Journal Automobile Engineering & Application vol 3 issue 3

Automobile Engineering

& Applications

Journal of

(JoAEA)

September–December 2016

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)

STM Journals, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private Ltd. (established 2006), was

launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory Board

Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives:

Promotion of Scientific, Technical and Medical research.

Publication of Original Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through

Peer Review process.

Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

Preparing online platform for print journals.

Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical

and Medical domains.

Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects in the category of Nanotechnology,

Scientific and Technical Writing, and Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical and Medical domains.

Employs Open Journals System (OJS)—a journal management and publishing system.

The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad

for its quality and coverage.

Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal

acceptance/finalization.

Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications

ISSN: 2455-3360(online)

Focus and Scope Covers

Vehicle Dynamics

Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Engineering

Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics

Automotive Diesel Engines

Vehicle Body Engineering

Engine Construction and Operation

Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM

Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily

reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products

described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in

this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals ([email protected])

STM Journals

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

National Subscription:

Print - Rs 3750/- per Journal ( includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase: Rs 1500.

Online - Rs 3750/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 online issues), Single Issue purchase: Rs 1500

inclusive Service Tax

Print + Online - Rs 5000/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 print & online issues).

International Subscription:

Online Only- $199, Print Only-$299 (includes 3 print issues)

Online + Print-$399 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside of India includes delivery. Prices subject to change without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B). For Subscribers:

Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

The access will be blocked:

If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

Due to technical issue.

Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication

Management Team: [email protected]; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Gargi Asha Jha

Manager (Publications)

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Internal Members

External Members

Bimlesh Lochab

Assistant Professor

Department of Chemistry

School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University

Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

Professor and Coordinator

School of Materials Science and Technology

Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi

Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor

Department of Applied Chemistry

BIT Mesra, Patna,

Bihar, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Technology

Laboratory, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai

Tamil Nadu, India

Himani Pandey

Isha Chandra

Senior Associate Editors

Dr. Yog Raj Sood

Dean (Planning and Development)

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Himachal Pradesh, India

Prof. Chris Cannings

Professor, School of Mathematics and Statistics

University of Sheffield,

Sheffield

United Kingdom

Dr. D. K. Vijaykumar

MS, MCh (Surgical Oncology), Professor and

Head Department of Surgical Oncology

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre

Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India

Dr. Durgadas Naik

Associate Professor (Microbiology)

Management and Science University,

University Drive, Seksyen13

Selangor, Malaysia

Prof. José María Luna Ariza

Department of Computer Sciences and

Numerical Analysis

Campus of Rabanales

University of Córdoba, Spain

Dr. Khaiser Nikam

Professor, Library and Information Science

Department of Library and Information Science

University of Mysore

Mysore, India

Quaisher J Hossain

Senior Editor

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Managing DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Meenakshi Tripathi

Shivani Sharma

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Director

Shambhavi Mishra

Associate Editors

Sugandha Mishra

Prof. Priyavrat TharejaDirector Principal

Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology

Punjab, India

Dr. Baldev RajDirector, National Institute of Advanced Studies

Indian Institute of Science campus Bangalore

Karnataka, India

Former Director

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,

Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Pankaj PoddarSenior Scientist

Physical and Materials Chemistry Division,National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, Maharastra India

Prof. D. N. RaoProfessor and Head

Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences

New Delhi, India

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAdditional Professor

National Brain Research CentreManesar, Gurgaon

Haryana, India

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group

Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, Rajasthan,

India

Dr. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Ex-Head of the Department

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

National Institute of Technology, RourkelaOdisha, India

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head

Department of Applied MechanicsGovernment College of Engineering

Vidyanagar, Karad Maharashtra, India

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkVisiting Professor, Department of Physics

University of SGGS World UniversityFatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,

IndiaFormer Director Research

DAV Institute of Engineering and TechnologyJallandhar, India

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootSenior Research Scientist, Reliance Industries Limited, Mumbai, India

Former Head (Research and Development)Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd., MIT Campus

Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor

Department of Applied ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology

Patna, Bihar, India

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

National Institute of Technology, RourkelaOdisha, India

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAssistant Professor

Department of Oral PathologyKLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences

Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor

Department of PhysicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras

Chennai, Tamil Nadu India

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor

Department of Civil EngineeringNational Institute of Technology, Trichy

Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD

Editorial Board

Arunachalam Kandavel Associate Professor, Department of

Automobile Engineering, MIT Campus, Anna University, India.

