGENcY Army research Inst. for the Behavioral and Socialsciences, AlKanC:ri a, Vi.

PrPORT NO API- RP -B0 -15PUB DATE Hay' 90CONTRACT DAHCi9-76-C-0010NOT" 97p.: Legibility var For related documents, see

IP 009 451-455.

EDrS PRI CE MF01/PCOLL Plus Postage.DPSCrTPTOrS Flow Charts: *Instructional Design; *Instructional

Development: *Job Trainirlq: *Military Training:Models: *Systems Approach; Test Construction:Training Objectives

TDENTIFTErS *Instructional Systems Development Hodel

ABSTFACTThis resource-guide for the use of job aids

( "how- to- do -it" guidance) for activities identified in the secondphase .of the Instructional Systems Development Model (ISD) containsan introduction to the use .of lob aids, as well as descriptiveauthoring flowcharts for Blocks 11.1 through 11.4. The introductionincludes definitions: descriptions of clasSifj.cation systems andflowchart symbols: instructions for' using the-Oob Aid Manual; adescription of the Job Aids Resource Manual; an explanation of thereporting system; information on the use of field surveys and panels:and an example of a closed form Questionnaire together with theprocedures for its administration. A flowchart-is provided for eachof the four activities in Phase II -- DESIGN: CO development ofobjectives, (2) development of tests, CO description of entry.behP,vior, and (4) determination of sequence and structure. (LLS)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.****** ******* t*ep************* *

1,1

US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHEDUCATION A WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

DOCLJAAE NT MAT. BEEN RFULJt ELS EXACTLY AT. fr? EC EtvF _

T"t 1- RTON ORI,AN,!A T f

,AT F_O DO NOT NEELV,AA!N YTCIAL NAT,C,NAL iNTT;T,:TT

ECTECTON TTOSJTC,T,

RE SE CH PRODUCT 80-J5

JOB AIDS: DESCRIPTIVE AUTHORING FLOWCHARTS

FOR PRASE II-DESIGN OF

THE INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT MODEL

MANP ER A,f EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS TECHNICAL ,AREA

MAY 1980

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE fog the BEHAVIORAL and SOCIAL SCIENCES

0

. S ARMY RESEARCH sTIT z

fz 0 R TU E E A F.-, frtri AL

A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of theDeputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

JOSEPH ZEIDNERTechnical Director

FP ANKLIN A. HARTColonel, US AmyComm an d e r

Research accomplished under contractfor the Department of the Army

Human Resources Refearch Organization

r,101-ic

EIDIAL-a=litTliarsil This Research Product may be destroyed when it is no ionger needea. Pieacl do notreturn it to the U.S. Army Research institute for the Behavioral inn Social Sciences.

NuaLL.; This Research Product is not to he construed as An official Onoartment of the Army document in Itsorestnt form.

REPORT DOCUMENTAT!ON PAGE .ac-St! INstri.ttucTitaNs

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o tho - DiVhIPP, IIIPI.1111F1'.T. and C0.41101..Lach JIII) ntd compota'd lit d ittcriptive 1%uthoritut !.1owchart and ,I Joh Aid1'1,11111.1-1. volumt., coverintt Pha!r.e 11-D111-11I, contain:. an Introdnction to Cll.!

o! Ow Joh Aidti and tho Doscriptivo itithorin:; Illy 11.1throurt,h t1.4. Thc trnipplumyniary Joh Aid :-Ianttok for rhatt=n_! II are Jvnilable in

EDIT OH or 7 NOV IS OUSOLFTLDD I Fj '1473 -_ sUNCLAI-ISIPI111)

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Tho Co:vuuer-ased instruytional 00Lt0T0 Te:Im L11 Lhi.J. Army L,archIntituro t!),

mom: in the area of educatton.tt technolov that al-Tilos to milttal-y trainin:01 interest are methods tor rrainin Indivtduals to instruc-tional courseware in reasonable Limo, .1t acceptahle cos. Ai',1 re.-;carch inthis arca is condncted under Arm': Project 2=flTh371-liA794,

I 80 ,:orir Proram.

This lesearen Product is one of a seriu of 11) volumes.desir,aed to provide-;utLinnt..e on the appl:_cation of the Instruerional Systems Development mo,Icl.The work was accompl_shed hr Sr. Russel P. Schutz and Mrs. Jean R. Farrell,Human Resources Research Organization, Contriwt No. DAHC19-78-C-0010 andpersonnel 01 the ARi Inoporu r and Educntional Systems Technical Area. Person-nel itoo thu Directorates of rrainirw Development at Ft. Belvoir, VA and Ft.c:ordon, 0A provided aRsistanee in the evaluation of the work.

/.F.111E.1E.f

Director

JOB HESCKIPTIVF.I .r:-.70,

A!quIro:71nt:

1:11uction:11 flevelopment 1:-11)0C Jr.i!,11!ot i)ni0).

Procdurc:

A scrie!--; oi Joh 11d C r de:--:;LnoJ and dewlcpd for eleh ot liveph;n-;e1 or lho inodoL: ANALY, DIV DF,V[LoP, LIPIA:f1F:',:T, ;Ind COWKOL.i.;ich lob :11.d I ried of 10.,!scri_ptivc AuLhorin l'Iouchart :ind :1 Job .\ it

!,;(11Wilick24 N)producc the product zipecirted hv the HO Mock it cover.

Thcs!o job aids ho used by military train in,,.; peron11,=.1. :11 i7,ecting tho'requirement;-; of che iSD modol

iv

JOB AIDS: DESCRIPTIVE AUTHORING FLOWCHARTS FOIZ 11-DF.SIC:; 0F TIM':

INSTRUCTIONAL ,-;YSTEMS DEVELOPMENT MODEL

CONTLN1

Introduction to the Uso of Joi, ALMJob Aid Rcsour

Job Aids: DL.scriptivo Authorin u FlowchartsISD 11.1 Devolop .. E -1

Job Ai_ds: DescripLivo Autiloriug FlowchnrtsISD 11.2 Develop T-ut .Ti v-1

Job Aids: Doscript:vo Authoring Flowch;Irt,;-ND 11.3 Describe Entry -.1ch']v1 or

Joh Aids: -,Descriptivo Authoring FlowchurtuISD 11.1. Sogneric.-_! and ..... . U=1

THE USE

JOB MO HDJOB AD EzOURCE

9

li °IiROUC- JO

What are Job Aids? ....

r.=

What ;s the Classification System 1..j::-_ad in TRADOC Pan-, et :50-30 andJob Aids?

What Sources of Information Were Used in the Development OfJob Aids?

Wha Job Aids are Presently Available and What Do They Consist of?

1

5

6

What are the Main Parts of the Flowchart Manual? 7

What Flowchart Symbols are Used in the Flowchart Manual? 8

What Instruction is Provided Within the. Flowchart Symbols? 9

What is the Purpose of the Supplemental Information Provided in theFlowchart Manual?, ............... . . 10

What is the Flowchart Block and Page Numbering System? 10

How Do I Use the Job Aid Manual and What are the Main Parts of it? .. 11

What is the Purpose of the Partial Flowcharts at the Top of Some Pages of theJob Aid Manual? .. . .. . ..... . .

What is the Purpose of the Questions Written in Script That Appear on SomePages of the Job Aid Manual?

What is the Purpose of the CoMpleted or Partially Completed Examplesof Worksheets? ..... . . . .. 12

What Does This All Mean and What Do I Do Now? 13

JOB AIDS RESOURCE MANUAL

How Can the Resource Manual Help Me? . . . . . . . ........ ... . 16

What Are Some Sources of Job Significant Data? 17

Which Sources of Data are Included in the Resource Manual? . 17

CODAP

What Is CODAP? . . . . ... .. ... . 20When Should CODAP Reports be Used? . ....... ..... . 21

How are COD: ,P Reports Obtained? 21

LD SURVEYS

What is a Formal Field Survey?

.,Wien Should Formai Field Surveys be Used,How is a Field Survey Questionnaire Designtd?What Should be Included on the Questionnaire?How is a Survey Sample Selected?How is a Questionnaire Survey Conducted?

Pcr

PANELS

26:77

28

Whit is a Panel of Experts39\then is a Panel Used?31When are Subject Matter Experts Used?31When are Recent Job Incumbents andior Supervisors Used? 31

How is a Panel Assembled?31

APPENDICESA Example of a Closed Form Questionnaire 33B Administrative Procedures for Closed Form Questionnaire 37

Five Phases of Instructional Systems Development !SD) 2ISO Blocks in Each of the Five ISD Phases

33 Outcomes of ISD Blocks4

viii

WHAT AR jCo AIDS?

O Job Aids are .ended to be stand-alone, step -by -step procedural guides whichwe hope will you to turn out quality instructional products quicklyand easily, We also hope that they w;11 be equally useful to individuals at allexperiencelevels of the instructional systems development process.

O Job Aids are intended to addrese. real needs P,-c- to the development theJob Aids, instructional technology personnel (individuals like yourself) at theU,S. Army Sigral Center and the U.S. Army Engineer School were surveyed todetermine specific ISD needsthose are in which they had the greatest need forassistance and information. Emphasis placed on satisfying these needs in thedevelopment of the Job Aids.

O Job Aids use the same classification system for identifying the activities thatmust be performed in instructional systems development (ISD) as doesTRADOC Pamphlet 350-30 (Interservice Procedures for Instructional SystemsDevelopment).

WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM USED IN TRADOCPAMPHLET 350-30 AND JOB AIDS?

O TR.A.DOC Pamphlet 350-30 si.gges_- that instructional systems development be ccducted in five phases:

AnalyzeDesign

Develop

Implement

Control

For those of you who are unfamiliar with TRADOC Pamphlet 350-30 we suggestyou read the brief description of each phase of the ISD process as shown inTable 1. In the TRADOC Pamphlet each ISD phase is divided into specificactivities called 1SD 1 *s. Table 2 shows these 1ST) blocks and Table 3 showsthe outcome of each k.

O Job Aids cover the activities required for the three phaseiS of theTRADOC Pamphlet (Le., Analyze, Design, and Develop instr!,1ctiorial systems).The Aids cover each ISD block with in these phases except far 1ST) Block 1.1,Analyze Jpb.

Table 1

FIVE PHASES OF INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT (ISD)

PHASE I

ANALYZE

PHASE II

DESIGN

PHASE III

DEVELOP

THE FIVE PHASES ARE

Inputs, processes, and outputs in Phase i are all based on job information. An inventory tf jobtasks is compiled and divided into two groups: tasks not selected for instruction and tasksselected for instruction. Performance standards for tasks selected for instruction are determinedby interview or observation at job sites and verified by subject matter experts. The analysis ofexisting course documentation is done to determine if all or portions of the analysis phase andother Phases have already been done by someone else following the ISD guidelines. As a finalanalysis phase step, the list of tasks selected for instruction is analyzed for the most suitableinstructional setting for each task.

