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Automobile Engineering
& Applications
Journal of
(JoAEA)
September–December 2016
www.stmjournals.com
STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical
ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Focus and Scope Covers
Vehicle Dynamics
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Engineering
Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
Automotive Diesel Engines
Vehicle Body Engineering
Engine Construction and Operation
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Arunachalam Kandavel Associate Professor, Department of
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School of Mines Dhanbad, India.
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Engineering, India.
Sakthivel NRAssistant Professor, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coaimbatore, India.
Manoj AryaAssistant Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,
India.
C LakshminathanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,
Amrita School of Engineering.
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Gandhinagar.
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BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India.
Sujan Chakraborty ME Department, RVCE, Bangalore.
It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Automobile
Engineering and Applications (JoAEA), 2016. The intension of JoAEA Journal is to create an
atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Mechanical Engineering.
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I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra
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Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS
1. A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle Bhanu Prakash Panwar 1
2. Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by Using Cooling System Sunil Kumar P. 8
3. Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio A.D. Badgujar 11
4. Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System with the Combination of Helical Springs Sachin Gayakwad, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra 21
5. Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel M.J. Pathak, G.D. Achrya 31
ContentsJournal of Automobile Engineering and Applications
JoAEA (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle
Bhanu Prakash Panwar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, H. R. Institute of Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract This paper summarizes the contributions made to the special issue on aerodynamics and
whole design procedure in order to assure the achievement of the expected objectives in terms
stability and handling. In this paper after a short introduction about the aerodynamics of
vehicle further aspects of coefficient drag, lift coefficient and its impact on acceleration as
well as the velocity of a vehicle will be described along with mathematical formula and
illustrated diagrams as well. Attentions will be focused on the methods, both experimental and
computational those are presently available to obtain the desired aerodynamic drag influence
to a vehicle. In particular, the calculated drag number of different cars also provided in an
arranged tabular form, with this new derived technology of aerodynamic testing from BMW
also described in this paper. A sight of possible future development and research in this field
also suggested.
Keywords: Aerodynamics, drag and drag coefficient, lift coefficient, impact on velocity and
acceleration, testing of aerodynamics
INTRODUCTION When objects move through the air, forces are
generated by the relative motion between the
air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is
the branch of engineering which deals with the
study of these forces, generated by the motion
of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized
according to the type of flow as subsonic,
hypersonic, supersonic, etc. It is essential that
aerodynamics be taken into account during the
design of a vehicle as an improved
aerodynamics in the vehicle would attain
higher speeds and more fuel efficiency [1].
To ensure that the aerodynamics factor of a
vehicle is all-correct, generally vehicles are
designed lower to the ground, and during their
process of designing the designers always
keep in mind that corners or edges should not
be sharp. They rounded off so that air passage
is easily feasible. Other components like
wings, spoilers are also integrated into a
vehicle for enhancing factor of aerodynamics.
Efficient methods like wind tunnel testing are
used to examine the aerodynamics of a vehicle
along with this illustrated computational
software are also developed to ensure the
precise and efficient aerodynamics design.
AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLE Automobile industry commences with an idea
of using aerodynamic body shapes in the
primitive part of their history. As technology
develop frequently and engines become more
puissant and vehicles become faster. Designers
and engineers analyze that flow of wind
significantly hinders their velocity. Sports car
section among automotive world are the first
who adapt aerodynamic or streamlining and
their outstanding performance influence others
to think about this particular phenomenon.
“Regarding the aerodynamics of a racing car,
Dr. Joe David, professor of mechanical and
aerospace engineering, and known as “Mr.
Stock Car” at North Carolina State University
said, “Most of the horsepower generated by a
racing engine is eaten up by the high-pressure
air pushing the front of the car and the low-
pressure air—a partial vacuum—dragging at
the car from behind.” However, drag cannot be
the only consideration.
While lift is somehow mandatory for a flight,
it can be threatening for a vehicle in terms of
maintaining better control over driving
including braking and handling. Automobiles
are designed in a way so that wind exerts a
force towards downwards which tends to
JoAEA (2016) 8-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by
Using Cooling System
Sunil Kumar P. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra Pradesh International Institute of
Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,
Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract Nowadays, the fossil fuels are depleting day by day. The efficiency of an automobile has to be
increased to overcome the shortage of fossil fuels. If we reduce the consumption of the brake
power obtained during combustion for other purposes rather than running the vehicle such as
super chargers, cooling systems etc., we can increase the efficiency. We are using almost 35%
of the output power of the crankshaft for cooling purpose only. Here I am proposing a novel
and efficient cooling system that will serve the purpose of super charging along with cooling.
It will also increase the efficiency of the automobile by decreasing the compression work. By
using this method, the cooling system can be used for both, cooling purpose and super
charging.