LA KumaraswamidhasAssociate Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering and Mining Machinery Engineering, Indian

School of Mines Dhanbad, India.

R PadmanabhanAssistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of

Engineering, India.

Sakthivel NRAssistant Professor, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coaimbatore, India.

Manoj AryaAssistant Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,

India.

C LakshminathanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Amrita School of Engineering.

Sanjay Ramchandra KumbharAssistant Professor, Rajarambapu

Institute of Technology Maharashtra, India, India.

Sanjay Tukaram SatputeAssociate Professor, Department of

Automobile Engineering, RIT, Sakharale,India.

Sanjivi ArulAssociate Professor ,Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of

Engineering, Coimbatore.

Sanjay Yadav Head of Program (PG Automobile),

Rajarambapu Institute Of Technology Rajaramnagar, Islampur,

Dist. Sangli,Maharashtra, India.

Nirvesh MehtaProfessor in Mechanical Engineering

Department at L.D.R.P. Institute of Technology and Research,

Gandhinagar.

Ajay Tripathi Rustamji Institute of Technology,

BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India.

Sujan Chakraborty ME Department, RVCE, Bangalore.

It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Automobile

Engineering and Applications (JoAEA), 2016. The intension of JoAEA Journal is to create an

atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Mechanical Engineering.

Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and

readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly

research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish

quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings.

The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference

for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching

and research in all the Scientific, Technical and Medical domains.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication

team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of

authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the

journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish

quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Managing Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle Bhanu Prakash Panwar 1

2. Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by Using Cooling System Sunil Kumar P. 8

3. Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio A.D. Badgujar 11

4. Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System with the Combination of Helical Springs Sachin Gayakwad, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra 21

5. Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel M.J. Pathak, G.D. Achrya 31

ContentsJournal of Automobile Engineering and Applications

JoAEA (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online)

Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle

Bhanu Prakash Panwar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, H. R. Institute of Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper summarizes the contributions made to the special issue on aerodynamics and

whole design procedure in order to assure the achievement of the expected objectives in terms

stability and handling. In this paper after a short introduction about the aerodynamics of

vehicle further aspects of coefficient drag, lift coefficient and its impact on acceleration as

well as the velocity of a vehicle will be described along with mathematical formula and

illustrated diagrams as well. Attentions will be focused on the methods, both experimental and

computational those are presently available to obtain the desired aerodynamic drag influence

to a vehicle. In particular, the calculated drag number of different cars also provided in an

arranged tabular form, with this new derived technology of aerodynamic testing from BMW

also described in this paper. A sight of possible future development and research in this field

also suggested.

Keywords: Aerodynamics, drag and drag coefficient, lift coefficient, impact on velocity and

acceleration, testing of aerodynamics

INTRODUCTION When objects move through the air, forces are

generated by the relative motion between the

air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is

the branch of engineering which deals with the

study of these forces, generated by the motion

of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized

according to the type of flow as subsonic,

hypersonic, supersonic, etc. It is essential that

aerodynamics be taken into account during the

design of a vehicle as an improved

aerodynamics in the vehicle would attain

higher speeds and more fuel efficiency [1].

To ensure that the aerodynamics factor of a

vehicle is all-correct, generally vehicles are

designed lower to the ground, and during their

process of designing the designers always

keep in mind that corners or edges should not

be sharp. They rounded off so that air passage

is easily feasible. Other components like

wings, spoilers are also integrated into a

vehicle for enhancing factor of aerodynamics.

