L a o P e o p l e s D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c Peace - Independence - Democracy - Unity - Prosperity
Guide
Joint Forest Management Model 2
______________________________________________ Lao-Swed i s h Fo re s t r y P r o g ramme, June 2001
System 1 Participatory Village Development and
Sustainable Land Use
Foreword The Government of Sweden has provided technical assistance to the Government of Lao PDR in the Natural Resources Sector since 1977. Until the mid 1980s the assistance focused on support to the Department of Forestry and two State Forest Enterprises. From 1985 assistance was expanded to include support for the establishment of a Forestry Training Organization including the Forestry Technician School at Mouang Mai. In the late 1980’s the Lao Swedish Co-operation was further expanded to cover shifting cultivation stabilisation and nature conservation. During the first half of the 1990’s the co-operation gradually changed to institution building/strengthening of the Department of Forestry at the centre and in selected provinces.
The co-operation is based on the premise that national ownership of bilateral programmes will contribute significantly to sustainability after the programmes have been completed. In more recent years the programme has addressed sustainable land use aspects in the village development context with the view that community participation in partnership with government services will enhance the potential for sustainable management of forest and agricultural resources. The Phase IV of the Lao Swedish Forestry Programme (1996- 2001) has concentrated on three aspects of institutional building; competence development, model development and research management. The development efforts have covered a process of formulating, improving and disseminating models (methods and procedures) in four main areas including Participatory Village Development and Sustainable Land Use, Participatory National Bio-diversity Conservation Area Management, Natural Resources Management, and Institution Building. Monitoring and gender mainstreaming have been incorporated as cross-cutting efforts in the model development work. The development activities have been performed in partnership with national, provincial and district administrations and with village communities in response to Lao policies. The LSFP has supported the strategy and policy development of the Government of Lao PDR and contributed to the emerging consensus on rural development that is taking place within the accepted Socio-economic Priorities of the Government of Lao PDR under which broad development policies have long been operative. This document is one in a series of resulting documents, which have been produced in both Lao and English languages to assist and provide knowledge and ideas to personnel responsible for policy, planning, and implementation of agriculture and forestry development programmes. It contains lessons and experiences learnt during the programme. I encourage the personnel of departments and agencies to study and assess the content of the documents and apply the relevant parts depending on local conditions. I wish to commend the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) for it’s continued support during four phases of technical assistance to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and the LSFP personnel and advisors, who have made a major contribution to this development and documentation. 20 March, 2001 Minister for Agriculture and Forestry Dr. Siene SAPHANGTHONG
About this Document 1. Intended Audience of this Technical Booklet
• Department of Forestry Policy Makers. • Heads of Provincial Forestry and Agricultural Sections. • Heads of District Agriculture and Forestry Offices. • Regional Forestry and Agricultural Training Centre (RTC) staff. • Tertiary training institutions in Lao PDR. 2. Explanation of “Manuals/Guides/Technical Booklets”
Manuals/Guides and Technical Booklets are documents that provide practical information on procedures and methods for implementing activities at field level. They have been developed based on experiences at the local levels under the model/method development programme during Phase 4 of the Lao Swedish Forestry program (LSFP). Documents have been produced in both the English and Lao languages for each of the four systems in the model/method development programme.
3. Purpose
• To providManagemby the La
• To providlevel. To
4. Informa
• An introd• An outlin• A summa
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Components You are now reading the Guide on “JointForest Management - Model 2” in the
Manuals/Guidesof this Document
e details of the stages, procedures, methods, and practices for Joint Forest ent (JFM) as tested and practiced in target village in Savannakhet Province o Swedish Forestry Programme. e guidance for provincial, district involved in implementing of JFM at village provide technical material for training staff of the Regional Training Centres.
tion Provided in this Document
uction to the concept of JFM. e of JFM Model 2. ry of the phases, procedures, and steps in JFM Model 2.
Participatory Village Development and Sustainable Land Use System.
se Studies & Posters
• A detailed description of the procedures, steps and techniques in each of the five stages of JFM Model 2.
Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Stages and Procedures of JFM Implementation. .................... 3
Chapter 2: Stage 1: Contractual Arrangements for JFM Implementation ..... 8
Procedure 1: Village Organisation for JFM Implementation........................................8 Step 1: Presenting JFM Concept..................................................................................................................8 Step 2: Introductory Village Workshop................................................................................................... 13 Step 3: Formation of the VRMDC.............................................................................................................. 16
Procedure 2: Contractual Arrangements ........................................................................ 17 Step 1: Participatory Elaboration of Roles and Responsibilities of Contracting Parties............... 17 Step 2: Participatory Elaboration of Support System Tasks.............................................................. 18 Step 3: Participatory Elaboration of the Timber Revenue Sharing System....................................20 Step 4: Drafting the Forest Protection Contracts................................................................................24 Step 5: Signing of the Forest Protection Contract...............................................................................25
Chapter 3: Stage 2: Village JFM Organisation Support System ...............35
Procedure 1: Development of Mechanisms to Support Village JFM Activities .... 35 Step 1: Establishing Arrangements for Initial Financial Support for Logging Activities.............35 Step 2: Guidelines for DAFO Planning and Support for JFM Activities ..........................................35 Step 3: Developing an Activity Monitoring System for DAFO and VRMDC.....................................44
Procedure 2: Village Level Financial Management........................................................ 45 Step 1: System for Accounting and Financial Management .................................................................45 Step 2: Mode of Payments and of Implementation of Logging Revenue Distribution ...................47
Chapter 4: Stage 3: Joint Implementation of the SFP Management Plan .....49
Procedure 1: Implementation of Forestry Operations Following the Management Plan Prescriptions ....................................................................................... 49
Step 1: Pre-logging Survey...........................................................................................................................49 Step 2: Elaboration of the Cutting Regime (Instructions for Tree Marking) ................................. 61 Step 3: Tree Marking Survey .....................................................................................................................65 Step 4: Harvesting ........................................................................................................................................70 Step 5: Enrichment Planting........................................................................................................................85 Step 6: Forest Protection............................................................................................................................ 91 Step 7: SPF Periodic Management Inventory and Long-term Harvesting Planning ........................97
Procedure 2: Joint Implementation of the Sale of Logs ..........................................100 Step 1: Application for Logging Quota....................................................................................................100
Step 2: Bidding Procedures .......................................................................................................................102 Step 3: Sale of Logs....................................................................................................................................107
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Introduction The objective of JFM model and method development is to develop procedures, methods and tools which involve villagers in the sustainable management of State Production Forests (SPF) and village forests. There are several beneficiaries of this approach to forest management including the nation as a whole, the provinces and districts in which the JFM is implemented and the village communities which are partners in the activity. Within the village, benefits flow to people in all social categories including village activity and production groups, families and individuals. The poorer members of the community benefit from the village development activities implemented using the JFM fund.
The JFM model is of interest to several units concerned with sustainable management of commercial forests including, the Forestry Research Centre (FRC), the Forest Inventory and Planning Centre (FIPC) and the Department of Forestry (DoF). The National University and the “forestry schools” can utilise the JFM procedures and sustainable forest management approaches to improve teaching curricula. Staff of the Provincial Forestry Section (PFO) the District Agriculture and Forestry Office (DAFO) and need to understand and have practical experience with the procedures, methods, and techniques in order to co-ordinate, assist, and supervise JFM activities at village level. Likewise, Regional Training Centres (RTC) staff need similar knowledge and skills to provide specialist training for provincial and district staff. There are two pre-requisites for JFM Model implementation in a particular village:
1. The village has part of or an entire State Production Forest (SPF) area within its traditional village territory; and
2. The SPF area has been delineated and a long-term sustainable forest management plan for the SPF has been devised and approved as per the system developed by the Forest Inventory and planning Centre (FIPC) in 1992.
Two models have been tested, called JFM Model 1 and JFM Model 2. The stages and procedures in JFM Model 1 and 2 are the same. However the activities and tasks differ. Differences lie in the allocation of responsibilities and ownership of the process when implementing the various procedures.
Each of them involves a contractual partnership for sustainable forest management between the Government or State and a village. They are built upon the existing forest management plan of the SPF, which clearly determines the
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forestry operations to be undertaken. The contents of the contractual partnership differ between the two models. Three parties, namely the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office (PAFO), DAFO, and a specific village organisation, sign the contracts. These describe the rights and responsibilities of each party for:
• Sharing responsibilities among the partners in the management of the SPF and the benefits from selling logs;
• Sustainably managing the village forests outside the SPF in line with the land use plan developed through the land use planning and land allocation (LUP/LA) process; and
• Facilitating the implementation of an integrated village development plan.
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Stages and Procedures of JFM Implementation. The stages and procedures of JFM implementation are as follows:
STAGES PROCEDURES
1. Contractual arrangements for JFM implementation.
1. Village organisation for JFM implementation.
2. Contractual arrangements.
2. Village JFM organisation support system.
1. Development of mechanisms to support village JFM activities.
2. Village level financial management. 3. Training support.
3. Joint implementation of the SPF management plan.
1. Implementation of forestry operations following the management plan prescriptions.
2. Joint implementation of the sale of logs.
4. Integrating JFM contracts into the village development cycle.
1. By following extension procedures. 2. By following LUP/LA procedures.
5. Village forest management planning and implementation.
1. Understanding the traditional systems of resources use and management.
2. Village socio-economic assessment. 3. Village forests assessment and inventory. 4. Reporting. 5. Developing the village forest management
plan. 6. Submission of the village forest
management plan for approval. 7. Plan implementation.
Chapter
1
4
This guide describes the stages, procedures and steps of JFM Model 2. A similar description for JFM Model 1 is presented in a separate document. In JFM Model 2 (M2), the full rights and responsibilities to implement the SPF management plan are in the hands of PAFO representing the Government or State. These include the rights to conduct logging and sell logs and/or process logs and sell sawn timber. PAFO contracts the protection responsibilities of the SPF to the village. In exchange for these responsibilities, the villagers are hired to undertake logging related operations and paid a protection fee. PAFO pays royalty and other taxes to the Government, in accord with official regulations, based on logged volume of timber. In addition to implementing the management plan of the SPF, villagers have also full rights to manage their own village forests for which separate management plans are developed with the support of the PAFO and DAFO. Support from DAFO is also given to the forest and agricultural land use planning and allocation process. In order to implement its contractual obligations, the village forms a Village Resources Management and Development Committee (VRMDC). The committee manages the forest protection and logging activities as well as the village development fund into which the province transfers the protection fee.
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Description of the Stages in Model 2 Implementation
Stage Procedures Steps 1. Village organisation for JFM
implementation.
1. Presenting JFM concept 2. Introductory village workshop 3. Formation of the VRMDC
1. Contractual Arrangements for JFM Implementation
2: Contractual arrangements
1. Participatory elaboration of roles and responsibilities of contracting parties
2. Participatory elaboration of support system tasks 3. Participatory elaboration of the timber revenue sharing system 4. Drafting the forest protection contracts 5. Signing of the forest protection contracts
1: Development of mechanisms to support village JFM activities
1. Establishing arrangements for initial financial support to logging activities
2. Guidelines for DAFO planning and support for JFM activities 3. Developing an activity monitoring system for DAFO and JFMA
board
2. Village JFM Organisation Support System
2: Village level financial management 1. System for accounting and financial management 2. Mode of payments and implementation of logging revenue
distribution
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3. Training support 1. Training needs assessment among VRMDC members assigned for different functions and tasks.
2. Training needs assessment for villagers and staff in performing different forestry operations.
3. Identification of appropriate institutions to support and provide training
4. Formal and informal training implementation
1. Implementation of forestry operations following the management plan prescriptions
1. Pre-logging survey 2. Elaboration of the cutting regime (instructions for tree marking) 3. Tree marking survey 4. Harvesting 5. Enrichment planting 6. Forest protection 7. SPF periodic management inventory and long-term harvesting
plans
3. Joint Implementation of the SPF Management Plan
2: Joint implementation of the sale of logs
1. Application for logging quota 2. Bidding procedures 3. Sale of logs
4. Integrating JFM contracts into the village development cycle
1. Developing linkages with land use planning and land allocation 2. Developing linkages with extension
5. Village forest management planning and implementation
1. Understanding traditional systems of resource use and management
1. Familiarisation with village conditions and building rapport between field staff and villagers
2. Recognising villagers perceptions, needs and dependencies on forests resources
3. Identification of conflicts existing in forest resources use and management
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2. Village socio-economic assessment
1. Preparation for field work 2. Field data collection 3. Data summary
3. Village forests assessment and inventory
1. Preparation for field work 2. Field data collection 3. Management of field work 4. Data summary
4. Reporting
1. Data analysis and summing-up 2. Preparing report
5. Developing the village forest management plan
1. Identifying stakeholders 2. Setting objectives 3. Designating village forest management units 4. Identifying management options 5. Deciding of management prescriptions 6. Writing and presenting a general plan for the management of the
village forests 7. Final revision of the plan
6: Submission of the village forest management plan for approval
1. Preparation of necessary documents for application to the relevant authorities
2. Procedure for getting approval for plan implementation
7. Plan implementation To date the development of this step is still to be consolidated A detailed description of the stages, procedures and steps of JFM Model 2 are presented below.
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Stage 1: Contractual Arrangements for JFM Implementation
Procedure 1: Village Organisation for JFM
Implementation
STEP 1: PRESENTING JFM CONCEPT Presentation Approach
When the decision is taken by the forestry administration to manage a specific SPF with the JFM approach, it is necessary to present its concept to the main stakeholders. Initially the presentation of the concept will concentrate on the main stakeholders: PAFO, DAFO and the village communities living in or around the SPF. The presentation of the JFM concept should be customised according to the target audience and will therefore differ for each stakeholder involved. The presentation of the JFM concept should be implemented with resource persons from DoF and the National Agriculture and Forest Research Institute (NAFRI) and staff and villagers who have already been involved in JFM implementation in other areas. The process of JFM presentation should preferably be initiated during the dry season, so that villagers are not occupied with rice planting. They will then be more readily available and accessible to outsiders. Organising the JFM Presentation Meeting
The meeting should be organised as follows:
• The resource persons should organise a JFM presentation team with liaison staff at PAFO. Participatory techniques are used, such as story telling, and times for discussions are planned.
• The topics that need to be emphasised with each stakeholder are identified.
Chapter
2
9
• The team should prepare an action plan for the JFM presentation and identify the individuals from each organisation who will participate in the JFM presentation meeting.
• Appropriate tools for the presentation, i.e., enlarged maps, aerial photos, posters, copies of documents etc, are prepared. Participatory techniques are used, such as story telling, and time for discussions are planned.
• At village level, the initial JFM presentation meeting should involve the village committee only as dealing with a smaller group makes the initial presentation easier. Follow-up meetings attended by all villagers will take place later on.
• Discuss are held to agree upon the respective roles of JFM team members during the presentation meeting.
• Appointments with stakeholders for the presentation meeting are organised
• A report on each meeting should be prepared mentioning the people attending,
the issues discussed, the most important questions and issues raised by the participants, agreements reached and the recommendations arising from discussions.
Participants
The following people are invited to the JFM presentation meeting.
PAFO DAFO VILLAGE
!"Head of PAFO. !" PFO representatives; Inventory
grading, plantation and other relevant Sections.
!"Representative of the provincial LUP/LA committee.
!"Agriculture section. !"Women's union representative.
!"Head of DAFO. !"Field staff: extension
LUP/LA, Forest, etc. !"Representative of the
district LUP/LA committee.
!"Women's union representative.
!"Village committee. !"Village forest
volunteers.
THE JFM PRESENTATION TEAM SHOULD ENSURE AN ADEQUATE PICTURE OF THE JFM APPROACH IS PRESENTED. IT IS IMPORTANT
AT THIS STAGE NOT TO CREATE EXPECTATIONS AND MAKE PROMISES THAT WILL NOT BE FULFILLED IN THE FUTURE.
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JFM Presentation Meeting Agenda 1. JFM Principles
The underlining principles of a JFM approach are:
• Sustainable management of natural resources. • Mutual acceptance of clearly defined rights and responsibilities. • Decentralised management. • Participatory decision-making. • Village strengthening and empowerment. • Equity between the stakeholders. • Accountability of all parties. 2. JFM Objective
Involvement of villagers in the sustainable management and utilisation of State Production Forests and village forests. 3. Key Points to Emphasise
The following points are covered in the presentation, the details of which are adjusted depending on the target audience.
• The forest management plan, the principles of sustainable forest management, the differences from and similarities with the on-going government system for timber production.
• Contracts, rights and responsibilities of each stakeholder and benefit sharing, royalties and tax payment.
• Relationship to the current legislation on forest management. • Village organisation for JFM activities. • Principles of village forest management. • Integration of JFM in the village development cycle, links with LUP/LA,
extension and the village development plan (VDP). • Monitoring of activities and follow-up during the evolving JFM process. 4. Village Organisation for JFM Implementation
For the implementation of a Forest Contract Model 2 at village level, a Village Natural Resources Management and Development Committee (VRMDC) is organised. This committee is closely connected to or embodied in the regular village resource committee. Its members are chosen by the village committee after discussions with DAFO staff.
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Its main role is to facilitate the implementation of the forest protection contract in the village and act as an intermediary between the villagers and the PAFO and DAFO staff. It will carry out the various rights and responsibilities assigned to the village in the Forest Protection Contract. 5. JFM Main Stakeholders
Action Area
Implementing units
Co-ordination unit Monitoring unit Technical support
VILLAGES AROUND THE SPF
Sawmills Transportation companies Other villages Other district services
VRMDC DAFO District 1 DAFO District 2
PAFO- JFM UNIT
DoF
FRC (NAAFRI)-FIPC
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JFM Organisation
GOVERNOR OF DISTRICT
HEAD OF VILLAGE
VILLAGE COMMITTEE
DAFO
FIELD STAFF
VRMDC
VILLAGERS
PAFO
JFM UNIT
DoF - FRC- FIPC
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STEP 2: INTRODUCTORY VILLAGE WORKSHOP This step relates to presenting the JFM concept to the village community after the initial presentation of the JFM concept to the village committee. A village-based workshop familiarises the villagers with the JFM name and concept, what it contains, what the implications are for the village and the villagers as well as to initiate a forum for discussion and questions. This introductory meeting starts the process of regular consultations during JFM implementation. As the village is one of the signatories to the Forest Protection Contract, the issue of village participation in the JFM implementation is introduced during the workshop. The way the village will organise itself is also discussed. Organising the Introductory Village Workshop
• The JFM presentation team will prepare a workshop plan for introducing JFM to the villagers. Duration, topics, materials, consumables will be described in the plan.
• It is important that the presentation team plan carefully how they want to present their message. The tools they will use during the workshop should be agreed upon and prepared in advance.
• The level of literacy of villagers is often low and therefore they are not used to reading long documents. Visual and auditory support tools should therefore include: posters, enlarged maps, pictures, video, game playing, story telling, and some documents.
• The presentation team should agree in advance on the specific words to be used during the workshop. Many words that will be used are new to the villagers. The staff members have to agree on terms to be used, their meanings and how they will be presented to the villagers. It is also important that the use of these words is kept consistent throughout JFM development and in future report writing.
• One person in the village workshop team should be given the role of facilitating the discussion with the villagers. This person should be selected according to his / her adequacy for the job and not on his / her hierarchical position in the administration. During the meeting the other members of the team will be guided by the facilitator.
• At least one member of the presentation team should make a pre-workshop visit to the village in order to discuss the organisational issues with the village committee, identify the location for the workshop, and emphasise the importance of having a maximum of people attending the meeting.
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• In case the population of the village is large it is necessary to have a workshop venue adequate for a full representation of people so that they are all able to participate in a constructive way and become well informed.
• During the workshop, the head of each neighbourhood unit ("nouai") in the village should make sure that at least one male and one female from each family participates.
• The workshop should be started with an activity that encourages active
participation of the villagers. For example, they can be invited to discuss the natural resources in their village. This can be done by:
!"Questioning and sketching the evolution of forest and agricultural areas in the village area through time; and
!"Asking some villagers to draw a sketch map of their village territory showing the agricultural and forested areas.
This activity can be carried out by separate groups of men and women, or separate groups of forest users, to gather different opinions on different aspects of natural resources in the village.
• Some points from the discussion on village natural resources can then be used to introduce the JFM concept and the issues the workshop team has decided to address.