Beginning with Phase II, the ISD model is concerned with designing instruction using the jobanalysis information from Phase I. The first step is the conversion of each task selected fortraining into a terminal learning obiective. Each terminal learning objective is then analyzed todetermine learning objectives and learning steps necessary for mastery of the terminal learningobjective. Tests are designed to match the learning objectives. A sample of students is tested toinsure that their entry behaviors match the level of learning analysis. Finally, a sequence ofins: uction is designed for the learning objectives.

The instructional development phase begins with the classification of learning objectives bylearning category so as to identify learning guidelines necessary for optimum learning to takeplace. Determining how instruction is to be packaged and presented to the student isaccomplished through a media selection process which takes into account such factors aslearning category and guideline, media characteristics, training setting criteria, and costs.Instructional management plans are developed to allocate and manage all rescx.irCi-N.fprconducting instruction. Inttructional materials are seledted or developed and tried out. Whenmaterials have been validated on the basis of empirical data obtained from groups of typicalstudents, the course is ready for implementation.

Staff training is required for the implementation of the instructional management plan and thePAASE IV instruction. Some key personnel must be trained to be managers in the specified management

IMF'LEMENT .cipalaina.oTnheallinsatfr instructionalrstaff

i il a

must breotroainnmtrainedthe completion

the instruction and collect evaluativempletion of each instructional oicle,

management staff should be able to use the collected information to improve the instructionalsystem.

Evaluation and revision of instruction are carried out by personnel who preferably are neitherthe instructional designers nor the managers of the course under study_ The first activity

PHASE V (internal evaluation) is the analysis of learner performance in the course to determine instancesCONTROLof deficient or irrelevant instruction. The evaluation team then suggests solutions for theproblems. In the external evaluation, personnel assess job task performance on the job todetermine the actual performance of course graduates and other job incumbents. All collecteddata, internal and external, can be used as quality control on .instruction and as input to anyphase of the system for revision.

1 04-1

2

PHASE I

PHASE II

PHASE III

PHASE IV

PHASE V

Table 2

ISD BLOCKS IN EACH OF THE FIVE ISD PHASES

THE

I 1

ANALYZEJOB

N EACH PHASE .ARE:

I.2111,,SELECT

TASKS/FUNCTIONS

CONSTRUCTJOBPERFORMANCEMEASURES

I.4ANALYZEEXISTINGCOURSES

I.5SELECTINSTRUCTIONALSETTING

II I

DEVELOPOBJECTIVES

U .2DEVELOPTESTS

H 300ESCRIBE

ENTRYBERAvIOR

II .aDETERMINESEQUENCE &STRUCTURE

SPECIFYLEARNINGEVENTS!.ACTIVITIES

M.2SPECIFYINSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTPLAN &DELIVERYSYSTEM

M 3REVIEW /SELECTEXISTINGMATERIALS

MDEVELOPINSTRUCTION

M 5VALIDATEINSTRUCTION

IMPLEMENTINSTRUCTIONAL_MANAGEMENTPLAN

2CONDUCTINSTRUCTION

3;( 1 V 2CONDUCT CONDUCTINTERNAL 016 EXTERNAL`EVALUATION EVALUATION

E VISESYSTEM

3 I A

I I I

IV

V

Table 3

OUTCOMES OF ISD BLOCKS

THE OUTCOMES OF E BLOCKS ARE

.1 ... a list of tasks performed in a particular job.

.2. . a list of tasks selected for training.

.3. a job performance measure for each task selected for instruction.

.4... an analysis of the job analysis, task selection, and performance measureconstruction for any existing instruction to determine if these courses areusable in whole or in part

selection of the instructional setting for task selected for instruction.

,1 . a learning objective for and a learning analysis of each task selected forinstruction.

.2... test items to measure each learning objective.

.3. a test of entry behaviors to see if the original assumptions were correct.

.4 the sequencing of all dependent tasks_

.1 .. the classification of learning objectives by learning category and theidentification of appropriate learnin guidelines.

the media selections for instructional development and the instructionalmanagement plan for conducting the instruction.

the analysis of packages of any existing instruction that meets the givenlearning objectives.

.4 .. the development of instruction for all learning objectives where existingmaterials are not available.

field tested and revised instructional materials.

1 documents containing information on tittle, space, student and instructionalresources, and staff trained to conduct the instruction.

.2... a completed cycle of instruction with information needed to improve it forthe succeeding cycle.

.1 . data on instructional effectiveness.

.2 data on job Performance in the field.

.3. instructional system revised on basis of empirical data.

WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION WERE USED IN THEDEVELOPMENT OF JOB AIDS?

Job Aids are not just m re-hash of TRADOC Pamphlet 350-30. We use thesame classification system for ISD phases and the blocks within the phasesas does the TRADOC Pamphlet. However, the guidance aril information providedin the Job Aids come from a variety of sources, the TRADOC Pamphlet beingonly one such source. We have gathered information from any source that wecould locate. If the information was judged to be good it was included in theJob Aids. In some instances the information in the Job Aid is based solely on theeducational technology experience of the project staff.

It is not within the scope of this Introduction to list all sources of informationexamined or used in the development of the Jc.b Aids. However, in additionto TRADOC Pamphlet 350-30 examples of other sources of information wouldinclude the following types:

TRADOC Circulars

DA Pamphlets

Printed Guidance prepared by TRADOC Schools (e.g., U.S. ArmySignal Center)

Army Research Institute Documents

HumRRO publications

Other military and civilian agencies

51

WHAT JOB AIDS ARE PRESENTLY AVA LAKE AND WHAT VCSTHEY CONSIST OF?

There are thh-teen Job Aids presently available. Each Job Aid is comprisedof two documents. A brief description of each is provided below: (Acomplete description of how to use each is given on the pages that follow.)

Descriptive Authoring Flowcharts. The Descriptive Authoring Flowcharts (usulyreferred to as Flowchart Manuals) are the primary documents used in theJob Aids. They direct the user to specific guidance, examples and referencesprovided in the Job Aid Manuals.

Job Aid M_anuals. As stated above, the Job Aid Manuals provide the specificguidance, examples and references necessary to produce the product specifiedby the ISD Block they cover, In addition, each Job Aid Manual contains oreor more Worksheets to use in the development of the product.

Another important part of the Job Aids package is of course the documentyou are presently reading, Introduction to the Use of Job Aids and JobAid Resource Manual.

The specific Job Aids available are: (Flowchart Manual and Job Aids Manualfor each).

Job Aid for Selecting Tasks for Training (ISD 1.2)

Job Aid for Conducting Task Analysis (ISD 1.3)

Job Aid for Analyzing' Existing Courses (ISD 1.4)

Job Aid for Selecting Instructional Settings (ISD 1.5)

Job Aid for Developing Objectiv'es (ISD II.1)

Job Aid for Developing Tests (ISD 11.2)

Job Aid for Describing Entry Behavior (ISD 11.3)

Job Aid for Determining Sequence and Structure (ISD II.4)

Job Aid for Specifying Learning Events and Activities (ISD III.1)

Job Aid for Specifying Instructional Management Plan and DeliverySystem (ISD 111.2)

Job Aid for Review and Selection of Existing Materials (ISD 111.3)

Job Aid for Developing Instruction (ISD 111.4)

Job Aid for Validating InstructiOn (ISD 111.5)

6

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FARTS OF THE FLOWCHART MANUAL?

Scan through a few pages of your Flowchart Manual. Observe the following:

Flowchart symbols used

Instructions or questions within the flowchart symbols

7 Supplemental information opposite most of the flowchart symbols

Flowchart block and page numbering system

For a complete description of each of the main parts of the Flowchart Manualsee the pages that follow.

WHAT FLOWCHART SYM L. ARE USED IN THE FLOWCHART MANUAL?

Flowchart Symbols

Only five symbols are used in the Flowchart Manual. These symbols and theinstructions within them act as a road map to lead you step-by-step throughthe process of developing your particular product. We believe that aii,c.r youhave gotten used to using the Flowchart Manual you will find it a very usefulcontrol document. The five symbols used are as follows:

StartStop Symbol Indicates either the start or stopof the activities called for in theFlowchart Manual,

Decision Symbol Indicates that you must make adecision at this point which willdetermine the path that you takethru the Flowchart Manual.

Manual Symbol Indicates that you are to refer tothe Job Aid Manual for specificadditional guidance or instructionshown in the symbol.

Rectangle Symbol Indicates an activity that must beperformed but does not requirespecific additional guidance orinstruction in the Job Aid Manual.(In some cases the user is giventhe option of going to the JobAid Manual to see a completedexample of the activity called forin the rectangle symbol).

Go To Symbol Indicates a branch to some otherflowchart block. The branch.either be, to a previously encounteredblock or will jump you over blocksthat can be omitted.

WHAT INSTRUCTION IS PROVIDED WITHIN THE FLOWCHARTSY fBOLS?

Each flowchart symbol except the Decision Symbol contains a brief statementof the activity that you are to perform. If this activity requires the completionof part of a Worksheet the specific part of the Worksheet will be identified(remember, each Job Aid includes one or more Worksheets). Decision blocksalways contain a question that can be answered with a yes or no answer. Thebranch you take after the decision block will depend upon your answer.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATIONPROVIDED IN THE FLOWCHART MANUAL?

The supplemental information that is located beside most of the flowchart -mbolsserves the following purposes:

Provides a more complete description of the steps or activities that must beperfcrmed in the 1SD Block you are working in than does the flowchart itself.

Ref2rs you to specific pages within the Job Aid Manual for specific guidance,e;;amples and references needed for completing the activity called for in theflowchart block. (This is associated with the Manual symbol.)

For some flowchart blocks (rectangle symbol) examples of the completed activityare shown in the Job Aid Manual. The supplemental information indicates thespecific page in the Job Aid Manual containing the example. However, the userhas the option of going to the Job Aid Manual to see the example. (The Manualsymbol, on the other hand, requires the user to go to the Job Aid Manual.)

Acts as an executive summary which will allow commanders and supervisors toobtain; a picture of the activities required by the Job Aid without reading theentire Job Aid Manual.

WHAT IS THE FLOWCHART BLOCK AND PAGE NUMBERING SYSTEM?

The flowchart block and page numbering system follows:

Flowchart blocks are numbered so that they can be easily referred to.

The page numbers in each. of the 13 FlowcharirManuals are preceded by anidentifying letter unique to a specific 1SD Block. (E.g., The Flowchart Manualpages for ISD Block .1.Z go from A-1 to A-15 whereas for 1SD Block 1.3 theFlowchart Manual pages go-from 9-1 to B -15.) This same page numbering system

a1sbn used in the Job Aid Manuals.

10

HOW DO I USE THE JOB AID N L AND WHAT ARE THEMAIN PARTS OF IT?

t is unlikely that you will need to refer to every page in the Job Aid Manual.As previously stated, the Job Aid Manuals are used as supplements to the Flow-chart Manuals that direct you to specific pages within the Job Aid Manuals.Therefore, DO NOT ATTEMPT TO USE THE JOB AID MANUALS INDEPENDENTLYOF THE FLOWCHART MANUALS.