Efficient methods like wind tunnel testing are

used to examine the aerodynamics of a vehicle

along with this illustrated computational

software are also developed to ensure the

precise and efficient aerodynamics design.

AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLE Automobile industry commences with an idea

of using aerodynamic body shapes in the

primitive part of their history. As technology

develop frequently and engines become more

puissant and vehicles become faster. Designers

and engineers analyze that flow of wind

significantly hinders their velocity. Sports car

section among automotive world are the first

who adapt aerodynamic or streamlining and

their outstanding performance influence others

to think about this particular phenomenon.

“Regarding the aerodynamics of a racing car,

Dr. Joe David, professor of mechanical and

aerospace engineering, and known as “Mr.

Stock Car” at North Carolina State University

said, “Most of the horsepower generated by a

racing engine is eaten up by the high-pressure

air pushing the front of the car and the low-

pressure air—a partial vacuum—dragging at

the car from behind.” However, drag cannot be

the only consideration.

While lift is somehow mandatory for a flight,

it can be threatening for a vehicle in terms of

maintaining better control over driving

including braking and handling. Automobiles

are designed in a way so that wind exerts a

force towards downwards which tends to



Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by

Using Cooling System

Sunil Kumar P. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra Pradesh International Institute of

Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,

Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Nowadays, the fossil fuels are depleting day by day. The efficiency of an automobile has to be

increased to overcome the shortage of fossil fuels. If we reduce the consumption of the brake

power obtained during combustion for other purposes rather than running the vehicle such as

super chargers, cooling systems etc., we can increase the efficiency. We are using almost 35%

of the output power of the crankshaft for cooling purpose only. Here I am proposing a novel

and efficient cooling system that will serve the purpose of super charging along with cooling.

It will also increase the efficiency of the automobile by decreasing the compression work. By

using this method, the cooling system can be used for both, cooling purpose and super

charging.

Keywords: Liquid cooling, super charging, efficiency, compression ratio, super charger

INTRODUCTION Nowadays fossil fuels are depleting day-by-

day. In order to compensate the problem of

shortage of fossil fuels we have to look for

alternate sources of energy or we have to

increase the efficiency of the automobile

engines. In automobiles, super charger is used

to increase the intake of air for complete

combustion. For running the super charger, we

are using some amount of brake power

produced by the engine [1].

Cooling system is required for automobile to

reduce the high temperatures of the engine. If

we do not cool the engine, the temperatures

will go on rising and at some point, the engine

components will reach their melting points.

So, in order to avoid overheating problems,

proper cooling is required [2]. Here, I am

using the cooling system to serve the both

purposes of cooling and super charging.

NEED OF THE TECHNOLOGY The purpose of supercharging an engine is to

raise the density of the air charge, before it

enters the cylinders. Thus, the increased mass

of air will be inducted which will then be

compressed in the cylinders. This makes more

oxygen available for combustion than in

conventional method of drawing the fresh air

charge into the cylinder (naturally aspirated).

So combustion will takes place more

efficiently than in naturally aspirated engines.

So super charger increases the power without

increasing the fuel consumption [3].

The superchargers use power to compress the

air. This power is drawn from the engine itself.

The engine should be able to with stand higher

forces due to supercharging. The increased

pressure and temperature during supercharging

may lead to detonation [4].

The existing super charging technology in

automobiles is not used in all the vehicles

because of many problems, such as cost

criteria, energy consumption, space

occupancy, increase of engine weight etc. But

super charging is required for an engine to

increase the air intake to the engine mainly for

the vehicles, which are running at hilly

regions, and vehicles running at places where

the availability of air is low. Then the amount

of air entering the engine will be less and the

stoichiometric ratio cannot be maintained.