Keywords: Liquid cooling, super charging, efficiency, compression ratio, super charger
INTRODUCTION Nowadays fossil fuels are depleting day-by-
day. In order to compensate the problem of
shortage of fossil fuels we have to look for
alternate sources of energy or we have to
increase the efficiency of the automobile
engines. In automobiles, super charger is used
to increase the intake of air for complete
combustion. For running the super charger, we
are using some amount of brake power
produced by the engine [1].
Cooling system is required for automobile to
reduce the high temperatures of the engine. If
we do not cool the engine, the temperatures
will go on rising and at some point, the engine
components will reach their melting points.
So, in order to avoid overheating problems,
proper cooling is required [2]. Here, I am
using the cooling system to serve the both
purposes of cooling and super charging.
NEED OF THE TECHNOLOGY The purpose of supercharging an engine is to
raise the density of the air charge, before it
enters the cylinders. Thus, the increased mass
of air will be inducted which will then be
compressed in the cylinders. This makes more
oxygen available for combustion than in
conventional method of drawing the fresh air
charge into the cylinder (naturally aspirated).
So combustion will takes place more
efficiently than in naturally aspirated engines.
So super charger increases the power without
increasing the fuel consumption [3].
The superchargers use power to compress the
air. This power is drawn from the engine itself.
The engine should be able to with stand higher
forces due to supercharging. The increased
pressure and temperature during supercharging
may lead to detonation [4].
The existing super charging technology in
automobiles is not used in all the vehicles
because of many problems, such as cost
criteria, energy consumption, space
occupancy, increase of engine weight etc. But
super charging is required for an engine to
increase the air intake to the engine mainly for
the vehicles, which are running at hilly
regions, and vehicles running at places where
the availability of air is low. Then the amount
of air entering the engine will be less and the
stoichiometric ratio cannot be maintained.
This leads to over usage of fuel, environment
JoAEA (2016) 11-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for
Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio
A.D. Badgujar Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering,
Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract Diesel engines are widely used in transportation, agriculture, power sector and various other
types of industries due to its high fuel efficiency. An improvement in the performance of the
same makes remarkable difference in nation economy. This paper presents an experimental
investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as a fuel. The engine is modified to study the
effect of various parameters on the performance of engine. The parameters varied are; fuel
injection pressure and compression ratio. The fuel injection pressure is measured using piezo-
resistive sensors and is varied from 224 to 240 bar. The compression ratio is varied from 16
to 18 by changing the clearance volume. It has been experimentally observed that as the fuel
injection pressure increases, the efficiency of the engine decreases and as the compression
ratio increases, the efficiency of the engine increases.
Keywords: Diesel engine, compression ratio, fuel injection pressure
INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine (IC) is a heat
engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel
into mechanical energy. The history of design
and development of IC engine is presented in
detail by Cummins [1]. In the 1880s, the IC
engine was incorporated in automobiles [2],
during 1890s; Rudolf Diesel had patented the
compression ignition engine known today. The
diesel engines are practically always of the 4-
stroke type in automobile applications [3].
Efforts have been made to improve the
performance of diesel engine for last many
years. Alperstein et al. used mixture of hexane
and n-heptane with air in a diesel engine [4].
They observed that under certain operating
conditions, the single cylinder engine gives
better performance in a premixed mode. The
exhaust gases of the diesel engine consist of
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water
vapour, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter.
Amongst these gases, NOx is more toxic, thus,
reducing the NOx level in exhaust gases is a
focus of research in recent times [5, 6]. This
paper presents experimental investigation of a
4-stroke engine, using diesel as fuel. The
engine is modified to improve the performance
of the engine by varying the fuel injection
pressure and compression ratio.
Various terminologies used in internal
combustion engine are given in following
section.
Compression ratio (CR) is given by:
s C
c
V VCR
V
(1)
Here, Vs is swept volume and Vc is clearance
volume.
Indicated power (IP) is given by:
2 60000
IMEP L A NIP
kW (2)
Here, IMEP is indicated mean effective
pressure, L is stroke length A is the cross
section area of cylinder and N is engine speed.
Brake power (BP) is given by:
2
60000
N TBP
kW (3)
Here, T is engine torque.
Mechanical efficiency is given by:
mechanical
BP
IP (4)
JoAEA (2016) 21-30 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System
with the Combination of Helical Springs
Sachin Gayakwad*, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malwa Institute of Technology, Indore,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract An efficient and optimized leaf spring suspension system for heavy vehicles must have low
deflection but good damping capacity of absorbing shocks and jerks. In this research article,
deflection analysis of a modified leaf spring suspension system with the combination of helical
spring model is presented. To furnish this end, in the typical leaf spring suspension system
model, a helical spring at each side of the master leaf is incorporated. Design and static
analysis work is performed in CATIA V5R20. The average overall maximum deflection
reduction by the proposed modified model with helical springs achieved is 3.6% for various
loading conditions in comparison to typical leaf spring suspension system’s master leaf spring
model. The deflection characteristics of the proposed modified model can be maintained for
the optimization of the comfort and flexibility conditions, by adjusting and adopting the best
combination of the design parameters of both types suspension springs.