• One of the workshop sessions should focus on the presentation and explanation of the JFMA and its underlying principles of equity and ownership.
Suggested Discussion Issues
• SPF and Village forests. • Forest management and a description of the forest management plan. • Village involvement, i.e. Forest Protection Contract. • Rights and responsibilities shared by all signatories: PAFO/DAFO/Village. • Benefits from sharing responsibilities • The other development processes: participatory LUP and village development. • Support to villagers: regular staff visits, on-the-job and formal training.
THE JFM PRESENTATION TEAM SHOULD ENSURE THAT AN ADEQUATE AND REALISTIC PICTURE OF THE JFM APPROACH IS PRESENTED. IT IS IMPORTANT AT THIS STAGE NOT TO CREATE EXPECTATIONS THAT WILL NOT BE FULFILLED IN THE FUTURE.
UNREALISTIC PROMISES SHOULD NOT BE MADE
• Employment of local people. • Village management of money from JFM. • Village organisation; Village Resource Management Development Committee. • Village organisation for managing its responsibilities.
VRMDC Set-Up
• The VRMDC is organised to represent the village in the implementation of the Forest Protection Contract Model 2.
• Both literate and illiterate villagers can be members of the board. Some tasks do not require literacy. Within the executive units, work teams can be organised by pairing literate and illiterate villagers.
• To facilitate effective management the number of members on the board should not exceed 15 persons.
VRMDC Set-Up
• Women have to be representtasks other than gender relatperson on the VRMDC or be th
• The VRMDC has to be organiseForest Protection Contract mo
• VRMDC is based on the exadditional members can be chmade by the village administra
Head of Village/ Chairman
Deputy Head of Village
Elder / Adviser
Re eVillage Forest
Finance Health Volunteer
Youth Representative
Milice / Village Protection
Women’s presentativ
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ed in the VRMDC. They can also be chosen for ed tasks. A woman could very well be the finance e health volunteer for example.
d when the village is going to be contracted for a del 2.
isting administrative village committee. Some osen to fill vacant positions. These choices are tive committee.
Volunteers
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STEP 3: FORMATION OF THE VRMDC • A meeting between the village committee and PAFO and DAFO staff should be
organised at village level for the organisation of the VRMDC and selection of members.
• Once an agreement is reached by the village committee, the JFM unit at PAFO can prepare the final documents.
• The following documents should be prepared:
1. VRMDC organisation (including name of the members) and role. 2. Positions on the VRMDC.
• The documents are signed by the head of the village.
• A copy of all documents should be kept with the VRMDC, the DAFO and the JFM unit at PAFO.
• A report on the meeting should be prepared by the JFM unit.
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Procedure 2: Contractual Arrangements Scope of Contract In order to formalise the partnership between villages and the State for the management of the SPF, Forests Protection Contracts have to be prepared for agreement and signature by the 3 contracting parties: the village, DAFO, and PAFO.
The model contract describes the rights and obligations of each party including benefit sharing, village organisation, management responsibilities, the possible sanctions if a party does not respect the terms of the contract, the length of time the contract is valid and the settlement of disputes. Description of Contractual Arrangements STEP 1: PARTICIPATORY ELABORATION OF ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTING PARTIES • The Forest Protection Contract between the PAFO, DAFO, and the VRMDC is
the legal tool to implement the JFM operations. • The activities to be undertaken under the contract depend very much on the
contents of the SPF Forest Management Plan and the customary and administrative framework at district and provincial level.
• A meeting in the village should be organised by the JFM unit in order to
elaborate the roles and responsibilities of each party that will sign the Forest Protection Contract.
• The JFM unit and DAFO staff should prepare a list (poster) of the various
activities to be undertaken under the SPF forest management plan. • An agreement should be reached with the VRMDC on the way each activity will
be implemented and which party will be in charge of implementation. • The JFM unit has to prepare a report on the meeting outputs. The report will
contain a record of agreements made with the village about sharing responsibilities and the roles and responsibilities of the VRMDC agreed on.
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STEP 2: PARTICIPATORY ELABORATION OF SUPPORT SYSTEM TASKS
• After the discussions on the role and responsibilities for the future
implementation of the Forest Protection Contract have been discussed with the village committee, another meeting should be held at which DAFO and PAFO agree on the supervisory tasks of the respective offices.
• Discussions should focus on the practicalities of co-ordination between both
agencies to avoid duplication of work and/or confusing communications with the villagers.
• An internal document describing the role of each agency, the staff in charge
and their responsibility for the Forest Protection Contract implementation should be prepared and signed by the head of PAFO and DAFO.
• It is crucial at this stage that the support staff pay special attention to the
underlying meaning of wording in the documents. For example, what does the word monitoring means in relation to activities?
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Forest Protection Contract Partners in the Dong Kapoh SPF Operation
Contract Partners
Government Village
Executing contract parties
PAFO DAFO Village Resource Management and Development Committee
(VRMDC) Responsible units
JFM Unit
Forest Management Staff/Rangers Extension staff Land-use staff
Village Forest Volunteer/s Village Head
Heads of Nouays Role and responsibilities of the executing contract parties
1. Implement all parts of the Dong Kapoh SPF Management Plan
2. Manage the protection and follow-up implementation plan of Dong Kapho SPF
3. Contract the protection of the forest to the village. 4. Delineate and demarcate the border of Dong Kapho
SPF within the village territory 5. Organise the sale of logs through the log sale
committee and distribute revenues as agreed in the contract to the various parties
6. Hire village labour in conducting all forest operations. 7. Issue instructions to the village for logging and
enrichment planting. 8. Issue regulations on hunting and collection of NTFPs. 9. Manage the Forest Protection Fund for forest
protection in all villages around the SPF and the Forest Improvement Fund for financing of forest operations in the village.
10. Follow -up contract implementation by the village.
1. Assist the villages in undertaking all aspects of the contract and village development.
2. Delineate and demarcate the SPF border within the village territory
3. Organise training for villages in activities necessary to undertake the contract
4. Support Land use planning and land allocation and the development and implementation of village forest management plans, and village development plans
5. Collect the fee from the PAFO and manage the District Forestry Development Fund.
6. Prepare a map of the enrichment planting area and instructions on seed collection, nursery, and enrichment planting activities.
7. Prepare monthly, quarterly and annual report.
1. Organise the VRMDC for the implementation of the contract and of forest operations (protection, plantation, nursery, etc.
2. Manage funds for village development and for supporting forest protection activities.
3. Pay the logging tax to the government.
4. Ensure the protection of the SPF within the village boundaries and submit reports to PAFO.
5. Prepare and implement the village development plan and village forest management plans.
6. Organise village forest volunteer/s in the village.
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STEP 3: PARTICIPATORY ELABORATION OF THE TIMBER REVENUE SHARING SYSTEM
As per the Forest Protection Contract, the PAFO sells the logs to a sawmill selected through a bidding process and is entitled to all the revenue from the sale of logs. From the sale proceeds, the PAFO has to make the following payments: Royalties and other taxes
There are a certain number of legal taxes that have to be paid by the party in charge of logging and selling timber.
1. Royalties: decided at the Ministry of Finance and disseminated by DoF through the forestry administration. The royalties are for fixed amounts in US$ for each species. These royalties prices/species can be changed from one year to another.
2. Logging tax. 3. Marketing tax. 4. Other taxes: see local provincial and district framework.
Provincial and District Fund
In view of the specific situation of the SPF and the specifics imposed by its forest management plan, it may be decided to establish District Funds to moderate some social-economic inequalities by distributing the benefits from the revenue from sale of logs to more people. Village Logging Payments
The village logging payments are used to pay: villagers who have worked in the forest during the harvesting operations, the log transportation company and administrative costs (consumables, medicines). PAFO Net Revenue
The PAFO net revenue is used by the PAFO to implement village development activities (Provincial emergency fund) and participate to the Dong Kapho Funds to facilitate the SPF management.
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DONG KAPHO SPF IMPROVEMENT FUND
SUCH A FUND EXISTS ONLY UNDER FOREST PROTECTION CONTRACT MODEL 2.
✔ THE FUND WILL SUPPORT NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND ACTIVITIES, SEED
COLLECTION BY VILLAGERS, ENRICHMENT PLANTING , FOREST OPERATIONS,
IMPROVEMENT ACTIVITIES SUCH AS EXTRACTING UNDESIRABLE TREES, TO MEET
THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SPF MANAGEMENT PLAN. (CONSEQUENTLY, BUDGET
FOR THESE ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT APPEAR IN THE 1999-2000 LSFP BUDGET
PLAN FOR JFM ACTIVITIES).
✔ CONTRACTED VILLAGES SHOULD PREPARE WITH SUPPORT FROM DAFO STAFF
PLANS FOR SEED COLLECTION, NURSERY ACTIVITIES, AND ENRICHMENT
PLANTING IN ORDER TO GET MONEY FROM THE FUND TO OPERATE SUCH
ACTIVITIES.
✔ THE FELLING OF MARKED TREES THAT VILLAGERS MIGHT REFUSE TO CUT
BECAUSE THEY ARE HOLLOW TREES AND THEREFORE CAN NOT BE SOLD TO THE
SAWMILL WILL BE CHARGED TO THIS FUND. THE FEE GIVEN TO VILLAGERS FOR
CUTTING A HOLLOW TREE AMOUNTS TO 5%/M3 OF THE LOGGING FEE.
E.G. IN 1998/99, LOGGING FEE = 83.500 KIPS
5%/M3=4175 KIPS/M3
DAFO WILL REPORT ON THE NUMBER AND CUBIC METERS OF HOLLOW TREES CUT
SO THAT MONEY CAN BE DISBURSED.
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DONG KAPHO SPF PROTECTION FUND
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE DONG KAPHO SPF FUND IS TO REDISTRIBUTE
SOME OF THE TIMBER REVENUE TO THOSE VILLAGES AROUND THE SPF
THAT HAVE NO LOGGING ACTIVITY WITHIN A PARTICULAR YEAR.
✔ 70% OF THE MONEY WILL ENSURE SUPPORT TO VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN
VILLAGES AROUND DONG KAPHO SPF WHERE NO REVENUES ARE
GENERATED FROM LOGGING WITHIN A PARTICULAR YEAR. IN VIEW OF THE
MONEY AVAILABLE AND OF THE MOST PRESSING NEEDS EXPRESSED BY
THE VILLAGES, THE JFM UNIT WITH THE CONCERNED DAFO SHOULD
PROPOSE ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED VILLAGES AROUND DONG KAPHO SPF.
✔ 30% OF THE MONEY WILL SUPPORT DONG BANG FIELD OFFICE
ADMINISTRATION SPECIAL COSTS AND FOREST PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
IN VILLAGES WHERE NO LOGGING OPERATIONS ARE TAKING PLACE (E.G.
HIRING OF VILLAGERS TO UNDERTAKE SUCH ACTIVITIES, HOSPITALITY,
MATERIAL, AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE STAFF).
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BENEFIT SHARING BETWEEN THE VILLAGE AND THE GOVERNMENT AND USE OF THE MONEY UNDER FOREST PROTECTION CONTRACT MODEL 2
The Province is selling the logs at send landing
Government PAFO DAFO Village Revenue Expenses
Royalties Other taxes National budget
PAFO NET REVENUE (100%)= sale of logs - (royalties +other taxes +logging fee +log transportation +district forestry development fund).
10% 30% 60% Forest Protection Fund Forest Improvement Fund Provincial Emergency Fund 30% to Rangers Pre-logging survey Drought/flood emergency for forest control activities, Tree-marking survey Building construction and illegal logging and hunting and Survey for enrichment planting maintenance administration expenses of Dong Delineation of Dong Kapho / Bang office SPF border Seed Collection, nursery, and plantation 70% as village development Hollow trees fee fund/ protection fee in villages Others where no logging is taking place
District forestry development fund District Forestry Development Fund Development activities in villages of the district
-Logging fee -Forest Improvemenfee for plantation activities and loggingof hollow trees -Protection fee for villages where no logging is taking plac -Logging tax -Village developmentfund -Logs transportation-Labour for villagers/consumable-Incentive for villagorganizations -Village administrati
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STEP 4: DRAFTING THE FOREST PROTECTION CONTRACTS • In order to formalise the partnership between the village and the Government
or State for the management of the SPF, a Forest Protection Contract has to be prepared for agreement and signature by the 3 contracting parties: the village, DAFO and PAFO.
• A model contract describes the rights and obligations of each party including
benefit sharing, village organisation, management responsibilities, the possible sanctions if a party does not respect the terms of the contract, the length of time the contract is valid, and the settlement of disputes.
• The contract may be reviewed again in the future if situations change and with
the agreement of the 3 signatory parties. • The Forest Protection Contract should be drafted by the JFM Unit in accord
with the agreements that have been made during the various consultations with the village and the DAFO and PAFO.
• The draft documents should be circulated for comments:
1. At district level: DAFO head, District Governor, District Development Committee.
1. At Provincial level: Province Governor, PAFO Head, Provincial development committee.
2. At central level: Department of Forestry (DoF), FRC, FIPC. • A time frame for receiving comments should be fixed, for example: one month. • The JFM unit has to consolidate the comments received from the parties that
have reviewed the drafted Forest Protection Contract. • In cases where comments and suggestions made concern the contents of the
drafted contract, these should be presented and discussed further with the village committee. A number of consultations between the village and the reviewers through the JFM unit might be necessary until a compromise is reached.
• When an agreement is reached between the village and the authorities, the
JFM unit at PAFO can prepare the final contract.
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STEP 5: SIGNING OF THE FOREST PROTECTION CONTRACT
• The JFM unit is in charge of getting the Forest Protection Contract signed by
each contract party • At village level, a meeting to officially sign the Forest Protection Contract
should be organised with the VRMDC, by DAFO and PAFO staff. The meeting is an opportunity to review all the activities involved, the way the process will evolve further and to answer questions, etc.
• A copy of all documents should be kept with the VRMDC, the DAFO and the
JFM unit at PAFO • A report on the meeting should be prepared by the JFM unit
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An Example of a Forest Protection Contract for
JFM Model 2
DONG KAPHO JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT TEST
FOREST PROTECTION CONTRACT
Model 2*
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT UNIT Provincial Forestry Section
Savannakhet
*Translated from Lao language
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Laos is a country rich in a multitude of natural resources. Among them forest resources are considered as precious resources. Based on the policy of the Party and Government, as well as on the Forestry Law and in view of improving the living conditions of the multi-ethnic population and promoting the protection of forests, all 3 parties, being Savannakhet Province, ...... District and Ban ...... have jointly agreed to enter this Forest Protection Contract based on the new forest management concepts on the following terms and conditions:
PART I: CONTRACT PARTIES AND RESPECTIVE ROLES
Article 1. The objective of this Contract is to encourage the participation of the multi-ethnic population living around Dong Kapho to the sustainable management and protection of forests to ensure that the State Forest Production area is managed and used in a sustainable manner by the population who benefits from such participation.
This Contract is entitled as "Forest Protection Contract" between the Government (Savannakhet Province) and the population of Ban ......., and is hereafter referred to as “Contract”.
Article 2. Contract Parties: This Contract is made between the Government (Savannakhet Province) and the population of Ban ...... However, to ensure efficient field activities in compliance with the policy guidelines outlined by the Party and the Government, and the laws of the Lao PDR, the Contract Parties are designated as follows:
1/. Savannakhet Province (Province Agriculture & Forestry Office)
2/. ...... District (District Agriculture & Forestry Office)
3/. Ban ...... (Village Resource Management & Development Committee)
Article 3. Savannakhet Province, as the Government’s representative, is the 1st Contract Party hereafter referred as the Contractor. The Contractor is responsible for the organization and the implementation of all field activities aimed at ensuring the sustainable protection and management of Dong Kapho State Production Forest through planning and supervising implementation, collecting royalties from log buyers, taxes from the village recruited for logging, and other taxes in compliance with the regulations enacted by the Ministry of Finance, and controlling all activities within the State Production Forest.
Savannakhet Province has established this Contract for forest protection with Ban ...... (Village Resource Management & Development Committee) in relation to the ...... Management Area of Dong Kapho SPF. It is represented by the Province Agriculture & Forestry Office. This Contract will be signed by its Director.
Savannakhet Province Agriculture & Forestry Office, as the owner of this Contract, is hereafter referred to as “PAFO” and the.... Management Area of the Dong Kapho State Forest Production as “Forest”.
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Article 4. ...... District is the 2nd Contract Party and will support Ban ...... through forestry and training activities in order to build up villagers' capacity to implement the Forest Protection Contract in areas outside the State Production Forest and within the Forest area under the village’s responsibility in a similar sustainable manner as protected in the whole of the State Production Forest.
...... District is represented by its Agriculture & Forestry Office. This Contract will be signed by its Director.
The ...... District Agriculture & Forestry Office, as a Contract Party, is hereinafter referred to as “DAFO”.
Article 5. Ban ......, with its population as members, is the 3rd Contract Party. It will establish a Village Resource Management & Development Committee within the village to represent its villagers in the execution of this Contract. The Committee will be assigned with the task of protecting the Forest lying within the village territory to prevent all acts of destruction or encroachment from outsiders and others. In addition, it will implement the Dong Kapho Forest Management Plan as adopted by the Forestry Department.
The Chairman of the Village Resource Management & Development Committee, as the villagers’ representative, will sign this Contract.
Ban ......, as a Contract Party, is hereafter referred to as “Village”.
PART II: RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACT PARTIES
Chapter 1
Rights and Obligations of the Province Agriculture & Forestry Office
Article 6. PAFO, on behalf of the Government and under the guidance of the Province Governor, is responsible of all field activities for the management, protection, and implementation of Dong Kapho State Production Forest Plan as adopted by the Forestry Department.
Article 7. PAFO will appoint and assign permanent forestry officers (Rangers) to the Dong Bang field office as its representatives for all field activities related to Dong Kapho State Production Forest.
Article 8. PAFO and DAFO will jointly be responsible for marking the border between the State Production Forest and village territory with labour assistance from the population of Ban ...... PAFO will then certify and acknowledge the area of the Production Forest under the village’s responsibility. PAFO will support the establishment of the Village Resource & Development Committee to implement the actual protection of this
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area of the production forest (map of the production forest area under the village’s responsibility).
Article 9. The permanent forestry officers (Rangers) will supervise the protection activities performed by the villagers. They will report to PAFO for decision on eventual penalties, sanctions in the case of encroachment upon the Forest.
Article 10. PAFO and DAFO will be jointly responsible for surveys mentioned in the State Production Forest Management Plan, such as pre-logging surveys, tree marking surveys. They will outline the cutting regime (regulations on tree felling) in annual cutting areas prior to any actual exploitation.
Article 11. PAFO and DAFO will jointly be responsible for logging in annual cutting areas for which villagers of Ban ...... will be recruited. In addition both agencies will coordinate the inspection of stumps in view of avoiding felling damages or cutting of unmarked trees. Simultaneously, a survey will be conducted for the evaluation of natural regeneration in cutting areas for further management.
Article 12. PAFO will request the Log Sale Committee to sell exploited logs from second landing and collect royalties from buyers and taxes from the village authorized to exploit wood, and remit such taxes to the budget in accordance with the regulations outlined by the Ministry of Finance. In addition, PAFO will establish a Production Forest Protection Fund, a Production Forest Improvement Fund and a District Forest Development Fund.
Article 13. The Production Forest Protection Fund is established in order to facilitate the State Production Forest protection and the prevention of negative impacts liable to affect the sustainability of the Forest management. Such fund is supplied by deducing part of net revenues (10%) obtained by the Party responsible for implementing the Forest management plan. It is calculated as follows:
Forest Protection Fund = 10/100 x Net Revenues *
Net Revenues * = Total revenue from the sale of logs - (Royalties + labour costs for logging, road clearing, and transportation + duties + remittances to the District Forest Development Fund).
• The Production Forest Protection Fund will be managed by PAFO. Any disbursements will abide by the following procedures:
♦ Each year, 70% of the fund is equitably distributed among villages around Dong Kapho where no revenues are generated from logging.
♦ Each year, 30% of the fund is remitted to Dong Bang field office to support the Forest protection activities and the field office administration costs.