This leads to over usage of fuel, environment



Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for

Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio

A.D. Badgujar Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering,

Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Abstract Diesel engines are widely used in transportation, agriculture, power sector and various other

types of industries due to its high fuel efficiency. An improvement in the performance of the

same makes remarkable difference in nation economy. This paper presents an experimental

investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as a fuel. The engine is modified to study the

effect of various parameters on the performance of engine. The parameters varied are; fuel

injection pressure and compression ratio. The fuel injection pressure is measured using piezo-

resistive sensors and is varied from 224 to 240 bar. The compression ratio is varied from 16

to 18 by changing the clearance volume. It has been experimentally observed that as the fuel

injection pressure increases, the efficiency of the engine decreases and as the compression

ratio increases, the efficiency of the engine increases.

Keywords: Diesel engine, compression ratio, fuel injection pressure

INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine (IC) is a heat

engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel

into mechanical energy. The history of design

and development of IC engine is presented in

detail by Cummins [1]. In the 1880s, the IC

engine was incorporated in automobiles [2],

during 1890s; Rudolf Diesel had patented the

compression ignition engine known today. The

diesel engines are practically always of the 4-

stroke type in automobile applications [3].

Efforts have been made to improve the

performance of diesel engine for last many

years. Alperstein et al. used mixture of hexane

and n-heptane with air in a diesel engine [4].

They observed that under certain operating

conditions, the single cylinder engine gives

better performance in a premixed mode. The

exhaust gases of the diesel engine consist of

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water

vapour, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,

nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter.

Amongst these gases, NOx is more toxic, thus,

reducing the NOx level in exhaust gases is a

focus of research in recent times [5, 6]. This

paper presents experimental investigation of a

4-stroke engine, using diesel as fuel. The

engine is modified to improve the performance

of the engine by varying the fuel injection

pressure and compression ratio.

Various terminologies used in internal

combustion engine are given in following

section.

Compression ratio (CR) is given by:

s C

c

V VCR

V

(1)

Here, Vs is swept volume and Vc is clearance

volume.

Indicated power (IP) is given by:

2 60000

IMEP L A NIP

kW (2)

Here, IMEP is indicated mean effective

pressure, L is stroke length A is the cross

section area of cylinder and N is engine speed.

Brake power (BP) is given by:

2

60000

N TBP

kW (3)

Here, T is engine torque.

Mechanical efficiency is given by:

mechanical

BP

IP (4)



Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System

with the Combination of Helical Springs

Sachin Gayakwad*, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malwa Institute of Technology, Indore,

Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract An efficient and optimized leaf spring suspension system for heavy vehicles must have low

deflection but good damping capacity of absorbing shocks and jerks. In this research article,

deflection analysis of a modified leaf spring suspension system with the combination of helical

spring model is presented. To furnish this end, in the typical leaf spring suspension system

model, a helical spring at each side of the master leaf is incorporated. Design and static

analysis work is performed in CATIA V5R20. The average overall maximum deflection

reduction by the proposed modified model with helical springs achieved is 3.6% for various

loading conditions in comparison to typical leaf spring suspension system’s master leaf spring

model. The deflection characteristics of the proposed modified model can be maintained for

the optimization of the comfort and flexibility conditions, by adjusting and adopting the best

combination of the design parameters of both types suspension springs.

Keywords: Leaf spring, helical spring, FEA, deflection, combined model

INTRODUCTION For the assessment of the vehicles

performance, three criteria have to be used:

ride comfort, driving safety and suspension

travel [1]. The suspension systems carries the

total load of the vehicle and provide comfort

to passengers and also deliver a good road

holding when the vehicle travels on a rough

terrain [2]. The main purpose of vehicle

suspension is to achieve good driving stability

and passenger comfort regardless of road

surface [3]. Other performance requirements

for a suspension system are to adequately

support the vehicle weight, to maintain the

wheels in the appropriate position so as to

have a better handling and to keep the tyre in

contact with the ground [4].

Leaf springs and helical springs are two basic

types of suspension springs used in suspension

systems. Leaf springs, especially the

longitudinal laminated type are reliable and

persistent element in automotive suspension

system [5], and helical springs are also one of

the mechanical elements used in several

industrial applications and automobile vehicles

to satisfy the desired functions [6]. Generally,

helical springs are made of an elastic material

formed into the coil shape which returns to its

initial length when unloaded [7]. Leaf springs

are commonly formed by stacking leafs or

plates of steel in progressively longer lengths

on top of each other, so that the spring is thick

in the middle portion to resist bending and thin

at the ends where it attaches to the body [8].

