Joint Classification Fibrous Joints Found where bones have
close contact with each other. Connective tissue found between the
joint Little to no movement Ex. Found between the sutures of the
skull
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Cartilaginous joints Found where shock absorption occurs.
Hyaline cartilage or fibro-cartilage found between the joint.
Limited movement, twisting and bending. Found between the
vertebrae, sternum to ribs and pubis bone.
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Synovial Joints Most of the joints in the skeletal system are
synovial joints which allow free movement. Includes hyaline
cartilage, connective tissue, synovial membrane and fluid and
bursa. Classified into six categories: Ball and Socket, Hinge,
Saddle, Condylar (ellipsoid), Pivot and Plane (gliding)
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1. Ball-and-Socket joint Ball shaped head of one bone connects
to cup-shaped cavity of another. Allows circular motion and motion
in all planes. Hip and shoulder
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2. Condylar joint (ellipsoid) Oval shaped condyle fits into an
elliptical cavity of another. Variety of movements in different
planes but not rotational.(twisting) Metacarpals connection with
the phalanges.
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3. Plane Joints Flat and curved surfaces connect. Allows
sliding and gliding motion. Bones of wrist and ankle.
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4. Hinge Joint Convex surface of one bone connects to concave
surface of another. Movement in one plane. (like a door) Elbow,
knee and phalanges.
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5. Pivot joint Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a
ring formed of bone and ligament. Movement around a central
axis-rotation. Atlas (the Greek god who supported the world on his
shoulders) and axis in Cervical vertebrae.
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6. Saddle joint Connect bones with convex and concave surfaces.
Variety of movements in two planes. Bones at carpal and metacarpal
of thumb.
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Joint Movements
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Disorders of joints Injuries Sprains Dislocations Torn
cartilage Inflammatory and degenerative conditions Bursitis
Tendinitis Arthritis Osteoarthritis (DJD degenerative joint
disease) Rheumatoid arthritis (one of many autoimmune arthritites)
Gout (crystal arthropathy) Septic arthritis-bacterial
infection
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Bone Injuries Fracture and broken bone both mean a break or
crack in the bone. Two categories: Closed (simple) fracture Open
(compound) fracture
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Recognizing Fractures Use D-O-T-S Deformity Open wounds
Tenderness Swelling
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Joint Injuries Sprain Dislocation
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Dislocations A dislocation occurs when a joint comes apart and
stays apart with the bone ends no longer in contact. The shoulders,
elbows, fingers, hips, kneecaps, and ankles are the joints most
frequently affected.
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Recognizing Dislocations Deformity (the main sign) Severe pain
Swelling Inability of the victim to move the injured joint
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Sprains A sprain occurs when a joint is twisted or stretched
beyond its normal range of motion. When a joint is sprained, the
ligaments are either partially or completely torn. Sprains most
often occur in the knee and the ankle.
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Recognizing Sprains Severe pain Pain prevents the victim from
moving or using the joint Swelling Skin around the joint may be
discolored because of bleeding from torn blood vessels.