Article 14. The Production Forest Improvement Fund is established in order to provide funds for nursery, reforestation, and forest operations and improvement activities (such
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as upgrading the Forest quality and resources by e.g. extracting undesirable tree species, vines and other biological activities) to meet the requirements of the State Production Forest Management Plan. Such fund is supplied with 30% of the net revenues gained by the Party in charge of implementing the Forest management plan (based on the same formula described under Article 13). The fund is managed by PAFO.
Article 15. The District Forest Development Fund is established in order to distribute generated from logging for socio-economic development among villages which do not benefit directly from the State Production Forest management within the district or to address emergency situations, except in urgent cases. Such fund is supplied by deducing part of the total revenues from the sale of logs (5% of the royalties shall be used as the unit to calculate the sum to be remitted to such fund) gained by the Party entitled to implement the Forest management plan.
The fund is managed by DAFO. Any disbursement will require approval from the District Governor and PAFO. DAFO will report on the fund's use and its status on a regular basis. It will operate a separate account for such fund.
Article 16. PAFO will issue village level regulations related to hunting and non timber forest products collection in the Forest to ensure its sustainable use.
Article 17. PAFO will consider cancelling the village’s rights to exploit timber in case the village would fail to implement its responsibilities in line with the Contract.
Chapter 2 Rights and Obligations of the District Agriculture-Forestry Office
Article 18. DAFO will administer and monitor the implementation of the Contract signed with the village. It will establish trustful relations with the villagers and the Village Resource Management & Development Committee in view of supporting the Committee in implementing the Forest Protection Contract and developing the village.
Article 19. DAFO will determine or plan training for the Village Resource Management & Development Committee. It will identify and provide extension services on various forestry aspects.
Article 20. DAFO, jointly with PAFO, will conduct the activities described under Articles 8, 10 and 11 of this Contract.
Article 21. DAFO will provide special attention in monitoring and supporting villagers in establishing a nursery, seed multiplication and enrichment planting in due time with the seasons on an annual basis and as planned. In relation with the Forest regeneration, DAFO will outline detailed plantation plan and forest improvement plan (cutting hollow and degraded marked trees) in view of requesting a budget from the Dong Kapho Improvement Fund with PAFO.
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Article 22. DAFO will coordinate and provide assistance to the village in planning village development, forest protection, land use and land allocation within the village and the management of forests outside the State Production Forest.
Article 23. DAFO will monitor the implementation of the Contract signed with the village and field activities on a permanent basis. Simultaneously, DAFO will implement in accordance with the Forest management plan, instructions and notices from PAFO. It will submit monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports to PAFO and relevant authorities.
Chapter 3 Rights and Obligations of Ban ......
Article 24. Provided the cutting area is located within its area of responsibility, the village has the right to be recruited by PAFO to exploit wood and manage and protect the Forest on an annual exploitation period basis.
Article 25. Provided the village Forest area is not included in the annual cutting plans, the village will be compensated by PAFO from the Forest Protection Fund as provided under Article 13. However, the village will ensure the Forest efficient protection and actively implement its obligations, such as:
• Protection from any encroachment into the Forest for land clearance as lowland or highland cultivation or any other purposes.
• Prevention of wood poaching and illegal hunting (both from villagers and outsiders).
• Prevention of forest fires. In such case, villagers will be organized to extinguish it in due time. Any extended forest fire will be urgently notified to PAFO and DAFO within 24 hours.
Article 26. Provided the village’s production forest area is included in the annual cutting area, the village will receive the following benefits from PAFO:
• Logging fees (logging related service fees), which will be calculated on the basis of the cubic meters of extracted timber. The logging fee rate (Kips/cubic meter) will be agreed on an annual basis according to fluctuations in logs markets and the inflation.
• Funds from the Forest Improvement Fund and Forest Protection Fund as provided under Article 13 and 14.
Article 27. Provided the village’s Forest area is included within the annual cutting area, the village will take special care to nursery activities, plantation and improvement. These activities are obligations of the village. Fees for plantation and nursery activities will be based on general principles outlined by PAFO.
Article 28. The village entitled to conduct logging will take special care in felling all surveyed and marked hollow, degraded trees, and trees not accepted by the market. All
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these trees must be extracted to improve the Forest as prescribed under the management plan. It is the village obligation. The fee payable for the extraction of such trees will be 5% of the logging fee paid for general logging in the relevant year. Such fees will be requested by DAFO from the Forest Improvement Fund. The request will be submitted simultaneously with the annual plantation plan in each area as provided under Article 21.
Article 29. When recruited for annual logging, the village will remit taxes to the Government according to the exploited volume and the regulations outlined by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 30. The village will extend cooperation and actively participate to forestry activities, such as seed gathering, nursery activities, enrichment planting and others as required by PAFO and DAFO. The village will receive fees accordingly.
Article 31. The village will work jointly with DAFO in participatory activities such as in planning land use and land allocation, village development, village forests management and others when such activities are organized by DAFO in the village.
Article 32. The village will be entitled to collect non-timber forest products, make customary use of timber and hunt within the Forest area lying within its area of management based on the general rules and regulations periodically notified by PAFO.
Article 33. The Village Resource Management & Development Committee, on behalf of its villagers, will administer the fees received by the village. The use of such funds will be decided in common between the villagers.
Article 34. The Village Resource Management & Development Committee will keep books and records on the use of funds received by the village. It will establish monthly, quarterly and annual statements of expenditures. In addition, the village will keep proper records of non-timber forest products collected and wild life hunted from the Forest and report to Dong Bang field officers (Rangers) based on the Province’s reporting regulations.
Article 35. The village will organize Village Forestry Volunteers to monitor forest protection activities. The appointed Village Forestry Volunteers will be active and trusted by the villagers and the members of the Village Resource Management & Development Committee. Simultaneously, the village will actively counter all negative and threatening acts to the national resources and economy.
Article 36. The funds for village development will be the remaining portion of the total revenues generated from all sources (logging fees, Dong Kapho Protection Fund, Dong Kapho Improvement Fund) after the deduction of the following expenditures:
• Labour fees for logging and tracks clearing paid to villagers.
• Costs for the transportation of logs from first to second landing (service provider)
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• Administration costs of the Village Resource Management & Development Committee.
• Costs of various groups within the village (according to the village’s decision)
• Costs in protecting the production forest.
• Costs of plantation.
The distribution of revenues from logging fees and other service fees will be decided by the villagers, except for transportation fees from first to second landing which will be agreed with the service provider on an annual basis.
PART III: SANCTIONS
Article 37. In case the village efficiently implements this Contract, the village will be awarded and granted incentives from the Government of the Lao P.D.R. as provided under Article 68 of the Forestry Law.
Article 38. In case the village would breach and fail to implement this Contract, allowing its population or outsiders to destroy the forest resources, protected species, water sources and the environment within its area of management, the followings sanctions will be applied:
1/. Disciplinary measures:
• In case the village would fail to implement the Contract and would allow forest destruction by its villagers or individuals from other villages and in case PAFO would consider that the village is at fault and that such problems have been voluntarily caused by the villagers and other factors, the village’s exploitation rights will be temporarily suspended or permanently cancelled, on a case by case basis. The village will not receive forest protection financing from the Forest Protection Fund.
• Upon the cancellation of labour recruitment, the village will be required to plant an area equal to three times the area destroyed by its villagers to be eligible for the re-consideration of exploitation rights.
2/. Legal measures: all acts by parties or individuals detrimental to national resources and undermining the national economy will be investigated by PAFO for legal proceedings in accordance with the Forestry Law.
Article 39. In case PAFO or DAFO would be unable to meet the provisions in this Contract, the village will be entitled to claim, lodge petitions and induce legal procedures or appoint an attorney in legal proceedings.
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PART IV: FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 40. This Contract is effective until September 30, 1999, that is from its signing by all 3 parties until September 30, 1999. Any future extension of this Contract will be subject to the final assessment of the Evaluation Committee.
Article 41. Settlement of disputes: any Contract Party encountering and wishing to report, consult and clarify issues or disputes or bring modifications to contractual arrangements during the implementation of this Contract, will submit a request to the Forestry Department to convene an extraordinary meeting with the other 2 Contract Parties. If such meeting is unable to bring solutions to the issues or disputes, the Forestry Department will submit the matter to the Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry for the opening of a higher level meeting until solutions are finally worked out.
Article 42. Effective date: this Contract is effective from the date the 3 Contract Parties affix their signature hereunder. Any former covenant or agreement inconsistent with this Contract are superseded.
This Contract is made in 4 original copies, PAFO, DAFO, the village and the Forestry Department each keeping one original.
At .........., Date ....../....../...... Chairman, Ban .......... Village Resource Management & Development
Committee
At .........., Date : ...../...../...... Director, .......... District Agriculture & Forestry Office
At .........., Date ...../...../..... Director, Savannakhet Province Agriculture & Forestry Office
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Stage 2: Village JFM Organisation Support System
Procedure 1: Development of Mechanisms to Support Village JFM Activities
STEP 1: ESTABLISHING ARRANGEMENTS FOR INITIAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR LOGGING ACTIVITIES
• PAFO and DAFO should include in their plan a budget for purchase of
equipment to allow the village to carry out its Forest Protection Contract responsibilities.
• Equipments required:
!"Logging material (handsaws, machetes, hammer, ropes, etc). !"Nursery and plantation material. !"Administrative material: village safe, pens, papers, board, etc.
• The logging equipment remains with the village after purchase. STEP 2: GUIDELINES FOR DAFO PLANNING AND SUPPORT
FOR JFM ACTIVITIES Explanation
The yearly planning of support to JFM activities around the SPF is a joint exercise between the DAFO and the JFM unit. Staff from each agency meet to determine which activities have to be undertaken in accord with the SPF management plan, the forest management contract, the JFM general concept, and in recognition of the previous experience gained with the villagers. Implementation responsibilities
Chapter
3
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are distributed between the 2 agencies that each submit a yearly work plan from which will be prepared quarterly work plans, and finally monthly work plans. Operations
• JFM unit staff have to take the lead and arrange for an annual joint planning meeting between themselves and DAFO staff not later than the month of May each year. During the meeting all the activities to be implemented during the following year will be reviewed and agreed upon (see guidelines for JFM administrative planning attached).
• The DAFO staff support plan for JFM activities will be submitted to DAFO for integration into the general plan of that office (village based plan).
• The JFM unit plan will then be submitted to the PAFO for integration in the general plan of that office.
• Prior to initiating the planning process, the JFM unit staff have to consult with the relevant units at central level, i.e., Forest Research Centre (FRC) and DoF in order to check on any specific activity the FRC foresees in connection with JFM so that time can be allocated for these activities and to avoid budgeting for the same activities at two different levels.
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Guidelines for JFM Administrative Planning (As developed in Savannakhet Province)
Introduction The responsibility for JFM planning is decentralised and delegated to PAFO and DAFO. These agencies develop village based plans (Activities have to be segregated village per village). JFM activities are integrated in all the other activities (land-use, extension, research, non-project supported activities) that take place in a particular village. It is important to keep this in mind while preparing the plan for the following year and to foresee areas for common action at DAFO level. 1. Implementing units There are two main planning units for JFM implementation, namely: DAFO and the JFM unit (under PAFO). There may be more than one DAFO involved if the SPF stretches across District boundaries. Each implementing unit in various locations has to submit a plan. The plan of each planning unit will take care of common activities between the various units and for specific activities that are depending on the particular conditions of a village and / or the specific responsibilities of the staff. The role of each DAFO is implementation and the role of the JFM unit is to facilitate, supervise, follow-up and liase with the PFO / PAFO and DoF in support of JFM implementation. Action Area VILLAGES AROUND THE SPF Planning units DAFO District 1 DAFO District 2 Co-ordination unit PFO- JFM unit Monitoring unit DoF-Forest Research Centre (NAFRI) Technical support
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2. Coding of Activities Planning for JFM activities should be organised according to the following headings:
1. Development and implementation of Forest Protection Contracts in villages surrounding the SPF.
2. Development and implementation of village forestry plans in villages surrounding the SPF under Forest Protection Contract.
3. Organisation and training of villagers in activities necessary for successful undertaking of JFM activities in villages surrounding the SPF.
4. Organisation and training of provincial and district staff in topics necessary for successful implementation of Forest Protection Contracts.
5. Monitoring and evaluation of JFM agreements implementation in villages surrounding the SPF.
All activities undertaken for JFM should be placed under one of the above headings. For example: 1) In case it is decided to organise training for villagers, the training
activity will be reported and budgeted under heading 3. 2) In case it is agreed to organise training for staff, the training
activity will be reported and budgeted under heading 4. 3) In case it is agreed upon to collect data on non-timber forest
products, the activity will be budgeted under the heading 1. 4) In case it is agreed upon to allocate land in a particular village,
the activity will be reported and budgeted under heading 1. 5) In case it is agreed to have a mid-year strategy meeting with all
actors involved, the meeting will be budgeted under heading 5. 3. Regular activities and specific activities linked to JFM implementation A. Regular Activities Regular activities are those activities that have to be implemented regularly. They are directly linked to the implementation of the SPF management plan and to the forest protection contracts. These activities have to be included in the work plans of all implementing units.
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The staff preparing the plan should select from among the following activities, which have to be included in the annual plan, based on the frequency of the activities. An example from LSFP and specific to Dong Kapoh is as follows:
Frequency Type Code No
Proposed schedule
Several times/year
By-yearly strategy/summary meetings
5. December/June
Village monthly visits 3. All year JFMA Board financial monitoring 3. Twice a year Maintenance of main forest tracks 1. All year Clearing/maintaining plantation 1. All Year Forest volunteer log book
monitoring 1. All year
Staff attending general meetings 4. All year Monitoring visits by DoF 5. Twice a year Monthly planning of activities 5. Every month Quarterly planning and summarising
of activities 5. Every quarter
Every year Quota Clearance 1. August Elaboration of the Cutting Regime 1 December/January Tree marking survey 1 March Bidding for timber 1. November/December Sale of logs 1. December Logging 1. January/February Post logging inspections 1. January-February Transportation of logs at second
landing 1. February/March
Scaling of logs at second landing 1. January-February Nursery activities 1. January to May Plantation 1. June to August Harvesting Payment 3. April to September Dong Kapho border demarcation 1. Dry season Prevention of forest fires and
grazing in Dong Kapho 1. Dry season
Organisation and follow-up of activities in the common protection fund/improvement fund
1. All year
Yearly planning of forest operations
1. May
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Frequency Type Code No.
Proposed schedule
Permanent growth plot measurement if established
1. under FRC
Permanent natural regeneration plot measurement if established
1. under DoF/FRC
Village annual assembly 3. September Support to hiring financial auditor
(for village in model 1) 3. October
Training /study tour for villagers 3. Rainy season Training/study tour for the staff 4. Rainy season Annual planning and summarising of
activities 5 June to September
Every 2 years
Pre-logging surveys 1. November
Selection of VRMDC 3. September-October Every 5 years
Elaboration of 5 years harvesting plan
1. October
Evaluation and monitoring of the plan implementation
5. Whenever
Every 10 years
Management inventory 1. Dry season
Revision of the management plan 1. Whenever Note: Code 2 related activities have not been yet defined. Waiting for further refinement and integration of the model and for training of staff. B. Specific Activities Specific activities are those activities that are particular to circumstances of a village. These activities are implemented in addition to the regular activities presented above. They are several types of specific activities: • Activities linked to the signing of Forest Protection Contract When a Forest Protection Contract is proposed in a new village, the following regular activities should be undertaken during the first year of working with the village.
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Type Code Proposed schedule Presenting JFM Concept 3. February-March Introductory Village Workshop 3. March Organising VRMDC 3. April Documents and contract preparation 3. June-August
Signing contracts 3 September Opening of village bank account 3. Whenever necessary Training in logging 3. November-December On-the-job training and formal of forest volunteers
3. All year
Organisation of village accounts 3. Whenever • Activities linked to the implementation of village development plan of a
particular village. Following the land-use and land allocation process, an integrated village development plan has been developed with and agreed upon by the villagers. The implementation of some of the activities of the plan will be funded through the JFM generated village development fund (protection fee).
The activities that will be supported through the JFM development fund should be included in the JFM plan under Code 3.
Examples of these activities are presented below:
Type Heading Proposed schedule Input to village development plan 3. Whenever Support to school construction 3. Whenever Support to water pump establishment 3. Whenever Support to informal credit scheme establishment 3. Whenever
• Activities linked to the testing of new methods/new techniques New techniques/methods have to be introduced to improve various aspects of the JFM concept. The introduction of new techniques/methods often requires the planning of extra activities. Some new techniques/methods that have been introduced are listed below:
• Inventory of village forests. • Permanent growth measurement. • Permanent natural regeneration measurement. • NTFPs assessment in villages around the SPF. • Establishment of common protection fund.
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• Re-discussion of Forest Protection Contracts. When selecting target villages and activities for research, it would be appropriate to select villages where JFM is already active. 3. Categories of villages involved in JFM implementation There are 3 types of villages to be considered under the JFM concept:
• Villages that will be under Forest Protection Contract during the planning year.
• Villages that have been under Forest Protection Contract. • Villages that are not under contracts but where land allocation and land use
planning will be conducted and / or activities will be implemented with the SPF funds managed by JFM unit.
4. Links with other Units It is obvious that links should be established with other components of the village development and sustainable land-use (VDSLU) system at DAFO level. • Links with the land-use planning and land allocation unit Co-ordination with the land-use planning and land allocation component will cover:
• villages around the SFP where land will be allocated by district and provincial staff; and
• villages where land has already been allocated during the previous years. Co-ordination should be maintained with the follow-up activities of the land-use component.
In terms of forest resources management, co-ordination between the JFM and land-use planning and land allocation is especially important for the activities linked to forest use assessments, forest mapping, and integration of JFM responsibilities, rights, and activities in the village agreement. • Links with the extension unit Co-ordination with the extension component will cover:
• Villages where land-allocation has already taken place but where no integrated village development plan has been developed. For these villages, the extension and JFM components should work together to support the
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villages in developing an integrated village development plan in which all JFM activities are integrated.
• Villages that have a JFM village development fund to support village development activities. For these villages, JFM and extension units should work hand in hand to support the use of the funds by the village according to the activities mentioned in the village development plan.
5. Responsibilities The responsibility for the implementation of all activities mentioned above are shared by the implementing units of JFM. It does not mean that each unit has to implement all these activities! Since the staff resources for JFM implementation are limited, it is important to allocate them in the most efficient way. There should be a discussion between all units to confirm which one will be responsible and implement a particular activity. The situation where efforts are duplicated with each unit implementing the same activity without co-ordinating with the other ones should be avoided. 6. Costs / Duration of a particular activity The costs budgeted for each activity should be based on the number of person-days involved, and on consumables needed (painting, medicines, posters,…). The staff should rely on their own experience from previous years and on unit costs used by their agency.
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STEP 3: DEVELOPING AN ACTIVITY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR DAFO AND VRMDC
The DAFO and VRMDC are responsible for the monitoring of JFM activities. In the case of the Dong Kapoh trial a well defined system has yet to be developed. This aspect of model development has received insufficient attention because the operation aspects have required continuous support and follow-up.
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Procedure 2: Village Level Financial Management STEP 1: SYSTEM FOR ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT In Forest Protection Contract Model 2, PAFO sells the logs earns money generated by the sale of timber. It has the responsibility to manage this money well. In addition to the village labour it pays a protection fee to the village. The protection fee will be placed in a Bank account by the village and the money will be used in accord with village development activities selected by the village. Financial Management Operations Opening and monitoring of the village bank account
• DAFO has to organise and support the opening of the bank account by the village.
• The village will delegate the responsibility for signature and release of money to two representatives, in general the village head and the person in charge of the finance in the VRMDC.
• Withdrawal of money from the bank account is possible using these 2 signatures and an approval letter / stamp from DAFO.
• In order to get the approval letter from DAFO, the VRMDC (with the assistance from DAFO) has to prepare a plan of activities and a provisional budget justifying the withdrawal of the money from the village bank account.
• The bankbook should be kept in the village, either by the village head or by the person in charge of finance.
• The village has to acquire a safe box in which the VRMDC funds and JFM related documents are stored.
Cash Book
A basic book keeping system is established to facilitate follow-up of development fund finances and disbursement.
• Development fund disbursement can be divided in 3 categories: !"Village administration (trip to the Bank, DAFO, consumables, etc). !"Hospitality. !"Village development activities.