Increasing the energy storage capability of a

leaf spring ensures a more compliant

suspension system [9].

Both the springs as a suspension element have

their specific benefits and some limitations.

So, a leaf spring can be used in conjunction

with helical spring to enhance the spring rate

adjustability function for chassis set up

balance and for overall better performance of

the suspension system. The first automotive

helical spring was on the model-T (Ford) in

1910, where the suspension system was a

combination of leaf spring and helical spring

[10]. The design of this leaf and helical spring

suspension was totally different from the

model presented in our work. Taking

consideration of these above-mentioned facts,

in our work, a conventional steel leaf spring

(master leaf) is combined with two helical

springs, each at both the sides of leaf spring.



Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different

Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel

M.J. Pathak1,*, G.D. Achrya

2

1School of Technology, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

1Department of Automobile Engineering, Dr. J.N. Maheta Government Polytechnic, Amreli,

Gujarat, India 2Principal, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Abstract With the concern to global environment issues, researchers are encouraged to find alternate

for scarce and rapidly diminishing fossil fuels. From the variety of options, fuels obtained

from vegetable oils or animal fats have proven better alternate for petroleum fuels. Having its

roots in agriculture, vegetable oils are capable to minimize overall СO addition to the

atmosphere. Due to higher viscosity and low volatility compared to petroleum diesel, neat

vegetable oils are used in diesel engines; some functional or longevity issues have been

highlighted in the literature. In this study, experiments were carried out using fossil diesel and

ϳаtrophа-diesel blends to evaluate the exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of

diesel engine. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, variable

compression ratio engine was useԁ for the experiments. The measured values were analyzeԁ

for various parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake power (BP), brake specific

fuel consumption (BSFc), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and emissions of СO2, СO

and Hc. While operating the engine on ϳatropha-diesel blends, performance and emission

parameters were found to be very close to petroleum diesel for lower blend concentrations.

Keywords: Biodiesel, VCR engine, exhaust emissions

INTRODUCTION The tightening norms on air pollution caused

by the wide spread use of petroleum fuels,

fading fossil fuels reserves and cultivation

based market of India are the motivating

forces to advance biodiesel as an alternate to

petroleum diesel. Fuels made from renewable

natural non-edible resources for use in

conventional diesel engines are known as

biodiesel.

Biodiesel is eco-friendly fuel similar to

petroleum diesel in combustion properties.

Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oil is being

used in USA and Europe to reduce air

pollution and dependence on fossil fuel.

JATROPHA (RATAN JYOT) BETTER

ALTERNATE FOR DIESEL FUEL

India, being larger importer of vegetable oils,

concerning country’s economical aspect,

edible oils should be avoided for production of

biodiesel. Harvesting of plants like Jatropha

curcas, pongamia, neem mahua, castor,

linseed etc. can be promoted; and thereby

India can become leading producer of such

non-edible oils to supplement conventional

diesel fuel. Many of these oils produced are

yet to be utilized properly. Among these

plants, India is keen on jatropha curcas, which

can be grown in barren and wastelands.

Jatropha seeds contain oil around 30–40%.

India is having wasteland around 80–100

million hectares, which can be utilized for

Jatropha plantation.

Besides drastic reduction on paying huge

amount on importing crude petroleum,

promoting use of biodiesel in our country will

lead to many benefits like green cover to

wasteland, support to agriculture and rural

economy and mainly drastic reduction in air

pollution. The significant weak points of

vegetable oils, as diesel fuels are related to its

Automobile Engineering

& Applications

Journal of

(JoAEA)

September–December 2016

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)

Date post:	12-Apr-2017
Category:	Education
Upload:	stm-journals
View:	66 times
Download:	0 times

Journal Automobile Engineering & Application vol 3 issue 3

Education