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Jorge V. Tigno, DPA
Department of Political Science, Manila University, The Philippines
Jorge Villamor TIGNO is professor at the University of the Philippines in Diliman and is currently
the chairperson of its Department of Political Science. He holds a doctoral degree in public
administration from the same university. He is also the Secretary-General of the Philippine
Migration Research Network (PMRN) and a member of the governing boards of the Social Weather
Stations (SWS) and the Institute for Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS).
Abstract
Low-Skilled Labor Migration: The Philippines Case
17 December 2015
Presented at the Conference to Commemorate International Migrants Day, “New Paradigms for a
Changing Migration Landscape,” Bangkok (17 December 2015). The views expressed in this paper
do not reflect the position of the Department or the University.
Labor migration from the Philippines is as extensive as it is historically rooted and much of this
phenomenon has been characterized by the mobility and deployment of low-skilled labor. This
paper provides a very rough overview and assessment of the mechanisms that have been
institutionalized over the last 40 years as the overseas employment program as it related to low-
skilled labor migration. The Philippine overseas employment program has been described as a
model in labor migration management. It has managed to embed itself into the mainstream of
Philippine society. In its over 40 years of existence, numerous characteristics, mechanisms, and
arrangements found in the program have been copied and emulated in different labor-sending
countries. However, despite its credit-worthy status as a program par excellence, there are also
numerous problems, issues, and concerns that plague it especially as these challenges pertain to
managing low-skilled labor migration.
Low-Skilled Labor Migration:
The Philippines Case
Jorge Tigno
Chair, Dept. of Political Science, Manila
University
“Managing Low – Skilled Labor Migration in the
ASEAN Community”
17-18 December 2015
The Sukosol Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand
Annual OFW Deployments
Source: POEA
% OFW Contracts Processed by Type of Recruitment (1982-1995 and 2004-2010)
Source: POEA
OFWs by Place of Work (in % 2014)
Source: SOF, PSA
OFWs by Occupation Group (2014)
Source: SOF, PSA
Percentage of OFWs by Highest Education (2002)
Source: LFS, PSA
OFW Age Structure by Sex Ratio (2008 – 2010)
Source: SOF, PSA
ODA, FDI, and Remittances
Sources: BSP and NEDA
OFWs by total cash remittance (average of 6 months; % in 2014)
Source: SOF, PSA
Coordination on OFW Welfare
Source: COA
Licensing and Recruitment
Source: COA
Procedure for OFW Money Claims
Source: COA
Procedure for OFW Repatriation
Source: COA
Accountability Reporting
Source: COA
Documents Verification Procedures
Source: COA
Some Issues : Cracks in the Acclaim
• Weaknesses and lapses in recruitment regulation
• Insufficient responsive services (PDOS, welfare claims, and reintegration)
• Lax enforcement of selective deployment policy
• Abusive and corrupt personnel
• Ad hoc and largely market-dependent strategic migration policy
• Insufficient and weak database programs
Policy recommendations
• Strict regulation enforcement
• More innovative protection mechanisms
• Establish and maintain effective and relevant databases
• Designate special courts for IR and trafficking cases
• Reduce recruitment costs
• Promote migration for local development
• Foster social mobility