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• Files and records such as receipts, activity plans, etc., should be kept in an appropriate way at the village. The person responsible for financial matters in the VRMDC is in charge of keeping the filing system accurate and up to date.
• DAFO finance staff should check, on an annual basis, the development fund cash book balance and the bank book to ensure that everything is fully reconciled
. The tasks of DAFO finance staff are to:
1. Check the money in hand: • Count the Cash • Confirm the balance in the Bank
2. Check the transactions in the quarter: • Check receipts for all payments made. • Have they all been properly authorised? • Have they been recorded properly in the cashbook? • Has all the revenue been properly recorded in the cask book? • Do the cashbook records agree with the Bank records?
3. Advise (possibly on-the -job training) the person in charge of financial accounting and other representatives of the VRMDC in order to improve the cask bookkeeping.
CASH BOOK FOR DEVELOPMENT FUND
General Data Money Village Development Fund Closing Balance
Ref N°
Date Description of Item
In Village Administration Hospitality Village DVPT
activities
Bank Cash
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STEP 2: MODE OF PAYMENTS AND OF IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGGING REVENUE DISTRIBUTION
In compensation for their work, the villages are paid a logging fee covering labour costs, payment for log transportation, payment to various village organisations, village administration costs, and the protection fee. The logging fee negotiated while signing the contract with the sawmill and PAFO is an amount of Kip per cubic meter of timber extracted. The way the money is allocated under the various positions/units is determined by the village. In some villages, villagers will prefer to be paid more, meaning that there will be less money available for the village development community fund. The reverse may apply in other villages.
Some of the revenue goes to a District Forest Development Fund (under DAFO) to support activities in villages that are not located around Dong Kapho SPF.
Some revenue is deposited into a Forest Protection Fund (under PAFO) in order to support forest protection activities and development in the villages around the SPF where no logging is taking place.
Some revenue is deposited in a Forest Improvement Fund (under PAFO) in order to pay for the costs of the various forest inventories, the removal of marked hollow trees, enrichment planting, post logging inspections, etc...in the SPF
Most revenue goes to the Central Government in the form of royalties and other taxes.
What is left of the revenue after all these payments is deposited in a Provincial Emergency Fund (under PAFO) in order to support emergency interventions (in case of severe droughts or floods) anywhere in the Province of Savannakhet. Examples on the way payments can be made are presented below. 1. Payment of royalties and other taxes
❐ The payment of the royalties and other taxes is executed by the sawmill on behalf of the PAFO.
❐ Since the payment is executed by the sawmill (the buyer) on behalf of the seller of timber, the sawmill will deduct the amount it pays for royalties and other taxes from the agreed sale price it pays to PAFO.
❐ The JFM unit staff have to gather copies of receipt for payment of taxes from the sawmill.
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2. Payments to Dong Kapho SPF Protection Fund and District Forest Development Fund.
• As per forest protection contract the seller of timber has to pay a contribution to a district forest development fund (in cases where this has been agreed).
• The district forest development fund is managed directly by DAFO which keeps separate accounts for it.
• The seller of timber, PAFO, has also to pay a contribution to the SPF funds. It is paid directly by the village to the JFM unit / PAFO.
• Money from the both funds should be deposited on a Bank Account. JFM unit should assist with accounting and bookkeeping. Any disbursement of money will require approval from PAFO (finance), PFO and the JFM unit. The JFM unit will report annually on the use of the funds (both budget and activities)
3. Payments to the village
• The sawmill transfers to the village bank account the agreed logging fee amount on behalf of the PAFO.
• In most cases, the sawmill will have made an advance to the village before starting the harvesting operations (consumables, medicines, etc.). The amount of the advance will be deducted from the final amount transferred to the village bank account.
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Stage 3: Joint Implementation of the SFP Management Plan
Procedure 1: Implementation of Forestry Operations Following the Management Plan Prescriptions
STEP 1: PRE-LOGGING SURVEY A year or two before actual logging, a pre-logging inventory takes place to quantify the timber stocks in the selected ACA (Annual Cutting Area) and its quality. This operation is conducted by staff from PAFO and DAFO, along with villagers. Villager roles are guiding the staff in the forest and in identifying the actual cutting area from the maps and aerial photos available. Villagers also participate in measurements in the plots inventoried. Villagers might indicate that the cutting area identified in the management plan cannot be logged in view of the traditional use of the forest. For example, it might be that one of the areas selected for logging is located in the sacred forest area of the village. In view of this, the area should be disregarded and classified in future as protection forest rather than production forest. Implementation The ACA to be inventoried in each management area of Dong Kapho SPF is identified from the Dong Kapho Forest Management Plan (NOFIP, 1994) in which the ACAs from year 1 to year 5 have been identified. For year 5 to year 10 the information is contained in the Dong Kapho SPF 5 to 10 year timber harvesting plan (JFM unit, 1997).
Chapter
4
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THE PRE-LOGGING SURVEY SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN IN
NOVEMBER EVERY TWO YEARS COVERING TWO ACAs IN EACH MANAGEMENT AREA
• A pre-logging survey map (scale 1/10.000) has to be prepared in advance. This can be done using the aerial photos from Dong Kapho SPF available at the Dong Bang office on which all compartments have been delineated. It should be kept in mind that most of the aerial photographs available are at 1:20.000 scale. It is therefore necessary to obtain enlargements of these photographs well in advance.
• A list of the aerial photos, available at Dong Bang Office, has been compiled together with a tentative flight path plan. When any of these photos are borrowed for other activities, e.g., land use planning in villages around Dong Kapho, it is the responsibility of the staff of the JFM unit to ensure that these are returned in due time.
COMPASSES AND CLINOMETERS SHOULD BE CALIBRATED BEFORE STARTING FIELD WORK.
• On arrival in the village, the staff should discuss the activity with the JFMA
Board and agree upon the objectives of the survey and the methods of undertaking it.
• The villagers who work with the staff during the pre-logging survey should be paid per diem (time and work) from PAFO/DAFO budget.
• The field implementation of the pre-logging survey is largely described in the Manual for Pre-Logging Survey in State Production Forests (NOFIP,1994) available in both English and Lao.
• To facilitate fieldwork a Pre-logging Survey Vade-Mecum (see below) summarising the various technical operations has been prepared. The field form presented in the manual mentioned above has been modified. The modified field form (enclosed) should therefore be used during the pre-logging survey.
• A list of the most common species in Dong Kapho SPF and their code has been compiled to facilitate record keeping on the field form.
• Precision and care when completing the forms are most important since the data collected will later be read and processed by other people who do need to be able to read and acquire all the information requested.
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• A summary form of the pre-logging survey has to be filled at the end of the activity.
• The field and summary forms, together with the pre-logging survey map, are classified and filed in the pre-logging survey file.
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Pre-Logging Survey: Vade-Mecum
-Prelogging Survey map: scale 1/10.000, from aerial photos
-Surveys Lines (L1, L2, L3, L4...) distant of 100 meters
-Starting point to be indicated precisely both on the map and in the field
-Distance between starting point and L1 is about 25 m
-Painting Colour: BLUE
-Plots: 20x25m every 50 m within the survey line (S= 0,05 ha)
-7% line inventory ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HEIGHT MEASUREMENT
H = Bole length in meters
L = Horizontal distance in meters between the measurer and the tree
P1, P2 = Percentage of the slope readings on the clinometer
H=((P1-P2)/100*L)
Consider all trees from 20 cm & above DBH
NUMBER OF LOGS (5m) DIAMETER MEASUREMENT that would be possible to cut DBH: Diameter (cm) of the tree at Breast Height measured from the bole length with diameter tape Bole Length No. of logs 2,5 m< 0 2,5m-7,4 m 1 7,5-12,4 m 2 12,5-17,4 m 3 17,5-22,4 m 4 22,5-27,4 m 5
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20 10 10 Moving ruler 0 0 10 10 20 α reading Percentage reading (P)
Bole length measurement with the Clinometer Suunto P1 H
P2 L L=L’ Cosα L’= Ground Surface distance L= Horizontal Distance P1 H L P1 P2 P2 L
Clinometer Suunto Angles and Height Measurement
Two types of reading:
* On the left side, value of the angle (α) in degrees (°) between the position of the tree and the horizontal distance.
* On the right side, reading of the tangent of the angle (α) in percent (P).
Two types of scale:
* Positive and Negative.
Starting on the 0 position the ruler will move towards positive or negative P value depending of the direction of the target aimed at.
H= ((P1-P2)/100*L)
P1,P2= Tangent of α1,α2 L= Horizontal Distance
A table for converting directly percent readings into height is available.
IN THE FOREST , L ≥ 8M. A BETTER PRECISION IS OBTAINED IF L ± = H
Negative scale -
+ Positive
Scale
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Table for converting percent readings into height (m)
P = % L= Horizontal distance to the tree (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,6 3 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 4 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,2 5 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 6 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8 7 0,6 0,7 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,1 8 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,4 9 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,5 2,7
10 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 11 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,9 3,1 3,3 12 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,7 1,9 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,9 3,1 3,4 3,6 13 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,8 2,1 2,3 2,6 2,9 3,1 3,4 3,6 3,9 14 1,1 1,4 1,7 2,0 2,2 2,5 2,8 3,1 3,4 3,6 3,9 4,2 15 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,4 2,7 3,0 3,3 3,6 3,9 4,2 4,5 16 1,3 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,6 2,9 3,2 3,5 3,8 4,2 4,5 4,8 17 1,4 1,7 2,0 2,4 2,7 3,1 3,4 3,7 4,1 4,4 4,8 5,1 18 1,4 1,8 2,2 2,5 2,9 3,2 3,6 4,0 4,3 4,7 5,0 5,4 19 1,5 1,9 2,3 2,7 3,0 3,4 3,8 4,2 4,6 4,9 5,3 5,7 20 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,0 4,4 4,8 5,2 5,6 6,0 30 2,4 3,0 3,6 4,2 4,8 5,4 6,0 6,6 7,2 7,8 8,4 9,0 40 3,2 4,0 4,8 5,6 6,4 7,2 8,0 8,8 9,6 10,4 11,2 12,0 50 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 11,0 12,0 13,0 14,0 15,0 60 4,8 6,0 7,2 8,4 9,6 10,8 12,0 13,2 14,4 15,6 16,8 18,0 70 5,6 7,0 8,4 9,8 11,2 12,6 14,0 15,4 16,8 18,2 19,6 21,0 80 6,4 8,0 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16,0 17,6 19,2 20,8 22,4 24,0 90 7,2 9,0 10,8 12,6 14,4 16,2 18,0 19,8 21,6 23,4 25,2 27,0
100 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 22,0 24,0 26,0 28,0 30,0 110 8,8 11,0 13,2 15,4 17,6 19,8 22,0 24,2 26,4 28,6 30,8 33,0 120 9,6 12,0 14,4 16,8 19,2 21,6 24,0 26,4 28,8 31,2 33,6 36,0 130 10,4 13,0 15,6 18,2 20,8 23,4 26,0 28,6 31,2 33,8 36,4 39,0 140 11,2 14,0 16,8 19,6 22,4 25,2 28,0 30,8 33,6 36,4 39,2 42,0 150 12,0 15,0 18,0 21,0 24,0 27,0 30,0 33,0 36,0 39,0 42,0 45,0
Height (H) = (Percent value (P) * Distance (L)/100
*In case of several measures, as for measuring the bole length of a tree, P = P1-P2
*For a given distance (L), take the height value (H) corresponding to the full ten percent and the height value corresponding to the unit figure. The sum of these two values is the measured height in meter. Example: 1. L = 18 m
2. P = 114% 110% + 4% 3. H = 19,8 + 0,7 = 20,5m
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Area Measurement
The measurement of areas on maps or aerial photos is necessary when preparing for pre-logging survey, tree marking survey, enrichment planting, and possibly for special surveys, e.g. shifting cultivation. Quick and easy methods to measure areas are: - millimetre paper
- area overlay. The plastic area overlay consists of a transparent dot-template, where each dot represents a specific area according to the scale. The value of one dot differs from scale to scale.
In measuring an area, the overlay should be placed randomly on the area. The dots will be counted at least twice with a rotation of the overlay in between the counts. The readings should be repeated until at least two consistent results are obtained. The mean of the readings represents the measured area.
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57
I. Summary District Village: Management Area: Compartment: Annual Coupe Area (ACA): Logging Area (LA) Team Leader: Team Members: Period of Survey: Area Inventoried: Ha Number of Lines Bearing of Lines: Base Line: Survey Lines: Number of Plots: Line 1: Total of Plots: Line 2: Line 3: Line 4: Line 5: % of Area Surveyed: Remark: II. Inventory Map III. Field Forms
Summary Report Pre Logging Survey
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Most Frequent Tree Species from Dong Kapho State Production Forest (from pre-logging survey data 1994-1998)
Code English Name Latin Name Minimum Diameter for cutting (cm)
2 Mai Kasseng Canaga latifolia
3 Mai Khanyoung Dalbergia cochinensis 35
5 Mai Kadouk Arytera littoralis
6 Mai Kadon Careya spaerica
12 Mai Lek Mesua ferrea 51
50 Mai Nyom Pha Ailanthus malabarica 40
63 Mai(Ken) Khanyom Shorea Cochinensis 70
69 Mai Khao Adina cordifolia 63
73 Mai Kinnok Vitex altissima
75 Mai Khimou Ormosia cambodiana
80 Mai Khennang Homalium tomentosum
88 Mai Khaisou Schima Moronhae
91 Mai Thekha Afzelia xylocarpa 60
97 Mai Kheng Dalium Cochinensis 51
101 Mai Khefoy Stereospermum fimbriatum 47
104 Mai Khenhin Hopea Ferrea 57
105 Mai Kenton Hopea odorata 70
107 Mai Makngeow Xerospermum laoticum
115 Mai Ngiou Pa Bombax spp. 57
123 Mai Djikdong Vatica astrotricha 51
126 Mai Kandjong Scaphunia lychnophorum
134 Mai Saphoung Tetrameles nudiflora 63
155 Mai Somkop Hymemodictyon excelsumvar
163 Mai Sommo dong Terminalia Procera 35
165 Mai Som hong Sterculia foetida L
167 Mai Wa Eugenia compongensis 40
175 Mai Sii Shorea vulgaris 63?
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Code English Name Latin Name Minimum Diameter for cutting (cm)
182 Mai Yang Dipterocarpus alatus 79
187 Mai Nyom Hom Toona febrifuga 54
192 Mai Daeng Xylia kerrii 51
197 Mai Tang Sien Vitex Pubescens 40
200 Mai Ta sua/Ta Pou Aphanamyxis spp.
202 Mai Tinpet Alstonia scholaris 40
207 Mai Teho Sindora cochnensis 51
218 Mai Nang Dam Diosporos mum 25
223 Mai Nyom Nhan Barringtonia annamica
231 Mai Baak anisoptera costata 79
234 Mai Bok Irvingia malayana 51
235 Mai Bok Khay Chaetocarpus catanocarpus 51
236 Mai Bong nang Carralia brachiata
247 Mai Peuay Lagerstromia floribunda 40
270 Mai fai Baccaurea sapida
272 Mai Manpaa Fragraea fragans
273 Mai Mi Artocarpus integrifolia 60
283 Mai Makmouang Mangifera indica
288 Mai Laheen/kenhin Hopea pierrii 57
303 Mai Haad
308 Mai Houalon Parkia streptocarpa 51
311 Mai Hamhao Pterospermum megalocarpum
314 Mai Mi Litsea polyantha
320 Mai Hanghon Diosporos gardneri
322 Mai Hao Parashorea stellata 63
333 Mai Oy Sang Heteropanax fragans
361 Mai Makmo 44
? Mai Takhai
Management Annual CuttinDate of SurvStarting poin
Line No.
Plot No.
*Quality 1: Healt*Quality 2: Tree *Quality 3: Tree *Quality 4: Dead TEAM LEADER:…
Pre-Logging Survey: Modified Field Form
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Area:…………………………………………………. g Area (ACA):…………………………………. Logging Area (LA):………………….. ey: …../……/….. Area (ha):………………………………….. t:…………………………………………..……………… Bearing: Baseline:……………………
Survey Line:……………..
Tree species Bole LENGTH Name Code
Tree Quality
*
DBH (cm) L (m) P1 P2 H (m) No. of
logs
H=((P1-P2)/100*L)
hy tree with none or minor damage with hole (s) from resin tapping, still living with serious damage or disease, still living tree, standing or lying, that could produce a commercial log
………………………………. Page…… out of……..
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STEP 2: ELABORATION OF THE CUTTING REGIME (INSTRUCTIONS FOR TREE MARKING)
The cutting regime is a prescription on how to select the trees for felling in an ACA. It involves the determination of which species at what diameter can be cut (Modified Minimum Diameter) based on the pre-logging survey data, the specific situation of each ACA, the timber market situation (which species have a market or not) and the forest management plan objectives. To elaborate the cutting regime, JFM staff has to apply a number of rules and criteria. The rules and criteria are found in the “Manual for the Elaboration of the Cutting Regime” (NOFIP, 1995). The tree marking instructions resulting from these operations will contain general rules and a table showing a list of species and the minimum diameter at which these species can be cut. Implementation of Cutting Regime Background
A “Manual for the Elaboration of the Cutting Regime” (NOFIP,1995) is available both in English and in Lao. It describes mainly the various criteria to apply to a logging area data sheet in order to decide which species at what diameter to cut. The logging area data sheet consists of data from the pre-logging survey.
When the implementation of the forest management plan started, the field forms were sent to NOFIP in Vientiane where the processing of pre-logging survey data into a logging area data sheet was done. However, this work depended more on the know-how of one individual rather than a well documented process.
In order to make the elaboration of the cutting regime an easier operation, a user-friendly computer application has been developed. The Prelogging Survey Application includes not only the processing of the pre-logging survey data into a logging area data sheet but it integrates as well the steps for the application of the various criteria described in the Manual for the Elaboration of Cutting Regime.
THE ELABORATION OF THE CUTTING REGIME IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF
THE 50 YEARS CYCLE.
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Pre-logging Survey Application
• The Prelogging Survey Application is an Excel Application and its use is described in a “Computer Application Guide” (JFM, 1998) available both in Lao and in English. The application itself can be used either in English or Lao.
• The application has been installed on computer at the PAFO in Savannakhet and master diskettes have been provided to the JFM unit and to the FRC (NAFRI) in Vientiane.
• The computer application consists of 5 worksheets. Once the pre-logging survey data have been entered on the first worksheet, progress is achieved simply by activating the next worksheet by clicking on the toolbar menu (See Cutting Regime Computer Processing enclosed).
• Data from the pre-logging survey form should be entered by a secretary (under the supervision of JFM unit staff) on the first worksheet (Basic data). The headings (management area, annual coupe area, area inventoried, number of plots, number of lines, etc.) should be carefully completed on this first sheet.
THIS STEP IS IMPORTANT. DATA ENTERED SHOULD BE CHECKED
BY COMPARING FIELD FORMS AND COMPUTER DATA. ERRORS MADE WHEN ENTERING THE FIELD DATA WILL RESULT IN A
WRONG END RESULT. • Worksheet No.5, Marketable Species, is a list presenting the marketable
species and at what minimum diameter they can be cut. This list has to be updated from one year to another.
• Files with results of data processed for a specific ACA have to be kept and filed carefully on the hard disk of the computer and on diskette to ensure their retrieval from one year to the next.
Instructions for tree marking
• The instructions for tree marking have to be presented on a single sheet (as included) before the tree marking teams start their work in the forest.
• An example of tree marking instructions is shown in the following pages
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Cutting Regime Computer Processing Computer Screen Operations
❐ Open Excel Software
❐ Open Logging Menu
❐ Activate New Worksheet function
❐ Enter Data from Field Forms
❐ Open Logging Menu
❐ Activate Volume Function
❐ Open Logging Menu
❐ Activate Logging Function
❐ Open Logging Menu ❐ Activate Cutting Function
Field Forms
Basic Data Worksheet
Volume Calculation Worksheet
Logging Area Data
Worksheet
Cutting Regime
Worksheet
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Tree Marking Instructions
I. Authorized Species and Diameter for Marking 1997/98 in Dong Kapho SPF
Annual Coupe Area 5 (ACA5) Code Species Minimum Diameter (DBH) for Felling
Management Area 2 (NW)
Management Area 1 (NE)
Management Area 3 (S)
63 Kanyom 70 70 _ 97 Keng 70 50 _
104 Kenhin 60 _ 70 105 Kenjom _ _ _ 123 Djikdong _ _ _ 175 Si 70 _ 70 182 Nyang _ _ _ 207 Teho 50 60 60 231 Bak 90 _ _ 247 Puay _ 60 _ 272 Manpa 70 _ _ 283 Mouang _ 80 _ 288 Laheen _ _ _ 308 Houalon 70 _ 70 322 Hao _ 80 _
Total 15 Species
II. General Rules for Cutting
1. Healthy trees should be selected for felling if they are included in the list of qualified speciesin the ACA and have a DBH higher than the indicated minimum DBH for felling.