Keywords: Leaf spring, helical spring, FEA, deflection, combined model
INTRODUCTION For the assessment of the vehicles
performance, three criteria have to be used:
ride comfort, driving safety and suspension
travel [1]. The suspension systems carries the
total load of the vehicle and provide comfort
to passengers and also deliver a good road
holding when the vehicle travels on a rough
terrain [2]. The main purpose of vehicle
suspension is to achieve good driving stability
and passenger comfort regardless of road
surface [3]. Other performance requirements
for a suspension system are to adequately
support the vehicle weight, to maintain the
wheels in the appropriate position so as to
have a better handling and to keep the tyre in
contact with the ground [4].
Leaf springs and helical springs are two basic
types of suspension springs used in suspension
systems. Leaf springs, especially the
longitudinal laminated type are reliable and
persistent element in automotive suspension
system [5], and helical springs are also one of
the mechanical elements used in several
industrial applications and automobile vehicles
to satisfy the desired functions [6]. Generally,
helical springs are made of an elastic material
formed into the coil shape which returns to its
initial length when unloaded [7]. Leaf springs
are commonly formed by stacking leafs or
plates of steel in progressively longer lengths
on top of each other, so that the spring is thick
in the middle portion to resist bending and thin
at the ends where it attaches to the body [8].
Increasing the energy storage capability of a
leaf spring ensures a more compliant
suspension system [9].
Both the springs as a suspension element have
their specific benefits and some limitations.
So, a leaf spring can be used in conjunction
with helical spring to enhance the spring rate
adjustability function for chassis set up
balance and for overall better performance of
the suspension system. The first automotive
helical spring was on the model-T (Ford) in
1910, where the suspension system was a
combination of leaf spring and helical spring
[10]. The design of this leaf and helical spring
suspension was totally different from the
model presented in our work. Taking
consideration of these above-mentioned facts,
in our work, a conventional steel leaf spring
(master leaf) is combined with two helical
springs, each at both the sides of leaf spring.
JoAEA (2016) 31-44 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission
Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different
Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel
M.J. Pathak1,*, G.D. Achrya
2
1School of Technology, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
1Department of Automobile Engineering, Dr. J.N. Maheta Government Polytechnic, Amreli,
Gujarat, India 2Principal, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract With the concern to global environment issues, researchers are encouraged to find alternate
for scarce and rapidly diminishing fossil fuels. From the variety of options, fuels obtained
from vegetable oils or animal fats have proven better alternate for petroleum fuels. Having its
roots in agriculture, vegetable oils are capable to minimize overall СO addition to the
atmosphere. Due to higher viscosity and low volatility compared to petroleum diesel, neat
vegetable oils are used in diesel engines; some functional or longevity issues have been
highlighted in the literature. In this study, experiments were carried out using fossil diesel and
ϳаtrophа-diesel blends to evaluate the exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of
diesel engine. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, variable
compression ratio engine was useԁ for the experiments. The measured values were analyzeԁ
for various parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake power (BP), brake specific
fuel consumption (BSFc), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and emissions of СO2, СO
and Hc. While operating the engine on ϳatropha-diesel blends, performance and emission
parameters were found to be very close to petroleum diesel for lower blend concentrations.
Keywords: Biodiesel, VCR engine, exhaust emissions
INTRODUCTION The tightening norms on air pollution caused
by the wide spread use of petroleum fuels,
fading fossil fuels reserves and cultivation
based market of India are the motivating
forces to advance biodiesel as an alternate to
petroleum diesel. Fuels made from renewable
natural non-edible resources for use in
conventional diesel engines are known as
biodiesel.
Biodiesel is eco-friendly fuel similar to
petroleum diesel in combustion properties.
Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oil is being
used in USA and Europe to reduce air
pollution and dependence on fossil fuel.
JATROPHA (RATAN JYOT) BETTER
ALTERNATE FOR DIESEL FUEL
India, being larger importer of vegetable oils,
concerning country’s economical aspect,
edible oils should be avoided for production of
biodiesel. Harvesting of plants like Jatropha
curcas, pongamia, neem mahua, castor,
linseed etc. can be promoted; and thereby
India can become leading producer of such
non-edible oils to supplement conventional
diesel fuel. Many of these oils produced are
yet to be utilized properly. Among these
plants, India is keen on jatropha curcas, which
can be grown in barren and wastelands.
Jatropha seeds contain oil around 30–40%.
India is having wasteland around 80–100
million hectares, which can be utilized for
Jatropha plantation.
Besides drastic reduction on paying huge
amount on importing crude petroleum,
promoting use of biodiesel in our country will
lead to many benefits like green cover to
wasteland, support to agriculture and rural
economy and mainly drastic reduction in air
pollution. The significant weak points of
vegetable oils, as diesel fuels are related to its
Automobile Engineering
& Applications
Journal of
(JoAEA)
September–December 2016
www.stmjournals.com
STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical
ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)