Scan through a few pages of your Job Aid Manual. Observe the following:

Partial flowcharts shown at the top of pages

Questions written in script that appear on most pages

Completed, or partially completed examples of Worksheets

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE PARTIAL FLOWCHARTS AT THETOP OF SOME PAGES OF THE JOB AID MANUAL?

When you are referred to the Job Aid Manual you will find a partial flowchart atthe top of the Job Aid Manual page. You_are to remain working with the JobAid Manual until you come to another partial flowchart. Then return to theFlowchart Manual.

The partial flowcharts are identical to those shown in the Flowchart Manual.They serve as an additional reminder of the activity being dealt with at themoment.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE QUESTIONS WRITTEN IN SCRIPTTHAT APPEAR ON SOME PAGES OF THE JOB AID MANUAL?

The questions written in script are our way of telling you what follows. Theyhighligh such things as:

The purpose of performing a certain activity

How the activity is performed

What urces are available for performing the activity arid how good ey are

What the Worksheet looks like after the activity is performed

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE COMPLETED OR PARTIALLYCOMPLETED EXAMPLES OF WORKSHEETS?=

As previously stated, every Job Aid Manual uses one or more Worksheets(located in a pocket at the back or the ManuA.1).= The Worksheets permit you toproduce (and docCiment) the prodtict called for in the ISD Block.

Whenever you are required to make an entry on a Worksheet an example of thattype of entry will be shown in the Job Aid Manual and will usually be circled soas to make it stand out. It is hoped that these examples will give you a clear ideaof what is required on the Worksheet.

12

WHAT 'DOES THIS ALL MEAN AND WHAT DO I DO NOW?

In this Introduction we have attempted to explain the

What Job Aids are

The classification system (ISD Phases and Blocks) used in the Job Aids

Sources of information used M the development of Job Aids

Job Aids presently available

A description of Flowchart Manuals

A description of Job Aid Manua1.4

If you feel that you have an adequate understanding of the above. return to theFlowchart Manual now You will be referred to specific pages in the ResourceManual (the remainder of this document) as you need the information containedin them. Do not attempt to read the Resource Manual now.

RETURN TO THE FLOWCHART MANUAL NOI1V.

13(j e^

JOB AIDS RESOURCE MANUAL

HOW CAN THE RESOURCE MANUAL 'HELP ME?

The purpose of this resource manual is to assist you in the formation of a data-based system for decision making in the Analysis Phase of the Instructional SystemsDevelopment (ISD). In order to make logical and objective decisions based on conditionsand needs in the field, you must collect, organize, analyze, and document job significantdat. (information). Such data includes many specifics under the broad categories ofjob oackgound data, target population data, and critical task data. The specificationsof specific data requirements and sources of this data should be part of the overall 'Job Analysis Plan.

16

tiU

WHAT ARE SUMS SOURCES OF JOB SIGNIFICANT DATA?

There are many sources of data to support a job analysis.

These sources include such things -s:

O Technical Manuals

Ad Manuals

Army Regulations

Circulars and Phampletr,

Programs of instructic:

o Soldier's ualsPrevious aik Lists-

O Documentation from the Systems Engineering a

Reports from, outside agencies, i.e., Army Research Institut HurnRRO,and other military and civilian research organizations

Internal Research Reports

O Tables of Organization and Equipment and Tables of D.iqt on andAllowances

Civilian Publications (tech 'ical journals and professional publications)

Equipment Modification Work Orders

o CODAP (Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Pro )

Field Surveys

o Panels of Experts

WHICH SOURCES OF DATA ARE INCLUDED IN THE RESOURCEi1ANUAL?

Each of the sources listed is useful for fulfilling specific needs in the Analysis Phaseof ISD. The Job Analysis Plan should specify exactly which items of data will be neededand the recommended source(s) for each item. In this way all the data can be accessed andready for use as soon as it is needed. The last three sources on the list, CODAP, FieldSurveys, and Consensus Groups or Panels, are frequently cited in the Job Aids forspecific items of information. How to use these sources is the subject of this manual.

17

019

WHAT TS CODAt

To provide personnel managers and train_ ing mareaige- ith the reliable job dataneeded for job and task analysis, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel has selected thoccupational survey questionnaire for data collect-ion and COP AP (ComprehensiveOccupational Data Analysis Programs) as the system for processing, reporting, and anal-yzing this data The combination of questionnaire and COD ,F is currently. being usedall the U.S. Armed Forces to support occupational survey and job analysis efforts,This an irate _1 data system provides information in such areas as: duties and tasksperformed by :ob and duty incumbents: types of equipment, tools, and vehicles usedand main tamed: special skills and knowledge which must be met by job incumbents:quality and quantity of _wining received or required; physical and mental demands: andspecial items pertaining to personal and job background information, work environment,and lot sxisfy.2ti,:m.

20

SHOULD OV= P REPORTS E USE??

Whenever data has already been prepare CODAP it should be used in preferenceto school conducted surveys in order to prevei t duplication of effort. CODAP has thecapability of supplying all your data needs. It is the responsibility of each Army serviceschool to initially provide the Army Occupational Survey Prouam with the input it musthave to supply your job analysis needs, and also to develop a job analysis plan whichallows sufficient time to access the nece :sary data.

Of particular use in job analysis are Group Summary Repons, The Job Aidssuggest that you obtain these reports for documenting such information as: tasksperformed in each duty position (ask for GPSUM6 report for your MOS), and percentageof soldiers in the skill level performing each task (ask for GPSUM 2).* Given sufficientlead time CODAP can also make up special reports to provide ratings on Lask selectionfactors such as. nme to train 04E, consequences of inadequate performance, and proba-inlitl, perioimance (ask for FM:SUM report).

HOW ARE Ot AP REPORTS OBTAINED?

in order to obtain CODAP data you should first check with your super -isc to seethe information you need has already been accessed. If it has not, write to:

CommanderUS Army Military Personn,ATTN: DAPC-MSP-D2611 Eisenhower AvenueAlexandria, VA 22311

or call:

93 (AUTOVON 221-9272/9493).

Allow at least three weeks for the reports to arrive at your school. The necessarylead time could be much longer if you are requesting special information which CODA?has not yet collected. It is recommended that you obtain the two official guides fromMILPERCEN: the US Army Military Occupational Data Bank, and the US Army Occupa-tional Survey i'rog arn.

"Keep in mind that these percentages are baste on the peacetime conditions in which spresently being surveyed. Adjustments should be made for combat tasks.

1

pI,

23

WHAT IS A FORMAL FIELD SURVEY?

A formal field survey is similar to the type of questionnaire survey conductedthe Army Occupational Survey Promm, only it is conducted by inszniction:A developmentpersonnel within an Army service schooL

The use of questionnaires permit the job analysis team to make limited contact withlarge numbers of personnel; thus large amounts of information can he collect&J at a rela-tively low cost. Questionnaires can be mailed to personnel who are asked to completeand return them, or they can be administered to ,groups of job incumbents andfor super-visors by local personnel who have the responsibility and authority to make sure allquestionnaires are completed and returned.

WHEN SHOULD FORMAL FIELV SURVEYS SE USED?

Whenever time does not allow Vod to access information from the Army Occupa-tional Survey Prom-am, an alternate data collection metnod may he used Formal fieldsurveys are suggested as an alternate data source in the ISD Joh Aids, Should You decideto conduct a formal field survey h sure to obtain permission from NIILPERCEN inaccordance with the guidelines m AR 600-46.

HOLE( 1S A FIELD SURVEY PUESTI INA7 RE DES G

Types of Questionnaire's

There are two types of questionnaires, the closed form and the open form. Wesuggest using the closed form, which contains a it of possible items to be selected or-blanks to be filled in with words or numbers. (For an example of a closed form ques-tionnaire, see Appendix A. This form has several advantageses over the other alternative,the open form. It is Likely to take a minimum. amount of time to fill out, thus increasingthe chances that it will be completed and returned. The process of tabulating and summarizing responses is simpler and less time consuming than with an open form questionnaire.Machine tabulation and computer analysis of the completed forms are practical when alarge number of questionnaires is used.

A properly designed closed form questionnaire is difficult to prepare. The designermust he sure to include all possible respor;es expected from any of the soldiers whowill complete the questionnaire. The items must be constructed on the fori-n so thatthey clearly communicate to the user exaztly what the designer is trying to ask. Thegreatest single problem with research methods is improperly worded questionnaires, as theyproduce faulty data. If you intend to design your own questionnaires we suggest consult-ing the following guides:

J.E. and Archer. W.B. Procedural guide for conducting occupationalsurveys in the United States Air Farce (PRL-TR-67-11). Lackland AirForce Base, Texas: Personnel Research Laboratory, Aerospace MedicalDivision, Air Force Systems Command, September 1967.

Jacobs, T.0.- Developing c:uestionnaire items: how to do it well. HumanResources Research Orvanization (HumRRO), 300 North Washington Street,Alexandria, Virginia 22314.

25

WHAT SHOULD E INCLUDED ON THE QUESTIONNAIRE?

The details of inO forms you use be determined by:

1. how you will tabulate and summarize the results

2. what information you wish to collect.

How you will tabulate and summarize results will be determined by whether youhave available a computer and other automated data handling equipment and by thenumber of people surveyed_ To determine what information you wish to collect, youshould consider the total data requirement for the training development process. Thesedata requirements should be predetermined in the job analysis plan so that as much infor-mation as possible can be obtained in a single questionnaire survey effort.

One note of caution about the de-sign of your questionnaire is that you should keepthe questionnaire as short as practical. In general, the forms should be designed so theycan be completed in two hours or less. One way you can save time on a complextask inventory is to list all tasks under their appropriate duty position title. Thiswill permit the soldier to rapidly scan gaups of tasks not performed and then pro-ceed to the next duty position.-

WHAT TYPE OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING ANDAD INISTERING THE QUESTIONNAIRES SHOULD BE PREPARED?

After the formal field survey questionnaires have been written, the instructions forcompleting and administering the questionnaires should be prep_ ued. These instructionsshould include:

For the user

For the pr_ t ct officer

(When questionnaire is

not self-administered)

an introduction explaining the purpose andimportance of participating in the fielrl survey.

general instructions explaining how the questionnaireis to be completed.

general instructions regarding responsibilities.

specific instructions for administering the ques-tionnaire in a controlled environment.

For examples of these types of insti

26

see AppendLx B.

SUR SAMPI E ECTED':

You are now ready to select orga, Lions and individuals to provide you with theneeded job data The complexity of the and quality of publishedsources of job information, and the number of people in the particular job will determinehow much and what kinds of information you need to collect. This will stronglyinfluence the makeup and size of your sample. If the complexity and amount of requireddata are great, the number of organizations and individuals interviewed will increase. Asa general rule, your survey sample should be as large as possible. This is particularly trueif you do not have personnel available with the responsibility and authodty to assure thatmost of your questionnaires will be completed. You should make an attempt to obtain asample that represents the distribution of -individuals in the 'dOS according to commandand skill level. Revie,,v of personnel records, either by personnel employees, members ofyour job analysis team, or Four field representatives who will conduct the survey will bereouired to obtain data upon which to ha.se choices for your survey.