2. Resin-taped Dipterocarpus alatus trees should not be selected for felling unless the tappinghas been terminated for ever as confirmed by the local people.
3. Damaged trees should be selected for felling if they are included in the all marketable specieslist, will produce at least one acceptable log,and have a DBH that is higher than 40 cm.
4. Single trees, qualified for felling according to rule 1-3 above, should be selected for felling,only if the distance from the tree in question to the nearest other selected tree is more than15 meters.
5. For a cluster of trees, where there are 3-5 trees qualified according to rule 1-3 above within acircle of 10 m radius, two trees may be selected for felling even if the distance between themis less than 15 meters.
6. Dead trees, standing or fallen, should be selected for felling if they are included in the allmarketable species list, will produce at least one acceptable log and have a DBH that is higherthan 40 cm. The minimum distance rules (4-5) should not apply to dead trees.
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STEP 3: TREE MARKING SURVEY A tree marking survey is undertaken together by villagers, DAFO and PAFO staff in each cutting area in order to measure and mark the trees to be logged. Trees are selected according to the instructions for tree marking prepared by the JFM unit. Each marked tree is given a number and indicated on the tree marking survey map. At this stage, climber (vine) cutting is carried out to reduce risks in felling and also as part of the sylvicultural treatment. The role of the villagers, besides helping with the measurements and climber cutting, is to advise on which trees can be cut or not according to their customary use. It might be that, although a tree can be marked as per the instructions, the tree is being used by an individual or a family (e.g. Dipterocarpus alatus for resin tapping). In this case the tree is not marked and will therefore not be felled. Later the data collected during the tree marking survey will be processed into volumes and presented in a tree marking survey report for each ACA. These reports are prepared by DAFO with support from the JFM unit Tree Marking Operations. Field Work
❐ A tree marking map (scale 1:5000) should be prepared in advance for each of the ACAs to be surveyed. This is done by enlarging the corresponding pre-logging survey map from 1:10.000 to 1:5000. Survey lines should be traced in advance on the map.
THE TREE MARKING SURVEY SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN IN MARCH EVERY YEAR COVERING ONE ACA IN EACH MANAGEMENT AREA
• On arrival in the village, the staff should inform the villagers and discuss with them the objectives of the work. Per diem is paid to villagers for their time and work when they provide direct assistance.
• The field implementation of the tree marking survey is largely described in the “Manual for Tree Marking Survey in State Production Forests” (NOFIP, 1994) in English and in Lao.
• To facilitate fieldwork a one page summary of the various technical operations has been prepared as well as a thoroughly reviewed field form as included.
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BOTH COMPASS AND CLINOMETERS SHOULD BE CALIBRATED
BEFORE STARTING FIELD WORK. • Precision and attention when filling the forms are most important at this stage
since data collected will be used to estimate the volume to be cut and later to propose a logging quota for Dong Kapho SPF.
• Field forms should be kept and classified in a tree marking file, presently at Dong Bang Office
• Aerial photos covering the ACA area should be taken along to check with the ground reality.
Tree Marking Survey Report
• A tree marking survey report has to be prepared for each ACA inventoried. The report contains a summary of the activity (people participating, technique used, etc.) and describes the tree marking map and tables of estimated volumes/tree, number of trees/species, volume/species. The report is counter-signed by PAFO, the JFM unit, DAFO.
• The estimated volumes are calculated by processing the data collected on the field forms. The calculation can be done using a computer application, the Tree Marking Survey Application, developed and installed at the JFM unit at the PAFO in Savannakhet.
• The Tree Marking Survey Application is an Excel application. Its use is described in a Computer Application Guide (JFM, 1998) available both in Lao and in English.
• Copies of the tree marking survey report should be distributed to PFO, JFM unit, DAFO, and to the villages.
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Tree Marking Survey Data Processing Computer Screen Operations
❐ Open Tree Marking.xls application
❐ Open Marking Menu
❐ Activate New Sheet Function
❐ Enter Data from Field Form
❐ Open Marking Menu
❐ Activate Make Report Function
Field Forms
Sample Worksheet
Report Worksheet
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Tree Marking Survey: Vade-Mecum
-Tree Marking Survey Map: scale 1:5.000, enlarged from Pre-logging survey map
-Survey Lines (L1,L2,L3,L4,…) distant of 50 meters
-Starting point to be indicated precisely both on the map and in the field
-Distance between starting point and L1 is about 25m.
-Painting Colour: RED
-100 % inventory HEIGHT MEASUREMENT H = Bole length in meter HDBH = Breast height (height at which the tree will be cut) h = Commercial height L = Horizontal distance in meter between the measurer and the tree P1/P2 = Percentage of the slope reading on the
clinometer
H= ((P1-P2)/100*L) h= H-HDBH
Select all standing trees following tree marking instructions MARKING TREE FOR FELLING DIAMETER MEASUREMENT For example: Tree N° 26* DBH: Diameter (cm) of the tree at Breast Height measured
with diameter tape
*Number of the tree marked for felling is indicated on the TM map at its location in the forest
Management ArAnnual Cutting ADate of SurveyStarting Point:…
TrTM Line No.
Tree No. Na
*Quality 1: Healthy *Quality 2: Tree wit*Quality 3: Tree wit*Quality 4: Dead tre TEAM LEADER:………
Tree Marking Survey: Field Form
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ea:………………………………………… rea (ACA):…………………………. Logging Area (LA):………………..
: …../……/….. Area (ha):……………………………….. ………………………………………………… TM Line Bearing: …………………
ee species Bole LENGTH me Code
Tree Quality
*
DBH (cm) L
(m) P1 %
P2 %
H (m)
HDBH (m)
h (m)
H=((P1-P2)/100*L) H-HDBH=h
tree with none or minor damage h hole(s) from resin tapping, still living h serious damage or disease, still living e, standing or lying, that could produce a commercial log
…………………………. Page…… out of……..
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STEP 4: HARVESTING Harvesting operations consist of:
• Logging related work: !"Organisation !"Clearing of logging tracks !"Felling of trees (made by handsaws)
• Log transportation from first (forest site) to second landing.
• Grading of logs. Logging is undertaken directly by the villagers under the supervision of DAFO staff.
HARVESTING OPERATIONS SHOULD START IN JANUARY AND BE COMPLETED DURING THE DRY SEASON
Harvesting Operations
Material procurement
!"To proceed with logging, the village needs to acquire basic equipment such as handsaws, machetes, hooks, etc. DAFO staff should assist the VRMDC to look for adequate and good quality equipment.
!"If it is the first year a village is implementing the Forest Protection Contract a special budget from PAFO should be allocated to allow the village to acquire the equipment.
Village Logging Organisation !"The organisation of villagers for logging work depends a lot on village
preference. It has evolved in a very natural way over the years with each village using its own structure to distribute work among all villagers.
!"Every village in Laos is divided administratively in neighbourhoods units ("nouay") composed of a variable number of households. Each neighbourhood is headed by a chief and a deputy chief. Before the logging work starts, the head of every nouay meets with the Village Head and the village committee to decide which trees each nouay will be entitled to cut. A bigger nouay will be given more trees to cut than a less populated nouay. Responsibilities to clear the logging tracks will be distributed in the same way.
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• Some villages will add some variation to the above system, for example, one village might create a special nouay comprised of all the young people from the village keen to work and earn money in addition to the regular neighbourhoods. Another village might assign the responsibility of clearing the tracks to one neighbourhood only while the others get the responsibility for felling trees.
BOTH MEN AND WOMEN ARE ENTITLED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE WORK. THERE MIGHT BE SOME VILLAGE VARIATIONS. IN SOME VILLAGES WOMEN ASSIST JUST BY PREPARING FOOD FOR THE WORKERS FOR WHICH THEY WILL BE PAID THE SAME AMOUNT WHILE IN OTHER VILLAGES WOMEN CLEAR LOGGING TRACKS.
Tree marking map
❐ A copy of the tree marking survey report is given to the village. It contains the tree marking map established during the tree marking survey and the list of trees to be cut. It allows the JFMA Board members to organise and distribute the trees to each nouay before the actual logging work starts.
❐ This map is the key to efficient logging work by the villagers. Because some villagers have worked with the staff during the pre-logging survey and the tree marking survey they have a good “on the ground” knowledge of the area and information presented on the map.
BY HAVING EVERY TREE LOCATED ALONG AN INVENTORY LINE, ITS NUMBER AND SPECIES IDENTIFIED, VILLAGERS CAN AVOID FELLING
WRONG TREES. Practical work
• The villagers decide on the day work will start. A representative from the village goes to the district, informs DAFO, and asks DAFO to send a staff member to supervise their work.
• A least one DAFO staff member should supervise the work in the forest to avoid felling of wrong trees and to give advice on directional felling to ensure as little damage as possible is done to the residual stand. The supervising DAFO staff member will pay special attention to limiting waste (tree tops and branches).
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• Before starting the work in the forest, all villagers gather there to offer a pig or a cow to the spirits of the forest to ensure that logging operations will go safely. A feast ensues.
• The actual fieldwork takes between 10 to 20 days. In some villages, the workers will spend all the logging period in the forest while in other villages, they might chose to return to the village each day.
• The work is conducted in such a way to minimise the damage to the residual stand. In cases where there is doubt among the villagers on the tree to be cut or the direction for felling, the DAFO staff member is requested to advise the villagers.
THE FIRST YEAR A VILLAGE UNDERTAKES LOGGING IN A SPF, A TRAINING SESSION ON LOGGING SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO THE
VILLAGERS. THE TRAINING EMPHASISES REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING TECHNIQUES LIKE DIRECTIONAL FELLING. IT SHOULD
TAKE PLACE BOTH IN A CLASSROOM AND IN THE FOREST. DAFO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ORGANISATION OF TRAINING.
• Once felled, the bole has to be crosscut in sections of various lengths
according to sawmill specifications (Bidding forms and further discussions with the sawmill). This ensures the efficient use of timber available.
• The head of each neighbourhood (nouay) with assistance from DAFO staff keeps daily accounts of each tree felled by the nouay (see cross-cutting and hollow trees forms enclosed) and of people who have participated in the work responsible to the nouay head (logging days form enclosed). These data are important to ensure fair payment to the individuals participating in the operations.
• If logging operations have been conducted in an unsatisfactory manner, a refresher logging training session should be organised for the following year.
Transportation of logs from first to second landing
• The logs need to be transported from the forest to the second landing where the sawmill is buying them. This work is done through private district based transportation companies.
• The JFMA Board contracts the company (see also sale of logs) and agrees on a transportation fee per cubic meter annually. The company selected is the one offering the best price and/or with a reputation for providing good service.
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TRANSPORTATION OF LOGS FROM THE FOREST TO THE SECOND LANDING HAS TO BE DONE DURING THE DRY SEASON IN ORDER TO
REDUCE DAMAGE TO THE FOREST ACCESS ROADS. • When the logs are removed from the forest, villagers have to be present to
make sure that all logs are extracted and that minimum damage is caused to the standing trees.
• Logs are extracted by winch truck. There is no hauling system. Measurement and grading of logs
• In accord with official regulations removal permits for the logs at the second landing can only be granted after the measurement, stamping, and grading of the logs has been done by PAFO control section staff.
VILLAGERS (HARVESTING UNIT) SHOULD BE PRESENT DURING THIS OPERATION TO AVOID INCORRECT GRADING OR UNDER
ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME MEASURED WHICH WOULD MEAN LESS REVENUE AND THUS LESS BENEFIT GENERATED FROM THE LOGS EXTRACTED FROM THE VILLAGE CUSTOMARY TERRITORY.
• The measurement and grading records are used to calculate the royalties and
other taxes to be paid to the Central Government and to the Province and the District.
• At least one DAFO staff has to be present during the measurement and grading operations.
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Harvesting Operations Follow-up: Cross-Cutting of Logs
Village:……………………….. Annual Coupe Area (ACA):………………………. Date:…………….
Nouay:………………………..
Ref Tree Species Tree No.* Section Diameter Length Volume * No. Code Name D (cm) L(m) V(m3)
V (m3)= (D/200*D/200)*Pi*L
* Tree number: The number the tree is allocated on the tree marking map
Head of Nouay:………………………….……………...
DAFO Officer:…………………….…………….…………….……
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Harvesting Operations Follow -up: Hollow Trees District:…………………………..………... Annual Coupe Area (ACA):……………….………. Village:…………….………….……….….. Nouay:…………..……….……….………. Date:……………….……….…………
Ref Tree Species Tree No.* Dbh Bole length Volume *
No. Code Name (cm) L(m) V(m3) Total Volume: V= (Dbh/200*Ddbh/200)*Pi*F*L F= Form Factor See Volume table NOFIP
* Tree number: The number the tree is allocated on the tree marking map
Head of Nouay:………………………………………. DAFO Officer:…………………………..
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Harvesting Operations Follow-up: Logging Days
District: ……….…….…….…….…….…….…….……. Village: ………….…….…….…….…….……..……...
Annual Coupe Area (ACA):………………….…….……. Date:……………….…….…..
Nouay: ……….…….….…….….…….….…….…….…
No. Name
of Worker
Actual days of work* Total Working Days
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Total of Days (X):..............
Number of workers: …….Male…….Female
Average number of working days=.............(X/number of workers)
*Actual Working Days: :working
:not working
Volume Table for Commercial Broadleaved Species (NOFIP) D H Bole Length (BL), m c 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
