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Job Design and Work

Measurement

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Job Design Defined

Job Design Decisions

Trends in Job Design

Work Measurement

Basic Compensation Systems

Financial Incentive Plans

OBJECTIVES

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What is Job Design?

Defined Job design is the function of

specifying the work activities of anindividual or group in anorganizational setting

The objective of job design is todevelop jobs that meet the

requirements of the organizationand its technology and that satisfythe jobholders personal andindividual requirements

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Job Design Decisions

HowWhyWhenWhereWhatWho

Mental and

physical

characteristicsof the

work force

Tasks to be

performed

Geographic

locale of the

organization;location of

work areas

Time of day;

time of

occurrence inthe work flow

Organizational

rationale for

the job; object-

ives and mot-ivation of the

worker

Method of

performance

andmotivation

Ultimate

Job

Structure

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Trends in Job Design

y Quality control as part of the worker's job

y Cross-training workers to perform multi

skilled jobs

y Employee involvement and team

approaches

to designing and organizing work

y "Informating" ordinary workers through

e-mail and the Internet

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Trends in Job Design

(Continued)y Extensive use of temporary workers

y Automation of heavy manual work

yCreating alternative workplaces

y Organizational commitment to providing

meaningful and rewarding jobs for all

employees

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Behavioral Considerations in Job Design

Ultimate

Job

Structure

Degree of

Specialization

Job Enrichment

(vs. Enlargement)

Balancing the specialization in a job and itscontent through enrichment can give us.

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Sociotechnical Systems

Task Variety

Skill Variety

Feedback

Task Identity

Task Autonomy

Process

Technology

Needs

Worker/Group

Needs

Focuses on the interaction between technology and the work groupby looking at.

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Physical Considerations in Job Design

Work physiology sets work-rest cyclesaccording to the energy expended invarious parts of the job. The harder thework, the more the need for restperiods.

Ergonomics is a term used to describethe study of the physical arrangementof the work space together with toolsused to perform a task. Fit the work tothe body rather than forcing the body toconform to the work.

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Work Methods

Workers Interacting

with Other Workers

A Production

Process

Worker at a Fixed

Workplace

Worker Interacting

with Equipment

Ultimate

Job

Design

Ultimate

Job

Design

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Work Measurement

DefinedWork measurement is a process of

analyzing jobs for the purpose of

setting time standards

Why use it?

Schedule work and allocate capacity

Motivate and measure work

performance Evaluate performance

Provide benchmarks

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Time Study Normal Time

Formulas Normal time(NT)=Observed performance time per unit

x (Performance rating)*

*The Performance Rating is usually expressed in

decimal form in these formulas. So a personworking 10% faster than normal would have a

Performance Rating of 1.10 or 110% of normal

time. Working 10% slower, 0.90 or 90% of

normal.

NT= Time worked _ x (Performancerating)* Number of units produced

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Time StudyStandard Time

Formulas Standard time = Normal time+ (Allowances x Normal times)

Standard time = NT(1 + Allowances)

Standard time = NT .1 - Allowances

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Time Study Example Problem

You want to determine the standard time for a

job. The employee selected for the time study

has produced 20 units of product in an 8 hour

day. Your observations made the employee

nervous and you estimate that the employee

worked about 10 percent faster than what is a

normal pace for the job. Allowances for the

job represent 25 percent of the normal time.

Question: What are the normal and standard

times for this job?

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Time Study Example Solution

Normal time = Time worked x (Perf. rating)

Number of units produced

= (480 minutes/20) x (1.10)

= 26.4 minutes

Standard time = NT .

1 Allowances

= (26.4)/(1-0.25)

= 35.2 minutes

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Work Sampling

Use inference to make statementsabout work activity based on asample of the activity

Ratio Delay Activity time percentage for workers

or equipment Performance Measurement

Relates work time to output(performance index)

Time Standards Standard task times

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Advantage of Work Sampling over

Time Study Several work sampling studies may be

conducted simultaneously by oneobserver

The observer need not be a trainedanalyst unless the purpose of the studyis to determine a time standard

No timing devices are required Work of a long cycle time may be studied

with fewer observer hours

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Advantage of Work Sampling

overTime Study (Continued)

The duration of the study is longer,which minimizes effects of short-periodvariations

The study may be temporarily delayed atany time with little effect

Because work sampling needs only

instantaneous observations (made overa longer period), the operator has lesschance to influence the findings bychanging work method

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Basic Compensation Systems

Hourly Pay

Straight Salary

Piece Rate

Commissions

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Financial Incentive Plans

Individual and Small-Group Plans

Output measures

Quality measures

Pay for knowledge

Organization-wide Plans

Profit-sharing

Gain-sharing Bonus based on controllable costs or units of

output

Involve participative management

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Scanlon Plan

Basic Elements Ratio = Total labor costales value o production

The ratio Standard for judging business

performance

The bonus Depends on reduction in costs below

the preset ratio

The production committee

The screening committee

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End ofTechnical

Note 5