In selecting UNITS for .amplinu, you should select units that:

1, have at least a small number of job holders and supervisors who do theparticular job to be analyzed. Preferably, you should choose some unitsthat have a relatively small number of job holders, and some that havelarge numbers.

2, are geographically and environmentally representative.

In selecting INDIVIDUALS within the units, you should select a groupof individuals who:

1. perform and supervise the job being analyzed

2. perform with average satisfactory proficiency

3, are representative in terms of length of time on the job4, are representative in terms of training,

p

For certain types of information you will also want to choose at least a few job holders orsupervisors who are acknowledged experts at the job.

HOW I 4 QUE TIONNAIRE

rial Run (Validation of Inst

Before sending out the total number o ionnaires You intend using, you maywish to send out a small number. This will per:nit you to check the initial results andpossibly make some changes in your questionnaires or instructions. Then you will sendout What you hope 'ill the total number of questionnaires required.

o Group Administration

The ich way to administer questionnaires is poup administration. Where thelocal responsible official and his assistants schedule- the administration he should do

Make certain that only eligible individuals are seated in the admin stration areaRead the administrative instructions

Provide any necessary assistance in completing the questionnaires

Return the completed questionnaires to the school

Individual Administration

Often, particularly with individuals at remote stations, group administration isimpractical. In these cases, it is sometimes effective to send the questionnaires to aresponsible officer and request that they be returned by a reasonable suspense date.Careful attention should be paid to the instructions for administration or self-administration. If your command has no authority to require that a suspense datebe met. :hen you must either obtain the concurrence of a command with thatauthority, or be willing to accept a reduced percentage return.

Return of Questionnaires

How much confidence can you have in the validity of your questionnaire if youget less than a 100 percent return? Less and less confidence can be expected with eachreduction in the percentage returned. What can you do if you are not satisfied with thepercentage of returns of the questionnaires? We suggest you try the following:

1) Send out more forms to different people and hope for better results.Recontact some of the LA sample and try to encourage them to returnthe questionnaires.

3) Visit a random sample of those who did not respond and compare theirforced responses with the voluntary responses. Then you and your super-visors will have to decide how much chance you are willing to take thatthe data you have received presents a sufficiently accurate picture of thejob as it really exists.

P, 7,7 77 (77

29

WHAT I A PANEL OF EXPERTS-(

INI:n this method a group of personnel, selected for their expenence and knowledgeof the jc l). is brought together to confer about the required job analysis data. Panels maybe made up of one or more of the following types of members:

1) Subject Matter Ex -erts (SMEs)

These are -erionnel found at yaw: school who are acknowledged expertsin the tasks, duty positions or MOS you are analyzing. They may hefound among instructors or ISD personnel who hold the NIOS. SMEsmay or may not have had recent field experience.

21 Job Incumbents

This group includes those who are presently holding the jobs /performingthe tasks/ you are interested in, or who hav,=, recently held the jobs. Themore recent the better. More than three years away from the field woulddisqualify a potential pane: member.

Supe o

This r:oup includes t i. se who are presently or have recen (v thin thepast three years) supemtsecl soldiers in the jobs/tasks you are interested in

Job incumbents and job supervisors may be fount: on the post where your school islocated or at other locations. Check the TOES and TOAs to find out where personnelmay be assigned. While personnel assigned to your post are most conveniently assembled,they may not be completely reprezentative of job incumbents/supervisors serving in otherlocations. Also, they probably have been heavily burdened by school surveys, panels, etc.,already due to their proximity to the school. Therefore, personnel from other locationsmay have to be used.

30

murk /cv I L;*

Panels of

PANEL USED?

s are a good source when:

CODAP is not available

time and funds are inadequate for conducting a field survey

the type of information required can be reliably provided by a small group

EN ARE SUBJECT MAU i-LIR EXPERTS USED?

With this method, a group of highly experienced personnel is brought together torecord Lrld thr, rF2qui:cd job analysis datz. This method is pcwtieulazly useful incollecting job data on new jobs or on managerial and supervisory jobs where many ofthe most critical behaviors are not directly observable. Since the members of a panel ofSMEs are experts in the 'SOS being analyzed, their collective effort should be decisionsabout the requirements of the job. In general, their greatest effectiveness is in evaluatingand making decisions about job data that have been collected from other sources byother means.

HEN ARE RECENT JOB INCUMBENTS AND/OR SUPERVISORS USED?

With this method, a group of job incumbents, job supervisors, or a combination ofthese. is brought together to provide information about their jobs. The primary functionof this type of panel is to provide information about their jobs, not to make decisions.Another name for this type of panel is Consensus Group.

HOW IS A PANEL ASSEMBLED?

The panel is a relatively inexpensive and easy approach to collecting data. Three toseven persons is the number recommended to make up the panel. Whenever possible, youwant panel members to be representative of different locations and types of units in thefield. While many experts may be available within your school it is critical that theirviews be balanced by those of persons serving presently or recently in the field. If all ofthe panel members come from schools, there may be a tendency for the outcome to reflectwhat exists in training rather than what actually exists on the .job.

4

let-an

UMW

2i

ea,

luj %.-.7:9 clak, u at LJL

JOB INVENTORY(DUTY TASKIISTI

1 Cluck tasks you perform now 1 1

2. Add any Mks you do now which are not lwr

3 In the "Tian Spent" column, rate phecktod tasks on time tom

Tune1 = VERY MUCH EE LOW Ai/EAAGE 4 - ABOUT AVERAGE7 = BELOW AVERAGE 5 - SLIGHTLY ABOVE AVERAGE3 - SLIGHTLY BELOW AVERAGE 6 - ABOVE AVERAGE

9711t 0KM1I0

in yOur Dre Arm fob

Page 7 of 4C P

1 - VERY MUCH ABOVEAVERAGE

C FITTING AND MAINTADOND LIFE RAFT! AND PRESERVERSCHECK IPDONE INPRESENT

JOB

TIME SPENTDOING THESE

TASKS INPRESENT JOB

I. C3aan lila prweeewl

2. Own III. ten

3. COnclerrin nonelowaffie life rafts or life

4, art Ma orwiNven45

S. InoaacT life Onnarvaft

Id. raft acoaasoroa47

7. -in id miff

S. inks rr weiaAt twe eadffoo dioxide 1CO2) Window or anr-44474

E. Mali. antrl or of rrrlarr _it rr 0 to forms (AFT() FOrrn,MXII

10, s olt ar rwwn Lit. Pt-UW*0 Innaactioo Doe Beeped 1 wipe (WO Com 220 S1

11. Milii ws o i or risaw. Life Hid Ir 1Dn Alcoa, fount f AFT() Form 3371 Sl

12, PA.10 antrlia on or r.s.aw Corlitic9909 1.690 fOrmi IAFTO FOmt 771

13. Pack lila ntaaanata1.

14 Ogee ode rift

15. isack Ida WTI

113. Pirform functiOnal tarn of lila 01144"44r47_ .

17. Pattern% Ii n0110eat Wan of Ids refer-----117. Perform erns-Owl wits id.dte orwwww

19. Parlonn inflanmon nett of Ilia rert

, 7minor raarrel to lite arsanNota audr m ataLlting raw. 'mss, or natal 1

. o

1Corrtiroanntat tanplAl,im=iiiii.=1=,:r....ii,

34

JOB INVENTORYU TT-TASK LIST) nixorraxo Page B 01 aal

I Check tasks you OPITOrm 1 CI

7. Add arty tasks you do now ssitich are not hsted

3, In Me -Twist SOOrle. column, rate Oteckod riKtisks on tune writ in your of cient job

Time Spent _ eI - VERr MLICH BELOW AVERAGE a ABOUT AVERAGE 7 -

2 BELOW AVERAGE 5 - SLIGHTLY ABOVE AVERAGE

3 . SLIGHTLY BELOW AVERAGE 6 = ABOVE AVERAGE

VERY MUCH ABOVEAVERAGE

G. FITTING AND MAINTAINING LIFE RAFTS AND PRESERVERS (CONTINUED!CHECK IFDONE INPRESENT

JOB

TIME SPENTDOING THESE

TASKS INPRESENT JOB

21. Rolla CO7 oshnOsYs

__. Sand 1110 raft oprOOrwmol got r#OnOor$ lo other olonain IOr On=1. ret HI, or FIVIVOMOn 63

stom Ids tatty or IR. of000rron

IF A TASK THAT YOU PERFORM IS T LISTED ANYWHERE IN THE ENTIRE Mr.WRITE IT IN THE BLANK SPACES aeLovv.

-35

12

Appendix

AM NISTRATIVE PROCEDURES

FOR

CLOSED FORM QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Introduction (for user of questionnaire)

2. General Instructions (for user of questionnaire)

3.- General Instructions (for project officer)

4. Specific Instructions for Administering Questionnaire(for project officer when questionnaire is administeredin a controlled environment.

37

TO: USER OF QUESTIONNAIRE

INTRODUCTION

.70 THE NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER:

This questionnaire is part of a field survey designed to identify tasks for militarypolice training. Its specific purpose is to obtain from you, the Noncommissioned Officer,information on task criticality and frequency of performance. Feedback gained from

this questionnaire will play a major part in redesigning the Noncommissioned OfficerAdvanced Education System. The ultimate goal is to design training so that it reflectswhat we have learned from you in the field. This goal is possible only with your fullcooperation. Consider each task listed in this questionnaire carefully and give your bestresponse. Your contribution is essential to a successful survey.

38

TO: USER OF QUESTIONNAIRE

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Complete this survey questionnaire within the time specified by your unit projectofficer and return it to him upon completion.

Because instructions for completing each part of this survey questionnaire aredifferent, read all instructions carefully.

Part II requires that you supply biographical information. This information will beused to correlate feedback received from the field. Print all answers in the spacesprovided on the appropriate survey questionnaire page.

4. In the upper right corner of each page of Part III, Task Inventory, of this 'Airveyquestionnaire is,.a BOOKLET NUMBER block. -Immediately to the left ofblock is the individual booklet number. Print.the individual booklet number L. theBOOKLET NUMBER block on each page of the Task Inventory as demonstrated inthe escarnnle.

EXA PLE:

(000345)

BOOKLET NUMBER

2 11 4 5 6 7 9

0 2 7 8

2 4 6 7 8 9

Part III, Task Inventory, is divided into nine (9) separate sections (Sections I-IX).The content of these sections concerns tasks you may perform in your present dutyacsignrnent. You are asked to rate each task in accordance with three criteria -

frequency of task performance, immediacy of task performance, and importance oftask to mission success.

Base all selections on your experience in your present duty assignment.

a. Column A requires that you rate how often you perform each task on a scalefrom one to four. The criterion for this rating is the frequency of task per-formance. Those tasks performed most frequently will normally be rated fourwhile those tasks not performed at all will be rated one.