0 0,099 0,122 0,144 0,166 0,188 0,209 0,229 0,249 0,268 0,287 0,305 0,322 0,339 0,355 0,371 0,386 0,4 0,414 0,428 0,44 0,453 0,464 1 0,109 0,134 0,159 0,183 0,207 0,23 0,253 0,274 0,295 0,316 0,336 0,355 0,374 0,391 0,409 0,425 0,441 0,457 0,472 0,486 0,499 0,512 2 0,119 0,147 0,175 0,201 0,227 0,253 0,277 0,301 0,324 0,347 0,368 0,39 0,41 0,43 0,449 0,467 0,484 0,501 0,517 0,533 0,548 0,562 3 0,13 0,161 0,191 0,22 0,248 0,276 0,303 0,329 0,354 0,379 0,403 0,426 0,448 0,47 0,49 0,51 0,529 0,548 0,566 0,583 0,599 0,614 4 0,142 0,175 0,208 0,24 0,271 0,301 0,33 0,358 0,386 0,413 0,439 0,464 0,488 0,511 0,534 0,556 0,577 0,597 0,616 0,634 0,652 0,669 5 0,154 0,19 0,226 0,26 0,294 0,326 0,358 0,389 0,419 0,448 0,476 0,503 0,529 0,555 0,579 0,603 0,626 0,647 0,668 0,688 0,707 0,726 6 0,167 0,206 0,244 0,281 0,318 0,353 0,387 0,42 0,453 0,484 0,515 0,544 0,573 0,6 0,627 0,652 0,677 0,7 0,723 0,744 0,765 0,785 7 0,18 0,222 0,263 0,303 0,342 0,38 0,418 0,453 0,488 0,522 0,555 0,587 0,617 0,647 0,676 0,703 0,73 0,755 0,779 0,803 0,825 0,846 8 0,193 0,239 0,283 0,326 0,368 0,409 0,449 0,488 0,525 0,562 0,597 0,631 0,664 0,696 0,727 0,756 0,785 0,812 0,838 0,863 0,887 0,91 9 0,207 0,256 0,304 0,35 0,395 0,439 0,482 0,523 0,563 0,602 0,64 0,677 0,712 0,746 0,779 0,811 0,842 0,871 0,899 0,926 0,952 0,976 0 0,222 0,274 0,325 0,374 0,423 0,47 0,515 0,56 0,603 0,645 0,685 0,724 0,762 0,799 0,834 0,868 0,901 0,932 0,962 0,991 1,019 1,045 1 0,237 0,293 0,347 0,4 0,451 0,502 0,55 0,598 0,644 0,688 0,732 0,773 0,814 0,853 0,891 0,927 0,962 0,995 1,028 1,058 1,088 1,116 2 0,252 0,312 0,37 0,426 0,481 0,534 0,586 0,637 0,686 0,734 0,78 0,824 0,867 0,909 0,949 0,988 1,025 1,061 1,095 1,128 1,159 1,189
Volume (m³)= (DBH (cm)/200)²*ΠΠΠΠ*BL(m)*FF Form Factor =0,8212-0,0092*BL
Bm2222222222333
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33 0,268 0,332 0,393 0,453 0,512 0,568 0,624 0,677 0,73 0,78 0,829 0,877 0,922 0,967 1,009 1,05 1,09 1,128 1,164 1,199 1,232 1,264 34 0,285 0,352 0,417 0,481 0,543 0,603 0,662 0,719 0,774 0,828 0,88 0,93 0,979 1,026 1,071 1,115 1,157 1,197 1,236 1,273 1,308 1,342 35 0,302 0,373 0,442 0,51 0,575 0,639 0,702 0,762 0,821 0,878 0,933 0,986 1,038 1,087 1,135 1,182 1,226 1,269 1,31 1,349 1,386 1,422 36 0,319 0,395 0,468 0,539 0,609 0,676 0,742 0,806 0,868 0,928 0,987 1,043 1,098 1,15 1,201 1,25 1,297 1,342 1,386 1,427 1,467 1,504 37 0,337 0,417 0,494 0,57 0,643 0,715 0,784 0,852 0,917 0,981 1,042 1,102 1,16 1,215 1,269 1,321 1,37 1,418 1,464 1,508 1,549 1,589 38 0,356 0,44 0,521 0,601 0,678 0,754 0,827 0,898 0,967 1,034 1,099 1,162 1,223 1,282 1,338 1,393 1,445 1,496 1,544 1,59 1,634 1,676 39 0,375 0,463 0,549 0,633 0,714 0,794 0,871 0,946 1,019 1,09 1,158 1,224 1,288 1,35 1,41 1,467 1,522 1,575 1,626 1,675 1,721 1,766 40 0,394 0,487 0,578 0,666 0,752 0,835 0,916 0,995 1,072 1,146 1,218 1,288 1,355 1,42 1,483 1,543 1,601 1,657 1,711 1,762 1,811 1,857 41 0,414 0,512 0,607 0,699 0,79 0,877 0,963 1,046 1,126 1,204 1,28 1,353 1,424 1,492 1,558 1,621 1,683 1,741 1,797 1,851 1,902 1,951 42 0,435 0,537 0,637 0,734 0,829 0,921 1,01 1,097 1,182 1,264 1,343 1,42 1,494 1,566 1,635 1,702 1,766 1,827 1,886 1,943 1,996 2,048 43 0,456 0,563 0,667 0,769 0,869 0,965 1,059 1,15 1,239 1,325 1,408 1,488 1,566 1,641 1,714 1,784 1,851 1,915 1,977 2,036 2,093 2,146 44 0,477 0,589 0,699 0,806 0,909 1,01 1,109 1,204 1,297 1,387 1,474 1,558 1,64 1,718 1,794 1,867 1,938 2,005 2,07 2,132 2,191 2,247
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DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 45 0,499 0,616 0,731 0,843 0,951 1,057 1,16 1,26 1,357 1,451 1,542 1,63 1,715 1,797 1,877 1,953 2,027 2,097 2,165 2,23 2,292 2,351 46 0,521 0,644 0,764 0,88 0,994 1,104 1,212 1,316 1,418 1,516 1,611 1,703 1,792 1,878 1,961 2,041 2,118 2,192 2,262 2,33 2,395 2,456 47 0,544 0,672 0,797 0,919 1,038 1,153 1,265 1,374 1,48 1,582 1,682 1,778 1,871 1,961 2,047 2,131 2,211 2,288 2,362 2,433 2,5 2,564 48 0,568 0,701 0,832 0,959 1,082 1,203 1,32 1,433 1,543 1,65 1,754 1,854 1,951 2,045 2,135 2,222 2,306 2,386 2,463 2,537 2,607 2,675 49 0,592 0,731 0,867 0,999 1,128 1,253 1,375 1,494 1,608 1,72 1,828 1,933 2,034 2,131 2,225 2,316 2,403 2,487 2,567 2,644 2,717 2,787 50 0,616 0,761 0,902 1,04 1,174 1,305 1,432 1,555 1,675 1,791 1,903 2,012 2,117 2,219 2,317 2,411 2,502 2,589 2,673 2,753 2,829 2,902 51 0,641 0,792 0,939 1,082 1,222 1,358 1,49 1,618 1,742 1,863 1,98 2,093 2,203 2,309 2,411 2,509 2,603 2,694 2,781 2,864 2,944 3,019 52 0,666 0,823 0,976 1,125 1,27 1,411 1,549 1,682 1,811 1,937 2,059 2,176 2,29 2,4 2,506 2,608 2,706 2,801 2,891 2,978 3,06 3,139 53 0,692 0,855 1,014 1,169 1,319 1,466 1,609 1,747 1,882 2,012 2,139 2,261 2,379 2,493 2,603 2,71 2,812 2,91 3,003 3,093 3,179 3,261 54 0,719 0,888 1,053 1,213 1,37 1,522 1,67 1,814 1,953 2,089 2,22 2,347 2,47 2,588 2,703 2,813 2,919 3,02 3,118 3,211 3,3 3,385 55 0,745 0,921 1,092 1,259 1,421 1,579 1,732 1,882 2,026 2,167 2,303 2,435 2,562 2,685 2,804 2,918 3,028 3,133 3,234 3,331 3,423 3,511 56 0,773 0,955 1,132 1,305 1,473 1,637 1,796 1,951 2,101 2,246 2,388 2,524 2,656 2,784 2,907 3,025 3,139 3,248 3,353 3,453 3,549 3,64 57 0,801 0,989 1,173 1,352 1,526 1,696 1,861 2,021 2,177 2,327 2,474 2,615 2,752 2,884 3,011 3,134 3,252 3,365 3,474 3,578 3,677 3,771 58 0,829 1,024 1,214 1,4 1,58 1,756 1,927 2,093 2,254 2,41 2,561 2,708 2,849 2,986 3,118 3,245 3,367 3,484 3,597 3,704 3,807 3,905 59 0,858 1,06 1,257 1,448 1,635 1,817 1,994 2,165 2,332 2,494 2,65 2,802 2,948 3,09 3,226 3,358 3,484 3,606 3,722 3,833 3,94 4,041 60 0,887 1,096 1,299 1,498 1,691 1,879 2,062 2,239 2,412 2,579 2,741 2,898 3,049 3,195 3,337 3,473 3,603 3,729 3,849 3,964 4,074 4,179 61 0,917 1,133 1,343 1,548 1,748 1,942 2,131 2,315 2,493 2,666 2,833 2,995 3,152 3,303 3,449 3,589 3,724 3,854 3,979 4,098 4,211 4,319 62 0,947 1,17 1,388 1,599 1,806 2,006 2,202 2,391 2,575 2,754 2,927 3,094 3,256 3,412 3,563 3,708 3,848 3,982 4,11 4,233 4,35 4,462 63 0,978 1,208 1,433 1,651 1,864 2,072 2,273 2,469 2,659 2,843 3,022 3,195 3,362 3,523 3,679 3,828 3,973 4,111 4,244 4,371 4,492 4,607 64 1,009 1,247 1,479 1,704 1,924 2,138 2,346 2,548 2,744 2,934 3,118 3,297 3,469 3,636 3,796 3,951 4,1 4,243 4,379 4,51 4,636 4,755 65 1,041 1,286 1,525 1,758 1,985 2,205 2,42 2,628 2,83 3,027 3,217 3,401 3,578 3,75 3,916 4,075 4,229 4,376 4,517 4,653 4,782 4,904 66 1,073 1,326 1,572 1,812 2,046 2,274 2,495 2,71 2,918 3,12 3,316 3,506 3,689 3,866 4,037 4,202 4,36 4,512 4,657 4,797 4,93 5,057 67 1,106 1,367 1,62 1,868 2,109 2,343 2,571 2,792 3,007 3,216 3,418 3,613 3,802 3,985 4,161 4,33 4,493 4,65 4,8 4,943 5,08 5,211 68 1,139 1,408 1,669 1,924 2,172 2,413 2,648 2,876 3,098 3,312 3,52 3,722 3,916 4,104 4,286 4,46 4,628 4,789 4,944 5,092 5,233 5,368 69 1,173 1,449 1,719 1,981 2,236 2,485 2,727 2,962 3,189 3,411 3,625 3,832 4,032 4,226 4,413 4,592 4,765 4,931 5,091 5,243 5,388 5,527
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DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 70 1,207 1,492 1,769 2,039 2,302 2,558 2,806 3,048 3,283 3,51 3,731 3,944 4,15 4,349 4,541 4,727 4,904 5,075 5,239 5,396 5,545 5,688 71 1,242 1,535 1,82 2,097 2,368 2,631 2,887 3,136 3,377 3,611 3,838 4,057 4,27 4,475 4,672 4,863 5,046 5,221 5,39 5,551 5,705 5,852 72 1,277 1,578 1,871 2,157 2,435 2,706 2,969 3,225 3,473 3,714 3,947 4,172 4,391 4,601 4,805 5 5,189 5,369 5,543 5,709 5,867 6,018 73 1,313 1,622 1,924 2,217 2,503 2,781 3,052 3,315 3,57 3,817 4,057 4,289 4,514 4,73 4,939 5,14 5,334 5,52 5,698 5,868 6,031 6,186 74 1,349 1,667 1,977 2,278 2,572 2,858 3,136 3,406 3,668 3,923 4,169 4,408 4,638 4,861 5,075 5,282 5,481 5,672 5,855 6,03 6,197 6,357 75 1,386 1,712 2,03 2,34 2,642 2,936 3,222 3,499 3,768 4,029 4,283 4,527 4,764 4,993 5,213 5,426 5,63 5,826 6,014 6,194 6,366 6,53 76 1,423 1,758 2,085 2,403 2,713 3,015 3,308 3,593 3,869 4,138 4,397 4,649 4,892 5,127 5,353 5,571 5,781 5,983 6,176 6,36 6,537 6,705 77 1,461 1,805 2,14 2,467 2,785 3,095 3,396 3,688 3,972 4,247 4,514 4,772 5,022 5,263 5,495 5,719 5,934 6,141 6,339 6,529 6,71 6,882 78 1,499 1,852 2,196 2,531 2,858 3,176 3,484 3,784 4,076 4,358 4,632 4,897 5,153 5,4 5,639 5,869 6,09 6,302 6,505 6,7 6,885 7,062 79 1,538 1,9 2,253 2,597 2,932 3,257 3,574 3,882 4,181 4,471 4,751 5,023 5,286 5,54 5,784 6,02 6,247 6,464 6,673 6,873 7,063 7,245 80 1,577 1,948 2,31 2,663 3,006 3,34 3,665 3,981 4,287 4,585 4,873 5,151 5,421 5,681 5,932 6,173 6,406 6,629 6,843 7,048 7,243 7,429 81 1,617 1,997 2,368 2,73 3,082 3,424 3,758 4,081 4,395 4,7 4,995 5,281 5,557 5,824 6,081 6,329 6,567 6,796 7,015 7,225 7,425 7,616 82 1,657 2,047 2,427 2,798 3,158 3,51 3,851 4,183 4,504 4,817 5,119 5,412 5,695 5,968 6,232 6,486 6,73 6,965 7,189 7,404 7,61 7,805 83 1,698 2,097 2,487 2,866 3,236 3,596 3,945 4,285 4,615 4,935 5,245 5,545 5,835 6,115 6,385 6,645 6,895 7,136 7,366 7,586 7,796 7,997 84 1,739 2,148 2,547 2,936 3,314 3,683 4,041 4,389 4,727 5,055 5,372 5,679 5,976 6,263 6,54 6,806 7,062 7,308 7,544 7,77 7,985 8,191 85 1,78 2,199 2,608 3,006 3,394 3,771 4,138 4,494 4,84 5,176 5,501 5,815 6,119 6,413 6,696 6,969 7,232 7,484 7,725 7,956 8,177 8,387 86 1,823 2,251 2,67 3,077 3,474 3,86 4,236 4,601 4,955 5,298 5,631 5,953 6,264 6,565 6,855 7,134 7,403 7,661 7,908 8,144 8,37 8,585 87 1,865 2,304 2,732 3,149 3,555 3,951 4,335 4,708 5,071 5,422 5,763 6,092 6,411 6,718 7,015 7,301 7,576 7,84 8,093 8,335 8,566 8,786 88 1,908 2,357 2,795 3,222 3,638 4,042 4,435 4,817 5,188 5,547 5,896 6,233 6,559 6,874 7,177 7,47 7,751 8,021 8,28 8,528 8,764 8,989 89 1,952 2,411 2,859 3,296 3,721 4,134 4,536 4,927 5,306 5,674 6,031 6,375 6,709 7,031 7,341 7,641 7,928 8,204 8,469 8,723 8,964 9,195 90 1,996 2,466 2,924 3,37 3,805 4,228 4,639 5,038 5,426 5,802 6,167 6,519 6,86 7,19 7,507 7,813 8,107 8,39 8,661 8,92 9,167 9,403 91 2,041 2,521 2,989 3,445 3,89 4,322 4,743 5,151 5,548 5,932 6,305 6,665 7,014 7,35 7,675 7,988 8,289 8,577 8,854 9,119 9,372 9,613 92 2,086 2,577 3,055 3,522 3,976 4,418 4,847 5,265 5,67 6,063 6,444 6,812 7,169 7,513 7,845 8,164 8,472 8,767 9,05 9,32 9,579 9,825 93 2,131 2,633 3,122 3,599 4,063 4,514 4,953 5,38 5,794 6,196 6,585 6,961 7,325 7,677 8,016 8,343 8,657 8,958 9,248 9,524 9,788 10,04 94 2,177 2,69 3,19 3,676 4,151 4,612 5,06 5,496 5,919 6,33 6,727 7,112 7,484 7,843 8,189 8,523 8,844 9,152 9,448 9,73 10 10,26
80
DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 95 2,224 2,747 3,258 3,755 4,239 4,711 5,169 5,614 6,046 6,465 6,871 7,264 7,644 8,011 8,365 8,705 9,033 9,348 9,65 9,938 10,21 10,48 96 2,271 2,806 3,327 3,835 4,329 4,81 5,278 5,733 6,174 6,602 7,016 7,418 7,806 8,18 8,542 8,89 9,224 9,546 9,854 10,15 10,43 10,7 97 2,319 2,864 3,396 3,915 4,42 4,911 5,389 5,853 6,303 6,74 7,163 7,573 7,969 8,352 8,721 9,076 9,418 9,746 10,06 10,36 10,65 10,92 98 2,367 2,924 3,467 3,996 4,511 5,013 5,5 5,974 6,434 6,88 7,312 7,73 8,134 8,525 8,901 9,264 9,613 9,948 10,27 10,58 10,87 11,15 99 2,415 2,984 3,538 4,078 4,604 5,116 5,613 6,097 6,566 7,021 7,462 7,889 8,301 8,7 9,084 9,454 9,81 10,15 10,48 10,79 11,09 11,38
100 2,464 3,044 3,61 4,161 4,697 5,219 5,727 6,22 6,699 7,163 7,613 8,049 8,47 8,876 9,268 9,646 10,01 10,36 10,69 11,01 11,32 11,61 101 2,514 3,105 3,682 4,244 4,792 5,324 5,842 6,345 6,834 7,307 7,766 8,211 8,64 9,055 9,455 9,84 10,21 10,57 10,91 11,23 11,54 11,84 102 2,564 3,167 3,756 4,329 4,887 5,43 5,958 6,472 6,97 7,453 7,921 8,374 8,812 9,235 9,643 10,04 10,41 10,78 11,12 11,46 11,77 12,08 103 2,614 3,23 3,83 4,414 4,983 5,537 6,076 6,599 7,107 7,6 8,077 8,539 8,986 9,417 9,833 10,23 10,62 10,99 11,34 11,68 12,01 12,32 104 2,665 3,293 3,904 4,5 5,081 5,645 6,194 6,728 7,246 7,748 8,235 8,706 9,161 9,601 10,02 10,43 10,83 11,2 11,56 11,91 12,24 12,56 105 2,717 3,356 3,98 4,587 5,179 5,754 6,314 6,858 7,386 7,898 8,394 8,874 9,338 9,786 10,22 10,63 11,04 11,42 11,79 12,14 12,48 12,8 106 2,769 3,42 4,056 4,675 5,278 5,865 6,435 6,989 7,527 8,049 8,554 9,044 9,517 9,973 10,41 10,84 11,25 11,64 12,01 12,37 12,72 13,04 107 2,821 3,485 4,133 4,764 5,378 5,976 6,557 7,122 7,67 8,201 8,717 9,215 9,697 10,16 10,61 11,04 11,46 11,86 12,24 12,61 12,96 13,29 108 2,874 3,551 4,21 4,853 5,479 6,088 6,68 7,255 7,814 8,355 8,88 9,388 9,879 10,35 10,81 11,25 11,67 12,08 12,47 12,84 13,2 13,54 109 2,928 3,617 4,289 4,943 5,581 6,201 6,804 7,39 7,959 8,511 9,045 9,563 10,06 10,55 11,01 11,46 11,89 12,31 12,7 13,08 13,45 13,79 110 2,982 3,683 4,368 5,034 5,684 6,316 6,93 7,527 8,106 8,668 9,212 9,739 10,25 10,74 11,21 11,67 12,11 12,53 12,94 13,32 13,69 14,05 111 3,036 3,751 4,447 5,126 5,788 6,431 7,056 7,664 8,254 8,826 9,38 9,917 10,44 10,94 11,42 11,88 12,33 12,76 13,17 13,57 13,94 14,3 112 3,091 3,819 4,528 5,219 5,892 6,547 7,184 7,803 8,403 8,986 9,55 10,1 10,62 11,13 11,63 12,1 12,56 12,99 13,41 13,81 14,2 14,56 113 3,147 3,887 4,609 5,313 5,998 6,665 7,313 7,943 8,554 9,147 9,721 10,28 10,82 11,33 11,83 12,32 12,78 13,23 13,65 14,06 14,45 14,82 114 3,203 3,956 4,691 5,407 6,105 6,783 7,443 8,084 8,706 9,31 9,894 10,46 11,01 11,54 12,05 12,54 13,01 13,46 13,9 14,31 14,71 15,09 115 3,259 4,026 4,774 5,503 6,212 6,903 7,574 8,226 8,86 9,474 10,07 10,64 11,2 11,74 12,26 12,76 13,24 13,7 14,14 14,56 14,97 15,35 116 3,316 4,096 4,857 5,599 6,321 7,023 7,706 8,37 9,014 9,639 10,24 10,83 11,4 11,94 12,47 12,98 13,47 13,94 14,39 14,82 15,23 15,62 117 3,373 4,167 4,941 5,696 6,43 7,145 7,84 8,515 9,17 9,806 10,42 11,02 11,59 12,15 12,69 13,2 13,7 14,18 14,64 15,07 15,49 15,89 118 3,431 4,239 5,026 5,793 6,541 7,268 7,974 8,661 9,328 9,974 10,6 11,21 11,79 12,36 12,91 13,43 13,94 14,42 14,89 15,33 15,76 16,16 119 3,49 4,311 5,112 5,892 6,652 7,391 8,11 8,809 9,487 10,14 10,78 11,4 11,99 12,57 13,12 13,66 14,17 14,67 15,14 15,59 16,03 16,44
81
DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 120 3,549 4,384 5,198 5,991 6,764 7,516 8,247 8,957 9,647 10,32 10,96 11,59 12,2 12,78 13,35 13,89 14,41 14,92 15,4 15,86 16,3 16,72 121 3,608 4,457 5,285 6,092 6,877 7,642 8,385 9,107 9,808 10,49 11,15 11,78 12,4 13 13,57 14,12 14,65 15,16 15,65 16,12 16,57 17 122 3,668 4,531 5,373 6,193 6,991 7,769 8,524 9,258 9,971 10,66 11,33 11,98 12,61 13,21 13,79 14,36 14,9 15,42 15,91 16,39 16,84 17,28 123 3,728 4,606 5,461 6,295 7,107 7,896 8,665 9,411 10,14 10,84 11,52 12,18 12,81 13,43 14,02 14,59 15,14 15,67 16,18 16,66 17,12 17,56 124 3,789 4,681 5,55 6,398 7,223 8,025 8,806 9,564 10,3 11,01 11,71 12,38 13,02 13,65 14,25 14,83 15,39 15,93 16,44 16,93 17,4 17,85 125 3,85 4,757 5,64 6,501 7,34 8,155 8,949 9,719 10,47 11,19 11,9 12,58 13,23 13,87 14,48 15,07 15,64 16,18 16,71 17,21 17,68 18,14 126 3,912 4,833 5,731 6,606 7,457 8,286 9,092 9,875 10,64 11,37 12,09 12,78 13,45 14,09 14,71 15,31 15,89 16,44 16,97 17,48 17,97 18,43 127 3,975 4,91 5,822 6,711 7,576 8,418 9,237 10,03 10,81 11,55 12,28 12,98 13,66 14,32 14,95 15,56 16,14 16,71 17,25 17,76 18,25 18,72 128 4,037 4,988 5,914 6,817 7,696 8,552 9,383 10,19 10,98 11,74 12,47 13,19 13,88 14,54 15,19 15,8 16,4 16,97 17,52 18,04 18,54 19,02 129 4,101 5,066 6,007 6,924 7,817 8,686 9,531 10,35 11,15 11,92 12,67 13,39 14,09 14,77 15,42 16,05 16,66 17,24 17,79 18,32 18,83 19,32 130 4,165 5,145 6,1 7,032 7,938 8,821 9,679 10,51 11,32 12,11 12,87 13,6 14,31 15 15,66 16,3 16,92 17,5 18,07 18,61 19,13 19,62 131 4,229 5,224 6,195 7,14 8,061 8,957 9,828 10,67 11,5 12,29 13,07 13,81 14,53 15,23 15,91 16,55 17,18 17,78 18,35 18,9 19,42 19,92 132 4,294 5,304 6,29 7,25 8,185 9,094 9,979 10,84 11,67 12,48 13,27 14,02 14,76 15,47 16,15 16,81 17,44 18,05 18,63 19,19 19,72 20,23 133 4,359 5,385 6,385 7,36 8,309 9,233 10,13 11 11,85 12,67 13,47 14,24 14,98 15,7 16,39 17,06 17,71 18,32 18,91 19,48 20,02 20,53 134 4,425 5,466 6,482 7,471 8,434 9,372 10,28 11,17 12,03 12,86 13,67 14,45 15,21 15,94 16,64 17,32 17,97 18,6 19,2 19,77 20,32 20,84 135 4,491 5,548 6,579 7,583 8,561 9,512 10,44 11,34 12,21 13,06 13,88 14,67 15,44 16,18 16,89 17,58 18,24 18,88 19,49 20,07 20,63 21,16 136 4,558 5,631 6,676 7,696 8,688 9,654 10,59 11,51 12,39 13,25 14,08 14,89 15,67 16,42 17,14 17,84 18,51 19,16 19,78 20,37 20,93 21,47 137 4,625 5,714 6,775 7,809 8,816 9,796 10,75 11,67 12,57 13,45 14,29 15,11 15,9 16,66 17,4 18,1 18,79 19,44 20,07 20,67 21,24 21,79 138 4,693 5,797 6,874 7,924 8,946 9,94 10,91 11,85 12,76 13,64 14,5 15,33 16,13 16,9 17,65 18,37 19,06 19,73 20,36 20,97 21,55 22,11 139 4,761 5,882 6,974 8,039 9,076 10,08 11,07 12,02 12,94 13,84 14,71 15,55 16,36 17,15 17,91 18,64 19,34 20,01 20,66 21,28 21,87 22,43 140 4,83 5,967 7,075 8,155 9,207 10,23 11,23 12,19 13,13 14,04 14,92 15,78 16,6 17,4 18,17 18,91 19,62 20,3 20,96 21,58 22,18 22,75 141 4,899 6,052 7,176 8,272 9,339 10,38 11,39 12,37 13,32 14,24 15,14 16 16,84 17,65 18,43 19,18 19,9 20,59 21,26 21,89 22,5 23,08 142 4,969 6,138 7,279 8,39 9,472 10,52 11,55 12,54 13,51 14,44 15,35 16,23 17,08 17,9 18,69 19,45 20,18 20,89 21,56 22,2 22,82 23,41 143 5,039 6,225 7,381 8,508 9,606 10,67 11,71 12,72 13,7 14,65 15,57 16,46 17,32 18,15 18,95 19,72 20,47 21,18 21,86 22,52 23,14 23,74 144 5,11 6,312 7,485 8,628 9,74 10,82 11,88 12,9 13,89 14,85 15,79 16,69 17,56 18,41 19,22 20 20,75 21,48 22,17 22,83 23,47 24,07
