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Jon Hale
College of Charleston
Educational Discourse during Jim Crow
Born in Great Barrington, MAEducated at Fisk UniversityFirst African American to earn
a Ph.D. in History from Harvard UniversityStudied at the University of
BerlinFounder of the Niagara
Movement Later the NAACP
Taught at Wilberforce University and eventually Atlanta University
W.E.B. Du Bois, (1868-1963)
W.E.B. Du BoisSociologist and
Historian by TrainingThe Philadelphia
Negro (1899)The Souls of Black
Folk (1903)Black Reconstruction
(1935)
“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line”
Proponent of a liberal arts, college preparatory and professional education
Advocated for full and immediate civil, political, economic, and social rights of all citizens
Put forth the idea of the “Talented Tenth”Articulated the idea of the “Veil” and “Double
Consciousness”Later ideas of voluntary separation
W.E.B. Du Bois: Major Ideas
Born into slavery in Franklin County, Hale’s Ford, Virginia
Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute
Briefly attended Wayland Seminary
Taught at Hampton then ran Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 1881Under the recommendation
of General Samuel C. Armstrong
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)
“Cast down your bucket where you are”
Economic Gradualism
Industrial and vocational education
Up From Slavery (1901)
Booker T. Washington: Major Ideas
Philadelphia, parents are educators
Ph.D. in Philosophy from Harvard
“The New Negro”Cultural PluralismProgressive ideals, to
prepare certain individuals to change society
Complicating the dichotomy: Alain Locke (1886-1954)
Son of former slavesAttended Berea CollegePh.D. in History from
HarvardFounded the
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now, ASALH)
Black History curriculum
Complicating the dichotomy: Carter G. Woodson (1875-1950)
Mayesville, SCBegins Daytona
Educational and Industrial School for Negro GirlsLater Bethune Cookman
CollegePractical/economic and
social goals of education
Complicating the Dichotomy: Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955)
Born to former slaves in Ninety Six, SC
Studied at the University of ChicagoTraveled to India and
influenced by GandhiPresident of Morehouse
CollegeMentor to Dr. King
President of Atlanta School BoardOversaw peaceful
desegregation
Complicating the Dichotomy: Benjamin Mays (1894-1984)
Charles ThompsonPublish discussion on the use of the courts
Horace Mann Bond Challenged intelligence testing
Connects to influential white progressivesGeorge Counts, John Dewey, Myles Horton
Complicating the Dichotomy
Progressive and Social Reconstructionist ContextTo rebuild society through education
Reflects older republican values in Reconstruction the and Jim Crow Era
Community control and self-determination
Multiplicity and diversity of thought
Ideology of (re)construction
Avery Normal Institute, 1865Charleston Normal and Industrial School,
1909Now, Burke High School
Mamie Gavin FieldsSeptima ClarkEsau Jenkins
Educational Ideology in South Carolina