39

b. Column B requires that you determine how soon you must be capable of per-forming each task after reporting to your present duty assignment. The cri-terion Tor this rating is the immediacy of task performance. Of the fouirpossible responses, select the one most nearly describing your requirements.Select response number four for those tasks which you must be capable ofperforming immediately upon rep_ orting for duty. Select response number onefor those tasks which you never perform.

Column C requires that you describe, in your op, ',ow important eachtask is to mission success. The criterion for this ra.1nj is the importance ofthe task to the accomplishment of the_unit mission. Those tasks that, inyour opinion, are most important to mission success will be rated four whilethose tasks that you consider least important will be rated one.

. After selecting, enter your responses for each task, using either a pen or pencil, inthe answer portion adjacent to the appropriate task statement as demonstrated inthe example.

EXAMPLE: The task PREPARE CORRESPONDENCE, if rated as performed- FREQUENTLY in Column A, identified as must be capable of performing

IMMEDIATELY in Column B, and determined by you to be MOSTIMPORTANT in Column C, would be entered in the answer portion, asshown below.

PREPARE CORRESPONDENCE 2

DI It! fl 17. After each section of Part III, Task Inventory, is a Write-In Section. These write-in

sections are provided in order that you, may comment on each task inventory section,or list any task(s) you-think should be included in the Task Inventory. These sectionsalso allow you to comment on those tasks that you find are the most difficult foryou to perform.

40

TO: PROJECT OFFICER

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PROJECT OFFICER

General. The Police School is currently involved in redesigning basic--military police training to produce military policemen better equipped to performwhen they reach the unit. The emphasis is toward training replacements in tasksactually being performed in the field. The questionnaires in this packet are designedto identify those tasks.

The care with which you, the project officer, administer the questionnaires willdetermine the accuracy of field feedback and, consequently, the success or failureof this project.

Survey Packet Contents.

a. Questionnaire

b. Supervisor Questionnaire

C. Project Officer Instructions

d. Answer Sheets for Questionnaire

e, Pencils for use on answer sheets.

. Responsibilities.

a. Unit Commander. The unit commander is requested to appoint a project officerand to monitor administration of the survey.

b. Project Officer. The project officer is responsible for the control and handlingof questionnaires. for the administration of the questionnaires, and for returning

.completed and unused questionnaires to the Military Police School.c. Questionnaire Administrator. The project officer may appoint someone to

administer the questionnaire, if` necessary. Normally, however, it is recom-mended that the project officer administer the questionnaire himself.

About the Questionnaires.

Questionnaire. This questionnaire is designed to identify tasks being performedby military policemen in the field and the frequency with which each taskis performed.

Supervisor Questionnaire. The supervisor questionnaire is programmed to pro-vide feedback on task criticality, probability of deficient performance, and thefrequency with which each task is performed.

41

Who Takes The_ uestionnaire. The project officer is responsible for selectingindividuals to take the questionnaires (respondents) within their units. Thoseselected must meet the requirements listed below:

a. The questionnaire respondent must:(1) Be in an M.P. duty assignment (actually performing M.P. duties)

(2) Have been on the job at least 90 days

b. The respondent to the Supervisor Questionnaire must:(1) Command or supervise M.P. personnel(2) Have been in a command or supervisory position in the unit for 90 days.

(Assign questionnaires proportion' ly among officers and NCO's.)

uestionnaire Administration

a. Questionnaire. The questionnaire will be administered in a controlled environ-ment. Persons: participating in the survey will be allowed two hours, to completethe questionnaire and will turn the questionnaire and answer sheets in to thequestionnaire administrator prior to leaving the survey Individual question-naires and their accompanying answer sheets will be kept together.

See attached item for the procedure to be followed in administering thequestionnaire:'

Supervisor Questionnaire. Supervisors selected as respondents for this ques-tionnaire will be allowed to sign for the questionnaire and take it with them.They will complete the questionnaire and return it to the project officer withina time frame he specifies. This time flame must be compatible with thesuspense date to the Military Police School.

Questionnaire Handling. Questionnaires and answer sheets become FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY when completed. For ease of accounting, each questionnaire, and itsaccompanying answer sheczs are numbered. All questionnaires must be returned tothe Military Police School whether they are used or not. Instructions for returningthe questionnaires to the Military Police School are contained in the basic letter.If you have any problems or questions, contact (NOTE: Give name or names,address, and telephone number).

42

TO: PROJECT OFFICER ADMINISTERING QUESTIONNAIRE IN A CONTROLLEDENVIRONMENT

ADMINISTERING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

. -1. Preparation. A classroom or training room equipped with desks will provide themost ideal site for administering the questionnaire. Questionnaires, answer sheets,and two electrographic pencils should be issued to participants after everyone whois to take the questionnaire has arrived. This ensures that everyone starts together.

A-2. Instructions. The questionnaire administrator present the following instructions.a. "Is there anyone here who is not working in an M.P. duty position? Is there

anyone here who has not been assigned to their present duties at least 90 days?If so, please leave at this time,"

b. "Will everyone at this time please read the first page in the questionnaire whichhas been issued to you."

(Note to the administrator: It must be emphasized that your enthusiasm forthis project or lack of it will be contagious. It is important that you demon-strate a positive attitude to the participants. Allow time for the first page tobe read and underline the importance of the questionnaire with the followingstatement.)

"I would like to stress the importance of this questionnaire. The MilitaryPolice School wants to design training to fit the job in the field. You arethe only people who can tell them what they need to know. Please thinkthrough each question and give your best answers."

c. "Turn to Part I, Biographical Information, and answer questions 1-13.When you have finished, lay your pencil on the desk so I will know whento proceed to the next step."

"Now read the instructions found in Part II . " "

(Note to the admMistrator: Allow reasonable time for everyone to finish beforemoving to the next step.)

-Are there any questions?"

you read in the instructions, there are nine answer sheets accompanyingyour questionnaire. Take the answer sheets and number them one throughnine to correspond to the first nine sections in Part III of the questionnaire.If you do not have nine answer sheets, raise your handI have extra ones.Use a separate answer sheet for each section. Answer only the number ofquestions listed in each and move to the next section and answer sheet. Itis not necessary to write your name, rank, the date, or course at the topof the answer sheet. Also, disregard the blocks marked score, grade, extrapoints, and social security number."

g.

"Because of the size of this survey, these answer sheets will be read bymachine. You must use the special pencils provided so that the machine canread the answers. When marking your answer, take care to fill the verticalrectangle outlining the letter as shown by the example on page 4 of theinstructions. Also, please be sure not to make any stray marks on theanswer sheets. Finally, do not fold the answer sheets."

-All answers must be based on your experience in this Your present unit. Donot call on experience in previous units. This means that if you do not per-form a particular task in your present unit, you must mark 'do not performthis task' on your answer sheet."

"You may begin answering Part III. Remember Section ten, the writtensection. When you finish answering all questions, insert your answersheets into the questionnaire and turn them in to me. You may leavewhen you are finished. Are there any questions ?"

Conclusion. After everyone has taken the questionnaire. enure that all ques-. tionnaires and answer sheets are accounted for. Collect the pencils provided so

that they may be returned to the Military Police School along with the question-naires and answer sheets.

44

JOB AIDS:

DESCRIPTIVE ITHORING FLOWCHARTS

ISD 11.1 L..,elop Objectives

This is the 5th in a series of ISD Job Aids for use in instructional design anddevelopment. This volume will direct you to specific guidance, examples, and referencesprovided in the supplementary manual "Job Aid for Developing Objectives ISDIf you do not nave the supplementary manual, request it from your supervisor.

HaveYou Read the

Introduction to the Usof Job Aids

Yes,

2

Introduction to the Useof Job Aids

ISIS 11.1 Develop Objectives

This introduction provides the user withinstruction on the basic structure of theJab Aids and guidance for their use.

Have YouUsed This Jab Aid

Before

No.

4

Yes

Want to Seean Overview of This

Jab Aid

Yes

Overview of DevelopingObjectives Job Aid

.3

Refer to Introduction.

Overview includes:GoalObjectivesProductsWill steps in processWorksheets usedDescriptive flawchait

For detailed overview, see Manual,page E4.

This question asks: Do you have the Task Summary-Sheets for all the tasks for which you aredeveLopingobjectives?

Task Summary Sheets are made up tar each taskpresented in the Soldier' Manual (SM). They aredirect translations of the Task 4ribly-sis Worksheetsinto SM format.

Guidance for Obtaining/Preparing Task SummarySheets

InstructionalSettings Available

Read Task S atement &Terminal LearningObjective (ILO)Guidelines

Guidance for Obtaining/Preparing rianalSettings seleciir,

Task Summary Sheets should be available asoutput from,ISD 1,3 Conduct Task. Analysis, or-

- in the Soldier's Manual.

If procedures for prepbrlYSTask Summary Sheetswere not complete, go to Job Aids: DescriptiveAuthoring Flowcharts, page- B-1.

When Task Summary Sheets have been obtained,return to Block G.

This.quesiion asks: Do you know the instructionalsetting for each task among the Task SummarySheets?

Instructional settings'should be availableas out-put from ISO 1.5 Select Instructional Setting.

If procedures for selecting instructional settingswerq not complete, go to Job Aids: DescriptiveAuthoring Flowcharts, page 0-1. (Instructionalsettings are also listed in the Commander's Manual).

When instructional settings have been obtained,return to'Block 8.

Guidelines give an explanation of the relationship between the-task statement andits terminal learning objectives (TL0):

For further explanation, see Manual, page E-12,

E:4

Obtain Firs /NextLearning ObjectivesDocumenta ion Sheet(LOD Shee )

12

Complete,Section I ofLOD Sheet

13

Select Firsr/NeXt TaskSummary7Sheet-:.

14

Record Task Number &Instructional SettingShown on Task SummarySheet[Section Il, LOD Sheet!

15

Accept/Re-write TaskAction Statement for Usein TLO. Record on LODSheet[Section II, LOD Sheet!

ISD 11.1 Develop Objectives

Tne learning Objectives Documentation Sheet is used in this block to record:theterminal learning objective (TLO) for a task.all task..ciments and enabling skills and knowledges (S&K) determined bylearning,ano./sis process.all the learning objectives (L05) for the TLO.

, learning categories/subcategories.

Column E will be completed in ISO !I.4, sequence and structure objectives.

For guidance on obtaining the LO 0 Sheet, see Manual, page E.15.

Section I includes the following identifying information:Name/Office SymbolDateCourse

For example, see Manual, page E-17.

For example, see Manual, page E -19.

For guidance in determining whether the task action statement is acceptable as aTLO action statement, 's cs,Manual, page E-213. Manual also proyides guidancefor re-writing action statement when. necessary.

16

Accept /Rewrite TasCondition SLItement furUse in TLU, Record onLOU Sheet.[ Section II, LOD Sheet!