82
DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 145 5,181 6,4 7,589 8,748 9,876 10,97 12,04 13,08 14,08 15,06 16,01 16,92 17,81 18,66 19,49 20,28 21,04 21,78 22,48 23,15 23,79 24,41 146 5,253 6,489 7,694 8,869 10,01 11,13 12,21 13,26 14,28 15,27 16,23 17,16 18,05 18,92 19,76 20,56 21,34 22,08 22,79 23,47 24,12 24,74 147 5,325 6,578 7,8 8,991 10,15 11,28 12,38 13,44 14,48 15,48 16,45 17,39 18,3 19,18 20,03 20,84 21,63 22,38 23,1 23,8 24,46 25,08 148 5,398 6,668 7,907 9,114 10,29 11,43 12,54 13,63 14,67 15,69 16,68 17,63 18,55 19,44 20,3 21,13 21,92 22,69 23,42 24,12 24,79 25,43 149 5,471 6,758 8,014 9,237 10,43 11,59 12,71 13,81 14,87 15,9 16,9 17,87 18,8 19,71 20,58 21,41 22,22 23 23,74 24,45 25,13 25,77 150 5,545 6,849 8,122 9,362 10,57 11,74 12,89 14 15,07 16,12 17,13 18,11 19,06 19,97 20,85 21,7 22,52 23,31 24,06 24,78 25,46 26,12 151 5,619 6,941 8,23 9,487 10,71 11,9 13,06 14,18 15,27 16,33 17,36 18,35 19,31 20,24 21,13 21,99 22,82 23,62 24,38 25,11 25,8 26,47 152 5,693 7,033 8,34 9,613 10,85 12,06 13,23 14,37 15,48 16,55 17,59 18,6 19,57 20,51 21,41 22,29 23,13 23,93 24,7 25,44 26,15 26,82 153 5,769 7,126 8,45 9,74 11 12,22 13,41 14,56 15,68 16,77 17,82 18,84 19,83 20,78 21,7 22,58 23,43 24,25 25,03 25,78 26,49 27,17 154 5,844 7,22 8,561 9,868 11,14 12,38 13,58 14,75 15,89 16,99 18,06 19,09 20,09 21,05 21,98 22,88 23,74 24,56 25,36 26,12 26,84 27,53 155 5,92 7,314 8,672 9,996 11,29 12,54 13,76 14,94 16,09 17,21 18,29 19,34 20,35 21,33 22,27 23,17 24,05 24,88 25,69 26,46 27,19 27,89 156 5,997 7,408 8,785 10,13 11,43 12,7 13,94 15,14 16,3 17,43 18,53 19,59 20,61 21,6 22,56 23,47 24,36 25,21 26,02 26,8 27,54 28,25 157 6,074 7,504 8,898 10,26 11,58 12,87 14,12 15,33 16,51 17,66 18,77 19,84 20,88 21,88 22,85 23,78 24,67 25,53 26,35 27,14 27,9 28,61 158 6,152 7,6 9,011 10,39 11,73 13,03 14,3 15,53 16,72 17,88 19,01 20,09 21,14 22,16 23,14 24,08 24,99 25,86 26,69 27,49 28,25 28,98 159 6,23 7,696 9,126 10,52 11,88 13,2 14,48 15,73 16,94 18,11 19,25 20,35 21,41 22,44 23,43 24,39 25,3 26,19 27,03 27,84 28,61 29,35 160 6,309 7,793 9,241 10,65 12,03 13,36 14,66 15,92 17,15 18,34 19,49 20,6 21,68 22,72 23,73 24,69 25,62 26,52 27,37 28,19 28,97 29,72 161 6,388 7,891 9,357 10,79 12,18 13,53 14,85 16,12 17,36 18,57 19,73 20,86 21,95 23,01 24,02 25 25,94 26,85 27,71 28,54 29,34 30,09 162 6,467 7,989 9,473 10,92 12,33 13,7 15,03 16,32 17,58 18,8 19,98 21,12 22,23 23,29 24,32 25,31 26,27 27,18 28,06 28,9 29,7 30,46 163 6,547 8,088 9,591 11,05 12,48 13,87 15,22 16,53 17,8 19,03 20,23 21,38 22,5 23,58 24,63 25,63 26,59 27,52 28,41 29,26 30,07 30,84 164 6,628 8,188 9,709 11,19 12,63 14,04 15,4 16,73 18,02 19,27 20,48 21,65 22,78 23,87 24,93 25,94 26,92 27,86 28,76 29,62 30,44 31,22 165 6,709 8,288 9,827 11,33 12,79 14,21 15,59 16,93 18,24 19,5 20,73 21,91 23,06 24,17 25,23 26,26 27,25 28,2 29,11 29,98 30,81 31,6 166 6,791 8,389 9,947 11,47 12,94 14,38 15,78 17,14 18,46 19,74 20,98 22,18 23,34 24,46 25,54 26,58 27,58 28,54 29,46 30,34 31,19 31,99 167 6,873 8,49 10,07 11,6 13,1 14,56 15,97 17,35 18,68 19,98 21,23 22,45 23,62 24,75 25,85 26,9 27,91 28,89 29,82 30,71 31,56 32,37 168 6,955 8,592 10,19 11,74 13,26 14,73 16,16 17,56 18,91 20,22 21,49 22,72 23,9 25,05 26,16 27,22 28,25 29,23 30,18 31,08 31,94 32,76 169 7,038 8,695 10,31 11,88 13,42 14,91 16,36 17,77 19,13 20,46 21,74 22,99 24,19 25,35 26,47 27,55 28,59 29,58 30,54 31,45 32,32 33,15
83
DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 170 7,122 8,798 10,43 12,02 13,58 15,08 16,55 17,98 19,36 20,7 22 23,26 24,48 25,65 26,79 27,88 28,93 29,93 30,9 31,82 32,71 33,55 171 7,206 8,902 10,56 12,17 13,74 15,26 16,75 18,19 19,59 20,95 22,26 23,54 24,77 25,96 27,1 28,21 29,27 30,29 31,26 32,2 33,09 33,94 172 7,29 9,006 10,68 12,31 13,9 15,44 16,94 18,4 19,82 21,19 22,52 23,81 25,06 26,26 27,42 28,54 29,61 30,64 31,63 32,58 33,48 34,34 173 7,375 9,111 10,8 12,45 14,06 15,62 17,14 18,62 20,05 21,44 22,79 24,09 25,35 26,57 27,74 28,87 29,96 31 32 32,96 33,87 34,74 174 7,461 9,217 10,93 12,6 14,22 15,8 17,34 18,83 20,28 21,69 23,05 24,37 25,64 26,87 28,06 29,2 30,3 31,36 32,37 33,34 34,26 35,14 175 7,547 9,323 11,05 12,74 14,39 15,98 17,54 19,05 20,52 21,94 23,32 24,65 25,94 27,18 28,38 29,54 30,65 31,72 32,74 33,72 34,66 35,55 176 7,633 9,43 11,18 12,89 14,55 16,17 17,74 19,27 20,75 22,19 23,58 24,93 26,24 27,5 28,71 29,88 31 32,08 33,12 34,11 35,06 35,96 177 7,72 9,537 11,31 13,04 14,72 16,35 17,94 19,49 20,99 22,44 23,85 25,22 26,53 27,81 29,04 30,22 31,36 32,45 33,5 34,5 35,46 36,37 178 7,808 9,645 11,44 13,18 14,88 16,54 18,15 19,71 21,23 22,7 24,12 25,5 26,84 28,12 29,37 30,56 31,71 32,82 33,88 34,89 35,86 36,78 179 7,896 9,754 11,57 13,33 15,05 16,72 18,35 19,93 21,46 22,95 24,39 25,79 27,14 28,44 29,7 30,91 32,07 33,19 34,26 35,28 36,26 37,19 180 7,984 9,863 11,7 13,48 15,22 16,91 18,56 20,15 21,71 23,21 24,67 26,08 27,44 28,76 30,03 31,25 32,43 33,56 34,64 35,68 36,67 37,61 181 8,073 9,973 11,83 13,63 15,39 17,1 18,76 20,38 21,95 23,47 24,94 26,37 27,75 29,08 30,36 31,6 32,79 33,93 35,03 36,08 37,08 38,03 182 8,163 10,08 11,96 13,78 15,56 17,29 18,97 20,6 22,19 23,73 25,22 26,66 28,06 29,4 30,7 31,95 33,15 34,31 35,42 36,48 37,49 38,45 183 8,253 10,19 12,09 13,93 15,73 17,48 19,18 20,83 22,43 23,99 25,5 26,95 28,36 29,73 31,04 32,3 33,52 34,69 35,81 36,88 37,9 38,87 184 8,343 10,31 12,22 14,09 15,9 17,67 19,39 21,06 22,68 24,25 25,78 27,25 28,68 30,05 31,38 32,66 33,89 35,07 36,2 37,28 38,32 39,3 185 8,434 10,42 12,35 14,24 16,08 17,86 19,6 21,29 22,93 24,52 26,06 27,55 28,99 30,38 31,72 33,01 34,26 35,45 36,59 37,69 38,73 39,73 186 8,525 10,53 12,49 14,39 16,25 18,06 19,81 21,52 23,18 24,78 26,34 27,85 29,3 30,71 32,06 33,37 34,63 35,83 36,99 38,1 39,15 40,16 187 8,617 10,65 12,62 14,55 16,43 18,25 20,03 21,75 23,43 25,05 26,62 28,15 29,62 31,04 32,41 33,73 35 36,22 37,39 38,51 39,58 40,59 188 8,71 10,76 12,76 14,71 16,6 18,45 20,24 21,99 23,68 25,32 26,91 28,45 29,94 31,37 32,76 34,09 35,38 36,61 37,79 38,92 40 41,03 189 8,803 10,87 12,89 14,86 16,78 18,64 20,46 22,22 23,93 25,59 27,2 28,75 30,25 31,71 33,11 34,46 35,75 37 38,19 39,34 40,43 41,47 190 8,896 10,99 13,03 15,02 16,96 18,84 20,67 22,46 24,18 25,86 27,48 29,06 30,58 32,04 33,46 34,82 36,13 37,39 38,6 39,75 40,86 41,91 191 8,99 11,11 13,17 15,18 17,14 19,04 20,89 22,69 24,44 26,13 27,77 29,36 30,9 32,38 33,81 35,19 36,51 37,79 39,01 40,17 41,29 42,35 192 9,084 11,22 13,31 15,34 17,32 19,24 21,11 22,93 24,7 26,41 28,07 29,67 31,22 32,72 34,17 35,56 36,9 38,18 39,42 40,59 41,72 42,79 193 9,179 11,34 13,45 15,5 17,5 19,44 21,33 23,17 24,95 26,68 28,36 29,98 31,55 33,06 34,52 35,93 37,28 38,58 39,83 41,02 42,16 43,24 194 9,275 11,46 13,59 15,66 17,68 19,64 21,55 23,41 25,21 26,96 28,65 30,29 31,88 33,41 34,88 36,3 37,67 38,98 40,24 41,44 42,59 43,69
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DBH Bole length, m cm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 195 9,37 11,58 13,73 15,82 17,86 19,85 21,78 23,65 25,47 27,24 28,95 30,61 32,21 33,75 35,24 36,68 38,06 39,39 40,66 41,87 43,03 44,14 196 9,467 11,69 13,87 15,98 18,05 20,05 22 23,9 25,74 27,52 29,25 30,92 32,54 34,1 35,61 37,06 38,45 39,79 41,07 42,3 43,48 44,59 197 9,564 11,81 14,01 16,15 18,23 20,26 22,23 24,14 26 27,8 29,55 31,24 32,87 34,45 35,97 37,43 38,84 40,2 41,49 42,74 43,92 45,05 198 9,661 11,93 14,15 16,31 18,42 20,46 22,45 24,39 26,26 28,08 29,85 31,55 33,2 34,8 36,34 37,82 39,24 40,61 41,92 43,17 44,37 45,51 199 9,759 12,06 14,29 16,48 18,6 20,67 22,68 24,63 26,53 28,37 30,15 31,87 33,54 35,15 36,7 38,2 39,64 41,02 42,34 43,61 44,82 45,97 200 9,857 12,18 14,44 16,64 18,79 20,88 22,91 24,88 26,8 28,65 30,45 32,2 33,88 35,51 37,07 38,58 40,04 41,43 42,77 44,05 45,27 46,43 201 9,956 12,3 14,58 16,81 18,98 21,09 23,14 25,13 27,07 28,94 30,76 32,52 34,22 35,86 37,44 38,97 40,44 41,85 43,2 44,49 45,72 46,9 202 10,06 12,42 14,73 16,98 19,17 21,3 23,37 25,38 27,34 29,23 31,07 32,84 34,56 36,22 37,82 39,36 40,84 42,26 43,63 44,93 46,18 47,37 203 10,15 12,54 14,88 17,15 19,36 21,51 23,6 25,63 27,61 29,52 31,37 33,17 34,9 36,58 38,19 39,75 41,25 42,68 44,06 45,38 46,64 47,84 204 10,26 12,67 15,02 17,32 19,55 21,72 23,83 25,89 27,88 29,81 31,68 33,5 35,25 36,94 38,57 40,14 41,65 43,11 44,5 45,83 47,1 48,31
205 10,36 12,79 15,17 17,49 19,74 21,93 24,07 26,14 28,15 30,1 32 33,82 35,59 37,3 38,95 40,54 42,06 43,53 44,93 46,28 47,56 48,78 206 10,46 12,92 15,32 17,66 19,93 22,15 24,3 26,4 28,43 30,4 32,31 34,16 35,94 37,67 39,33 40,93 42,47 43,95 45,37 46,73 48,03 49,26 207 10,56 13,04 15,47 17,83 20,13 22,36 24,54 26,65 28,71 30,69 32,62 34,49 36,29 38,03 39,71 41,33 42,89 44,38 45,81 47,18 48,49 49,74 208 10,66 13,17 15,62 18 20,32 22,58 24,78 26,91 28,98 30,99 32,94 34,82 36,64 38,4 40,1 41,73 43,3 44,81 46,26 47,64 48,96 50,22 209 10,76 13,3 15,77 18,17 20,52 22,8 25,02 27,17 29,26 31,29 33,26 35,16 37 38,77 40,48 42,13 43,72 45,24 46,7 48,1 49,43 50,71 210 10,87 13,42 15,92 18,35 20,72 23,02 25,26 27,43 29,54 31,59 33,57 35,5 37,35 39,14 40,87 42,54 44,14 45,68 47,15 48,56 49,91 51,19 211 10,97 13,55 16,07 18,52 20,91 23,24 25,5 27,69 29,83 31,89 33,9 35,83 37,71 39,52 41,26 42,94 44,56 46,11 47,6 49,03 50,39 51,68 212 11,08 13,68 16,22 18,7 21,11 23,46 25,74 27,96 30,11 32,2 34,22 36,17 38,07 39,89 41,66 43,35 44,98 46,55 48,05 49,49 50,86 52,17 213 11,18 13,81 16,38 18,88 21,31 23,68 25,98 28,22 30,39 32,5 34,54 36,52 38,43 40,27 42,05 43,76 45,41 46,99 48,51 49,96 51,35 52,67 214 11,29 13,94 16,53 19,05 21,51 23,9 26,23 28,49 30,68 32,81 34,87 36,86 38,79 40,65 42,45 44,17 45,84 47,43 48,97 50,43 51,83 53,16 215 11,39 14,07 16,69 19,23 21,71 24,13 26,47 28,75 30,97 33,11 35,19 37,21 39,15 41,03 42,84 44,59 46,27 47,88 49,42 50,9 52,31 53,66
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STEP 5: ENRICHMENT PLANTING A village that has signed a Forest Protection Contract has the obligation to undertake enrichment planting in the SPF as prescribed in the forest management plan. The species planted are indigenous species like Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Afzelia xylocarpa, Sindora cochinensis, Xylia Kerrii, etc. The VRMDC (Village Forest Volunteers) with advice and instructions from PAFO and DAFO have to plan and organise the necessary activities. A nursery is established in the village under DAFO guidance and nursery work is undertaken by the villagers in order to have seedlings ready when the plantation time comes with the rainy season (June). Villagers are paid for this work with the village’s own funds. Enrichment Planting Operations Background In the case of Dong Kapho Forest Management Plan enrichment planting activities should be undertaken in ‘small logging tracks (used once per 50 years) directly after logging and in glades in the degraded forests, particularly the low stocked natural high forest (code 51)’
Enrichment planting in the ground location of glades in low stocked degraded forests is time consuming to implement and has therefore not been identified as a priority. In a practical sense, it has proven feasible to undertake enrichment planting along logging tracks. Enrichment planting has also been undertaken in recent shifting cultivation areas (Hai lao) that might not be classified as low-stocked natural high forest (code 51). Follow-up plantation work is also more easily undertaken in logging tracks and shifting cultivation areas because they are more accessible and more convenient for plantation work than the low-stocked natural high forest (code 51).
The forest management plan also advises fast growing tree species be planted. It has however been decided not to follow the recommendations of the plan since most of the species proposed are not indigenous to Dong Kapho SPF. In cases where they are, they are more marginal species, and in addition, they do not belong to the precious timber species that are selected for felling every year.
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Seed Collection
• In October/November every year, the JFM unit should send an instruction letter for enrichment planting (see enclosed) to DAFO indicating which species might be planted in the coming season.
• DAFO then has to inform the village and discuss with them seed collection for the selected species.
• Villagers have to be paid a fixed price per kilo of seed collected by DAFO. These arrangements depend on discussion between the village and DAFO staff.
Nursery
• The first year a village is contracted to undertake logging activities, a nursery should be built at a suitable location in the village where water is available. The cost of establishing the nursery and acquiring the material is funded from DAFO budget.
• Barbed wire for nursery fencing and plastic bags should be procured with assistance from DAFO staff.
• Villagers should be contracted for filling seedling bags and paid from DAFO budget.
• The number of seedlings to be planted depends on the instructions issued every year by PAFO (equivalent of seedlings planted/m³ cut). The JFM unit should ensure that this information reaches DAFO and the concerned village.
• DAFO should advise the villagers on all technical aspects involved in nursery activities from pre-germination treatment to be applied to the seeds to the root pruning of the seedlings.
• Seed sowing should start as soon as possible in January / February so as to obtain strong and well established seedlings when time for planting (June / July) comes.
• The watering of seedlings two times a day and weeding of seedlings should be contracted to two or three villagers (men or women) and paid from DAFO budget.
THE JFM UNIT SHOULD REMAIN WELL INFORMED ON THE
LATEST RESEARCH/TECHNICAL FINDINGS RELATED TO THE STORAGE, AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS AND SEEDLING
PRODUCTION OF SPF INDIGENOUS SPECIES AND COMMUNICATE THE INFORMATION TO DAFO STAFF.
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Tree Planting
• While undertaking the tree marking surveys in March every year, discussions should be initiated between DAFO staff and the concerned villagers to decide on the location of enrichment plantings the following June or July.
• DAFO staff should survey the proposed area with the to assess its suitability for planting as well as the needs for pre-planting preparations.
JUNE FIRST EVERY YEAR IS THE NATIONAL TREE PLANTING DAY. A GOOD OPPORTUNITY EXISTS TO MAKE IT COINCIDE
WITH PLANTATION ACTIVITIES IN THE SPF.
