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JOINTS
• FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION– Synarthroses: immovable– Amphiarthroses: slightly movable– Diarthroses: freely movable
• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION– Fibrous joints: bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint
cavity– Cartilaginous joints: bones joined by cartilage; no joint
cavity– Synovial joints: joint cavity present
mainly axial skeleton
JOINTS (cont)
• FIBROUS– Sutures: seams of cranial bones;
(synostoses=fused bones)• coronal, lambdoid, sagital sutures
– Syndesmoses: bones connected by ligaments• between tibia and fibular, between radius & ulna
– Gomphoses: peg-in-socket; fibrous• teeth in the alveolar socket
JOINTS (cont)
• CARTILAGINOUS– Synchondroses: bones joined by hyaline
cartilage• eg-epiphyseal plate.
– Symphyses: fibrocartilage pad between• eg-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Synovial Joints
• Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
• All are freely movable diarthroses
• Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body
Synovial Joints: General Structure
• Synovial joints all have the following– Articular cartilage– Joint (synovial) cavity– Articular capsule– Synovial fluid– Reinforcing ligaments
• nonaxial—slipping movements only
• uniaxial—movement in one plane
• biaxial—movement in two planes
• multiaxial—movement in three planes
•intercarpal•intertarsal•carpometacarpal•tarsometatarsal•vertebrocostal•intervertebral
•elbow•interphalangeal (finger; toe)•ankle (tib-fib w/ talus)•knee—modified hinge
•atlantoaxial•radioulnar
•radiocarpal•knuckle(metacarpophalangeal)•metatarsophalangeal
•thumb (carpometacarpal)
•shoulder (glenohumeral)•hip (coxal)
Fig. 38.16, p. 656
muscle
tendon
bursae
synovialcavity
muscle
vein
artery
femur
patella
fat pad
ligament
tibia