18

Accept/Re-write TaskStandards Statement forUse in ILO. Record onLOD Sheet.[Section II, LOU Sheet]

Obtain Materials forI Constructing Learning

19

20

Record AppropriateInformation on LearningPyramid Cards

Examine fir] /NextTask Element'nn TaskSummary Sheet

Fur guidance in determining whether the task conditions statement is acceptableas a TLO conditions statement, see Manual, page L-211. Manual also providesguidance for re-writing conditions statement when necessary.

O For guidance in determining whether tie task standards statement is acceptableas a TLO standards statement, see Manual, page E-27. Manual also providesguidance for re-writing standards statement when necessary.

* This Mock begins the learning analysis process. Learning Analysis is a graphicdisplay of the task elements with their enabling skills and knowledges, in theformat of a "learning pyramid."

Materials include special 3" X 5" cards and large sheets of paper and tape,

For guidance on obtaining materials for Learning Pyramids, see Manual,page E-30-

o There are two kinds of Learning Pyramid (LP) cards:White cards on MHO task number, instructional setting, learning objectivenumber, and TLO action statement are recorded in this step.

= Yellow cards on which only the task number is recorded in this step.

For further information and guidance, see Manual, page E-31.

o Task element is examined to determine if it is unitary. II not, it is brokendown into individual actions.

For further inforMation, see Manual, page E-33.

E -6

21(--Record nt noLearning PY amid (LP)Card

22

[°meteoric/RecordLearning Category/Subcategory oll LP Card

23

Determine Assumed EntryLevel Skills & Know ledges

of Target PfinflIation

Perform LearningAnalysis on Task FiemenUsing yellow LP Cards ra -

Record Actual Statements

Oil I

page E-34,HIM] IdSk L

O There are tllree IfIf:ling gories anI Mental

1. identify Obittcp,-, Symbols2. Recalling Int ['filiation3, Discriminating4. Classifying5, Rule Learning a,6. Decision-Making

For further information and guidance, see Manual, page E-35.

Using

ISD 11,1 Develop Objectives

!',0, mdnudi,

nine subcategories:II Physical

1. Gross Motor Skills2. Responsive Motor Skills

III Attitudinal1. Attitude Learning

© The level of detail of the analysis is based on the assumed entry level(prerequisite) skills/know/ledges of the soldiers who will he receiving theinstruction based Tin these objectives.

o For further information and guidance, see Manual, page EH.

9 The Learning Analysis, displayed by the Learning Pyramid, identifies thehimarchy (from simple to complex) of skills and knowledges required forperformance of the task element.

For further informatine and guidance, see Manual, page E,39.

Learning....--"--Analysis Per 'owned

or All Task Elements

E.7

26

Combine Py winds IOCWhole Task and RecordLetter/Number on EachLP Card

27

have Another SME orSupervisor CheckLearning Pyramids forCompleteness andAccuracy

28

Revise Learninas Necessary

29

mils

Examine First/NextLearning Pyramid

Record Task ElementAction Statement WithNumber[Section ill (A),LOD Sheet)

I ilL! Learning Pyramids for each task element arc combined and numbered toshow the task as a whole. This helps determine how complete the learninganalysis is.

O For quidaiice, See Manual, page LAI.

O Check by another subject matter expert will reveal any additions /deletions/changes required in analysis.

O This block begins the process of documenting the learning analysis on apermanent record.

to The action statement at the top of the pyramid is recorded.

O For example, see Manual, page E:48.

L1

E-8

ISD I1.1 Develop Objectives

31

LearniniiCategory[ Section III (0),LOU Sheet l

Thu learning cdtegmyfor each element.

For example, see M,

,E11 tLr: u1.!ri)unt

nttl, page E49.

I 1=i Pyr

32

Record ALL EnablingMIK Shown Under TaskElement in LearningPyramid [Section III (A),LOD Sheet]

Task elements are copied u7 order, That is: AA.1A.1.1A.1.2B

9.1etc.

O For example. see Manual, page E-50_

Have AllLearning Pyramids

Been Examined

No On toBlock

29

Yes

34

Examine First/Next TaskElement or Enabling S84)([Section III (A),LOD Sheet]

35

[Determine r LearningObjective (LO) Shouldhe Written

o This question asks: Have all elements with theirassociated skills and knowledges been recorded inSection III Ann the LOD Sheet?

o This block begins the process of determining which task elements and enablingskills and knowledges need to he trained, i.e., require a learning objective_- to hewritten.

* An objective does not need to be written for every task element or enablingknowledge and skill of a task.

* For further explanation, see Manual, page E-52.

[Jrte Tinsfask Llernem or

Enabling SNK Beginan LLt .,----

38

Assign and Record aNumber. (section Ill (B),LOO Sheer!jLP Card)

40

Deter mine irlecordLearning category furEnabling S&K SectionIII (0), LOO Sheet!1LP Cordl

No

a Record "None" I SectionIII (5), LOn Shoed and[ LP Card)

0 place Card in SeparateStock

Have AllTask Elements andEnabling OK Been

Examiner'7

Yes

0

0 For examples of LOB Street and LearningPyramid Cards when this information hasbeen recorded, see Manual, page E-51.

LO number is a combination of the last fourdigits of the task number and the letter/numbercombination assigned to each task element or enablingskill and knowledge in Section III (A).

O For examples of LOU Sheet and Learning Pyramidcards when an Ltj number has been assigned, seeManual, page E-55.

O The learning category of each task element takenfront the Task Summary Sheet was determined inBlock 22. It is now necessary to identify thelearning category of each enabling skill and knowledgewhich requires an objective to be written so that theproper action word can be selected,

O For review of learning category information, seeManual, page E-56.

O This question asks: Have all task elements andenabling skills and knowledges been examined todetermine if they require a learning objective?

41

Exopline First :Nu I T'!Element ur Enabling S&KThat Requires nil LO tobe Prepared Section !II(A) (B), LOD Sheetl

42

Write art L0 ActionStatement for TaskElement or Enabling S&K

43

Statement

an La conditionsStatement for TaskElement or Enabling S&K

44 _Write an La standardsStatement for TaskElement or Enabling S&K

45

[A ssess Lean ing Objective(LO) f or Adequacy

1SD 11.1 Deve!op Objectives

tiloa beoe:, tjai prta:u5s leainino objectivesaccomplish the terminal learning objective. First draft Las can be Wripractice paper, then transferred to the LOU Sheet in a later step.

O For guidar ce on how to write an adequat La action statemePage E-60.

see Manual,

For guidance on how to write an adequate conditions Manual,page E-68.

o For guidance on how to write an adequate standards statement see Manual,page E-70.

O A check list for assessing the adequacy of Las is provided in the Manual.See page E-73.

E.It

46

R oisi2 LO

47

49

50

Record 1_0 no LOUSheet)Section III (C),LOU Sheet)

ip For exampte, see Manual, page E -75.

Ail Needed TaskElements Of Enahling

S& K Have LO

Yes

Have ALL NoTask Summary Sheets

Been Examined

Yes

Submit LOB Sheets andLP Lai its lin Which LOsare Written to Supervisor

Go toBlock

11

E-12

51

_AnyInformation for Yes

< Individuals Working in!SD Blocks

No

52

Record Comments onISD COORDINATIONSHEET

ISD 11.1 Develop Objectives

During the process of developing objectivesinformation may have been obtained that wouldbe useful to persons who performed activitiesthat fed into this block, Similarly, informationinay have been obtained that would be useful topersons who will be engaged in InstructionalSystems Development steps that follow this one.

0 Comments are recorded and submitted toappropriate persons.

For further guidance, see Manual, page E-78.

JOB AIDS:

DESCRIPTIVE AUTHORING FLOWCHARTS

ISD 11.2 Develop Tests

This is the n in a series of ISD Joh . raein instructional designnlevelopment. This volume will direct you to specific guidzince, eximplcs, and references

-ovided in the supplementary manual "Job Aid for Developing Tests ISD 11.2." If youdo not have the supplementary man ual , request it from your supervisor.

HiveYnu Read the

Introductio-i to the Useof Joh Aids

No

2

Introduction to theUse of Job Aids

Have YouUsed This Job Aid

Befoie

4

Want to SeeAn Overview of the

Job Aid

ISD 11.2 Develop Tests

0 This introduction provides the user withinstruction on the basic structure ofJob Aids and guidance lor their use.

0 Refer to Introduction.

* Overview includes:GoalObjectivesProductMajor steps in processWorksheets usedDescriptive Flowcharts

Overview of DevelopingTests Job Aid

F.3

0 For detniletpage F-4.

---erview. see Manual,

6

Is Listof Critical Tasks

Available

No

Yes

Guidance to:Obtaining/PreparingList of Critical Tasks

10

Is TaskAnalysis Data

Available for EachTask

Yes

Guidance forObtaining/PreparingTask Analysis Data

A-eLearning ObjectivesAvailable for Each

I ask7

Yes

F.4

O List of tasks selected for training should beavailable as output front 1SD 1.2, Select Tasksfor 1 raining. ,

If a critical task list is not available, go to.Job Aids: Descriptive Authoring Flowcharts,page Al.

o When list has been obtained return to Manual,ISO 1,3 Conduct Task Analysis, Block 6,

Task Analysis Data shoulftc available asoutput from ISO 1.3 Conduct Task Analysis,or in the Soldier's Manual.

* If Task Analysis Data is not available, go toJob Aids: Descriptive Authoring Flowcharts,page B-1.

When Task Analysis Data have been obtained,return to Block 8.

12

13

Examine Task AnalysisData and LearningObjectives to Determineif Task Requires Testing

Select First/Next Task

14

11

Guidance forObtaiiiing/PreparingLearning Objectives

ISD IL 2 Develop Tests

o Learning Objectives should be available asoutput from ISO 11.1 Develop Objectives.

o If Learning Objectives are not available, go toJob Aids: Descriptive Authoring FlowchartsISO 11.1 Develop Objectives.

Learning Objectives have been obtained,return to Block 10.

G Factors influencing selection o tasks for testing include:known performance deficiw:ciescritical combat systemsARTEPevaluation resultsjob content

a For further information and guidance, see Manual, page F=11.

Does TaskRequire Testing

15

Yes

Obtain Test ElementDecision Sheet

o The Tot Element Decision Sheet (TED) is used to record all task elements whichare to he tested. In addition, each task element recorded is classified as to thetype of test item regnired to adequately test it.

For further information and guidance on obtaining the Test Element DecisionSheet, see Manual, page F13.

F.5

1

Complete Section ITED Sheet

17

18

20

Has TaskAnalysis Data and

Learning Objectives BeenExamined for Each

Task

Have EnoughTasks Been Selected

Yes

0 Section I includes the follo).,,ine Hama titreNainelOrhce Symbol

= MOSSkill LevelTask (0 No.Task description (action statement only)

© For example, site Manual, page F-14.

Go toBlock

12

Determination snook( tie completecritical task listing require testing.

Select Additional Tasks

Group Tasks (TED Sheets)in Order of Priorityfor Testing

hich tasks in the

Supervisors can provide guidance for makingthis decision. Their decision will be beset) onthe intended purpose of the test.