• The village and the staff should organise the transportation of the seedlings between the nursery and the planting area, including renting of trucks, district vehicle, village vehicle and handcarts.
• The planting activity should be undertaken by at least all the villagers that were involved in the logging activities.
• Technical follow-up of the plantation activity is provided by DAFO staff. The JFM unit, in its letter of instruction for enrichment planting, might give additional technical advise on the preparation of plantation lines, hole digging, and tree spacing.
Plantation follow-up
WEEDING AND CUTTING BACK OF UNWANTED VEGETATION
IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE TRANSPLANTED SEEDLINGS. IT IS AS IMPORTANT AS THE PLANTATION ACTIVITY ITSELF. EXPERIENCE SHOWS THAT
IF IT IS NOT UNDERTAKEN THERE WILL BE A HIGH MORTALITY RATE WITHIN 2 TO 3 YEARS, IE, 30 % SURVIVAL.
• For a period of two years after enrichment planting, DAFO staff and the
village should organise weeding and the cutting back of unwanted vegetation in the planted area on three occasions during the year, i.e., September-December-September.
• This operation should be organised by the nouay in each village. The costs of these operations are borne by DAFO.
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• During the first two years following planting, three inspections of the planted area should be undertaken by DAFO staff in September- December-September to evaluate the survival rate and identify gaps for replanting where seedlings have not survived.
RECORDS OF THE ENRICHMENT PLANTING ACTIVITIES
SHOULD BE SUMMARISED IN A REPORT (SEE FORMAT FOR REPORTING ENCLOSED)
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Report for Enrichment Planting Activities District:……………………………………………….. Responsible DAFO Officer:……………………………. Village:…………………………………………………………………………… Management Area:………………………………………………………. 1. Seed Collection
Number of collectors
No. Species Name
Quantity Collected (kg)
Price/Kg (kips/kg)
Men Women
Date of collection
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2. Raising nursery stock Nursery preparations Dimension of plastic bags: ………………….. Number of plastic bags filled:………….. Number of workers:…………Women ……… Men Wage:…………………… Number of days work:…………………….. Date of work: from…………. to………… Seed sowing
No. of Workers No. Species Name No. of Planting Bags Sown Male Female
Date of Sowing
1.
2.
3.
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4. Watering and weeding Number of workers:…………Women……… Men Wage:…………………… Number of days work:……………….. Date of work: from……. to………… 3. Plantation Area planted:…………ha Compartment:…… (enclose a map) Type of forest:………….. Soil condition:……………… No. of plantation lines:………… Length of plantation lines:…………m No. of seedlings planted:………. Spacing between seedlings:……X…..cm No. of people working:………Women…………Men No. Species Name No. of Seedlings Planted Date of Plantation
1
2
3
4
4. Remarks 5. Money disbursed No. Activity Amount Disbursed in Kip 1. Seed Collection
2. Raising nursery stock
3. Seedling transportation
4. Plantation
5. Others
6. Total
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Date:………………… DAFO Officer:………………….……….…. STEP 6: FOREST PROTECTION Under the Forest Protection Contract Model 2, the village has the responsibility of protecting the SPF. The forest protection activities to be undertaken by the villagers include: protecting the SPF and village forests zones from any encroachment for land clearing, preventing wood poaching, illegal hunting by villagers and / or outsiders, preventing forest fires and undertaking awareness campaign among the villagers.
In addition, the borders between the village territory and the SPF will be identified (if it has not been done during the land-use planning activity) and / or delineated on the ground by the villagers and DAFO staff so that all villagers are aware where the SPF zone starts within the village territory.
Since people are entitled to collect non-timber forest products, to make customary use of timber and to hunt within the SPF, the village (Village Forest Volunteers) is requested to keep an account of these activities in a forest protection logbook. One or two members of the village committee (including the JFM volunteer) have to be trained on a regular basis to perform such tasks. DAFO staff are in charge of monitoring this activity in each village 4 times a year (once per quarter).
TO PROMOTE THE PROTECTION OF THE SPF EVEN IN THE VILLAGES WHERE NO LOGGING IS TAKING PLACE, IN ANY
PARTICULAR YEAR THESE VILLAGES WILL RECEIVE AN INCENTIVE BY WAY OF SUPPORT TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
FROM THE SPF FOREST PROTECTION FUND. Forest Protection Operations
Ground Delineation of the SPF Border
• In order to facilitate the protection of the SPF, it is useful to demarcate on the ground its border so as to make everyone aware of its exact limits on the ground. It will stabilise the SPF boundaries and will also make it easier to implement the management rules of the SPF since they will apply to a known area.
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THE BORDER GROUND DELINEATION MARKS THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE SPF ZONE AND OTHER VILLAGE ZONES (VILLAGE
FOREST, PADDY LAND, AGRICULTURAL LAND, ETC.) IN WHICH OTHER LAND MANAGEMENT RULES APPLY.
• The on-the-ground demarcation of the border is initiated in villages where
land use planning and land allocation have already been undertaken and a forest protection contract with the Province has already been signed
• The activity should be organised by the village (including the village forest management volunteer) in consultation with DAFO, which has the responsibility of co-ordinating and organising the work of the villagers.
• Prior to field work the DAFO and JFM unit staff should gather the information needed to locate the border, namely the village land-use maps and the corresponding aerial photographs. Using these sources of information, the SPF border can be clearly identified:
!"In some villages, the boundary between the SPF and the rest of the village territory can be very easily identified on the ground as it might correspond to the natural limit between two different forest types. For example, Xieng Le Kok village in Dong Kapoh SPF; dry dipterocarp/natural high forest
!"In some villages, the boundary between the SPF and the rest of the village territory is more difficult to identify on the ground since it falls within the same forest type. In such cases the staff have to use compass survey bearings to identify the line of the boundary on the map or on the aerial photographs.
• The border is marked by marking trees every 50 meters along the borderline with red paint at breast height and by clearing the vegetation along the line of the boundary. The mark painted on the tree consists of a red line topped by the initial of the village (see figure enclosed).
• While undertaking the activity, notes on landmarks and human activities along the forest border should be kept on forms (enclosed). This identifies more precisely the existence of tracks and streams along and across the border and will permit an evaluation of the changes every two years as well.
• When the border has been marked on the ground, an agreement with the village should be prepared by DAFO staff and the village committee (village volunteer) The document should contain a sketch map of the border
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indicating the main benchmarks between the SPF and the other village land use areas.
• A copy of the SPF border agreement should be left in the village, another one at DAFO, and another one with the JFM unit.
• The border should be remarked every two years. A more durable type of benchmark could be established in the future along the border, e.g., planting of fast growing exotic trees, concrete or steel marker posts, etc.
Forest Protection Log Book
• To facilitate the monitoring of human activities in the SPF and village forests areas, village forest volunteers from all the villages around the SPF have to be trained in completing a forest protection log book.
• The forest volunteer has to regularly note down in the logbook (at least once a week) if there have been any logging, shifting cultivation, wildlife shooting activities or NTFPs sales, etc. within the various forest zones of the village.
• The forest protection logbook is presented as a set of consecutive monthly tables (see example enclosed) in order to facilitate the work of the volunteer.
• DAFO staff should monitor the forest protection logbook as frequently as possible. The logbook is useful for the hard facts it might contain on human activities in the village forests and for motivating the staff to initiate a dialogue with the forest volunteers or vice versa.
IN SOME VILLAGES, THE FOREST VOLUNTEER (S) MIGHT BE ILLITERATE. IT DOESN’T MATTER. AS LONG AS THE VOLUNTEER UNDERSTANDS THE FORMAT OF THE WORKBOOK AND WHAT INFORMATION IS REQUESTED.
THE VOLUNTEER CAN ASK A MEMBER OF THE JFMA BOARD TO WRITE DOWN WHAT HAS BEEN OBSERVED AND THE INFORMATION THAT HAS
BEEN COLLECTED. • DAFO staff should report on their forest protection logbook monitoring
activity quarterly.
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Border Ground Delineation Form District:………………………………….. Village:…………………………………….. Neighbouring villages along the SPF: 1) 2)
No. of the tree
Species Name
Road Stream Logging Site
Shifting Cultivation
Regeneration NTFPs Remark
1 2 3 4 5 ✔ 6 7 8 9 ✔ ✔ 10 11 12
etc. Village Forest Volunteer:……………………..………….... DAFO Officer:……………..……………
N° Village Initials
Imp1 Nalay NL 2 Xienglekhok XL 3 Dong Savanh DS 4 Dong Bang DB 5 Nonesavang NS 6 Nonesaard ND 7 Tho TH 8 Sanoon SN 9 Paloong PL 10 Alang AL 11 Sale Anot SA 12 Khonkhene KN 13 Alouay-
Khamnoy AK
14 Alouay May AM 15 Nathong NT *After land-use survey and land alundertaken (up to 2001).
TREE MARKING
Villages around DongKapho SPF95
JFM lemented
✔ ✔
1999 -* -* -*
2000 2000
-* -* -* -*
1999
2000 2000
location are
96
Forest Volunteer Logbook: Monthly Table District:……………………………………………….. Village:……………………………………………………
Situation of the Forests:………Month/……..Year
Ref N° Date NTFPs Logging Hunting Fire Shifting Cultivation
DAFO Officer:……….…………….…….….. Head of Village:………….…….….…….….. Forest Volunteer:………….…….…….…..
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STEP 7: SPF PERIODIC MANAGEMENT INVENTORY AND LONG-TERM HARVESTING PLANNING
• As it is specified in the SPF forest management plan for Dong Kapoh
developed by NOFIP in 1994, a management inventory has to take place every ten years. Such revision can lead to a modification of the management plan in view of the inventory results and the experience accumulated during the 10 previous years.
• The 10 years management inventory process should be initiated by the JFM unit and PFO. It will require strong technical inputs and participation from the DoF and, particularly, from the Forest Inventory Planning Centre (FIPC), formerly NOFIP.
• In the case of Dong Kapoh, PFO and the JFM unit also have the responsibility of developing five year timber harvesting plans. This task consists of identifying and mapping the ACAs for the next five years in the three management areas of the forest. This is based on the corresponding Ten Years Allowable Coupe (TYAC) as contained in the provisions of the management plan.
• The development of a five year timber harvesting plan permits the correction of past mistakes. For example, if larger areas than appropriate have been cut during the 5 past years, the areas to be cut in the next five years can be reduced proportionally so that the area cut over ten years corresponds to the prescriptions of the TYAC described in the SPF management plan. It also helps to determine which village will have a cutting area in a particular year.
• The JFM unit has developed the Dong Kapho SPF Year 5 to Year 10 timber harvesting plan. It is available both in English and in Lao. For years 1 to 5, the information is available from the Dong Kapho Forest Management Plan (NOFIP,1994).
Management Inventory
Ten Years Allowable
Cut
Five Years Timber
Harvesting
Annual Planning
98
99
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Procedure 2: Joint Implementation of the Sale of Logs
STEP 1: APPLICATION FOR LOGGING QUOTA • According to the current system in place in Lao P.D.R., it is necessary to
submit a logging quota for approval by MAF through the DoF, so that the PAFO can give permission for logging to take place in the SPF.
• It is the responsibility of the JFM unit to inform PAFO of the estimated volume to be harvested in the SPF during the next harvesting season. The information can be found in the tree marking survey report. PAFO will propose to DoF the SPF logging quota together with its own provincial quota.
THE SPF LOGGING QUOTA SHOULD BE SUBMITTED AS
SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER THE TREE MARKING SURVEY HAS TAKEN PLACE AND NOT LATER THAN AUGUST OF THE
YEAR PRECEDING HARVEST. • Usually the approval of quota from DoF reaches the PAFO in October. When
the quota clearance documents are received, the JFM unit should present a proposal for logging in the SPF for signature to the PAFO. This is to ensure that logging will be authorised later on and that the bidding for the SPF timber can proceed. An example of such a proposal for logging in Dong Kapho SPF is presented on the following page.
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Proposal for logging in Dong Kapoh SPF (LAO)
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STEP 2: BIDDING PROCEDURES Timber cut from Dong Kapho SPF is sold at second landing, in 3 lots, one from each of the forest management areas. Through the Forest Protection Contracts signed between PAFO, DAFO, and the villages, these lots are attributed to 3 villages. In the Forest Protection Contract model 2, PAFO is responsible for the sale of logs. In order to ensure the best price for a lot of logs and to avoid preferential treatment to sawmills or buyers, it is necessary to offer bids every year for each lot of logs among the various sawmills or buyers so that the offers they make for each lot can be compared. In the case of Dong Kapoh this is done in Savannakhet Province.
THE OBJECTIVE OF BIDDING FOR TIMBER IS TO IDENTIFY THE SAWMILL OR BUYER THAT WILL MAKE
THE BEST OFFER FOR A LOT OF LOGS AT SECOND LANDING IN THE SPF.
Bidding Operations Bidding Forms
BEFORE INITIATING THE BIDDING PROCESS, IT IS
NECESSARY TO HAVE THE RESULTS OF THE TREE MARKING SURVEY FROM THE AREAS TO BE LOGGED AND
THE CLEARANCE OF QUOTA BY MAF / DOF AND THE PAFO.
• The bidding forms have to be prepared by the JFM unit for distribution to
the various sawmills or buyers. The form presented below indicates the list of species, number of trees, volume per quality / species, and the total volume per species as presented in the tree marking survey report. A form should be prepared for each lot of village logs if logs are at different landing points.
• The columns should be completed by the sawmill to indicate the price offered per cubic meter for a particular species and the preferred cross-cutting length for bucking.
• Enough forms should be copied to cover the number of sawmills bidding.
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• A cover letter introducing the bidding form should be prepared and signed
by the JFM unit (see example below).
A LIST OF SAWMILLS IN THE PROVINCE SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED AND PRESENTED AS FOLLOWS: NAME OF THE
SAWMILL, NAME OF THE OWNER, LOCATION, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER. THE LIST SHOULD BE UPDATED EACH YEAR.
❐ The bidding forms and the cover letter should be distributed to all sawmills
on the same day. Sawmills should be informed that forms will be collected a week later in sealed envelopes. Once the envelopes have been received, they should be kept at the JFM unit.
Bids comparison
• Participants !"VRMDC Board representatives: 2 at least for each village (Chairman
and finance). !" JFM unit staff. !"DAFO staff: at least, one per district.
• VRMDC representatives assemble with DAFO and JFM unit staff at the PAFO. The process of bidding is explained and the steps that have been taken to date. Bid envelopes are then opened.
• Bidding forms received from the sawmill cannot be used directly. Additional calculations have to be made before a comparison between the offers from the various sawmills can be made.
• The total price offered for each species should be calculated by multiplying the number of cubic meters for a species by the price/cubic meter. When the total price has been calculated for each species and indicated in an additional column, they should be added to get the total amount of the bid. This total amount should be used to compare the offers from various sawmills. The sawmill making the highest offer is selected if its financial security is ensured.
• The result from the comparison of sawmills bids should be presented by the villagers, written down, and agreed on by PFO representatives.
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IT MAY HAPPEN THAT BECAUSE OF A BAD TIMBER MARKET
SITUATION, ONLY A SINGLE BUYER, OR PERHAPS NO BUYER, COMES FORWARD WITH PRICES AND THE BIDDING PROCESS IS
DISRUPTED.
• Some years the amount of logs to be sold from the SPF might represent a rather small volume. It might therefore be more attractive in the bidding process to propose only one lot of logs for three villages rather than three rather small independent lots for each village. A small lot is commercially less attractive to buyers because of the small quantity of various species in each lot.
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Bid for Timber from Dong Kapho SPF Annual Coupe Area 5 - 1998/1999
Management Areas: NW, NE, S
Quality 1 Quality 2 Quality 3 Quality 4 Total Preferred Proposed No. Code Name No. trees Est. Vol No. trees Est. Vol No. trees Est. Vol No. trees Est. Vol No. trees Est. Vol Length Price
m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m US$/m3 1 63 Kanjom 1 1,87 2 7,78 3 9,65 2 97 Keng 10 26,47 1 0,48 11 26,95 3 104 Kenhin 34 125,34 7 10,48 5 9,68 46 145,5 4 105 Kenhom 3 13,22 1 3,62 4 16,84 5 175 Si 6 31,83 1 2,25 7 34,08 6 182 Njang 1 9,69 9 49,12 10 58,81 7 207 Teho 16 55,99 1 0,65 1 0,76 18 57,4 8 231 Bak 8 65,46 1 4,52 1 0,95 10 70,93 9 247 Puay 1 1,57 1 1,57
10 272 Manpa 4 7,28 2 5,05 6 12,33 11 283 Mouang 2 12,21 2 12,21 12 308 Houalon 23 108,21 1 1,84 1 1,49 25 111,54 13 322 Hao 7 36,28 7 36,28
112 480,33 9 49,12 17 38,11 12 26,53 150 594,09
Remarks 1. Volume: error +/- 20% 2. Quality 1: Healthy tree with none or minor damage Quality 2: Tree with hole (s) for resin tapping, still living Quality 3: Tree with serious damage or disease, still living Quality 4: Dead tree, standing or lying, that can still produce a commercial log. 3. Logs are sold at second landing, along road no 9, at Mai Posy (Palansay District) and at Alouay May (Phin District) 4. Companies and sawmills are invited to offer price/m3 for each species at the level they are able to pay
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Cover Letter Introducing the Bidding Form – (Lao)
107
STEP 3: SALE OF LOGS
Following the bidding process and the selection of the sawmill presenting the best offer, discussions between villagers, PAFO, and the sawmill are initiated in order to establish sale of logs contracts between the different parties. Contracts are developed by the JFM unit in agreement with all representatives from the villages, DAFO, the sawmill, and PAFO. Sale Documents
Different documents have to be prepared:
1. A Contract between the PAFO and the selected sawmill and the village specifying the estimated volume to be sold, the species, and the agreed price per species, as well as any special agreement (prepared by JFM unit).
2. A Contract between the PAFO and the village specifying the amount of the logging fee paid to the village for its labour, its administration, the transportation of logs from the forest to second landing along road No. 9, for the protection of Dong Kapho SPF (prepared with the assistance of the JFM unit).
3. A Contract between the transportation company and the village for transportation of the logs from the forest to the second landing along road No.9 (prepared with the assistance of DAFO).
Logging Fee • In the case of Forest Protection Contract model 2, villages are not responsible
for the sale of logs. They benefit financially from timber harvesting from their customary territory by way of the logging fee.
THE LOGGING FEE IS THE AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT WILL
BE GIVEN TO A VILLAGE FOR EVERY CUBIC METER OF TIMBER LOGGED FROM DONG KAPHO SPF AREA WITHIN THE
VILLAGE BOUNDARIES.
• The total amount for the logging fee to be paid by PAFO to the village should be discussed every year in view of the previous year’s experience and the fluctuation in the value of money from one year to another.
• The logging fee is distributed between the following items:
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1. Labour (logging, clearing tracks etc). 2. Log transportation (from the forest to second landing at road No.9). 3. Logging and consumables (paints, food, medicines, village organisations,
stationery etc). 4. Protection fee (to be allocated to the village development fund).
• The allocation of money between the various units and activities should not be decided while only two representatives of the village are in Savannakhet. Suggestions are made when these representatives are in Savannakhet but the final decision is made in the village allowing the villagers the opportunity to discuss it further. DAFO is responsible for the follow-up and documents the final decision from the village.
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Sale of Logs – Model 2 Agreement for Log Transportation
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Sale of Logs Model 2 Logging Fee Agreement: PAFO – Villages
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Glossary of Terms and Acronyms ACA Annual Cutting Area DAFO District Agriculture and Forestry Office DBH Minimum Diameter DFDF District Forest Development Fund DoF Department of Forestry FIPC Forest Inventory and Planning Centre FPC Forest Protection Contract FRC Forest Research Centre GOL Government of Laos JFM Joint Forest Management JFMA Joint Forest Management Board LA Logging Area LSFP Lao Swedish Forestry Programme LUP Land Use Planning LUP/LA Land Use Planning and Land Allocation MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NTFP’s Non-timber Forest Products PAFO Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office PFO Provincial Forestry Office RTC Regional Training Centre SPF State Production Forest TYAC Ten Years Allowable Coupe VDP Village Development Plan
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