0 For further information and guidance, see Mammal. page F-16.

F

21

Haver Too ManyTasks Been Selected

for Testing

Yes

ISD IL2 Develop Tesis

22

Reconsider Tasks WithLow Priority forTesting

23

Select First/TED Sheet

24

Select/Reco d TaskElements to be Includedn Testing(Col. 1, Section If,TED Sheetl

25

Determine/RecordComponent to WhichTask Element Should beAssigned [Col, 2,Section II, TED :;Ileuti

For example, see Manual, page F-17.

There are the three following crlQinonents to which a task element nay haassigned:

HOC (Hands On Component)POE (Performance Certification Component)WC (Written Component)

For further information and guidance, see Manual, page

-7

26

Have AllTED Sheets, Been

Examined

Yes

27

Select First/NextTED Sheet

2

Examine Fi st/NexTask Element

29

Is Elementto be Tested as a

HOC or PCC

Yes

30

Temporarily DisregardThis Task Element

Go toBlock

45

F.8

Determine/Record it WCElement MI be Tested byWritten Performance orperformance -Rased TestItem (Col. 2, Section II,

TE 0 Sheet)

32

ISD 11.2 Develop Tests

For further information and guidance, see Manual, page F-23,

Fur guidance in obtaining Test Item Construction Sheet (TIC),see Manual, page F-25.

The information required in Section I is:Name/Office SymbolDateMOSSkill LevelTask ID NoTask Element' (action statement only)

For example, see Manual, page F-26.

34

Elementto be Tested by

Written PerformanceTest Item

No

35

Itemto be Tested y

Per tormance-BasTest IteOl

Yes

F-2

40

Develop Test Situationin Which Examinee isto Prepare Product

Determines JobStimulus ConditionsMust be Reflected inTest Item

36

37

Determine R asun(s)That Soldiers FrequentlyCannot Perform TaskElement

Develop Item WhichWill Thoroughly Examinethe Reasons for Failureto Perform TaskElement

38

Record Test Item onTIC Sheet

in toBlock

45

There are four common reasons whysoldiers cannot perform a task element,They are:

Don't know WHERE to performDon't know WHEN to performDon't know WHAT the product isDon't know HOW to perform the procedi

For further information and guidance,see Manual, page F-27.

For guidance in preparing test item,see Manual, page F-29.

For guidance and an example of a recordedtest item, see Manual, page F-34.

For information and guidance in developing test situation, sepage F-35.

Manual,

ci For information and guidance in determininif if lob stimulus conditionsmust be reflected in test item, see Manual, page F-37.

F-10

rf

[Prepare Questions

or Stems

42

43

44

45

Prepare CommonErrors asAlternatives

Make Provisions forNeeded Touts, Aids orReferences

Record. Test Item onTIC Sheet

ISO 11.2 Develop Tests

For information and guidance in preparing questions or sterns,see Manual, page F-38.

For information and guidance, see Manual, page F-39.

o For information and guidance, see Manual, page F-40.

For guidance and an example of a recorded test m see Manual,page F-42.

All Task No Co toElements on TED Sheet Block

Examined 28

Yes

F.11

46

Review Tes Items

47

6stab1ish ScwingStandard

4_

49

Try On, WC festItems With Experts

Attach TIC Sheet toTED Sheet

Test Lents are reviewed for completeness and accuracy.

This Joh Aid does not presently provide guidance for completing thisblock. Far guidance see, Guidelines for Development of Skill QualificationTests, page 159,

This Job Aid does not presently provide guidance for completing thisblock. For guidance see, Guidelines for Development of Skill QualificationTests, pages 163.169_

F.12

1_1

51

Prepare AdministrativeGuidance for WC Items

52

ISD 11.2 Develop Tests

This Job Aid duds not presently provide guidance for completing thisblock. For guidance see, Guidelines for Development of -Skill QualificationTests, pages 171-178.

Try Put WC Test Items This Job Aid does not presently provide guidance for completing thisWith Representative block. For guidance see, Guidelines fur Development of Skill QualificationSoldiers Tests, pages 180-181.

53

Validate WC Test Items

54

55

Submit WC Test Itemsto Supervisorfor Review

Prepare Tes Materialfor Task Elements tobe Tested byHOC ur PCC

This Job Aid does not presently provide guidance for completing thisblock. Fur guidance see, Guidelines for Development of Skill QualificationTests; pages 182 -212.

This Joh Aid does not presently provide guidance for completing thisblock. For guidance see, Guidelines for Development of Skill QualificationTests, pages 38,125.

F -13

56

Y

Informationfor Individuals Working

in Other ISOBlocks

Yes

No

57

Record Comments oo,ISO COORDINATIONSHEET

F.1.1

During the process of developing test itemsinformation may have been obtained that wouldbe useful to persons who performed activitiesthat fed into this block. Similarly, informationmay have been obtained that would be useful toPersons who will be engaged in InstructionalSystems Development steps that follow this one

Comments are recorded and submitted toappropriate persons.

For further guidance, see Manual, page F49_

JOB AIDS:DESCRIPTIVE AUTHORING FLOWCHARTS

ISO 11.3 Describe Entry Behavior

This is the 7th in a series of ISD Job Aids for use in instructional design anddevelopment. This volume will direct you to specific guidance, examples, and referencesprovided in the supplementary manual "Job Aid for Describing Entry Behavior ISDIf you do not have the supplementary manual, request it from your supervisor.

START

HaveYou Read the

Introduction to the Use ofJob Aids

Nu

ISD 11.3 Describe Entry Behavior

This introduction provides the user withinstruction on the basic structure of theJob Aids and guidance for their use.

HaveYou Used

This Job AidBefore

7

4

Yes

Yes

5

Overview of DescribeEntry Relay or Job Aid

Refer to Introduction.

Overview includes:GoalObjectivesProductsMajor steps in processWorksheets usedDescriptive Flowchart

p-I

G-3

For detailed overview see Manual,page G-4.

6

10

Guidance forObtaining/PreparingList of Tasks

TasksElements/Skills

& Knowledgcs Identifiedfor Each Task

Yes

Guidance fo IdentifyingTask Elements/Skillsand KnowleCges

Obtain Learning AnalysisValidation Sheets (LAV)

A list of tasks should be available as outputfrom ISO L2, Conduct Task Analysis.

If a list is nut available, request it from theperson responsible for performing the taskanalysis in ISO 1.2.

When list has been obtained, return to DescriptiveAuthoring Flowchart 11.3, Describe EntryBehavior, Block 6.

Task elements/skills and knowledges should beavailable as output from ISD 11.1, DevelopObjectives.

If not available, request them from the personresponsible for performing the learning analysis.

When task elements/skills & knowledges have beenobtained for each task, return to DescriptiveAuthoring Flowchart, 11.3, Describe EntryBehavior, Block B.

The LAV Sheets are used for recording:task elements which will later be used to identify pre-test items for use inself-paced instruction.the most detailed subordinate task elements for which training is required.validation results of assumed entry level skills & knowledges.

For guidance in obtaining LAV Sheets, see Manual, page 6-9.

G-4

11

Select First/Next Task

12

Select First /NextBlank LAV Sheet

Complete Section I,

LAV Sheet

14

Complete Section II,LAV Sheet

15

Identify/Record All Level1 Task Elements andAssociated Identifying No(Section V, Cols A & B,LAV Sheet]

!SD 11.3 Describe Entry Behavior

This-block begins the process of recording information needed to validatethe learning analyses performed in ISD, 11.1, Develop Objectives.

Information required in Section I:Name/Office SymbolDate

CourseMOS

Skill Level

For exam*, see Manual, page G-12.

Information required in Section 11:Task ID No.Task

For example, see Manual, page G13.

Level 1 Task Elements are the first level of task breakdown irto suborcinatetask elements,

Level 1 Task Elements will be used to identify test items for use in self-pacedinstruction.

For further guidance, see Manual, page G-14.

G-5

Identify/Record All Level2 Task Elements andAssociated Identifying No[Section V, Cols A & 8,LAV Sheet]

17

Identify /Record AllBASIC Task Elements andAssociated Identifying No.[Section V, Cols A & B,LAV Sheet]

18

--oL=evel =2-Task-Elernents-arrth rand level of task breakdown intosubordinate task elements.

Level 2 Task Elements will also be used to identify test items for use inself paced instruction.

For further guidance, See Manual, page G-18,

BASIC Task Elements are defined as being the most subordinate task elementfor which training is required.

For further guidance, see Manual, page G-21.

AllTasks Selected

19

Yes

Validatedest Item AvOable

for Each BASIC TaskElement

Yes

20

Guidance inObtaining/PreparingValidated Test Items

0-6

Validated task items should be available asoutput from ISO 11.2, Develop Tests.

If they are not available, request them from--the person responsible for developing test items.

When validated test items have been obtained,return to Descriptive Authoring Flowchart,11.3, Block 19.

22

Prepare BASICTask Element Test

Select Test PopulationRepresentative ofEntry Level Students

23

Administer BASIC,Task ElementTest/Compile Scores

24

Select First/NextPartially CompletedLAV Sheet

25

For Each BASIC TaskElement Record 'ft FallingCorresponding Test Item& Sample Size (Section V,Cols C & I), LAV Sheet)

Fo

ISD 11.3 Describe Entry Behavior

The BASIC Task Element Test is comprised of s items derived.for all --BASIC Task Elements. The test may be a written test, .1 performancetest, or a combination of the two. .

For further information, see Manual, page G-27.

For further information; see Manual, page 6-28.

For further information, see ManQal, page 6-30

01L -7

26

Determine/RecordCriteria for MORE/LESSDetailed LearningAnalysis

27

Examine First/Next.BASIC Task Element[Section V, Cols A & B,LAV Sheet]

-8

Determine if "4. FailingTest Item (Col C) isGreater Than or Equal tothe MORE DetailedCriteria Recorded inSection III, LAV Sheet

29

Is Yo

Failing GreaterThan or Equal to MORE

Detailed Criteria?

The criteria for MORE/LESS detailed learning analysis will he used indetermining if the learning analysis for a task should include more, orless, subordinate task elements.

For further guidance, see Manual, page G-31.

For example, see Manual, page G-36.

Yes

30

Record "MORE Detailed"[Section V, Col 0,LAV Sheet!

For example, see Manual, page 0-37.

32

34

Determine iflest I ( cabs.Thaw Equal to' theLESS Detailed CriteriaFlecorded in Section IV,LAV Sheet

For ox3Ple,

,.nuinj1 hart on Equal in LESS

Uritern,?

No

35

Record No le"1Sectinn V, Col 0,LAV Sheet!

laveAll BASIC

Task Elements BeenExamined

No

'LESS Deland'[Section V. Col 0,LAV Shall

Go toBlock

27

-7-

ee

ISD 0.3 Describe Er

0-38,

y Behavior

0 For 'xampie, see Manual, page G-33.

mple ee rozood, page G-40.

36

38

39

MOREailed and/or LESS

oiled Recordedin Gel 0

No

Yes

37

Record"it `!RE ANALYSIS"

on Top of LAY Shout

Have All TasksBeen Examined

Is

"MOREANALYSIS" Recordedon Top of Any LAY

Sheet

No

Yes

Separate

"MORE ANALYSISLAV Sheets horn OtherLAY Sheets

G. 10

pr example, see Manual, pap 0-42.

LAV Sheets are separated into two piles:Those task for which additional learninganalysis should be considered (MOREANALYSIS recorded on top of LAV Shc::1)Those tasks for which no further leaminilanalysis is needed.

43-----

Report to

44

---rpervisur

Was

LearningAnalysis Modified for

Any Task

41

Report to SupervisorTasks Requiring MOREANALYSIS and ThoseReady for ISO 11.4Activities

42

Rs' t. aittiite FruvruulyConducted LearningAnalysis for Tasks LabeledADDITIONAL ANALYSISrind Modify LearningAnalysis as Necessar

toBlock

11

ISD X 1,3 Describe Entry Behavior

o For further information, sea Manual,page 0-45.

For further information, see Manual,page 0x46.

For further information, see Manual, pa

Coordinate WithIndividuals Who PerformedAnalysis Activities(ISO Phase If for Which theLearning Analysis WaSModified

0-110

0-52.

Modification of the learning analysismay require changes in the products fromprevious ISO blocks.

* For further information, see Manual,page 0-53.

Q

lolorrndrorIndieolwds

Othor ISDBlocks

No

woe Comment!SU Loot(iination Sheet

(3-12

o [Thrifig :5_ lei:0[1115.10mo', 'int ofniatIon way be beEll 01-Itionet!R userul to persons t.vlio Nill be egiiq IIISD steps thili tollov%) this ono:

o oo«mm>m»6u»u«Sc I !

opplopruitt persons.

o For forthui quidimce, see Mau_ P G-54,

JOB AIDS:

DESCRIPTIVE AUTHORING FLOWCHARTS

ISO 11.4 D Qwm de Sequence and Std

This We Sth in a series f ISO Joh Aics fcFusers instructional design and

development. This VO1 Ine will direct you to spec fie guidance, exl )10S, and referencesprovided in the supplementary manual "Job Aid for Determining Sequence and StructureISO 11=4." R you do not have lw supplement:Iry mantutl, reouest it from your supervisor:.

START

You Read the ---

e-- Introduction to the Lisi,it Job Alit";

Yes

4

Introduction ihe UseIt Job Ants

Have YouUsed This Job Aid

-------,_ Before

Wantto See an

Overview of theJob Aid

No

No

Yes

OvLrsirw of Job Aidfor Sequence andStructure Objectives

If

H

SD L4 Determine Serifionce and Structure

This intruiloctorn juiivirles the riser withou the basic siniciiiio of the

Job Ards 'nut 110 r their 11.H!.

Defer to Int,elochoo_

O Overview includes:GoalObjectivesProductsMajor steps in processNiorksheets usedDescriptive flowchart

(,)

o For detaih:41 overview, sce Manual,page H-4,

LI

D!ul TLOs and

Associated LOsAvailable

nli Aidid Int DevelopList ul LOs

~ltdLOs

Nu

7

Guidance tor ()Winingi01

9

1(1

Obtain LOL) Sheet torFoch TLO andAssociated White &Yellow LP Cards

e Tinini,:i Lea tiring Ohji Ttives 4L3( »aLealliliql Objectives (L0s) should be availableas output from ISO 11.1, llevelnp Objectives.

11 ILOs aura are mil avilable, refines!mem 1-JeLitio responsible tordeveloping objeGtives ISL1 11.1.

Vi 1-LUs and Las have heen obtLinunl,tenon to Dog:A-move Authoring LImchart11.4, Determine Sequence 6 Structine. Block 6

o The person responsible fur developing objectives,ISO 11.1, will know if Joh Aids were used tordeveloping metutQ TL Us warm.

_1

Examine First/NextLLIL1 Sheet

It the Joh Aid used for developingTLOs and LOs, Learning Objectives

Documentation Sheets (LOD Sheets) andwhite and yellow Learning Pyramid Cards(LP Cards) will be available as output.

13

Obtain Learning ObjectivesDocumentation Sheets(LOU Si leCtS) kkI Whiteand Yellow LedillinqPyramid Cards (LP Cdrd)

4

Select vrTLUWith its Asmwiatiiil LOs

Select til,inkLOU Sheet

11

YI How LPG2 /or Winch [OsWere Prepated WithAssociated WhiteLP Card

ISD 04 Determine Sequence and Strticture

o R. each LOO Sheet There , he onewhite LP Card and seveial yeilim LP Cads,Thu ).,Jlite LP Card represents the TLO andthe yellow LP Card represents theassocidted LOs.

On toBlock

11.i

LOU Shee:,--, and whiti., and yellow LP Cards are available for duplic ion in thepocket al_ the back of .Joh Aid for Deve'lping Objectives Manual.

[Complt2ri..! SiJclifin I

of LOU Slwut

17

1iiiiiiiii tic il 11)11 II

SeIL t Blank JIiitLe,noonl Pyr Will ii CaulLP Cold)

19

20

lecord:lickIiistrtio,Ional SettingLure wog Uhler:nye c:Action Slatenielit

&IN.', Several YellovrLearning PylanorlCards (LP Cards)

For lciiiiidur .st! Block 12, pdge EC, lThiscriptive AuthoiingISO 11.1 Develop Objectives.

For poidance sill? Blocks 14-17, pdges F-5 I- ES Desciiptivg Authoring1S1r ii .1 Deo:duo Uhler tiV0S,

Go ine is available in Block 19, page ES, Descriptive Authoring FlovvcharoISO ill Develop ablatives.

11-G

21

Fur Each Element/Enabling Ski 11.--3 and

Know ledges Shown onLOO Sheet Complete aYellow LP Card

22

Combine Into a StackWhite ruff] YellowLP Car ds AssociatedWith LOD Sheet

HaveS ieets

LP Cards Been Prepared-1 or All TLOs and----""

LOs

1 -D 11.4 'Determine Sequence a Structure

© The inlaostk i:nation required on the y LP Card is:Learning HIT:coveAction Statement= Element/Ermbling St, K

Learning JJgory/Subcategory

o The aline information is available from the LOD Sheet.

Group Letter and Sequence J51011 blank at this point.

24

Study Ito Types ofRelationships BetweenObjectives Which May_A1 feet Sequencing ofthe ObjecTives

Yes

25

Select First/Next LODSheet and AssociatedStack of White andYellow LP Cards

cr There are 3 types of relationships:dependent:independentsupportive

o For further explanation, see Manual, page H-14.

26

Sequence LOs. T

Fidt,1111.SillpS

L \Atoll

p tr ur tr.,

Relormminjc;

--Sequence L.U.s1,,Virh16dr-innutentHul,!onships

Ruccird sequenceYellow LP Carrl

Have ---------

flt; bitchOL

Sequenced

No

Tvvir fl more objectives may imv dependent relationship: r:-,,;stery of onelequires prior mostery of the other.

Fin fruiter guidance on hove In sequence nhjuctives with dependentrebitninship see r.lanu-dl, page H-17.

Hi mine ohjectieus may ere ,.-mnnintive rffriilllrIY rrillLr 11-rutSlet61 teinienn tdkus VILACt! t(g11 (MO L(j tt) illt! ()OWL

Fiji fiitIiur IiiiiliuiiCii un uuJLi tu. seqUMICC ObintiVt!S with supportiveii:iuriur6,1rips, sue Nidirrial, tingu

ra Two or wore objectives way have an independent iLIfflifIt5lllp they aretutolly unrelated 10 OiiL:11 other.

o Ff1111111111 er go irlonce on how to sequence objectives with independentiulationships, see Manual, pane H-21.

O For ter ther vidnnce, see MuiiiiiiI :poge H23.

Go tofill ILk

25

31

Gi TL17;

32 --Sider! Fl !exf

!' !1:-Gi mit)

33

Dow filii10 SN111010?TLOS

34

Assiou 110iiSequence

FLOs1 Group

1

1

SD IIA Determine Sequence ancl Structure

Luo cd,ds sumo into tliro! lostwt:;,n,d',ettmq :-itdcNJ.

oistitotwoSO.J T

ill

I he instu,tumdl settinu i .nev.-nun the LOU Sh -,01,1

L .j on vvluch TLO lion statements have been recnufrul ,.ue ranged tographically shoo., the Teldtmnshms II lii TLOs covelekl m the com.se umferdovelopn-wilt to! n Ill 011111 ImcItuctIoual settmg,,

o Fe further [junk:ince on determining sequence uf TLOs, see Manual,page 1-1,211.

For further quulance, se! i1iitii Tice H-27:

Ditqtiii Ill ohjectivps piovales,mtknoiod, cudnageahle blocks of corunt.

Foi further quidance on how to (pimp oftiectives, see Manual, tlaqe

JO

Assign Cr noL-trter

37

Fur further quidanc,!, soe MJnriLd, page H 32.

y: Ur nunIdeutit;a1 1.0s

0

0

Smile tasks indy contain L in e;umpiii,;IN Sarne (fil other In Ow-, F.1.1) 01,

For further guidance, see I'vhinidl, H26,

skills and I-.iinv,Thtlges /x^/ ari.!1.0S

I-

Any ------__

frlentiuil LO`

40

Cominon FilurorLO,

Yos

39-

Hecord AppiopriateCoutin LetturCards for All Identir.,a1

E titer guidance, see Manual, pagi 11 38.

o Common-factor learning !ni.ictives aH that have irmtit.,a1 action 1..vo'rdssimilar olguct5 o| /ht.: III 11W ,i11101110CIIVe

O Fm ittrl[W( Oli IltiVy curiunon-taciectivsieMonii,11, ridge H40.

44

Yes

42

ISO 11.4 Determine Sequence and Structure

Shoulddraining fur No

These LOs BeCumbered-

Record AppropriateGroup Letter onYellow LP Cards forThese LOs

Ask Another SPA E orYour Supervisor toReview Your Serpi-ern:mgand Grouping Oricrsions

45

Any YesHeviskins Needed

9

N

For further guidance, seeManual, page H-42.

e Review by another person will help r eveal any misclassilicarions in thethe groupurg and/or segue:long of objectives.

47

Record Group Letterand Sequence if onLOD Sheets

NeedLdRL:visions

48

Instructional-Setting GI Jups Been

-.Selected for Sequent_.---- mg of TLOs _

At y/int orination loIndividuals Wor kin

Other ISO Bloc

Yes

0 For eaau ph_

Y

Go toBloc!,

31

Nn

50

ti:L,Inual, page H45,

Record Con merits onISO COORDINATIONSheet

STOP

Ili,, ,enuencmg orrd structuring plotinhumation may have been obtained that ww_ld he

useful to persons who performed activities that ledinto this block_ Similarly, information may havebeen obtained that would be useful to persons who

ll I e engaged in lostoctional Systems Developmeld steps that follow this to

Comm ale rounded andaunt opri,dp petsons

For further guidance, see Manual, pope H47,